Federalist or Anti-Federalist Activity During the 1780’s the newly independent American republic was divided between the supporters of the Constitution, a proposed more highly centralized government (the Federalists) and the friends of the existing loose organization of states under the Articles of Confederation (the Anti-Federalists). Some of the state-rights Anti-Federalists opposed political change because they feared the creation of a monarchy similar to what they had just fought against during the Revolution. Other Americans opposed changing from the Articles of Confederation system because they did not wish to lose the power and authority they enjoyed in the existing state governments. Such men preferred local control and individual liberties to a centralized federal government. On the other hand, supporters of the new federal system valued national authority and efficiency more than individual or local liberties.
For each of the following fictional biographies, decide if the individual would have likely been a Federalist, or an Anti-Federalist. Be ready discuss. Ch. 7 HW - War of 1812 - DBQ Practice -- DUE THURSDAY 9/26
Prompt: Evaluate the Causes of the War of 1812
See pages 224-230 & War of 1812 Slides (last half of this slideshow)
1) Extended Analysis: Take notes describing TWO of the following: Audience, Purpose, Context or Point of View. 2) Relevant Outside Evidence: List TWO relevant specific pieces of information not directly mentioned in the document 3) Link to Prompt: Write a few sentences explaining how the document and outside evidence helps answer the prompt. Chapter 7: The Early Republic (1788-1815)
Also called “the Critical Period” by historians…WHY??
Washington’s Presidential Precedents Hamilton’s Financial Plans Jefferson’s Democratic Republicans
Whiskey Rebellion Jay’s Treaty XYZ Affair
John Adams as President Alien & Sedition Acts Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
“Velvet Revolution” of 1800 Conflicts w/ Indians in Ohio Valley Expansion of Slavery in Southwest
Marbury v. Madison (1803) Thomas Jefferson as President Louisiana Purchase
Napoleonic Wars & Impressment Embargo Act of 1807 Tecumseh & Battle of Tippecanoe
War of 1812 Hartford Convention Marshall & Federalist Court Decisions Debate over the ratification of the Constitution (1787-1789) leads temporary factions to evolve into permanent political parties
Federalists Anti - Federalists • Nationalists • States Rightists • Urban • Rural/Agricultural interests • Business & Social Elite • Favor interests of “common man” • Pro British • Pro French • Mainly Northern • Mainly Southern & Western The interpretation of the Necessary & Proper Clause (aka “elastic clause”) of the Constitution is at the center of the division between the early political parties lead by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson
Hamiltonians (Federalists) Jeffersonians (Democratic-Republicans) Nationalists States Rights “Loose Construction” “Strict Construction” Hamilton vs. Jefferson What was Hamilton’s vision for the new United States? What policies did he implement to achieve it? How was Jefferson’s vision different?
Washington's Cabinet, Hamilton’s Financial Plans (National Credit, Assumption of State Debts, Bank of the United States, Taxes & Tariffs) Jefferson's Agrarian Vision Cabinet Battle #1 (Jefferson vs Hamilton's financial plan) You should be able to explain the main ideas of this song from Hamilton
Hamilton’s “Financial Plans” • Assumption of States Debts – Binds states financial interests • Funding of government notes (IOU’s) “at Par” – Investors like this, debtors do not • Establish Income – Tariff, land sales, excise tax • Regulate Currency & Banking – Bank of the United States – “BUS” Results of Hamilton’s Financial Plans • Further polarize Federalist & Democratic-Republicans and contributes to permanent new political parties • Improved U.S. credit abroad • BUS charter approved for 20 years • Modest tariff approved (not yet “protective”) • Capital moved south to “District of Columbia” • Whiskey Rebellion (1791) put down by federal force led by Washington…proves new government serious about enforcement The French Revolution & US Domestic Politics: How did the French Revolution divide many Americans and impact politics in the new United States?
Proclamation of Neutrality, Whisky Rebellion, Jay’s Treaty, XYZ Affair, Political Parties, Alien & Sedition Acts, Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Thomas Jefferson As President What significant actions did Thomas Jefferson take as president that demonstrated his “republican” beliefs? Why were many of these action controversial? Barbary Pirates, Marbury v. Madison, Bank of the United States, Louisiana Purchase, Strict Interpretations of the Constitution Cabinet Battle #2 (Hamilton vs Jefferson on French Aid) You should explain the main ideas of this song from Hamilton
The Election of 1800 You should be able to explain the main ideas of this song from Hamilton Key Events of Jefferson's Presidency • Election of 1800: Hamilton ends up throwing support to Jefferson in to stop “opportunist” Aaron Burr (who later kills Hamilton in a duel) following election controversy…Jefferson tries to unite the nation saying in his inauguration, “We are all Federalists, We are all Republicans”
• Hamiltonian Financial Plans: TJ follows inauguration pledge and keeps most Hamiltonian economic ideas (bond payment, BUS & tariff) and the US economy improves.
• Barbary Pirates Crisis (1801): Jefferson’s philosophy conflicts with pragmatic reality - TJ responds with “Mosquito Fleet” and later agrees to pay less “tribute” to pirates
• Louisiana Purchase (1803): Jefferson stretches Constitutional authority in deal with Napoleon to double size of the nation & fund scientific expedition by Lewis & Clark
• “Midnight Judges” Controversy: Marbury (selected by previous President Adams at last end of his term) was not granted a job as a federal judge by TJ’s Sect. of State Madison. Marbury sues and case eventually goes to Supreme Court where Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall strengthens “checks & balances” by declaring parts of the Judiciary Act unconstitutional on a technicality with famous Marbury v. Madison (1803) decision establishing Judicial Review
Main Irony of TJ’s presidency: He was a believer in small government & states rights, but expanded the role of the federal government as President TJ’s Political philosophy & pragmatism clash…often For review, consider watching:
Where US Politics Came From: Crash Course US History #9
Thomas Jefferson & His Democracy: Crash Course US History #10 The War of 1812 – Crash Course US History #11 5 Background Causes of War of 1812 1 - The Napoleonic Wars
3 - Chesapeake Affair
2 - British “Impressment” of American Sailors 4 - Thomas Jefferson says he wants to avoid war with France and England but increases sectional tensions with the controversial Embargo Act - (1807) 5- Violence stemming from land conflicts between American “pioneers” & Native Americans in the Ohio Valley & Great Lakes regions
Indians lead by brothers: Tecumseh Tenskwatawa (aka “the Prophet”) American Cartoon Depicting British & Native Americans in Great Lakes Region (Ohio, Michigan & Indiana)
Context? Audience? Point of View? Purpose? TJ’s close ally James Madison becomes President in 1809 Pressured by Western “War Hawks” in Congress Efforts at “Peaceable Coercion” (ex: Embargo) Fail Congress votes for War with England in 1812 by narrow margin War of 1812 (1812-1815) Areas of Fighting:
•Great Lakes
•Atlantic Seaboard
•South A few military “highlights” of War of 1812:
Victory at Battle of Tippecanoe
USS Constitution aka “Old Iron Sides” not sinking
British Burning Washington DC Francis Scott Key writes the Star Spangled Banner Gen. Andrew Jackson Leads US to victory at Battle of New Orleans (War technically already over) Treat of Ghent (Dec. 1814)
Officially ends war with
“Status Quo Ante Bellum” Results of War of 1812 Funny Canadian Song About War of 1812 Why does War of 1812 contribute to Canadian nationalism? • US does not lose!
• US gains national pride/heroes
• A national anthem no one can remember words to
• US gain more economic self sufficiency (partly due to after effects of Embargo Act and Partly due to pro- business & pro-nationalist John Marshall led Supreme Court)
• Western lands wide open to settlement as Indians east of Mississippi devastated
• Dislike of European affairs increases – renewed isolationism (ex: Monroe Doctrine)