THE INA QUARTERLY BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS

EYES ON SHIPS IN ANCIENT GREECE THE MID-ATLANTIC LOGBOAT REGISTRY

A TRIBUTE TO MEXICO'S PILAR LUNA

SPRING/SUMMER 2020 VOLUME 47 NO. 1/2 FOUNDERS ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS Archaeology; Yamini Family Chair John McManamon, Ph.D. in Nautical Archaeology Loyola University George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Raynette Boshell Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. John Baird † CONTENTS Allan Campbell, M.D. Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Michael Katzev † William C. Culp, M.D. Professor of Nautical Archaeology I Irena Radič-Rossi, Ph.D. Jack W. Kelley † Grace Darden Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. University of Zadar Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Professor, Meadows Professor Warren Riess, Ph.D. OFFICERS/ADMINISTRATION of Biblical Archaeology University of Maine President* Susan Katzev David Stewart, Ph.D. Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. James Kjorlien 04 EMERITUS FACULTY, NAUTICAL East Carolina University NEWS AND EVENTS Vice President Virginia Klein ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT Kristine Trego, Ph.D. Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Keith Langworthy TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Bucknell University Vice President* Alex G. Nason George F. Bass, Ph.D. Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. 06 Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Terry A. Ray Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. American Numismatic Society MEET THE STAFF OF INA'S BRC Financial Manager Judy Sturgis C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. Wendy van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. Cindy Montgomery J. Richard Steffy† Flinders University Betsey Boshell Todd 10 Diving Safety Officer Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. A NEW REGISTRY OF OLD Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. Tidewater Atlantic Research John Littlefield, Ph.D. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY LOGBOATS Garry A. Weber GRADUATE FELLOWS BY ROBERT HAYES, MARY HAYES, AND BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER STAFF Marian M. Cook Fellows RESEARCH ASSOCIATES JOHN BROADWATER Director Megan Hagseth & Annaliese J. Barto Arnold, M.A. Tûba Ekmekçi, M.A. Bilge Güneşdoğdu Akman Dempsey Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. Financial Manager Mustafa Babacık Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II Fellow 16 Özlem Doğan Esra Altınanıt Kirik, M.A. Claire Zak Laurel Breece, Ph. D. PIGMENT, COLOR, AND THE EVIL EYE IN ANCIENT GREECE Mehmet Çiftlikli Mary & Lamar Tooze Scholar Massimo Capulli, D.Prof. DIRECTORS BY CLAIRE ZAK John Littlefield, Ph.D. Zafer Gül Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. Oğuz Aydemir Seçil Kayacık José Luis Casabán, Ph.D. Edward O. Boshell, Jr. AFFILIATED SCHOLARS 20 Gülser Kazancıoğlu Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. John Cassils, M.D. Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. 10 BULLS ON THE ANCIENT Şükran Köroğlu, M.A. University of Connecticut Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. MEDITERRANEAN Lucy Darden * BY SHERI KAPAHNKE Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. John De Lapa Orkan Köyağasıoğlu, M.A. Giulia Boetto, Ph.D. Centre Camille Jullian Chairman* Adem Şirin Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. 16 25 John Broadwater, Ph.D. Carl Douglas Nevin Tekel Michael Jones, Ph.D. 22 Spritsail Enterprises BOOK REVIEWS Danielle J. Feeney * Aysel Tok Roberto Junco, M.A. Lilia Campana, Ph.D. James A. Goold Ömer Tok Texas A&M University Jun Kimura, Ph.D. Secretary & Edith Trnka Arthur Cohn, J.D. Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. 25 General Counsel * Lake Champlain Maritime Museum TRIBUTE: PILAR LUNA Süleyman Türel Berta Lledó, Ph.D. Jeff Hakko Ben Ford, Ph.D. Güneş Yaşar Colin Martin, Ph.D. Pamela Matthews, Ph.D. Indiana University of Pennsylvania Meftun Yürek Veronica Morriss, M.A. Sheila Matthews, M.A. Jeremy Green, M.A. Dana F. McGinnis FACULTY, NAUTICAL Western Australia Maritime Museum Robert Neyland, Ph.D. Krešimir Penavić ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Brock University Lynn Baird Shaw J. B. Pelletier, M.A. Jerome Hall, Ph.D. Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Robin C. M. Piercy Charlie Steinmetz Associate Professor, Sara W. and University of San Diego George O. Yamini Professor of Jason Sturgis Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. John Pollack, M.Sc. Nautical Archaeology Vice Chairman* Central Connecticut State University Mark Polzer, M.A. Robert L. Walker, Ph.D. Filipe Vieira de Castro, Ph.D. Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Kimberly Rash Kenyon, M.A. Past Chairman* Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Trinity University Professor of Nautical Archaeology II Donald Rosencrantz Casidy Ward Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. ON THE COVER: Ken Trethewey exposes a Jeff Royal, Ph.D. Roger A. Williamson, M.D.* Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Vasa Museum marble ship's eye discovered during INA's Professor, Nautical Archaeology excavation of the fifth-century B.C. Classical Mark Lawall, Ph.D. David Ruff, Ph.D. Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Faculty Fellow Greek ship at Tektaş Burnu, Turkey (2000); Treasurer * University of Manitoba Miguel San Claudio, M.A. AND PARK THE MARINERS' MUSEUM PHOTO: TOP Christopher M. Dostal, Ph.D. ©INA Photo by Don Frey Joseph Lehner, Ph.D. Sally M. Yamini Assistant Professor, INA Faculty Fellow Randall Sasaki, M.A. University of Sydney Kenan Yılmaz George Schwarz, Ph.D. Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Michael Young, J.D. Professor, Abell Chair in Nautical Stanford University Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board † Deceased WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 3 The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-profit organization whose mission is to advance the search for NEWS & EVENTS Bethany Becktell as the new Assistant the history of civilization by We Bid Fond Farewell to an Old Partner Editor of the INA Quarterly. Bethany fostering excellence in earned an M.A. in Ancient Near Eastern underwater archaeology and Welcome New Ones and Egyptian Studies from New York University and is interested in Bronze Age The INA Quarterly (ISSN 1090- Egypt and Cyprus. She worked in public 2635) is published by the INA REMEMBERS DICK VANN Archaeology Grant, defended his education for four years before embarking 2021 INA FUNDING UPDATE Institute of Nautical Archaeology (1941-2020) dissertation A Roman Ship Scuttled Near on a Ph.D. in the Nautical Archaeology All of us at INA are deeply saddened Salona in the Gulf of Kastela, Croatia; Program. In her free time, Bethany Editor to report the death of Dr. Richard D. in March, INA Diving Safety Officer plays the piano and the flute, and enjoys Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Vann, whose career at Duke University John Littlefield defended his dissertation running, baking, and photography. Medical Center was instrumental David and the David-Class of American The countless disruptions and cancellations caused by Assistant Editor in the development of dive safety. A Civil War Era Torpedo Boats of Charleston, NEW DIRECTOR OF BODRUM the COVID-19 Pandemic have also affected more than Bethany Becktell, M.A. former diving engineer and U.S. Navy South Carolina; and in April, INA MUSEUM a dozen INA field projects scheduled for 2020. These diver, Vann conducted important grant recipient Doug Inglis defended The INA family welcomes Hüseyin The Abusir Boat-Burial: Toprak projects have been rescheduled for 2021 and awarded Design scientific studies on decompression his dissertation as the new Director of the sickness, surface intervals, and dive Change and Continuity in the Nautical Bodrum Museum of Underwater Mile 275 Studio funding has been rolled forward so that project tables for over 40 years. As Vice Technology and Funerary Practices of Archaeology in Turkey. Toprak was President of Research at the Divers Third Millennium Egypt. Heartiest recently assigned to the post by the directors will have access to those funds in 2021. Printed by Alert Network (DAN), Vann authored Congratulations to All Three Ph.D.s! General Directorate of Museums and J&N Enterprises the oxygen decompression dive Cultural Heritage, and is responsible Houston, Texas tables used to safely conduct tens of for overseeing the conclusion of the The INA Archaeological Committee is currently www.j-nenterprises.com WELCOME NEW INA STAFF thousands of dives on INA excavation We are delighted to announce the museum’s massive three-year restoration. accepting proposals for new projects that did Grace Tsai projects at Uluburun, Tektaş Burnu, return of as INA Archivist Before coming to Bodrum, Toprak not receive funding during the 2019-2020 cycle. Institute of Nautical Archaeology and Kızılburun, Turkey. His passing and Webmaster! Grace is a Ph.D. graduated from Atatürk University with P.O. Drawer HG leaves behind a legacy of safer diving candidate in the Nautical Archaeology a degree in Archaeology and worked as Proposals for new projects in 2021 will be College Station, Texas around the world. Program and Principal Investigator of an archaeologist in the Anamur Museum. 77841-5137 USA considered on a case-by-case basis. the Ship Biscuit & Salted Beef Research Anamur is the southernmost point on email [email protected] Project. Grace enjoys traveling and Turkey’s Mediterranean coast and home to phone (979) 845-6694 CONGRATULATIONS NEW PH.D.S has studied abroad in Italy, Egypt, and www.nauticalarch.org INA is pleased to recognize three the once thriving Roman and Byzantine The INA Publications Committee is currently recent Ph.D. graduates of the Nautical Turkey, taught English in a village in city of Anemurium. We are excited to Archaeology Program at Texas A&M the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia, work with Hüseyin Bey as he takes the accepting proposals for the third annual $25,000 grant The opinions expressed in the University! In February, Dave Ruff, and has summited Mt. Kilimanjaro and helm of one of the most famous museums INA Quarterly articles are those of from the George and Ann Bass Endowment for 2015 recipient of the Claude Duthuit parts of the Andes. INA also welcomes in the world! the authors and do not Nautical Archaeology Publications, to be awarded necessarily reflect the views Preference will be given to books that result of the Institute in 2021. from INA-affiliated excavations. If you are interested in submitting an article for publication please contact the Editor at Applications for all INA funding are due [email protected] October 1, 2020 ©August 2020 by the and can be downloaded online at Institute of Nautical Archaeology All rights reserved www.nauticalarch.org/funding

Dick Vann Grace Tsai Bethany Becktell Questions? Email us at [email protected]

4 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 MEET THE STAFF of INA’s Bodrum Research Center (BRC)

What did you enjoy about school? millions of broken fragments waiting to NAME: Gülser Kazancioğlu When I was student, I played volleyball, be mended. All the different colors and ran track, and did traditional Turkish folk shapes! I was incredibly excited. dance. I continued folk dance for several POSITION: Senior Conservation years of my adult life as well. How long have you worked for INA? Technician, 37 Years What do you do for INA? Were you interested in archaeology as I am a senior conservation technician and a child? I mend pottery. I have been working for Where were you born? Where did you I learned about archaeology from working INA for 37 years! grow up? at INA, but now I realize that I had I was born and raised in Bodrum, Turkey, an undiscovered interest in it from an What do you like most about where the BRC is. early age. As a child, I collected different your job? pebbles and tried to join broken ceramic I like seeing the results of my work: when Tell us about your family. jars and tiles. I would make glue with an artifact is mended and complete and My father is from Kos and my mother sugar to join the pieces back together. I has been approved by Cemal Pulak then is from Rhodes. They were part of the would make games with broken amphora that object is done! I like being a small compulsory population exchange between handles. I enjoyed trying to glue every part of bringing history to light through Greece and Turkey and arrived in Turkey broken thing I saw. what I do. in the late 1930s. I have eight siblings; my two brothers were born on Kos and the What is your first memory of INA? How What has changed in the three rest of us were born in Bodrum. Two of did you come to work for INA? decades you have worked for INA? my siblings, one brother and one sister, I heard that INA was hiring temporary Throughout the 37 years I have worked retired after working for the Bodrum help so I went to the Bodrum Museum for INA, the people have changed: head clay animal figurines. I graduated from guard. I have been working here for 11 Museum of Underwater Archaeology. I for an interview with Cemal Pulak. When conservators, directors, and museum primary school but because of the living years now. Thank you, Tuba! NAME: Adem Şirin have two disabled sisters, and my siblings I saw all the glass pieces from the Serçe administrators. But for 37 years I have conditions in our village, I was not able to take care of them. I also have two sons, Limanı shipwreck I was shocked, and I been mending artifacts and what hasn't go to college. How long have you worked for INA? one of whom is married. thought “I am in heaven!” There were changed is that I love my job! POSITION: Night Guard, 11 Years What do you do for INA? Were you interested in archaeology as I’ve worked for INA since May 2008. I a child? am one of two night guards at the BRC. I didn’t even know what archaeology was Where were you born? Where did you before working for INA, so I have learned What do you like most about your job? grow up? a lot here! I love working at night time. I am a very I was born in a village in eastern Turkey responsible person and with this job I put called Mollakamer, which is close to What is your first memory of INA? How food on the table for my family. You need Iğdır. When I was 18 years old, I came to did you come to work for INA? to like what you do, otherwise you can’t Bodrum to work. The people from my village helped with do a good job. I love my job and I have various construction projects at the BRC learned a lot because of INA. Tell us about your family. and that’s how I was introduced to INA. I am the third of five children. I have two I began working with them temporarily What has surprised you (good or bad) older brothers and two younger sisters. I when Tufan Turanlı was the director of about your job? am married and have a daughter. BRC. After I completed my military Good co-workers! Friends create a family service, I visited INA again and the new and make your work better. I like the What did you enjoy about school? director, Tuba Ekmekçi, knew me and people I work with. The BRC is a friendly, I liked painting and soccer. I used to make trusted me, so she hired me as a night warm place to work.

6 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 7 MEET THE STAFF INA’S BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER

Were you interested in archaeology as position in the conservation laboratory. Tûba Ekmekçi Littlefield NAME: a child? They were not taking undergraduate Absolutely! My grandparents’ house students to the excavation, but I was so POSITION: BRC Director, 28 Years was just under the Acropolis of ancient persistent that they made a space for me Pergamon. When I visited them, I was in the lab. I think they were fed up with the nightmare of the excavation team. me and took me in 1991. I started work Where were you born? Where did you Along with some of my cousins, I always as a conservation technician intern. I grow up? wanted to be an archaeologist and/ loved artifact conservation as well. After I I was born and grew up in Karşıyaka, or have a job around water, but my graduated in 1992 INA offered me a job İzmir. parents wanted me to study law. All my as a conservation technician, and I have university entrance choices were for law since then been with INA. In 2008 Tufan Tell us about your family. schools, but the night before the entrance Turanlı retired, and I became the Director I am married and have a beautiful exam, I woke up in the middle of the of INA’s BRC. daughter who lives in Istanbul and night and erased all the codes for law attends university there. My grandparents schools and filled in codes for archaeology How long have you worked for INA? are from Greece and Albania, but my departments. I admitted changing the What do you do for INA? parents were born in Turkey. I have a codes to my parents when I was in my I have been with INA for 28 years and sister who is a vice principal at a private third year of university classes! am currently the Director of the BRC. high school in İzmir. What is your first memory of INA? What do you like most and least about What did you enjoy about school? How did you come to work for INA? your job? I was a very good student mostly (but I was always thinking about archaeology Everything. I love the people I work with. not in science) and participated in lots and doing something with water. When I love the projects I work on. Dealing of extra-curricular activities as well. I was in my sophomore year of high with lots of different authorizing agencies I was on the basketball team, diving school (1986), I read a long article about and always trying to be alert to new team, and was a reserve swimmer on the the Uluburun shipwreck excavation in developments and changes in the law, college swim team. I was also part of the a newspaper. I had found my dream job however, is stressful. traditional folk-dance team and played - underwater archaeology! I started to several musical instruments while also study archaeology in 1988 and contacted What has surprised you (good or bad) working part time for a public relations George Bass and Cemal Pulak asking about your job? company as a hostess of government to participate in an excavation. At the I am still surprised by many things after all officers and globally famous VIP guests end of three years of begging, Cemal these years. This is my naïve side, I guess. visiting İzmir. Pulak finally offered me an internship

What did you enjoy about school? How long have you worked for INA? NAME: Süleyman Türel Working with animals and playing What do you do for INA? football. Since 1995. I am a gardener and do all the POSITION: Grounds Team, 25 Years other things for the BRC premises. Were you interested in archaeology as a child? What do you like most and least about Where were you born? Where did you No. your job? grow up? Working in the garden is my favorite thing. I was born and grew up in Bodrum. What is your first memory of INA? I like my job and nothing bothers me. How did you come to work for INA? Tell us as about your family. I started working at INA after a What has surprised you (good or bad) I am married and have two daughters. recommendation from a friend who about your job? I am one of five siblings who all live in was working during INA’s construction. The variety of the plants in the BRC Bodrum. garden still surprises me.

8 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 9 rchaeological studies in the used for millennia by Native Americans is data obtained from a variety of sources. southeastern U.S. have revealed the evolutionary precursor to the multi- The heart of the registry is the archived that Native Americans were log boats constructed in the Mid-Atlantic archeological files maintained by the craftingA and using dugout canoes for region. In Chesapeake Bay: A Pictorial Maryland Historical Trust, the Virginia thousands of years. Within the Mid- Maritime History, M.V. Brewington, the Department of Historic Resources, Atlantic region, numerous pre-contact preeminent Chesapeake Bay watercraft and the North Carolina Department (i.e., prior to contact with the first historian, recognized that, “Throughout of Natural and Cultural Resources. Europeans) dugout canoes have been the course of development from canoe to Other information sources include discovered, the oldest dating back more [multi-log] bugeye, the original dugout graduate student theses and dissertations, than 4,000 years. First-hand accounts of log bottom was always apparent in this professional journals, archived newspaper European explorers Thomas Harriot and most truly American craft.” and magazine articles, state and national John Smith, along with Theodor DeBry’s historic registries, museum and historical detailed engravings of John White’s THE MID-ATLANTIC LOGBOAT society record searches, and prominent drawings, tell us how Native Americans REGISTRY books on log-constructed boats. Much constructed dugout canoes and relied on In 2018 under the auspices of the of our work involves collaboration with them for transportation, fishing, defense, Maritime Heritage Chapter of the the three State Historic Preservation and the projection of power. Archeological Society of Virginia, we Offices, museums and historical societies Canoe builders used fire and tools made launched the Mid-Atlantic Logboat to identify known or possible logboats, of stones, shells, and antlers to hollow Registry, an ambitious project to catalog obtain their provenance, collect additional out and shape logs in various forms and all known logboats in Maryland, archived data, and take measurements, sizes to meet their needs. Observing the Virginia, and North Carolina, in order drawings, and photographs. We also work importance and versatility of dugouts, to analyze and classify the evolution with private citizens and property owners English and French settlers soon acquired and development of these significant to document known or suspected logboats canoes from the indigenous people they vernacular watercraft. The registry is based that are in their possession. encountered. They also used their iron solely on one criterion: the boat’s hull axes and adzes to hew out tree trunks to must be log-built. Our goal is to create DETAILS INCLUDED IN THE make their own canoes. Early colonial a searchable, multi-variable database for REGISTRY settlers were heavily reliant on logboats for the Mid-Atlantic region that will serve We currently have cataloged 181 transportation, commerce, fishing, and as a resource for researchers interested logboats, including 109 single-log dugout exploration of the Chesapeake Bay and its in the comparative study and history canoes (52 recorded as pre-contact), tributaries as well as the shallow sounds of logboats. Over the past two years and 72 multi-log (2 to 9-log) boats. of what is now North Carolina. With the our team has been cataloging logboat The principal wood types documented abundance of large-diameter pine and bald cypress trees, as well as the cheap cost MARYLAND of construction, boat builders over time fashioned multi-log vessels of up to nine Tilghman Island or more logs; their design and function were tied closely to the oyster industry Crabb Island and the transport of agricultural goods. VIRGINIA VERNACULAR WATERCRAFT Even after European style plank-on-frame Powhatan Creek boats became more common, log-built Seaford Chesapaeke Bay Atlantic Ocean boats continued to be used well into the IN THE MID-ATLANTIC late 19th and early 20th centuries until there were no longer any suitably sized Lake Phelps UNITED STATES trees to construct them. NORTH CAROLINA There is no doubt that the dugout canoe The Archeological Society of Virginia’s registry of Maryland,

North Carolina, and Virginia logboats Opposite page: Dugout canoe, ca. 1630, found Lake Waccamaw 300 km in Powhatan Creek near Jamestown, VA. This N Map showing sites mentioned in article. BY H. ROBERT HAYES, MARY K. HAYES, AND JOHN D. BROADWATER AND PARK THE MARINERS' MUSEUM OPPOSITE PAGE: PHOTOS: page:

10 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 11 VERNACULAR WATERCRAFT IN THE MID-ATLANTIC UNITED STATES H. ROBERT HAYES, MARY K. HAYES, AND JOHN D. BROADWATER

for hull construction are pine and bald Both pre-contact and post-contact Lake Drummond and the Dismal cypress. Occasionally, we found laboratory dugout canoes have been found in Lake Swamp offer the possibility of finding confirmation of wood type included in Waccamaw, N.C.. Radiocarbon dating multiple logboats in a single natural the archival record. Otherwise wood shows that these canoes were fashioned lake-wetland environment. The area has type identification in the archival records and used on the lake for several hundred a well-documented history of Native appears to be based on the prevailing tree years between the early 1400s and the American and “Maroon” (escaped slaves) species available and traditionally used by late 1800s. State historical information settlements, logging, shingle production, local boat builders. Radiocarbon dating indicates that European colonists settled in and trapping. So far, our registry includes was used to make an age and time period the area around the lake, harvesting timber one post-contact single-log dugout canoe (pre- vs. post-contact) determination only and producing shingles. The Underwater and two multi-log boats from this area. for the single-log dugout canoes. In the Archaeology Branch of the North Carolina Discoveries of single-log dugout canoes in absence of radiocarbon dating, archival Department of Natural and Cultural Virginia and Maryland have been chance records indicate that a determination as Resources has conserved many of the events, usually occurring after major to whether a single-log dugout canoe dugout canoes discovered throughout the floods or during severe droughts. With was pre- or post-contact is based on the state, loaning them to state museums, very few exceptions, finds consist of only a presence of observable charring from parks, government facilities, and academic single-log canoe or fragment along a shore fire (pre-contact) or iron tool (adze and institutions for display. or embedded in a bank with no other axe) marks (post-contact). The scarcity of No pre-contact logboats have been associated cultural material. Historically, laboratory data leaves considerable room identified in Virginia or Maryland. log canoe use along the Chesapeake for doubt concerning the documented Possibly the oldest dugout canoe from Bay’s tributaries was widespread. David

The canoes are associated with other archaeological artifacts, such as spear points, cooking vessels, and pottery, dating back to almost 9000 B.C. age and wood type, especially on poorly Virginia in our registry was documented Moran, Senior Researcher at the Deltaville preserved specimens. by Ben McCary in 1964 and is in storage Maritime Museum in Virginia, has at The Mariners’ Museum and Park in cited several sources, including census SINGLE-LOG CANOES Newport News, VA. The fragmentary records from the 1800s that document Seventy-eight of the 109 single-log dugout canoe was found in Powhatan Creek in families owning several canoes for work canoes in our registry are from North the area of the original (1607) Jamestown and personal transportation. Such Carolina, including 52 that have been settlement. McCary suggested a date of regional historical records may be key identified as pre-contact. Radiocarbon around 1630 for the canoe because of for identifying potential canoe sites for dating for 30 of the single-log dugout the presence of both charring and iron further investigation. canoes reveals ages ranging from about tool marks, and the location where it was 2400 B.C. to A.D. 1810. Unique to North found. He interpreted the canoe as having MULTI-LOG WATERCRAFT Carolina is the discovery of 47 dugout been initially constructed by Native To date, only seven multi-log boats canoes in six natural lakes; 25 of these are Americans and later reshaped by colonists from North Carolina have been from Lake Phelps. All are considered pre- for their own needs. documented in the registry. Of these, contact, ranging in age from 2400 B.C. to One explanation regarding why our six are of two-log construction and may A.D. 1400, with the largest ones over 30 registry contains fewer entries from be linked to the unique split-log design ft in length. The canoes are associated with Maryland and Virginia is that those states influenced by the French Huguenot other archaeological artifacts, such as spear do not possess the numerous natural settlers, according to Michael Alford in points, cooking vessels, and pottery, dating lakes found in North Carolina. The Origins of Carolina Split-Dugout Canoes. back to almost 9000 B.C., indicating natural resources of the lakes provided that the area around the lake supported long-term subsistence for the indigenous Opposite page, top and bottom left: Pre- a significant indigenous community for populations and later supported European contact dugout canoe showing charring; Post- contact dugout canoe showing tool marks. thousands of years. With the exception of settlement and trade in naval stores, Right: Recovery of pre-contact canoe, Lake four canoes, all were left in situ. lumber, and shingles. In Virginia only Waccamaw, NC. RESOURCES OF HISTORIC DEPT RESOURCES; VA AND CULTURAL OF NATURAL NC DEPT HAYES; CLOCKWISE: MARY LEFT TOP OPPOSITE PAGE PHOTOS: J TOP: FROM OPPOSITE PAGE, PHOTOS:

12 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 13 VERNACULAR WATERCRAFT IN THE MID-ATLANTIC UNITED STATES H. ROBERT HAYES, MARY K. HAYES, AND JOHN D. BROADWATER

SUGGESTED READING

Alford, M.B. 1992. “Origins of Carolina Split-Dugout Canoes.” The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21.3: 191-203.

Brewington, M.V. 1956. Chesapeake Bay: A Pictorial Maritime History. Cornell Maritime Press.

Brewington, M.V. 1963. Chesapeake Bay Log Canoes and Bugeyes. Centreville, MD: Tidewater Publishers.

McCary, B. 1964. “An Indian Dugout Canoe, Reworked by Early Settlers, found in Powhatan Creek, James City County, Virginia.” Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 19.1: 14-19.

Moran, D.A. 2017. “The Poquoson- Style Log Canoe: African-American Influences and the Concept of Maritime archaeologists with the North Carolina Department of Natural and vessels are listed on the U.S. National Cultural Resources believe that several Technology.” Quarterly Bulletin, Register of Historic Places. of the state’s natural lakes may still hold Archeological Society of Virginia 72.2: Cultural Resources believe that several of the state’s natural lakes may still 59-82. hold dozens of undiscovered pre-contact dugout canoes. dozens of undiscovered pre-contact THE PATH FORWARD dugout canoes. We hope to be part of any Phelps, D.S. 1989. “Ancient Pots We are only in the first phase of what future investigative and recovery efforts at and Dugout Canoes: Indian Life as Virginia and Maryland, by contrast, typically double-ended, powered by sail, demand for oysters, resulted in the promises to be an exciting multi-phase, those sites. Lastly, our public education Revealed by Archaeology at Lake dominate in the number of multi-log up to 35 ft in length, and built specifically construction of larger multi-log bugeyes multi-year project. For Phase I we are efforts will continue as we promote the Phelps.” North Carolina Humanities and buyboats, some exceeding 60 ft. Council. http://ancientnc.web.unc. boats, with 65 documented in the for oyster tonging. Competition among cataloging logboat data using an Excel purpose and value of our work to state edu/exhibits/shipwrecks/lake- registry. In Chesapeake Bay Log Canoes the watermen to get harvested oysters Our registry includes three of these spreadsheet format that includes 140 agencies, museums, historical societies phelps/ and Bugeyes, M.V. Brewington identifies to market gave rise to competitive fully restored and operational nine-log searchable fields. Our priority for Phase and academic institutions, and strive to Poquoson, Pocomoke, and Tilghman as sailing races on the Chesapeake Bay that workhorses of the Chesapeake Bay: the II is to finalize the data fields and use the be recognized as a central source for all the primary methods of multi-log boat continue to this day. The registry includes 53-ft dredging bugeye Edna Lockwood spreadsheet as the template to build a logboat data in the Mid-Atlantic. construction, each aptly named according 21 racing canoes from Maryland listed built in 1889 at Tilghman Island, MD multi-variable database that will become to the Chesapeake Bay region where on the National Register of Historic and currently at the Chesapeake Bay the cornerstone of the project. As new ACKNOWLEDGMENTS it originated. The Poquoson method, Places that were constructed from the Maritime Museum in St. Michaels, MD; information becomes available, we will The authors would like to thank Mr. Bruce called “rack of eye” by Brewington, 1860s through 1947 primarily using the the 60-ft bugeye/buyboat conversion Wm. continue to fill in gaps as well as add Terrell of the Maritime Heritage Chapter AUTHORS was a technique handed down over the Tilghman method. Today, the majority B. Tennison built in 1899 at Crabb Island, new logboats as they are identified. Our of the Archeological Society of Virginia for generations of local boat builders in of these canoes are privately owned, MD and homeported at the Calvert registry has identified records for well serving as our project historian and technical H. ROBERT HAYES, M.S. Poquoson, Seaford, and Dare, Virginia. have been restored, and continue to race Marine Museum in Solomons, MD; and over 40 logboats whose whereabouts and consultant. Our registry project would Project Co-Coordinator Mid-Atlantic Logboat Registry David Moran’s research discusses in detail competitively. the 62-ft Poquoson-style buyboat F.D. final disposition are unknown. Several of not be possible without the endorsement, the Poquoson-style canoe, as well as the During the mid-to-late 1800s there were Crockett built in 1924 at Seaford, VA these logboats were left in situ after being cooperation, and support of the Archeological MARY K. HAYES influence of skilled African-American boat thousands of log canoes on Chesapeake and berthed at the Deltaville Maritime surveyed or were recovered but remain Society of Virginia, the Maryland Historical Project Co-Coordinator builders on its design. The Pocomoke and Bay working the oyster beds. With the Museum in Deltaville, VA. All three in the possession of private citizens. We Trust, the North Carolina Department of Mid-Atlantic Logboat Registry Tilghman construction methods used by advent of the gasoline engine, many of the plan to conduct follow-up field surveys to Cultural and Natural Resources, and the Maryland boat builders relied on half- sailing log canoes were either converted relocate in situ logboats, and investigate Virginia Department of Historic Resources. JOHN BROADWATER, PH.D. Lead Archaeologist, Mid-Atlantic model designs and rising lapstrake and to engine power or were deemed obsolete This page, from left: 30-ft pre-contact canoe, what became of those in private hands. Thank you, INA, for providing the funding Lake Phelps, NC; Restored nine-log buyboat Logboat Registry, carvel planking, respectively. Canoes of and abandoned. The introduction of F.D. Crockett. Opposite page: Nine-log bugeye Maritime archaeologists with the North to advance our research and registry INA Affiliated Scholar three-log and five-log construction were dredging in the 1870s, and the increased Edna Lockwood under sail. MARITIME MUSEUM CHESAPEAKE BAY THIS PAGE: MARITIME MUSEUM; RESOURCES; DELTAVILLE AND CULTURAL OF NATURAL NC DEPT OPPOSITE PAGE: PHOTOS: Carolina Department of Natural and development.

14 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 15 n ancient Greece, from the Late suggested that these eyes were associated Along with the iconographic and Bronze Age through the Hellenistic with the Zea Shipsheds that housed the archaeological examples, literary sources THE EYES HAVE IT: period, there are abundant artistic Athenian trireme warships. provide insight into the nature and Pigment, Color, and the Evil Eye in Ancient Greece representationsI of warships and The first example of marble eyes firmly function of ships’ eyes. Perhaps most importantly, in a section dedicated to BY CLAIRE ZAK commercial merchant vessels on Greek associated with an ancient ship in an pottery, wall paintings, mosaics, and archaeological context came from the the equipment required for the proper sculptural reliefs. Many of the ships Tektaş Burnu shipwreck off the coast operation of a trireme, the Piraeus Naval depicted include what appears to be of western Turkey. Excavations by the Inventories of the fourth century B.C. an eye on the bow, the first appearing Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), make clear that the ophthalmoi of some in the early seventh century B.C. Two under the direction of INA Founder ships were lost or broken. Nowak believes well-known examples include the Siren George Bass and INA President Deborah that this definitively indicates that eyes Vase depicting Odysseus tied to his ship’s Carlson, uncovered two marble discs were separate attachments to hulls rather mast and a kylix or drinking cup by incised with concentric rings and stained than painted on. While presently there Exekias showing Dionysus reclining in a with dark pigment. Troy Nowak made is no physical, archaeological evidence ship. At least 14 examples of marble eyes the argument, based on painted pottery of eyes painted on ancient ships, it is (ophthalmoi) have been identified around depictions, that round eyes were affixed important to remember that the sample the Mediterranean, perhaps functioning to merchant vessels, while the more size of marble eyes is quite small (as is the as votive offerings, architectural fixtures, naturalistic shapes, such as the Piraeus sample size of excavated ancient Greek or protective ships’ eyes that would have marble eyes, were employed on warships. shipwrecks). It is logical, therefore, to been affixed to the bow. It is most likely Both of the discs have central lead spikes consider application techniques that that these enigmatic objects are the latter, with which the eyes were attached to the would allow ship’s eyes to be painted functioning similarly to the severed head ship’s planks. The sinking of the wreck directly on the hull. Pliny, writing much of the Gorgon Medusa, which served dates between 440 and 425 B.C., so the later in A.D. 77-79, provides an overview to protect against equally terrifying evil marble eyes also date to the fifth century. of historical painting in his Natural beings. Even though pigment has been Two other groups of ships’ marble History, including an encaustic technique noted on the majority of these marble eyes have been found off the Israeli where wax is mixed with a pigment eyes, little chemical analysis has been coast and in the Athenian Agora. Two and applied to a wood or stone surface. published. By taking into consideration marble discs from Israel, one from the Curiously, Pliny mentions that this Greek perceptions of color and sight, I Megadim shipwreck and one from the technique cannot be used on walls “but is propose that color and pigment played Yavneh-Yam anchorage, are similar common for ships of the navy, and indeed an important role in the apotropaic and albeit larger in diameter than the discs nowadays also for cargo vessels,” serving decorative function of ophthalmoi on found at Tektaş Burnu. The disc found as both decoration and waterproofing. Greek ships. at the Yavneh-Yam anchorage has eight Encaustic painting examples have been The first marble eyes found were bands of pigment while the disc from recovered from Piraeus, the port city the Megadim shipwreck does not readily of Athens, and published in 1963 by appear to have any decoration. During Carl Blümel and in 1978 by Chrysoula a century of excavations in the Athenian Saatsoglou-Paliadeli. These eyes appear Agora, three marble eye fragments have anatomically correct with curved eyelids been discovered. Their terrestrial context, and a central round hole, signifying as opposed to those ophthalmoi found the pupil. The corneas of these eyes are in underwater contexts, is especially comprised of three to five concentric puzzling. These eyes are sculpted similarly rings of pigment, and several eyes to the Piraeus eyes with a naturalistic exhibit traces of red paint on their inner shape and curved eyelids. While the surface, suggesting they were fixed to a fronts of the eyes do not appear to have red surface. Because of lost records and been stained with pigment (which might This page: Siren Vase depicting vague acquisition methods that surround be the result of the objects’ fragmentary Odysseus tied to the ship's mast, ca. the Piraeus marble eyes, there is neither nature), the back of the third eye 480-470 B.C. Opposite page: Kylix by Exekias with Dionysus reclining in a a firm dating sequence nor a specific fragment is covered with red stain, similar ship, ca. 530 B.C. archaeological provenance, but it has been to many of the Piraeus eyes. PHOTOS: THIS PAGE: BRITISH MUSEUM; OPPOSITE PAGE: MATTHIAS KABEL MATTHIAS BRITISH MUSEUM; OPPOSITE PAGE: THIS PAGE: PHOTOS:

16 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 17 THE EYES HAVE IT CLAIRE ZAK

SUGGESTED READING McDaniel and Albert Potts theorize that ship’s eyes have three or four rings of the evil eye stems from ophthalmological pigment, whereas the Hellenistic marble Carlson, D.N. 2009. “Seeing the Sea: defects or abnormalities. Individuals eye from the Yavneh-Yam anchorage Ships’ Eyes in Classical Greece.” possessing unusual eyes were considered exhibits eight or more rings of pigment. Hesperia 78: 347-65. predisposed to casting the evil eye. Many It is difficult to overemphasize the Colombini, M. P., G. Giachi, F. pre-Socratic and Classical notions of supremacy of sight in ancient Greek Modugno, P. Pallecchi, and E. Ricechini. vision proposed that sight was conducted thought given the rich visual record of 2006. “La Pittura e i Trattamenti di by emitting a ray that then reached the eyes depicted on pottery, sculptural reliefs, Impermeabilizzazione sullo Scafo dell’Alkedo.” In A. Camilli, A. de Laurenzi, viewer’s subject. McDaniel and Potts mosaics, coins, and architecture, as well E. Setari (ed.) Pisa un Viaggio nel Mare postulate that the pupil, emitting a ray of as literary evidence for philosophical dell’Antichità. 26-28. vision, was considered by ancient Greeks discussions about how vision works. The Greek marble ships’ eyes of the Classical Galili, E. and B., Rosen. 2015. “Marble to be the active portion of the eye. “It Disc Ophthalmoi from Two Shipwrecks off is obvious, therefore, that […] nothing and Hellenistic periods provide ample the Israeli Coast.” International Journal of could so enhance the magical power of an opportunities to explore ancient color Nautical Archaeology 44.1: 208-13. found at terrestrial sites, such as the on the rampways evidence of paints the simplest of colors, while other colors individual as to increase the number of theory in conjunction with apotropaic McDaniel, W.B. and A.M. Potts. Roman Egyptian mummy portraits from from red hematite and a yet-unanalyzed result from a mixing of light and dark. his pupils, the openings through which protection. The pigment rings of ships’ 1971. “The Pupula Duplex and Other the Fayum. Archaeological evidence, blue pigment. Discoveries of red and The creation of red comes from a mixing the eye emitted all its shafts, envious, marble eyes may well represent the four Tokens of an "Evil Eye" in the Light of however, for the technique used on ships yellow pigments have been made on the of black; yellow comes from white. In amatory, morbiferous, etc.” Archaeological natural elements in the form of primary Ophthalmology.” Perspective in Biology remained scant until excavations in the above-mentioned hull of Ship C at Pisa. assigning a chronology to color, Aristotle examples of ancient marble ships’ eyes colors. By invoking this color spectrum, and Medicine 15.1: 72-79. harbor at Pisa, Italy revealed that the first Another possibility for the red and yellow proposes that red comes before black contain multiple concentric rings of perhaps the ancient Greeks were seeking Nowak, T. 2006. “Archaeological Evidence century A.D. hull of Ship C (an oared colors could be the use of orpiment, an when an object is darkening. Likewise, pigment, which could represent multiple protection from the elements themselves, for Ship Eyes: An Analysis of Their ship named Alkedo, meaning Seagull) arsenic-sulfide, known also as realgar. when black becomes weaker, it turns pupils. Perhaps the number of rings as well as from the envy of other humans Form and Function.” Thesis. Texas A&M exhibited encaustic painting using red, Orpiment “of even the finest-colored green, then yellow, then white, suggesting correlates with an ability to counteract the and deities. In this way, ships’ eyes that University. white, and possibly black pigments mixed gold” is mentioned by Pliny several times a spectrum of color as a factor of time. evil eye. Thus, the greater number of rings used all the colors of nature with the Stieglitz, R.R. 2004. “Copper Sheathing with beeswax and pine resin. A ship’s hull in Natural History as a pigment frequently This can be summarized by the statement: represented on a ship’s ophthalmos, the greatest number of pupils were effective and Painting with Orpiment at Elephantine painted red would explain the red pigment used in the encaustic technique. A “And this is clear; for as red changes into more apotropaic the eye became. There talismans against all the threats of nature. Island (Fifth Century B.C.E.).” Bulletin traces found on the reverse of some marble papyrus (Pap. Cairo 3432) dating to the black and black into red, so does white may even be evidence of an increase in With the help of elemental pigmentation of the American Schools of Oriental Research 336: 31-34. eyes. It is possible that a ship’s eyes could fifth-century B.C. found on Elephantine change to yellow.” Aristotle also suggests rings over time; the Classical Tektaş Burnu on their ships’ eyes, ancient Greek have been painted with the encaustic Island in Egypt even gives instruction that light is the color of fire. In fire, white, technique, either on a marble-shaped eye on how to paint a hull with orpiment, black, red, and yellow mix, representing or directly onto the hull. perhaps using the encaustic technique. the four elements. Fire itself is a sailors could hope to repel the threat of The pigments used on hulls and ships’ The stains found on the Zea and Tektaş continuum of red and white, and smoke bad winds, storms, fire, and ultimately eyes seem to exhibit the same palette of Burnu ships’ eyes are red or yellow, and charcoal are yellow and black. If we shipwreck. colors – red, white, and black – with the possibly from orpiment or hematite, deduce that, in the Greek mind, white is addition of yellow and blue, potentially ingredients that were likely used in naval air, red is fire, black is water, and yellow is ACKNOWLEDGMENTS indicating another layer of meaning. In ship decoration. earth, then a ship’s marble eyes invoke the I am grateful to Dr. Debbie Carlson for her the current literature, there has been only Ancient Greek color theory, modern four natural elements. encouragement to submit this article and one mention of elemental analysis by ideas of vision, and literature on pigments The remaining color – blue – is often insightful comments throughout the process. means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry can elucidate the purpose of concentric associated with the evil eye in modern Olivia Close and Bethany Becktell also (XRF), and this particular instance was pigmented rings on many of the marble charms that prevent the adverse effects of provided great suggestions. Another special unsuccessful in identifying the paint eyes. The bands of colors exhibited in envious glances. It is interesting that blue thanks to Olivia Thomas for scouring the composition. Other analyses in the future the marble eyes from Zea and Tektaş eyes are represented when the majority of INA archives for me. could greatly benefit the conversation Burnu include black, white, red, yellow, the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean, regarding material and color composition and perhaps even blue. On Colors, a among whom this concept is popular, of these ophthalmoi. work attributed to Aristotle, begins the tend to have eyes of a darker color. Walton AUTHOR Several pigments found at other discussion of color with the statement archaeological sites stand as viable that the “simple colors” are those of the CLAIRE ZAK, Ph.D. Student This page, from left: Piraeus marble eye; candidates, including red-lead oxide or a elements, drawing a connection with the Marble eyes from Tektaş Burnu shipwreck. Nautical Archaeology Program red ochre of hematite. In the shipsheds tangible environment. White (light) and Opposite page: Graphic of marble eyes from Texas A&M University at Naxos, Sicily, archaeologists found black (the complete absence of light) are Piraeus, Greece and Tektaş Burnu, Turkey. NOWAK TROY OPPOSITE PAGE: DON FREY; BY PHOTO STEPHEN DECASIEN; © INA FROM LEFT: THIS PAGE, PHOTOS:

18 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 19 SUGGESTED READING lead, the earliest found on a mid-third to the proembolion, a projecting feature century B.C. shipwreck off the coast of designed to protect the ship’s ram from Bass, G.F. 1997. “A Rare Representation Savelletri, Italy. A horn from the second going too far into an enemy vessel. Other of a Greek Merchant Ship.” INA Quarterly century B.C. wreck at Punta Scaletta, Italy iconography suggests, however, that the 24.1: 26. was found with fragments of the original horn shape was significant beyond a Casson, L. 1996. “New Evidence for Greek horn still attached, suggesting that the functional use as there are representations Merchantmen.” IJNA 25: 262-64. molten lead was poured into the hollow that include both a proembolion and a Kapitän, G. 1973. “A Corinthian Shipwreck horns. Nail holes were found in a horn horn projection. at Savelletri (Brindisi, Apulia, Italy). IJNA from the early first century B.C. wreck at Bulls were not only depicted on seagoing 2.1: 185-86. Albenga, Italy, suggesting the horn may ships, but occasionally in Greek and Murray, W. M. 2001. “A Trireme named have been fastened to some part of the Roman myths and plays bulls themselves Isis: the sgraffito from Nymphaion.” IJNA ship. From the first century B.C. Monaco were seagoing. The mythological stories 30: 250-56. C shipwreck there is an example of a of Europa and Phaedra both feature a Ornan, T. 2001. “The Bull and its Two lead horn with a nail preserved in place. malicious bull emerging from the sea. Masters: Moon and Storm Deities in Veins from the horn are apparent on the In the Rape of Europa, Zeus appears on Relation to the Bull in Near Eastern Art.” Israel Exploration Journal 51.1: 1-26. surface, and the base of the horn is slightly the coast of Phoenicia in the form of a concave, hinting that it was designed to be bull and swims Europa to Crete on his mounted. Ancient depictions of merchant back. There she gives birth to the half- ships do not provide enough detail to man, half-bull Minotaur. The earliest Apart from ships and stories that suggest how these horns may have been reference to the story is from Homer’s document the association of bulls with the displayed. However, a warship depicted on Iliad (14.321). In the well-known Greek sea, gods of storms and rivers were also a mid-third century B.C. sgraffito,a form tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides, the personified as bulls, including the Greek of etched decoration, from Nymphaion in Cretan princess Phaedra was rejected by water god Acheloos and the Phoenician the Black Sea seems to have a large horn- Hippolytus; in response, Poseidon sent a storm god Baal-Haddu/Sapon. The bull shaped projection at the bow. bull from the sea to ambush Hippolytus also has interesting associations with Some Phoenician ships present a more and gore him to death. Seneca’s version fertility and rebirth, especially in cave convincing case for bull horn adornments of the story from ca. A.D. 54 features sanctuaries where the bull was a prominent because they feature a pair of pointed a puzzling allusion to the Europa story sacrificial victim. From the fifth to the projections side by side. Coins from the where the bull’s hooves (ungula) are second millennium B.C., the constellation BULLS ON THE ANCIENT Phoenician cities of Sidon, Arados, Tyre, directly associated with a ship’s oars Taurus arrived with the vernal equinox, and Byblos, dating from the sixth to the (remos). Rather than a sea creature, a large marking the beginning of spring and the MEDITERRANEAN third centuries B.C., also provide images bull emerging from an environment in sailing season. It is possible that bull-gods of ships with ornamental horns. A Punic which it does not belong would evoke a were the creation of farmers interested in BY SHERI KAPAHNKE coin from 237 B.C. depicts a horn-like sense of the supernatural. It may be that the cycles and success of agriculture which projection that seems to be an extension the Greeks hoped their ships would create preceded the association of the same gods n the Spring 1997 issue of the INA of a bull’s head. Casson noted that animal because the ship that brought the settlers of the wale. For this reason, it is thought a similar awesome, fearsome spectacle in with sailing. The numerous associations Quarterly, INA Founder George Bass head decorations were not uncommon had the figurehead of a bull. Little is that the horns may have been connected the guise of bulls at sea. with Phoenician, Greek, and Roman ships introduced an interesting sherd from on ancient ships; Egyptian war galleys known about what bull embellishments show that the bull was clearly connected Ia black-figure vase that he saw during a had lion heads, there is ample evidence looked like. The Heidelberg sherd that to spiritual matters of the sea. Bull horns 1995 visit to the Museum of Antiquities of bird heads on Bronze Age ships, and Bass observed depicts the bull’s head and figureheads may have offered a sense at the University of Heidelberg in horse heads can be seen in depictions of fully formed and smooth and with of protection by evoking the gods who Germany. The importance of this sixth- Phoenician ships. The Heidelberg sherd no indication of horns, a defining assumed the form of a bull. century B.C. sherd for Bass and the rest observed by Bass remains unique among feature of the bull. Although, from the of the nautical community was its rare Greek ship depictions even though the archaeological remains of shipwrecks depiction of a merchant ship with a furled bull on the sea motif is featured in many comes evidence of animal horns filled with AUTHOR sail. Lionel Casson published the sherd stories from ancient Greece. in the International Journal of Nautical As outlined by Casson, Stephanus of SHERI KAPAHNKE Archaeology (IJNA) in 1996 where he Byzantium cited the Greek geographer This page: Sherd depicting merchantman with M.S. Student, Nautical bull's head, Inv. no. 25/08. Archaeology Program, raised another rare aspect of the image, the Artemidorus (ca. 100 B.C.) as writing Opposite page: Fragment of wall covering of ship, 3rd cent. Texas A&M University prow of the merchant ship is in the form that the settlement Tauroeis was named B.C., Inv. no. NF. 82-526. MUSEUM HERMITAGE © STATE SUETOVA, SVETLANA THIS PAGE: HEIDELBERG; ANTIKENSAMMLUNG DE UNIVERSITÄT VÖGELE, HUBERT OPPOSITE PAGE: PHOTOS:

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REVIEWS authors outline the process of creating challenges that impede the discovery and georeferenced 3D models using analysis of such sites in Italy. This paper Two Important Volumes Present the Proceedings of Recent Conferences photogrammetry, which can also serve as is more than an annotated bibliography, a tool for public interaction, providing however, as it includes a passionate plea museum visitors with a way to experience on the part of the authors for the Italian these largely inaccessible sites through academy and ministries to value the those responsible for the management however, the research, management, virtual reality. submerged prehistoric landscape and of underwater cultural heritage (UCH), and protection of UCH still depends on Another interesting chapter that shows to support more dedicated institutional proposes pathways for dissemination of different institutions and organizations. the value not only of incorporating new campaigns to preserve and analyze this Italian underwater archaeological research As Tusa mentions in his text, 55 countries technologies but also of interdisciplinary aspect of the Italian past. to public and professional spheres, have already signed the UNESCO approaches that re-examine past projects is This volume is beautifully imagined, with and recommends solutions for the in Convention, which provides the best the paper by Disantarosa et al. The authors high-quality graphics and images, and situ preservation of Italian submerged framework to improve and coordinate reinterpret the wrecks of La Madonnina A provides a comprehensive approach to the cultural heritage. Building on the 2001 international strategies for the protection, and B investigated by Peter Throckmorton current state of underwater archaeology UNESCO Convention for the Protection research, and management of UCH. off the coast of Taranto in the 1960s. in Italy, outlining the latest projects of Underwater Cultural Heritage, the Capulli and Tortorici present practical Archaeologists nowadays tend to focus on carried out in this country at the time of editor presents here the Udine Charter for applications of UNESCO’s in situ new research projects, but projects that re- the 2016 conference. It could have been Underwater Archaeology in Italy. preservation policy for UCH. They assess old collections can generate as much enhanced by some organization of the This volume includes 40 essays in briefly describe new and relatively low- new data as any recent archaeological conference papers to orient the reader Archaeology of Manila Italian, each averaging eight pages in cost technologies involving underwater project. This is an aspect to be taken -- whether thematically, geographically, or length, covering a diverse range of video with internet access to monitor into account when managing museum chronologically. Furthermore, the majority Galleon Seaports and Early topics -- excavations of shipwrecks, underwater archaeological sites. The collections and previously excavated sites, of projects included in this publication Maritime Globalization ports, and submerged terrestrial sites; authors focus specifically on a metal especially since new technologies allow correspond to pre-Classical and Classical Edited by Chunming Wu, Roberto Il Patrimonio Culturale surveys of maritime/fluvial landscapes, structure with removable square grids archaeologists to approach collected data periods, with only a few later examples. It Junco Sanchez, and Miao Liu Sommerso. Ricerche e proposte seaside settlements, and deep-water sites; placed on the Grado 2 shipwreck to ensure in a manner that was unthinkable a few is unclear whether there were no significant per il futuro dell’archeologia conservation and preservation in situ; and its protection in situ while providing decades ago. research projects on later periods SPRINGER NATURE 2019 artifact analysis of material recovered from visual access to visitors and allowing This volume also offers two papers that conducted in Italy at the time, or if those ISBN 978-981-32-9247-5 268 PAGES subaqcuea in Italia submerged contexts. With the exception archaeologists to excavate the site. outline multi-faceted projects for the projects were not included in the present REVIEWED BY ROBERT A. DENEMARK Edited by Massimo Capulli of two papers on Turkey and the Red Sea, Bruno et al. present possible solutions study of fluvial landscapes. These chapters, volume. Nevertheless, the list of projects this volume focuses on the entire Italian for the preservation of submerged one by Capulli and one by Asta, situate presented in this publication reveals the Serious students of globalization are FORUM EDIZIONI 2019 peninsula -- from Sicily in the south to the terrestrial sites, outlining the efficacy of the UCH of two northern Italian rivers, scope of Italian underwater archaeology. familiar with the Manila galleons ISBN 978-8832831122 415 PAGES Friuli Venezia Giulia region in the north. cleaning the brickwork and mosaics at the Stella the Bacchiglione, within the Despite the majority of the chapters as the final link in the creation of a REVIEWED BY JOSÉ CASABÁN There is no clear organizational scheme Baiae, followed by a wax coating. While fuller context of human lifeways over the being of relatively short length, thorough fully global political economy. The & STACI WILLIS to the volume, however, with papers these systems seem to be an effective centuries. They trace the human impact bibliographies at the end of each chapter are movement of Chinese goods to the presented in no discernible order after the solution to implement UNESCO’s in situ on and the human interaction with these included, which allow specialists and scholars West spans some 4000 years. Eastern At its heart, this volume represents introductory materials. For this reason, the preservation policies, they do not provide riverine settings as well as their importance to access detailed information regarding goods were considered superior, leading the proceedings of the 2016 Italian review focuses on a few of the particularly protection against natural risk factors such within the ancient economic and social each of the projects; the writing style suits to a drain on European gold and silver National Conference on Underwater noteworthy entries. as currents. Moreover, in situ protection systems. The Capulli paper in particular both scholarly and general audiences. and the constriction of economic Archaeology that featured a wide range In the first chapter, the late has an associated economic cost and does showcases the diversity of finds from the Furthermore, the methods and practices prospects, pushing Europeans to of papers regarding current underwater Soprintendente del Mare della Regione not prevent the natural deterioration of Stella River spanning over a millennium described in this volume aimed at the in situ search for a direct route to the East. archaeological research in Italy. More than Siciliana Sebastiano Tusa synthesizes the any underwater archaeological site over and discusses the potential of the river protection and preservation of UCH are a The masses of silver and gold from a collation of individual papers, however, evolution of those institutions dedicated to time. This is an issue that still needs to be as a training ground for new underwater useful addition to the current literature on the mines of Mexico and Peru would the book also sets forth an ambitious the research, protection, and management addressed by the specialists despite good archaeologists. underwater archaeology all over the world. allow Europe to participate in the more agenda for the future of Italian underwater of UCH on an international scale. The initiatives by many Italians. Finally, Fozzati and Zarattini explore the advanced Asian global economy. Sailing archaeology, culminating in a “Carta” or text highlights the different attitudes La Rocca and Emma provide an often-overlooked submerged prehistoric José Casabán is an INA Post-Doctoral directly from Spain to Asia meant Charter that distills a concise framework towards underwater archaeology among intriguing case study for the integration landscape of Italy. The authors have Researcher and PhD graduate of the Nautical contending with dominant Portuguese of goals for the field. This charter countries such as Italy, Greece, Spain, of technology aimed at documenting, compiled a list of the key prehistoric Archaeology Program (NAP) at TAMU; Staci and later Dutch and English outlines the necessary qualifications and Japan, and how the 2001 UNESCO analyzing, and presenting deep-water excavation sites in the rivers, lakes, Willis also earned a Ph.D. from NAP and mercantilist competitors. Sending for three professional levels of Italian Convention is helping to shape a common sites. Using the deep-water shipwrecks lagoons, and along the coasts of Italian currently teaches Anthropology at Houston precious metals from Mexico or Peru underwater archaeologists, identifies international approach. In many countries, of the Panarea-Aeolian islands, the territory while also presenting the major Community College. overland to the East into pirate-infested

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REVIEWS

Caribbean waters, onward to Europe, The volume, along with its geographical of the world, in Chapter 15 Castillo and TRIBUTE and only then along the Silk Routes, was divisions, is well-balanced between four Fournier trace the artistic impact of Asian dangerous and inefficient. The successful substantive foci: shipwrecks, ports and ceramics on the creation of the Mexican INA Remembers Pilar Luna Erreguerena (1944-2020) roundtrip voyage from Acapulco to Manila production areas, artifact distribution, and majolica motifs that are now identified as in 1565 offered Spain a solution to many cultural interconnectivity. Four chapters 'traditional.' of its commercial problems and completed consider specific shipwrecks or wreck This is a sophisticated work that will a truly global trade and payments circuit. distributions (chapters 3, 7, 10, and 12). be of most interest to research libraries Pilar Luna Erreguerena, widely regarded as the founder of underwater archaeology What is ignored from this macro- Chapter 12 by Von der Porten is most and specialists. The volume includes in Latin America, was born near the sea in Tampico, Mexico, the youngest of five perspective is the infrastructure that artful in discussing finds from the 1578 excellent photographs of porcelain finds children. Trained as a lifeguard at the age of ten, she became, in her 20s, the first person developed as a result of the Manila Galleon wreck of the San Juanillo galleon that he that are much appreciated given the in Mexico to teach children with Downs Syndrome how to swim. Fluent in Spanish, trade: the production of trade goods, worked on over many seasons since 1999. quest to establish connections between English, French, and Italian, Luna earned a Bachelor’s degree in Archaeology from seaports, new shipyards, land transport, The finds, and their presentation here, specific production areas in the East and the National School of Anthropology and History and a Master’s in Anthropological local exchange, and cultural interaction. are impressive. Four chapters consider archaeological finds in galleon wrecks or at Sciences from the National Autonomous University. In 1979, after reading George Bass’ This volume addresses these issues. The ports and production areas (chapters 1, sites in the West. Less well-presented are Archaeology Under Water, Luna invited Bass and INA research associate Donald Keith great value of this work rests with its status 2, 9, and 14). In Chapter 1, Wu does an the maps that might help non-specialists to direct a field school at Laguna de la Media Luna (see INA Newsletter 6.2: Summer as an archaeological survey of the full range admirable job of introducing the work and orient themselves. Multiple reproductions 1979). That same year, she participated in INA’s shipwreck excavations at Serçe Limanı, of the galleon trade from the production providing the reader with the full range of historic maps purport to show the route Turkey. kilns of inland China to the distribution of of historical issues to be uncovered in the across the Pacific, but these are too small In 1980, after eight years of lobbying, Luna convinced Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) to establish the Department of Underwater Archaeology. She collaborated on projects in the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, the Bahamas, The great value of this work rests with its status as an archaeological survey and Panama, and directed dozens of surveys and excavations in her native Mexico (at Cayo of the full range of the galleon trade from the production kilns of inland China Nuevo, Media Luna, Bahia Mujeres, Isla Contoy, and Isla Mujeres to name a few). A fierce advocate for the protection of underwater cultural heritage, Luna led more than one heroic to the distribution of goods...along the major trade routes of New Spain. struggle against treasure hunters and the commercial exploitation of shipwrecks. She helped draft the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural goods and cultural influences all along the most relevant Chinese port area Yuegang. to be useful. Maps of regions or local Heritage and was instrumental in Mexico’s 2006 ratification of it. In 2011, the Society major trade routes of New Spain. Four chapters provide a broader regional areas are not always of the highest quality, for Historical Archaeology presented Pilar Luna with the J.C. Harrington Medal for her This is the second volume in the or interregional perspective (chapters 5, 6, and many that would have been sincerely pioneering contributions to the field. Luna’s boundless passion to research, interpret, and series 'The Archaeology of Asia-Pacific 8, and 13). Chapter 5 by Wang outlines appreciated are absent. One solution protect underwater archaeological material cannot be measured and will never be forgotten. Navigation' and is particularly well the specifics of Chinese porcelains that would have been to collect those maps organized. When the participants met in make up the majority of the archaeological identified by the authors and present them 2017, they represented the majority of the evidence discussed throughout the volume. as a set. Similarly, readers must navigate locations involved in the Galleon trade Along the way she discusses, in summary varying chronological systems. Dating When I accepted an invitation from one of the students took us home for Mexico, however, was to train future of the 16th through the 19th centuries. fashion, specific kiln traditions, challenges designations based on names of dynasties Pilar Luna to conduct a 3½ week night- dinner, to introduce us to local dishes archaeologists to locate and excavate The meeting included reports on some along different trade routes, shipwreck (Chinese and Japanese), artistic periods, or school course in underwater archaeology with local families. Our free afternoons wrecked ships of discovery, conquest, of the most recent, and often ongoing, finds, market pressures, and the impact of Western numerals, need not be converted at Mexico’s National Institute of were filled with surprises. One day she colonization, defense, and trade in archaeological surveys. inter-European rivalries. Chapter 13 by into a single imperialistic form, but a Anthropology and History (INAH) in hired a small canvas-covered boat on a Mexican waters. A planned field exercise The volume is formally divided into Fournier and Junco provides an excellent thoughtful unified chronograph would early 1979, I had no idea that my first crowded canal in Mexico City, where on a known historic wreck near Veracruz three geographical sections. First, Chinese map comparing the major silver transport have made for a helpful appendix. Finally, and only visit to Mexico would be one we were serenaded with Mexican music was aborted by stormy seas, but without trade ports and production are considered. routes of New Spain with porcelain dealing with the language traditions of of my most memorable experiences. On by a band on a passing boat and treated hesitation Pilar moved to Plan B and In the second part, the vital Manila finds. Three other chapters consider scholars from multiple places is always 3 January, at Mexico City’s International to Mexican snacks by food vendors on drove Don and me north to the Lake of entrepôt, along with associated trade and socio-cultural interaction and change a challenge. Readers should be tolerant Airport, Pilar met me and my assistant, other nearby boats. On other days she the Half Moon (Laguna de Media Luna) production sites like Macao and Nagasaki, (chapters 4, 11, and 15). In Chapter 4, of this. The intellectual payoffs are Donald Keith, veteran of several INA drove us to ancient ruins including for a “wreckless” excavation. For her are reviewed. Finally, the last stop before Wu catalogs the many food crops that worthwhile. excavations and a doctoral candidate at Mexico City’s Templo Major, which she impressive diving ability, organizational the Americas (Guam) and evidence from the Manila Galleon trade introduced to Texas A&M. had helped excavate, and the immense skills, and upbeat personality I invited New Spain are discussed. Scholars from China and notes that the flow of silver Robert A. Denemark is Professor of The visit that followed was made pre-Columbian city of Teotihuacan. On Pilar to join my veteran team in Turkey the respective regions speak to the major was so significant as to allow the state to International Relations at the University unforgettable by Pilar, a remarkable host another trip she took us to an outdoor to help excavate an 11th-century A.D. issues in their areas as well as about the move from a bronze to a silver standard. of Delaware and co-editor of Systemic who introduced us to myriad facets of lunch surrounded by peacocks in shipwreck. She accepted and was a most significant cross-regional interactions they The implications of these changes are left Boundaries: Time Mapping Globalization her country. After many of our two- Cuernavaca. welcome addition. find. to the bibliography. On the other side since the Bronze Age (Springer). hour classes, she made sure that at least Our overall purpose for being in -GEORGE BASS

24 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 25 As members of the International earth, we take with us only what we have archaeology were what drew me to her Committee on Underwater Cultural become as human beings. Godspeed Pilar and how I will always remember her. Heritage (ICUCH) from the late Luna! Fair Winds and Calm Seas! -SHEILA MATTHEWS 1990s, Pilar and I traveled to meetings -PEGGY LESHIKAR-DENTON around the world, always advocating Pilar was more than a boss and a respected for the protection and management I met Pilar at Serçe Limanı, Turkey archaeologist in the field. Despite the many of underwater cultural heritage, and when she came to join INA’s excavation of accomplishments of her prestigious career, taking a few extra days to enjoy cultural the medieval Glass Wreck. She was quiet, and the many positions she held, she never experiences in some of the world’s yet very personable and determined. I lost the human touch. She would always greatest cities. It was an enormous remember that she was liked immediately take the time to ask about your personal privilege to share the 2016 SHA Award of by the entire group. She had a soft smile situation. When working with her Pilar was Merit with Pilar, Dolores Elkin, and Toni for everyone and a ready sense of humor. more of a mother figure than a respected Carrell in recognition of our work during Years later, when I moved to Mexico, scholar. Pilar taught us all valuable lessons the 2001 Convention negotiations, she was the first person I called and later about how to do underwater archaeology, where the Portuguese delegate called this visited in Mexico City. With ease we fell but even more important, she inspired us unofficial team, each of whom served back into laughter over long chats. A to value and protect underwater cultural with a different States Party or NGO, big heart, a keen sense of humor, and a heritage. “Las Chicas Radicales.” strong determination to conduct good -ROBERTO JUNCO Pilar was wise and calm, prepared equally for challenge or success; she was quietly fearless. Yet, in spite of her SPECIAL THANKS to Donald Keith and Peggy Leshikar-Denton for worldly accomplishments, Pilar’s core providing many of the wonderful photos included here. Pilar was wise and calm, prepared equally for challenge or success; she was philosophy was that when we leave this quietly fearless. Yet, in spite of her worldly accomplishments, Pilar’s core philosophy was that when we leave this earth, we take with us only what we have become as human beings.

In June, 2005, Pilar and I were in the passage of 26 years. Pilar said “Yes, and excavated years earlier during subway Campeche for a field school she was half a millennium is nothing—if you construction, and then placed on display conducting. One day she took me to the are a bronze cannon! We, on the other at the INAH in Mexico City. Museo de Arqueologia Subacuatica Fuerte hand are already showing our age. But That summer, Roger Smith invited us to de San Jose where we saw, among long after we are gone and forgotten participate in the Cayman Islands Project. other major finds, the 16th century the cannon will still be around, most Roger grouped us on the same team bronze cannon we raised from Cayo likely joined by many other marvelous and we developed a lasting personal and Nuevo in 1979. It was a bittersweet finds discovered and cared for by future professional bond that continued for 40 reunion between the three of us. We were generations of underwater archaeologists years. It may have been on this project that quiet for a while. I observed that the and conservators we helped train.” Pilar introduced me to her favorite poem, cannon is now safe in a proper museum, -DONALD KEITH by Antonio Machado, which she loosely looking pretty much the same as when translated from Spanish to English as, we first saw it on the seabed in spite of When I first met Pilar at the 1980 “Walker there is no road – you make the Society for Historical Archaeology (SHA) road as you walk.” And so Pilar dedicated Conference in Albuquerque, we shared the her life to building capacity, educating, This page, from left: Pilar at Media Luna instant bond of our two passions: Mexican inspiring, and protecting Mexico’s and the (1979); Pilar with PEMEX divers at Cayo Nuevo archaeology and archaeology beneath the world’s underwater cultural heritage. Pilar (1980). Opposite page, from left: Pilar with Roger Smith at Cayo Nuevo (1979); George sea. Pilar encouraged me by facilitating encouraged those she walked with - to Bass and Pilar (1979). my study of a dugout canoe discovered make their own paths too.

26 INA QUARTERLY 47.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2020 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 27 JOIN US AND SUPPORT INA TODAY! Bringing History to Light through the Science of Shipwrecks

The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) is a non- profit international research organization committed to locating, excavating, recording, preserving, and publishing shipwrecks and other archaeological sites of maritime significance. INA was founded over 40 years ago by Dr. George Bass, who in the 1960s pioneered the science of archaeological excavation under water. Today there is greater need than ever before to support the work done by INA; dredging and commercial fishing have severely damaged or completely erased sites around the world. INA members are institutions, professionals, enthusiasts, and students united in their passion for discovering the untold stories that lie hidden beneath the sea. Join INA today and become a patron of discovery!

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