DOCSLIB.ORG

The Outlook for Azerbaijani Gas Supplies to Europe: Challenges and Perspectives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Outlook for Azerbaijani Gas Supplies to Europe: Challenges and Perspectives June 2015 The Outlook for Azerbaijani Gas Supplies to Europe: Challenges and Perspectives OIES PAPER: NG 97 Gulmira Rzayeva OIES Research Associate The contents of this paper are the authors’ sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies or any of its members. Copyright © 2015 Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (Registered Charity, No. 286084) This publication may be reproduced in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. ISBN 978-1-78467-028-3 i April 2015: The Outlook for Azerbaijani Gas Supplies to Europe Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. vi Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Natural Gas in Azerbaijan – Historical Context .......................................................................... 4 The first stage of Azerbaijan’s oil and gas history (1846-1920)....................................................... 4 The second stage of Azerbaijan’s oil and gas history (1920-1949) ................................................. 5 The third stage of Azerbaijan’s oil and gas history (1950-1969) ..................................................... 6 The fourth stage of Azerbaijan’s oil and gas history (1969-1991) ................................................... 7 The fifth stage of Azerbaijan’s oil and gas history (from 1991)........................................................ 8 2. Outlook for Azerbaijan Gas production and Exports: Shah Deniz Phases 1 and 2 .............. 11 2.1 Shah Deniz Phase 1 ................................................................................................................... 11 Non-SD1 Gas export...................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Shah Deniz Phase 2 ................................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion ............................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) .................................................................................. 24 Gas supplies to Turkey .................................................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 Selection of the market .................................................................................................... 25 2.2.4 Trans-Adriatic pipeline ..................................................................................................... 26 2.2.5 Azerbaijan Gas Supply Company Limited ....................................................................... 29 2.2.6 EU Gas Sales Agreements .............................................................................................. 30 Gas sales to BOTAŞ ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 31 3. SOCAR gas production portfolio: ACG Associated Gas and Shallow Water Guneshli, Gum Deniz-Bahar/Bahar2 and Bulla Deniz ................................................................................................ 32 3.1 ACG Associated Gas .................................................................................................................. 34 3.2 Gum Deniz – Bahar/Bahar 2 ....................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Bulla Deniz .................................................................................................................................. 37 3.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 37 4. Drilling Rigs in Azerbaijan .......................................................................................................... 38 5. Commercial Natural Gas Reserves and Partially Appraised Discoveries: Absheron, ACG Non-Associated Gas, Umid and Babek ............................................................................................. 41 5.1 Absheron ..................................................................................................................................... 44 5.1.1 Challenges ....................................................................................................................... 45 5.2 The Umid-Babek field .................................................................................................................. 46 5.3 Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli non-associated natural gas (ACG-NAG) ................................................ 48 5.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 49 6. Exploration Prospects: SD3, Nakhchivan, Shafag-Asiman, Zafar-Mashal, Garabagh, Inam, Alov-Araz-Sharg .................................................................................................................................. 51 6.1 Shah Deniz Phase 3 ................................................................................................................... 54 6.2 The Nakhchivan Block ................................................................................................................ 54 6.3 The Shafag-Asiman block ........................................................................................................... 55 6.4 The Araz -Alov- Sharg block ....................................................................................................... 55 6.5 The Zafar-Mashal block .............................................................................................................. 56 6.6 The Inam Block ........................................................................................................................... 57 6.7 The Garabagh block .................................................................................................................... 57 6.8 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 58 7. Possible Marketing Arrangements for and Transportation of Un-contracted gas ............... 60 7.1 Marketing .................................................................................................................................... 60 7.2 Infrastructure capacity ................................................................................................................. 61 7.2.1 South Caucasus Pipeline ................................................................................................. 61 ii April 2015: The Outlook for Azerbaijani Gas Supplies to Europe 7.2.2 Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) .................................................................................. 64 7.2.3 Trans-Adriatic pipeline (TAP) ........................................................................................... 65 7.3 Suitable market for the future volumes ....................................................................................... 66 7.3.1 The Turkish market .......................................................................................................... 67 7.3.2 The European market ...................................................................................................... 69 7.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 72 8. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 73 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................... 75 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 77 Figures Figure 1: Oil production in Azerbaijan 1870 – 1920 (Million tonnes) ...................................................... 5 Figure 2: Total natural gas produced between 1923 and 1932 .............................................................. 6 Figure 3: Natural gas production in Azerbaijan, 1950-1990 (bcm) ......................................................... 8 Figure 4: Shah Deniz Production Sharing Agreement: Shareholders and stakes (%) ......................... 13 Figure 5: Azerbaijan natural gas production and consumption 2003-2013 (bcm/a) ............................. 14 Figure 6: The natural gas volumes contracted under Shah Deniz Phase 1 (bcm/a) ............................ 14 Figure 7: The natural gas exports (delivered
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Project Financing of Cross-Border Pipelines a Presentation to the Energy Charter Workshop Brussels
    The Project Financing of Cross-Border Pipelines a presentation to the Energy Charter Workshop Brussels by Rubin Weston Chadbourne & Parke 17 October 2006 Regis House, 45 King William Street London EC4R 9AN Tel: +44 (0) 20 7337 8031 [email protected] © 2006, CHADBOURNE & PARKE All Rights Reserved Chadbourne & Parke: Legal Leaders in Energy Representing EBRD on the $180 million and $170 million financings of LUKoil’s and SOCAR’s respective investments in the Shah Deniz gas field and the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline Representing SOCAR on a $750 million loan facility in respect of the repayment of carry financing provided by TPAO and Exxon in respect of the ACG oil field and the financing of future cash calls Representing IFC on a $82 million loan to SC Petrotel-Lukoil SA to finance the modernisation of its refinery in Ploesti, Romania Represented Black Sea Trade and Development Bank and IFC on the financing of the Galata Gas Field, located offshore of Varna, Bulgaria in the Black Sea, the first limited recourse upstream project financing in the Black Sea Represented Transneft on a US $150 million syndicated receivable based financing facility arranged by Raiffeisen, Transneft’s first syndicated loan Represented IFC on the financing for a portion of LUKoil’s share of development of the Karachaganak field, the largest limited recourse petroleum project financing in Kazakhstan Represented Nations Energy on a US $150 million syndicated financing arranged by CSFB for the development of the Karazhanbas oil field in Kazakhstan and the
    [Show full text]
  • St. Petersburg Summer Handbook
    Global Education Office Reves Center for International Studies The College of William & Mary PHOTO COURTESY OF SASHA PROKHOROV ST. PETERSBURG SUMMER HANDBOOK Table of Contents St. Petersburg ............................................................................................ 2 Handy Information .................................................................................... 2 Overview, Dates, and Money .................................................................... 2 Visa Information and Budgeting ............................................................... 2 Packing .................................................................................................... 10 Traveling to St. Petersburg ........................................................................ 2 Coursework ............................................................................................... 2 Excursions & Activities .............................................................................. 2 Housing and Meals .................................................................................... 2 Communication ......................................................................................... 2 Health & Safety ......................................................................................... 2 Travel & Country Information ................................................................. 21 St. Petersburg ............................................................................................ 2 For Fun: Light Reading
    [Show full text]
  • Equinor Environmental Plan in Brief
    Our EP in brief Exploring safely for oil and gas in the Great Australian Bight A guide to Equinor’s draft Environment Plan for Stromlo-1 Exploration Drilling Program Published by Equinor Australia B.V. www.equinor.com.au/gabproject February 2019 Our EP in brief This booklet is a guide to our draft EP for the Stromlo-1 Exploration Program in the Great Australian Bight. The full draft EP is 1,500 pages and has taken two years to prepare, with extensive dialogue and engagement with stakeholders shaping its development. We are committed to transparency and have published this guide as a tool to facilitate the public comment period. For more information, please visit our website. www.equinor.com.au/gabproject What are we planning to do? Can it be done safely? We are planning to drill one exploration well in the Over decades, we have drilled and produced safely Great Australian Bight in accordance with our work from similar conditions around the world. In the EP, we program for exploration permit EPP39. See page 7. demonstrate how this well can also be drilled safely. See page 14. Who are we? How will it be approved? We are Equinor, a global energy company producing oil, gas and renewable energy and are among the world’s largest We abide by the rules set by the regulator, NOPSEMA. We offshore operators. See page 15. are required to submit draft environmental management plans for assessment and acceptance before we can begin any activities offshore. See page 20. CONTENTS 8 12 What’s in it for Australia? How we’re shaping the future of energy If oil or gas is found in the Great Australian Bight, it could How can an oil and gas producer be highly significant for South be part of a sustainable energy Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Contract of the Century Open
    25th Anniversary of Oil & Gas - Contract of the Century 25 Years Equal to the Century The Place to do Business in the Caspian Short-term Pain for Long-Term Gain – SDGs as a Framework Always Remain True to Yourself and Your Internal Culture Issue 35 Credits A Word From Executive Director of AmCham AmCham Executive Director: Dear members, As this September we celebrate the 25th anniversary of Natavan Mammadova “The Contract of the Century”, this edition of our quarterly magazine is devoted to this remarkable occasion. Editor: This has been one of the strategic contracts in the history of Aykhan Nasibli Azerbaijan, which create positive spillover to regional politics and energy security. Conscious of political and economic Articles contributed by: circumstances back to those days, we all realize that it has not been an easy task to sign this contract. Khoshbakht Yusifzade Well educated and highly skilled people are key for success Bakhtiyar Aslanbayli of any endeavor. This is with a deep gratitude to Mr. Ramin Isayev Khoshbakht Yusifzade, who has been instrumental in development of oil industry Vugar Samadli in our country and witnessed all troublesome process of negotiations. We have a Gunel Farajova pleasure of providing you with a flashback to the memorable history. Farid Isayev The Contract of the Century, which can be considered as a national strategy for success, has been extended for the next 30 years. It carries not only immense Richard V. Smith, Yunis Salayev social and economic impact to the country, but also serves for the energy security Aleksey Tushev, Valida Bashir of the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions About Hydraulic Fracturing
    Frequently Asked Questions About Hydraulic Fracturing: What is hydraulic fracturing? Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracing, is the process of creating small cracks, or fractures, in underground geological formations to allow oil or natural gas to flow into the wellbore and thereby increase production. Prior to initiating hydraulic fracturing, engineers and geoscientists study and model the physical characteristics of the hydrocarbon bearing rock formation, including its permeability, porosity and thickness. Using this information, they design the process to keep the resulting fractures within the target formation. In Colorado, the target formation is often more than 7,000 feet below the ground surface and more than 5,000 feet below any drinking water aquifers. To fracture the formation, special fracturing fluids are injected down the well bore and into the formation. These fluids typically consist of water, sand, and chemical additives. The pressure created by injecting the fluid opens the fractures. Sand is carried into the fractures by the fluid and keeps the fractures open to increase the flow of oil or natural gas to the well bore. The chemicals serve a variety of purposes, including increasing viscosity, reducing friction, controlling bacteria, and decreasing corrosion. Following the treatment, much of the fracturing fluid flows back up the well bore and is collected at the surface in tanks or lined pits. Why is hydraulic fracturing necessary in Colorado? Most of the hydrocarbon bearing formations in Colorado have low porosity and permeability. These formations would not produce economic quantities of hydrocarbons without hydraulic fracturing. Fracture treatment of oil and gas wells in Colorado began in the 1970s and has evolved since then.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 12 May 2006 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Hemming, J. (1998) 'The implications of the revival of the oil industry in Azerbaijan.', Working Paper. University of Durham, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, Durham. Further information on publisher's website: http://www.dur.ac.uk/sgia/ Publisher's copyright statement: Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk University of Durham Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies *********************************** THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE REVIVAL OF THE OIL INDUSTRY IN AZERBAIJAN *********************************** by Jonathan Hemming CMEIS Occasional Paper No. 58 June 1998 CMEIS Occasional Papers ISSN 1357-7522 No. 58 CMEIS Occasional Papers are published by: Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies University of Durham South End House South Road Durham DH1 3TG United Kingdom Tel: 0191-374 2822 Fax: 0191-374 2830 Editorial board: Professor Timothy Niblock Dr Anoushiravan Ehteshami Dr Paul Starkey Dr Fadia Faqir Series editor: Dr Neil Quilliam The Occasional Papers series covers all aspects of the economy, politics, social science, history, literature and languages of the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • The Manifest
    VOLUME 3 | November 2017 THE MANIFEST I ntegrity - We have a strong moral compass, acting always inline with our core values. We honour our commitments and take ownership of issues. Abu Dhabi Cruise Terminal launches airport check-in Under this agreement Abu Dhabi Airports and the selected airline operators would be introducing on-ground services, including check-in counters that passengers arriving at Abu Dhabi Cruise Terminal can utilize to complete their airline check-in prior to their arrival to Abu Dhabi International Airport. Find out more here bmi Regional / Loganair begins codeshare routes bmi Regional and Loganair have become part of a new regional airline group, under newly appointed Chief Executive, Peter Simpson. The two airlines operate in clear niche markets in vital roles such as feeding traffic to mainline carrier networks like Lufthansa, Brussels Airlines and British Airways, with Loganair operating a successful franchise with major regional carrier Flybe. The code shares now cover: Aberdeen – Durham/Tees Valley Aberdeen – Kirkwall Aberdeen – Sumburgh Benbecula – Stornoway Edinburgh – Kirkwall Edinburgh – Sumburgh Edinburgh – Stornoway Edinburgh – Wick Glasgow – Kirkwall Glasgow – Manchester Glasgow – Stornoway Inverness – Manchester Norwich – Durham/Tees Valley Norwich – Manchester Did you know? We have the ability to provide various bespoke reporting options. ​To discuss your requirements please email: [email protected] Virgin Cancun Terminal move Virgin Atlantic customers departing from Cancun International Airport will be required to check in at Terminal 4, Zone D offering a enhanced experience for their customers. A brand new lounge will open in Terminal 4 in Spring 2018. Find out more here. Delta Introduces Auto Check-I n for App Users Delta Air Lines has added automatic check-in to the Fly Delta app to streamline the check-in experience for customers and take the guesswork out of accessing a boarding pass.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan1
    Declassified AS/Jur (2019) 01 22 January 2019 ajdoc01 2019 Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights Political prisoners in Azerbaijan1 Introductory Memorandum Rapporteur: Ms Thorhildur Sunna ÆVARSDÓTTIR, Iceland, Socialists, Democrats and Greens Group 1 Introduction 1.1. Procedure 1. On 1 June 2018, the motion for a resolution on “Political prisoners in Azerbaijan” (Doc. 14538) was referred to the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights for report.2 I was appointed rapporteur by the Committee at its meeting in Strasbourg on 26 June 2018. 1.2. Issues at stake 2. The issue of political prisoners in Azerbaijan has been of concern to the Council of Europe since the time of the country’s accession. Following the 2001 examination of cases by the independent experts of the Secretary General (SG/Inf(2001)34, discussed below), the Parliamentary Assembly, in its Resolution 1272 (2002) on political prisoners in Azerbaijan, reiterated that no-one may be imprisoned for political reasons in a Council of Europe member state. In its Resolution 1359 (2004), the Assembly “formally ask[ed] the government of Azerbaijan for the immediate release on humanitarian grounds of political prisoners whose state of health is very critical, prisoners whose trials were illegal, prisoners having been political activists or eminent members of past governments, and members of their families, friends or persons who were linked to them … [and] the remaining political prisoners already identified on the experts' list.” In 2005, the Assembly adopted Resolution 1457 and Recommendation 1711, recalling its previous resolutions and, inter alia, calling on the Committee of Ministers to join it in adopting a joint position on the issue of political prisoners in Azerbaijan.
    [Show full text]
  • 42-58 Cooperation
    42 IPRI Journal Pakistan XVI-Azerbaijan, No.1 (Winte Economicr 201 and6): Defence42-58 Cooperation Pakistan-Azerbaijan Economic and Defence Cooperation Dr Kamal Makili-Aliyev and Khurram Abbas** Abstract Azerbaijan and Pakistan have a very unique political relationship that has surpassed territorial boundaries and geographical distance. It offers opportunities for cooperation in many areas, especially in the economic and defence sectors. Diplomatic relations, established since Azerbaijan‟s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, have allowed these two countries to start developing cooperation very rapidly. Pakistan was the second country to recognise Azerbaijan‟s independence, and has not established diplomatic relations with Armenia.1 Both countries have supported each other diplomatically on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and Kashmir dispute at all international forums. This article is an attempt to identify the prospects and potential of strengthening economic and security ties between Pakistan and Azerbaijan. It also tries to explore the reasons behind the low volume of trade between the two countries, and makes concrete recommendations on how this trade volume can be increased. Key words: Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Economy, Security, Defence, Cooperation. Introduction akistan and Azerbaijan share common historic, cultural and religious values. The relationship between the two countries has covered P economic, defence, political and diplomatic cooperation since Azerbaijan‟s independence. However, despite a historically cordial political and strategic relationship between the two countries, their bilateral economic relations remain tepid. Both countries began economic The author is a Research Fellow at the Center for Strategic Studies (SAM) under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. ** The author is a PhD scholar at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle for Democratic Environmental Governance Around
    The struggle for democratic environmental governance around energy projects in post-communist countries: the role of civil society groups and multilateral development banks by Alda Kokallaj A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2014 Alda Kokallaj Abstract This dissertation focuses on the struggle for democratic environmental governance around energy projects in post-communist countries. What do conflicts over environmental implications of these projects and inclusiveness reveal about the prospects for democratic environmental governance in this region? This work is centred on two case studies, the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the Vlora Industrial and Energy Park. These are large energy projects supported by the governments of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Albania, and by powerful international players such as oil businesses, multilateral development banks (MDBs), the European Union and the United States. Analysis of these cases is based on interviews with representatives of these actors and civil society groups, narratives by investigative journalists, as well as the relevant academic literature. I argue that the environmental governance of energy projects in the post-communist context is conditioned by the interplay of actors with divergent visions about what constitutes progressive development. Those actors initiating energy projects are shown to generally have the upper hand in defining environmental governance outcomes which align with their material interests. However, the cases also reveal that the interaction between civil society and MDBs creates opportunities for society at large, and for non-government organizations who seek to represent them, to have a greater say in governance outcomes – even to the point of stopping some elements of proposed projects.
    [Show full text]
  • A Descriptive Study of Social and Economic Conditions
    55 LIFE IN NAKHICHEVAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC: A descriptive study of social and economic conditions Supported by UNDP/ILO Ayse Kudat Senem Kudat Baris Sivri Social Assessment, LLC July 15, 2002 55 56 TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary and Next Steps Preface Characteristics of the Region History Governance Demographics Household Demographics and Employment Conditions Employment/ Unemployment Education Economic Assessment Government Expenditures NAR’s Economic Statistics Household Expenditure Structure Income Structure Housing Conditions Determinants of Welfare Agriculture Sector in NAR Water Electricity Financing Feed for Livestock Magnitude of Land Holding Subsidies Markets NAR Region District By District Infrastructure Sector Energy Power Generation Natural Gas Project Water Supply Transportation Social Infrastructure 56 57 Health Education Enterprise Sector People’s Priorities Issues Relating to Income Generation Trust and Vision Money and Banking Community Development ARRA Damage Assessment for the Region Other Donor Activities 57 58 Summary and Next Steps The 354,000 people who live in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic (NAR) present a unique development challenge for the Government of Azerbaijan and for the international community. Cut off and blockaded from the rest of Azerbaijan as a result of the conflict with Armenia, their traditional economic structure and markets destroyed by the collapse of the former Soviet Union, their physical and social infrastructure hampered by a decade or more of lack of maintenance and rehabilitation funding, NAR’s present status is worse than much of the rest of the country and its prospects for the future require imagination and innovative thinking. This report deals with the challenges of NAR today and what peoples’ priorities are for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Payandan Shareholders
    PAYANDAN PAYANDAN 1. Company Background Creative Path to Growth Payandan Shareholders PAYANDAN Payandan’s shares belong to Mostazafan Foundation of Islamic Revolution. • Mostazafan Foundation owns 49% • Sina Energy Development Company owns 51% Mostazafan Foundation of Islamic Revolution Sina Energy Development Company PAYANDAN Mostazafan Foundation of Islamic Revolution PAYANDAN SEDCO Sina Financial Paya Saman Pars (Oil & Gas) & Investment Co (Road & Building) Sina Food Industries Iran Housing Group Saba Paya Sanat Sina (Power & Electricity) (Tire, Tiles, Glasswork, Textile, Etc) Ferdos Pars Sina ICT Group (Agriculture) Parsian Tourism Kaveh Pars & Transport Group (Mining) Alavi Foundation Alavi Civil (Charitable) Engineering Group Sina Energy Development Holding Company PAYANDAN SEDCO as one of subsidiaries of The Mostazafan Foundation of Islamic Revolution is considered one of pioneer holding companies in area of oil & gas which aims on huge projects in whole chains of oil and gas. Payandan (Oil & Gas General Contractor) North Drilling (Offshore Drilling) Pedex (Onshore Drilling) Behran (Oil Refinery Co) Dr Bagheri SEDCO Managing Director Coke Waste Water Refining Co Payandan in Numbers PAYANDAN +40 1974 Years ESTABLISHED +1400 +4000 EMPLOYEES CONTRACTOR +200,000,000 $ ANNUAL TURNOVER 75 COMPLETED PROJECTS Company Background PAYANDAN • 48” Zanjan-Mianeh Pipeline • 56” Saveh-Loushan • South Pars – SP No. 14 Pipeline (190KM) • South Pars – SP No. 13 • 56" Dezfoul- Kouhdasht Pipeline (160KM) 1974 1996 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 • Nargesi Gas • F & G Lavan • 56” Asaluyeh Gathering & • South Pars – SP Pipeline Injection No. 17 & 18 • 30” Iran- Payandan is • South Pars – SP No. 22,23,24 Armenia established (oil and • 48” Iraq Pipeline Naftkhane- Pipeline gas contractor) Baghdad (63KM) (113KM) • 56” Naeen-Tehran Gas Pipeline (133KM) • Parsian Gas Refinery • 56” Loushan-Rasht Gas Pipeline (81KM) • Pars Petrochemical Port • Arak Shazand Refinery • Kangan Gas Compressor Station • South Pars – SP No.
    [Show full text]