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Polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 1 Polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 2 Polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 3

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Polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 1 Polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 2 Polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 3 polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 1 polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 2 polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 3 ¶O§EMO™ polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 4 ∂È̤ÏÂÈ· ™ÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋˜ √ÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜: µ·Û›Ï˘ ª·Ú·‚›ÙÛ·˜ ∂È̤ÏÂÈ· ÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘: µ·ÁÁ¤Ï˘ ™ÙÂÚÁÈfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ¢ÈÔÓ˘Û›· ∑¿ÊÂÈÚ· ª·Î¤Ù· Â͈ʇÏÏÔ˘: ¶¤ÙÚÔ˜ ∆Û·Ï·ÙÔ‡ÚÔ˜ T›ÙÏÔ˜ ÚˆÙÔÙ‡Ô˘: The Changing Face of War: Lessons of Combat, from the Marne to Iraq Copyright © 2006 by Martin van Creveld This translation published by arrangement with Ballantine Books, an imprint of Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc. °È· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·: Copyright © 2010 °KOBO™TH™ EK¢OTIKH A.B.E.E. ZˆÔ‰fi¯Ô˘ ¶ËÁ‹˜ 73, Aı‹Ó· 106 81 TËÏ. 210.38.15.433, 210.38.22.251 - fax: 210.38.16.661 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.govostis.gr A·ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ‹ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚfiÓÙÔ˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏfi ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÙÌË- Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ÙÚfiÔ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ‹ ‰È·Û΢‹ ÙÔ˘ ‹ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘ Ì ÔÔÈÔÓ‰‹ÔÙ ÙÚfiÔ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ‹ Ù¤¯Ó˘, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘ Ó. 2121/1993 Î·È Ù˘ ¢ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ™‡Ì‚·Û˘ B¤ÚÓ˘-¶·ÚÈÛÈÔ‡, Ô˘ ΢ÚÒıËΠ̠ÙÔ Ó. 100/1975. E›Û˘, ··ÁÔÚ‡ÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Ù˘ ÛÙÔȯÂÈÔıÂÛ›·˜, ÛÂÏȉÔÔ›ËÛ˘, Â͈ʇÏ- ÏÔ˘ Î·È ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Ù˘ fiÏ˘ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋˜ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‚È‚Ï›Ô˘, Ì ʈÙÔÙ˘ÈΤ˜, ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈΤ˜ ‹ ÔÔÈÂÛ‰‹ÔÙ ¿ÏϘ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ 51 ÙÔ˘ Ó. 2121/1993. ISBN 978-960-446-093-9 polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 5 Martin van Creveld ¶O§EMO™ A¶O TH MAXH TOY MAPNH Eø™ TO IPAK METAºPA™H °IøP°O™ KAPAM¶E§A™ polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 6 polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 7 ¶∂PI∂XOMENA 3 ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ¤Î‰ÔÛË . ÛÂÏ. 9 ∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ . » 11 ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ . » 12 1. ∆O ¶PE§OY¢IO, 1900-1914 . » 15 1.1. ∫PATH, ™TPATOI •HPA™ KAI ¶O§EMIKOI ™TO§OI . ÛÂÏ. 15 1.2. £EøPH™EI™ TOY ¶O§EMOY . » 25 1.3. ∞NTIºPONOYNTE™ KAI ZH§øTE™ . » 32 1.4. ∏ I™OPPO¶IA I™XYO™ . » 42 1.5. ™XE¢IA ¶O§EMOY . » 51 1.6. °E°ONOTA KAI MY£EYMATA . » 55 2. ∞ã ¶A°KO™MIO™ ¶O§EMO™, 1914-1918 . ÛÂÏ. 59 2.1. √I ¶PøTE™ KINH™EI™ . ÛÂÏ. 59 2.2. ∞¶O THN A§§A°H £E™EøN ™TON ¶O§EMO º£OPA™ . » 65 2.3. √ NAYTIKO™ ¶O§EMO™ . » 79 2.4. ªIA H¶EIPO™ TY§I°MENH ™TI™ º§O°E™ . » 87 2.5. ∏ TEXNO§O°IA ANA§AMBANEI TA HNIA . » 95 2.6. ∏ APXH KAI TO TE§O™ . » 101 3. ∏ ∂π∫√™∞∂∆∏™ ∞¡∞∫øÃ∏ . ÛÂÏ. 105 3.1. √I ¢YNAMEI™, OI ºI§O¢O•IE™ KAI OI ¢IA£E™EI™ . ÛÂÏ. 105 3.2. √I ™TPATIøTIKOI ANA§YTE™ . » 113 3.3. ∂ºEYPE™EI™: A¶O TH £EøPIA ™THN ¶PA•H . » 123 3.4. ¶O§ITI™MENOI ¶O§EMOI . » 138 3.5. ¶PøTO°ONOI ¶O§EMOI . » 144 3.6. ∏ KATAPPEY™H TH™ EIPHNH™ . » 149 polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 8 4. √ µã ¶A°KO™MIO™ ¶O§EMO™, 1939-1945 . ÛÂÏ. 156 4.1. ∏ ¶EPIO¢O™ TOY ∫EPAYNOBO§OY ¶O§EMOY . ÛÂÏ. 156 4.2. ¶O§EMO™ ™E ¶A°KO™MIA K§IMAKA . » 165 4.3. √§OK§HPøTIKO™ ¶O§EMO™ . » 174 4.4. ¶O§EMO™ EI¢HMONøN . » 184 4.5. √ K§OIO™ ™ºI°°EI . » 192 4.6. ∫A£’ O¢ON ¶PO™ TH ÃIPO™IMA . » 202 5. À¶O TH ™KIA TH™ ATOMIKH™ BOMBA™ . ÛÂÏ. 210 5.1. π™TOPIKH ANA¢POMH . ÛÂÏ. 210 5.2. ∞¶O TH ¢IE•A°ø°H TOY ¶O§EMOY ™THN A¶OTPO¶H TOY . » 214 5.3. ∞¶O THN K§IMAKø™H TøN ¶YPHNIKøN E•O¶§I™MøN ™THN I™OPPO¶IA TOY TPOMOY . » 223 5.4. ∏ ¢IE•A°ø°H TOY ™YMBATIKOY ¶O§EMOY . » 232 5.5. ∂•E§I•H, E¶ANA™TA™H KAI A¶OTYXIA . » 245 5.6. √ ¶O§EMO™ TøN KENTPøN EPEYNA™ KAI ME§ETøN . » 255 6. ∏ NEA ¶A°KO™MIA ATA•IA: A¶O TO 1991 Eø™ ™HMEPA . ÛÂÏ. 264 6.1. ¶EPI ¡AZI, TPOMOKPATIA™ KAI ANTITPOMOKPATIA™ . ÛÂÏ. 264 6.2. ∆O I™TOPIKO TøN A¶OTYXIøN . » 271 6.3. ∑HTHMA ¶PøTO: √I µPETANOI ™TH µOPEIA πP§AN¢IA . » 283 6.4. ∑HTHMA ¢EYTEPO: √ ÃAºEZ A§ A™ANT ™THN ¶O§H ÃAMA . » 291 6.5. ∑HTHMA TPITO: √I ∞MEPIKANOI ™TO πPAK . » 304 6.6. √I BAPBAPOI ¶PO TøN ¶Y§øN . » 317 7. √I ¶PøTOI KAI OI E™XATOI . ÛÂÏ. 320 ™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ . » 333 ∂˘ÚÂÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÔÓÔÌ¿ÙˆÓ . » 356 polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 9 ∂π™∞°ø°∏ °π∞ ∆∏¡ ∂§§∏¡π∫∏ ∂∫¢√™∏ 3 O BIB§IO ¶OY KPATATE ™TA XEPIA ™A™ ÁÚ¿ÊÙËΠηٿ Ù· ∆ ¤ÙË 2004-2005 Î·È Î˘ÎÏÔÊfiÚËÛ ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ 2007. ŒÎÙÔÙÂ, ÌÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ ÔÏÏ¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ, ›Û˘ ÔÏÏ¿, ›Ûˆ˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· Ù· Â- ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·Ì›ÓÂÈ Ù· ›‰È·. ∆Ô ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ fiÏˆÓ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚˆÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÚËÓÈ΋˜ ηٷÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ‰È·ÙËÚ›- Ù·È ÛÙÔ ·Î¤Ú·ÈÔ, ηıÒ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Î·Ï˘Êı› ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙ· ̤۷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ·fi Ù· ˘ÚËÓÈο fiÏ·. ™˘Ó›· ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ηٿ ·- ÚÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ, ÔÈ ¤ÓÔϘ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂȘ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó fiÏÂÌÔ ÌÂ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈο fiÏ· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ó· ¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜. ∫È ÂÓÒ Ô fiÏÂÌÔ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÌÂ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈο fiÏ· ‚·›ÓÂÈ Û˘ÚÚÈÎÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜, ¿ÏϘ ÌÔÚʤ˜ ¤ÓÔÏ˘ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ÂÍÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ, Ô ·ÓÙ·ÚÙÔfiÏÂÌÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂȘ, Û˘ÓÂ- ¯›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· ÂÍ·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È. Ÿˆ˜ ÚÔ¿ÓÙˆÓ Î·Ù·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó, Û ηıË- ÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ۯ‰fiÓ ‚¿ÛË, Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ÛÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎfiÌË ·Ó·Î·Ï˘Êı› οÔÈ· ̤ıÔ‰Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÔϤÌÔ˘, Î·È ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·›ı·ÓÔ Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï˘Êı› ÛÙÔ ÂÁÁ‡˜ ̤ÏÏÔÓ. ™ÙÔ ÌÂٷ͇, Ô ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÈÛıËÙfi˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Û ÂΛӘ ÙȘ ¯ÒÚ˜ Ô˘ Â˘Ù‡¯ËÛ·Ó Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ˘fi ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô. √È ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ·ÓÙÔ‡ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜Ø Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ¤Ó· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ÂÓËÌÂÚˆÙÈÎfi ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ, ÛÙȘ ∏¶∞ Î·È ÌfiÓÔÓ ˘¿Ú- ¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚ›Ô˘ 1.300 Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜. ∆· ΢‚ÂÚÓËÙÈο ÎÙ›- ÚÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÙ·Ùڷ› Û ÊÚÔ‡ÚÈ·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÚÂۂ›˜, Ô˘ ηٿ η- ÓfiÓ· ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ۯ‰fiÓ Î·ÓÂÓfi˜ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·, ·ÓÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌ‹ıË- Î·Ó Û·Ó Ó· ·Ó¤ÌÂÓ·Ó ÌÈ· Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ Îϛ̷η˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙȈÙÈ΋ ›ıÂÛË (ÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó fiÓÙˆ˜ ‰Â¯ı› ÂÈı¤ÛÂȘ). ¡¤ÔÈ Ù·ÍȉȈÙÈÎÔ› ÂÚÈÔ- ÚÈÛÌÔ›, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ó¤Â˜ ̤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ Î·È ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ polemos(15Χ23) 15-11-10 10:29 Σελίδα 10 10 ¶O§EMO™: A¶O TH MAXH TOY MAPNH Eø™ TO IPAK ÙˆÓ ·ÔÛ΢ÒÓ, ·Ó·ÁÁ¤ÏÏÔÓÙ·È Û ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ۯ‰fiÓ ‚¿ÛË. ¶ÔÏÈ- ÙÈο ‰ÈηÈÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ıˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó Î·ÙÔ¯˘ÚˆÌ¤Ó· ηٷÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÔ‡- ÓÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ, ÎÈ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· Ù˘ ηٷÔϤÌËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÙÚÔ- ÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ™ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë Ï¤ÍË «ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·» Â›Ó·È ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÚÌÔ‡ ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜, ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ fiˆ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·ÈÓ Ì ÙË Ï¤ÍË «‰È¿- ‚ÔÏÔ˜» ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ ηٿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ˘fi„Ë ÙÔ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi. ¢ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ó›˜ ·Ú¿ Ó· ‰ÂÈ ÙȘ Ô˘Ú¤˜ Ô˘ Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ·ÂÚÔ‰ÚfiÌÈ· ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏË- Êı› ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ. ∏ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÂȯÂÈÚ‹ÛÂȘ ηٷÛÙÔÏ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÎÙÂÓ¤ÛÙ·ÙË Î·È ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ̤ڷ Û ̤ڷ. ªÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÎÂÊ¿- Ï·Èfi ÙÔ˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ı¤Ì·, ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ‰Â Û˘ÁηٷϤÁÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı›۷ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·. √ Û˘Á- Áڷʤ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘, ·Ó ÌË ÙÈ ¿ÏÏÔ, ıˆÚ› ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο. ∫·È ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ: ¶ÔÈ· ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ·ÊÂÙËÚ›· ÙˆÓ ÔÏ¤ÌˆÓ ÙÔ˘ 20Ô‡ ·ÈÒÓ·; ¶ÔÈ· ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÂÍÂÏÈÎÙÈο ÛÙ¿‰È· ÙˆÓ ÂÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÔϤ̈Ó; ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ù· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜; ¶ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿- ÛÙ·ÛË Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Î·È Ô‡ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁËıÔ‡ÌÂ; ™ÙÔÓ ŸÙÔ ÊÔÓ µ›ÛÌ·ÚÎ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È Ë ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË Ú‹ÛË: «√È ·ÓfiË- ÙÔÈ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÔÈ Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙȘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ¿Ïψӻ. ∞ÊfiÙÔ˘ ¤ÏËÍÂ Ô ∂Ìʇ- ÏÈÔ˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜, ÙÔ 1949, Ë ∂ÏÏ¿‰· Â˘Ù‡¯ËÛ ӷ ÌËÓ ·Ó·ÁηÛÙ› Ó· ·ÔÎÔÌ›ÛÂÈ ‰È‰¿ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈڛ˜.
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