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Chad's Oil: Miracle Or Mirage?

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Chad's Oil: Miracle Or Mirage? Chad’s Oil: Miracle or Mirage? Following the Money in Africa’s Newest Petro-State Ian Gary Catholic Relief Services Nikki Reisch Bank Information Center Report Team Authors: Ian฀Gary Strategic฀Issues฀Advisor฀–฀Extractive฀Industries Catholic฀Relief฀Services Nikki฀Reisch Africa฀Program฀Coordinator Bank฀Information฀Center Graphic฀Designer: Paul฀O’Donnell Senior฀Graphic฀Designer Catholic฀Relief฀Services Translators: Mike฀Flynn Anne-Marie฀Lavoie Research฀for฀this฀report฀was฀conducted฀from฀September฀2002฀to฀November฀2004฀฀ and฀included฀field฀research฀in฀Chad฀in฀September฀2002,฀August฀2003฀and฀May฀and฀฀ October฀2004.฀ Acknowledgements:฀The฀authors฀would฀like฀to฀thank฀CRS฀staff฀at฀headquarters฀in฀ Baltimore฀as฀well฀as฀field฀staff฀in฀Africa฀for฀providing฀invaluable฀assistance฀to฀make฀ this฀report฀possible,฀especially฀Paul฀O’Donnell,฀Bill฀O’Keefe,฀Cecile฀Sorra,฀Caroline฀ Brennan,฀Nicole฀Poirier,฀Marguerite฀Dombaya,฀Oliver฀Mokom,฀Jean฀Baptiste฀Talla,฀ Jennifer฀Nazaire฀and฀Nell฀Bolton.฀฀Thanks฀also฀to฀Bank฀Information฀Center฀staff,฀ including฀Manish฀Bapna฀and฀Graham฀Saul,฀for฀their฀support฀and฀feedback. This฀report฀would฀not฀have฀been฀possible฀without฀the฀continued฀collaboration,฀support฀ and฀assistance฀of฀numerous฀individuals฀and฀organizations฀in฀Chad.฀฀We฀would฀like฀ to฀thank฀the฀members฀of฀the฀civil฀society฀networks฀monitoring฀petroleum฀activities,฀ including฀the฀Commissions฀Permanente฀Pétrole฀(CPPL/CPPN/RESAP);฀the฀Justice฀ and฀Peace฀Commission฀of฀the฀Catholic฀Church;฀as฀well฀as฀GRAMP/TC,฀Intermon฀and฀ Swissaid.฀฀We฀would฀also฀like฀to฀thank฀members฀and฀technical฀staff฀of฀the฀College฀de฀ Controle฀et฀de฀Surveillance฀des฀Revenus฀Petroliers,฀including฀Michel฀Barka,฀Thérèse฀ Mékombé,฀Dobian฀Assingar,฀Naïmbayel฀Djékondé,฀Moctar฀Saadatu฀Abdou฀and฀ Mahamat฀Ramadane฀Dagache,฀for฀their฀generous฀assistance.฀Finally,฀we฀would฀like฀to฀ express฀our฀appreciation฀to฀Father฀Antoine฀Bérilengar,฀Delphine฀Djiraibe,฀Boukinebe฀ Garka฀Peugonba฀and฀the฀members฀of฀the฀CPPL,฀including฀Nadji฀Nelambaye,฀who฀were฀ tremendously฀helpful฀in฀coordinating฀visits฀to฀the฀oil-producing฀region.฀฀Thanks฀also฀ to฀Korinna฀Horta,฀Tawfik฀Ramtoolah,฀Martin฀Zint฀and฀Fr.฀Michael฀Perry฀for฀providing฀ useful฀comments฀and฀photos฀for฀the฀draft฀report. Notes: •฀For฀consistency,฀monetary฀conversions฀are฀based฀on฀an฀exchange฀rate฀of฀510฀CFAF฀ (Communauté฀Financière฀Africaine฀franc)฀to฀U.S.฀$1. •฀ExxonMobil฀is฀referred฀to฀in฀this฀report฀as฀“ExxonMobil”.฀The฀company฀is฀known฀ as฀Esso฀in฀Chad,฀Europe฀and฀elsewhere.฀ExxonMobil’s฀wholly-owned฀affiliate฀in฀ Chad฀is฀known฀as฀Esso฀Exploration฀and฀Production฀Chad,฀Inc.฀(EEPCI) Cover฀photo:฀฀Chad฀villagers฀returning฀from฀fetching฀water฀walk฀past฀an฀oil฀well฀ drilling฀rig฀in฀the฀Doba฀oil฀field฀area฀of฀southern฀Chad.฀(Tom฀Stoddart,฀Katz฀Pictures/ IPG/K2)฀ ©฀Catholic฀Relief฀Services฀and฀Bank฀Information฀Center,฀February฀2005. Chad’s Oil: Miracle or Mirage? i Chad’s Oil: Miracle or Mirage Following the money in Africa’s Newest Petro-State Table of Contents Page Executive Summary . 1 Introduction: All Eyes on Chad . 4 1. Poverty, Politics and Petrodollars. 15 2. Chad’s Landlocked Treasure: Oil Exploration and Production . 23 2.1.฀Drilling฀and฀Pumping฀–฀The฀Doba฀Project .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 23 2.2.฀New฀Production฀and฀Exploration฀in฀Chad฀and฀Beyond฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 27 3. Chad’s Oil Revenues: A First Taste of Black Gold . 35 3.1.฀Oil฀Company฀–฀Government฀Agreements:฀Secrecy฀in฀the฀“Model”฀฀ of฀Transparency .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 37 3.2.฀Dividing฀up฀the฀Revenues:฀A฀Leaky฀Revenue฀Management฀Law฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 41 3.3.฀Filling฀Out฀the฀Legal฀Framework฀–฀Building฀on฀Law฀001 .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 45 3.4.฀The฀End฀of฀the฀Honeymoon฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 48 4. “Just Add Oil”: Accountability from Scratch . 51 4.1.฀Collège฀Composition.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 51 4.2.฀Objectives฀and฀Responsibilities.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 52 4.3.฀Performance฀of฀the฀Collège฀to฀Date฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.57 4.4.฀Chief฀Weaknesses฀in฀the฀Structure,฀Mandate฀and฀Operation฀of฀the฀Collège฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 58 4.5.฀Technical฀Support฀to฀the฀Collège฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 64 4.6.฀A฀Law฀is฀Only฀as฀Good฀as฀its฀Enforcement฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 64 5. Budgeting for the Boom: Spending Chad’s Oil Revenues . 68 5.1.฀Budget฀Basics฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 68 5.2.฀Earmarking฀Oil฀Money฀for฀Priority฀Sectors฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 69 5.3.฀How฀“Oily”฀is฀the฀2004฀Budget?฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 71 5.4.฀Spending฀the฀Money:฀Priority฀Sectors฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 72 5.5.฀Budget฀Execution:฀From฀Problematic฀Procurement฀to฀Skimpy฀Spending .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 74 5.6.฀The฀2005฀Budget:฀Big฀Spending.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 75 5.7.฀Revenues฀for฀the฀Oil-Producing฀Region .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 76 6. Changing Chad: The Role of External Actors . 79 6.1.฀Dependence฀on฀External฀Financing:฀Will฀Oil฀Revenues฀Drive฀Donor฀79฀ Dollars฀Away?฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 79 6.2.฀Building฀Capacity:฀The฀World฀Bank฀and฀the฀Two-Speed฀Project.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 80 6.3.฀Changing฀Policies฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 84 6.4.฀Changing฀Politics฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 85 6.5.฀Waning฀Donor฀Influence฀Over฀an฀Oil-Rich฀Government? .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 86 Conclusion: A “Model Project” Hanging By a Thread . 88 ii Table of Contents (continued) Page Appendices . 98 •฀ Law฀001฀Concerning฀the฀Management฀of฀Oil฀Revenues฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 98 •฀ Additional฀Resources฀on฀the฀Chad-Cameroon฀Pipeline฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.103 The following appendices are available online at http//advocacy.crs.org/oil •฀ Decree฀240฀Concerning฀the฀Structure,฀Operations฀and฀Oversight฀Capacities฀of฀the฀ Petroleum฀Revenue฀Oversight฀and฀Control฀Committee฀(CCSRP฀–฀Collège) •฀ Decree฀457฀Concerning฀the฀Creation฀of฀a฀Provisional฀Revenue฀Management฀฀ Committee฀for฀the฀Oil฀Producing฀Region •฀ Council฀of฀Ministers฀Declaration฀on฀the฀Principles฀for฀the฀Utilization฀of฀Future฀฀ Oil฀Revenues •฀ Communiqué฀concerning฀Government฀of฀Chad฀dispute฀with฀ExxonMobil Boxes ฀ 1.฀ Financing฀a฀Project:฀The฀Chad-Cameroon฀Oil฀and฀Pipeline฀Project฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 6 ฀ 2.฀ The฀International฀Publish฀What฀You฀Pay฀Campaign.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 7 ฀ 3.฀ The฀World฀Bank’s฀Participation฀in฀the฀Chad-Cameroon฀Project฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 10 ฀ 4.฀ Chad’s฀Oil฀Revenue฀Management฀System฀at฀a฀Glance.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 11 ฀ 5.฀ Multiple฀Monitoring฀Mechanisms:฀All฀Bark฀and฀No฀Bite?฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 13 ฀ 6.฀ Environmental฀and฀Social฀Standards฀for฀New฀Oil฀Developments฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 28 ฀ 7.฀ Exploration฀Beyond฀Chad .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 30 ฀ 8.฀ Social฀and฀Environmental฀Impacts:฀Lasting฀Effects฀and฀Lessons฀for฀ New฀Oil฀Development.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 32 ฀ 9.฀ New฀Revenue฀for฀Cameroon .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 38 ฀10.฀Closing฀a฀Loophole?฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 45 ฀11.฀Beremadji:฀The฀Man฀Who฀Knew฀too฀Much฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 63 ฀12.฀The฀Elusive฀National฀Budget฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 70 ฀13.฀Weak฀Environmental฀and฀Social฀Oversight฀by฀the฀Government.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 82 Charts/Graphs/Tables/Maps Chad-Cameroon฀Petroleum฀Development฀and฀Pipeline฀Project฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 9 Governance฀Research฀Indicator฀Country฀Snapshot฀for฀Chad.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 16 Chad’s฀Oil:฀Permit฀Areas฀and฀Fields฀฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 24 Sub-Saharan฀Africa’s฀Oil฀Producers.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 27 World฀Bank฀Disclosure฀of฀Escrow฀Account฀Activity.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 36 Chad’s฀Oil฀Production฀and฀Revenue฀Profile.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 38 Chad’s฀“Take”฀in฀Comparison฀to฀Other฀African฀Oil฀Producers .฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀. 39 Hypothetical฀Example฀of฀Royalty฀Calculation.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀.฀
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    Our EP in brief Exploring safely for oil and gas in the Great Australian Bight A guide to Equinor’s draft Environment Plan for Stromlo-1 Exploration Drilling Program Published by Equinor Australia B.V. www.equinor.com.au/gabproject February 2019 Our EP in brief This booklet is a guide to our draft EP for the Stromlo-1 Exploration Program in the Great Australian Bight. The full draft EP is 1,500 pages and has taken two years to prepare, with extensive dialogue and engagement with stakeholders shaping its development. We are committed to transparency and have published this guide as a tool to facilitate the public comment period. For more information, please visit our website. www.equinor.com.au/gabproject What are we planning to do? Can it be done safely? We are planning to drill one exploration well in the Over decades, we have drilled and produced safely Great Australian Bight in accordance with our work from similar conditions around the world. In the EP, we program for exploration permit EPP39. See page 7. demonstrate how this well can also be drilled safely. See page 14. Who are we? How will it be approved? We are Equinor, a global energy company producing oil, gas and renewable energy and are among the world’s largest We abide by the rules set by the regulator, NOPSEMA. We offshore operators. See page 15. are required to submit draft environmental management plans for assessment and acceptance before we can begin any activities offshore. See page 20. CONTENTS 8 12 What’s in it for Australia? How we’re shaping the future of energy If oil or gas is found in the Great Australian Bight, it could How can an oil and gas producer be highly significant for South be part of a sustainable energy Australia.
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  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No.: 20986 CD PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT Public Disclosure Authorized ONA PROPOSED CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 50.8 MILLION (US$67 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF CHAD FOR THE Public Disclosure Authorized NATIONAL TRANSPORT PROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT September 29, 2000 Public Disclosure Authorized TransportGroup (AFTTR) Centraland WesternAfrica Africa Region CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of August 17, 2000) Currency Unit = FCFA FCFA 720 = US$ 1.00 US$0.138 = 100 FCFA BORROWER'S FISCAL YEAR: January 1 - December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFD Agence Fran,aise de Developpement AfDB African Development Bank CAER Compte Autonome d'Entretien Routier CAS Country Assistance Strategy CISCP Cellule Intenninisterielle de Suivi et Coordination des Projets DR Direction des Routes DTS Direction des Transports de Surface DEP Direction des Etudes et de la Programmation EU European Union FED Fonds Europeen de Developpement FER Fonds d'Entretien Routier IMF International Monetary Fund IMT Intermediate Means of Transport MTPTHU Ministere des Travaux Publics, Transports, Habitat et Urbanisme NMT Non-Motorized Transport NPV Net Present Value PIEU Project Implementation Unit PPF Project Preparation Facility PST2 Second Transport Sector Project RTT Rural Travel and Transport RTTP Rural Travel and Transport Program SNER Societe Nationale d'Entretien Routier SSATP Sub- Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program VOC Vehicle Operating Costs Vice President: Callisto Madavo Country Director: Robert Calderisi Sector Manager: Maryvonne Plessis-Fraissard Task Team Leader: Andreas Schliessler Chad National Transport Program Support Project CONTENTS A Project Development Objective .................................................................. 2 1. Project development objective.................................................................. 2 2. Key performance indicators ................................................................. 2 B Strategic Context .................................................................
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  • Frequently Asked Questions About Hydraulic Fracturing
    Frequently Asked Questions About Hydraulic Fracturing: What is hydraulic fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracing, is the process of creating small cracks, or fractures, in underground geological formations to allow oil or natural gas to flow into the wellbore and thereby increase production. Prior to initiating hydraulic fracturing, engineers and geoscientists study and model the physical characteristics of the hydrocarbon bearing rock formation, including its permeability, porosity and thickness. Using this information, they design the process to keep the resulting fractures within the target formation. In Colorado, the target formation is often more than 7,000 feet below the ground surface and more than 5,000 feet below any drinking water aquifers. To fracture the formation, special fracturing fluids are injected down the well bore and into the formation. These fluids typically consist of water, sand, and chemical additives. The pressure created by injecting the fluid opens the fractures. Sand is carried into the fractures by the fluid and keeps the fractures open to increase the flow of oil or natural gas to the well bore. The chemicals serve a variety of purposes, including increasing viscosity, reducing friction, controlling bacteria, and decreasing corrosion. Following the treatment, much of the fracturing fluid flows back up the well bore and is collected at the surface in tanks or lined pits. Why is hydraulic fracturing necessary in Colorado? Most of the hydrocarbon bearing formations in Colorado have low porosity and permeability. These formations would not produce economic quantities of hydrocarbons without hydraulic fracturing. Fracture treatment of oil and gas wells in Colorado began in the 1970s and has evolved since then.
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  • Untested Waters: the Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit Regulation
    Fordham Environmental Law Review Volume 20, Number 1 2009 Article 3 Untested Waters: The Rise of Hydraulic Fracturing in Oil and Gas Production and the Need to Revisit Regulation Hannah Wiseman∗ ∗University of Texas School of Law Copyright c 2009 by the authors. Fordham Environmental Law Review is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/elr UNTESTED WATERS: THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION AND THE NEED TO REVISIT REGULATION Hannah Wiseman * I. INTRODUCTION As conventional sources of oil and gas become less productive and energy prices rise, production companies are developing creative extraction methods to tap sources like oil shales and tar sands that were previously not worth drilling. Companies are also using new technologies to wring more oil or gas from existing conventional wells. This article argues that as the hunt for these resources ramps up, more extraction is occurring closer to human populations - in north Texas' Barnett Shale and the Marcellus Shale in New York and Pennsylvania. And much of this extraction is occurring through a well-established and increasingly popular method of wringing re- sources from stubborn underground formations called hydraulic frac- turing, which is alternately described as hydrofracturing or "fracing," wherein fluids are pumped at high pressure underground to force out oil or natural gas. Coastal Oil and Gas Corp. v. Garza Energy Trust,1 a recent Texas case addressing disputes over fracing in Hidalgo County, Texas, ex- emplifies the human conflicts that are likely to accompany such creative extraction efforts. One conflict is trespass: whether extend- ing fractures onto adjacent property and sending fluids and agents into the fractures to keep them open constitutes a common law tres- pass.
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  • LA Petroleum Industry Facts
    February 2000 Louisiana Petroleum Public Information Series No.2 Industry Facts 1934 First oil well of commercial quantities Deepest producing well in Louisiana: Texaco-SL urvey discovered in the state: 4666-1, November 1969, Caillou Island, The Heywood #1 Jules Clement well, drilled near Terrebonne Parish, 21,924 feet total depth Evangeline, Louisiana, in Acadia Parish, which S was drilled to a depth of approximately 1,700 Existing oil or gas fields as of December 31, feet in September 1901 (counties are called 1998: 1,775 Reserves “parishes” in Louisiana). Crude oil and condensate oil produced from First oil field discovered: Jennings Field, Acadia 1901 to 1998: 16,563,234,543 barrels Parish, September 1901 Crude oil and condensate produced in 1998: First over-water drilling in America: 132,376,274 barrels Caddo Lake near Shreveport, Louisiana, (Source: Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.) circa 1905 Natural gas and casinghead gas produced from First natural gas pipeline laid in Louisiana: 1901 to 1998: 144,452,229,386 thousand Caddo Field to Shreveport in 1908 cubic feet (MFC) Largest natural gas field in Louisiana: Natural gas produced in 1998: 1,565,921,421 Monroe Field, which was discovered in 1916 thousand cubic feet (MFC) (Source: Louisiana Department of Natural Resources.) Number of salt domes: 204 are known to exist, eological 77 of which are located offshore Dry Natural Gas Proven Reserves 1997 North Louisiana 3,093 billion cubic feet Parishes producing oil or gas: All 64 of South Louisiana 5,585 billion cubic feet Louisiana’s
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  • Chad/Cameroon Development Project
    Chad/Cameroon Development Project Project Update No. 30 Mid-Year Report 2011 Chad Export Project Project Update No. 30 Mid-Year Report 2011 This report has been prepared by Esso Exploration and Production Chad Inc., in its capacity as Operator of the Consortium and as Project Management Company on behalf of the Tchad Oil Transportation Company S.A. (TOTCO) and the Cameroon Oil Transportation Company S.A. (COTCO). Preface his Project Update, the thirtieth such report for the Chad Export Project (also referred to as the T Chad/Cameroon Development Project), covers the period from January through June, 2011. The report reflects the activities of the project operating company and its prime contractors, with a particular focus on compliance with the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Several entities share responsibility for implementing the project. • Oilfield development and production in Chad is conducted by Esso Exploration and Production Chad Inc. (EEPCI) on behalf of the Consortium (Esso, Petronas, Chevron). • Pipeline activities in Chad are conducted by the Tchad Oil Transportation Company S.A. (TOTCO). • Pipeline activities in Cameroon are conducted by the Cameroon Oil Transportation Company S.A. (COTCO). • During construction, EEPCI provided project management services to TOTCO and COTCO. These reports are submitted through, and subject to verification by, the World Bank and Lender Group as a reporting requirement of the project’s partnership with the Bank and the two host countries. This report also represents a commitment to transparency by Esso and its co-venture partners. By publishing this information, the project wishes to make it possible for the World Bank and Lender Group, the citizens of the host countries, interested non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others to stay well informed about the project as it unfolds.
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  • Summary of Deep Oil and Gas Wells and Reservoirs in the U.S. by 1 211
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Summary of Deep Oil and Gas Wells and Reservoirs in the U.S. By 1 211 1 T.S. Dyman , D.T. Nielson , R.C. Obuch , J.K. Baird , and R.A. Wise Open-File Report 90-305 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature, Any use of trade names is for descriptive use only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. ^Denver, Colorado 80225 Reston, Virginia 22092 1990 CONTENTS Page Abs t r ac t............................................................ 1 Introduction........................................................ 2 Data Management..................................................... 3 Data Analysis....................................................... 6 References.......................................................... 11 Tables Table 1. The ten deepest wells in the U.S. in order of decreasing total depth............................................ 12 / 2. Total wells drilled deeper than 15,000 ft by depth for U.S. based on final well completion class.............. 13 2a. Total deep producing wells (producing at or below 15,000 ft) by depth for U.S. based on final completion class....................................... 14 3. Total wells drilled deeper than 15,000 ft by depth for U.S. based on year of completion................... 15 3a. Total deep producing wells and gas producing wells (producing at or below 15,000 ft) by depth for U.S. based on year of completion............................ 19 4. Total wells drilled deeper than 15,000 ft by depth for U.S. based on region............................... 23 4a. Total deep producing wells and gas producing wells (producing at or below 15,000 ft) for U.S. by region, province, and depth...................................
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  • Myr 2010 Chad.Pdf
    ORGANIZATIONS PARTICIPATING IN CONSOLIDATED APPEAL CHAD ACF CSSI IRD UNDP ACTED EIRENE Islamic Relief Worldwide UNDSS ADRA FAO JRS UNESCO Africare Feed the Children The Johanniter UNFPA AIRSERV FEWSNET LWF/ACT UNHCR APLFT FTP Mercy Corps UNICEF Architectes de l’Urgence GOAL NRC URD ASF GTZ/PRODABO OCHA WFP AVSI Handicap International OHCHR WHO BASE HELP OXFAM World Concern Development Organization CARE HIAS OXFAM Intermon World Concern International CARITAS/SECADEV IMC Première Urgence World Vision International CCO IMMAP Save the Children Observers: CONCERN Worldwide INTERNEWS Sauver les Enfants de la Rue International Committee of COOPI INTERSOS the Red Cross (ICRC) Solidarités CORD IOM Médecins Sans Frontières UNAIDS CRS IRC (MSF) – CH, F, NL, Lux TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. 1 Table I: Summary of requirements and funding (grouped by cluster) ................................................... 3 Table II: Summary of requirements and funding (grouped by appealing organization).......................... 4 Table III: Summary of requirements and funding (grouped by priority)................................................... 5 2. CHANGES IN THE CONTEXT, HUMANITARIAN NEEDS AND RESPONSE ........................................... 6 3. PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES AND SECTORAL TARGETS .......... 9 3.1 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................
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  • Frackonomics: Some Economics of Hydraulic Fracturing
    Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 63 Issue 4 Article 13 2013 Frackonomics: Some Economics of Hydraulic Fracturing Timothy Fitzgerald Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Timothy Fitzgerald, Frackonomics: Some Economics of Hydraulic Fracturing, 63 Case W. Rsrv. L. Rev. 1337 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev/vol63/iss4/13 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Law Review by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Law Review·Volume 63 ·Issue 4·2013 Frackonomics: Some Economics of Hydraulic Fracturing Timothy Fitzgerald † Contents Introduction ................................................................................................ 1337 I. Hydraulic Fracturing ...................................................................... 1339 A. Microfracture-onomics ...................................................................... 1342 B. Macrofrackonomics ........................................................................... 1344 1. Reserves ....................................................................................... 1345 2. Production ................................................................................... 1348 3. Prices ..........................................................................................
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  • The First Oil Well
    OIL INDU8TB'Y CENTENNIAL The First Oil Well PARKE A. DICKEY CREOlE PETROLEUM CORP. MEMBER AIME MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA Abstract depth of 69 ft. (Fig. 1). The well produced about 10 BID. Land along the creek valleys was quickly leased and drill­ Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/JPT/article-pdf/11/01/14/2237157/spe-1195-g.pdf by guest on 02 October 2021 The birth of the oil industry on Aug. 27, 1859, was ers, teamsters, coopers, speculators and others flocked to spectacular and its later history has been colorful and the area. The excitement exceeded that of the California romantic. gold rush 10 years before. During the early part of the last century the industrial By the end of 1859 three more wells had been drilled revolution was in fUU swing. The demand for oil for and by the end of 1860, 74 wells were producing. The lubricating the machinery and illuminating the factories excitement increased in 1861 when the first flowing wells had been supplied from tallow and whale oil. In the 1850's produced thousands of barrels a day. These flooded the an industry based on the production of illuminating oil market completely and the price fell disastrously. Since from coal was growing rapidly, and a refining technology then the industry has repeated the pattern of boom and utilizing thermal cracking and distillation was well devel­ over-production, but eventually the demand has always oped. It was soon found that petroleum was superior to caught up with the supply. coal as a raw material, but it was a scientific curiosity, occurring in many places, but in small quantities.
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  • Microbial Processes in Oil Fields: Culprits, Problems, and Opportunities
    Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the book Advances in Applied Microbiology, Vol 66, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who know you, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial From: Noha Youssef, Mostafa S. Elshahed, and Michael J. McInerney, Microbial Processes in Oil Fields: Culprits, Problems, and Opportunities. In Allen I. Laskin, Sima Sariaslani, and Geoffrey M. Gadd, editors: Advances in Applied Microbiology, Vol 66, Burlington: Academic Press, 2009, pp. 141-251. ISBN: 978-0-12-374788-4 © Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. Academic Press. Author's personal copy CHAPTER 6 Microbial Processes in Oil Fields: Culprits, Problems, and Opportunities Noha Youssef, Mostafa S. Elshahed, and Michael J. McInerney1 Contents I. Introduction 142 II. Factors Governing Oil Recovery 144 III. Microbial Ecology of Oil Reservoirs 147 A. Origins of microorganisms recovered from oil reservoirs 147 B. Microorganisms isolated from oil reservoirs 148 C. Culture-independent analysis of microbial communities in oil reservoirs 155 IV.
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  • Oil Depletion and the Energy Efficiency of Oil Production
    Sustainability 2011, 3, 1833-1854; doi:10.3390/su3101833 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article Oil Depletion and the Energy Efficiency of Oil Production: The Case of California Adam R. Brandt Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Green Earth Sciences 065, 367 Panama St., Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2220, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Fax: +1-650-724-8251 Received: 10 June 2011; in revised form: 1 August 2011 / Accepted: 5 August 2011 / Published: 12 October 2011 Abstract: This study explores the impact of oil depletion on the energetic efficiency of oil extraction and refining in California. These changes are measured using energy return ratios (such as the energy return on investment, or EROI). I construct a time-varying first-order process model of energy inputs and outputs of oil extraction. The model includes factors such as oil quality, reservoir depth, enhanced recovery techniques, and water cut. This model is populated with historical data for 306 California oil fields over a 50 year period. The model focuses on the effects of resource quality decline, while technical efficiencies are modeled simply. Results indicate that the energy intensity of oil extraction in California increased significantly from 1955 to 2005. This resulted in a decline in the life-cycle EROI from ≈6.5 to ≈3.5 (measured as megajoules (MJ) delivered to final consumers per MJ primary energy invested in energy extraction, transport, and refining). Most of this decline in energy returns is due to increasing need for steam-based thermal enhanced oil recovery, with secondary effects due to conventional resource depletion (e.g., increased water cut).
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