Winter 1979-80 THE HELLENISTIC WRECK AT SERCE LIMAN

In 1973, when sponge diver Mehmet A$kin (see PROFILE) led George Bass to the 11th century "Glass Wreck" at Ser9e Liman, Turkey, he revealed another loca­ tion, closer to the harbor mouth, which had also produced amphoras. Although it was known that this site had ·been heavily looted of amphoras prior to 1973, an initial dive that year, and a further probe in 1978 indicated that some amphoras were still present. This past summer, Bass requested that Cemal Pulak, Turkish graduate student and veteran of INA excavations since 1975, supervise a test of this site to determine its extent and evaluate its po­ tential. Pulak and Bass were surprised to find that the looters had removed only the visible upper layers of amphoras. More than a hundred amphoras, in two sizes, were recorded on the site plan and raised to the surface during this initial work. In one two-meter grid section a test pit was excavated to a depth of more than a meter, revealing the presence of a variety of

A section of the Hellenistic site, located 35 meters below the surface at the foot of a submarine cliff.

material. In the last days of the work, what in 1980 to determine the feasibility of seemed to be a rocky slope above the further work on this Hellenistic site. wreck was found to be instead a massive In anticipation of the continuing activities rock-slide of huge boulders which lie partly on the Hellenistic site we here provide over the wreck. Although the removal of Newsletter readers with a glimpse of the these boulders may be too difficult or too initial work in this brief two-page pictorial dangerous to allow complete excavation, essay. Pilato: Don Frey plans have been made for a team to return The Hellenistic Wreck (continued)

Millstones, ballast stones, small globular vessels without handles, and pottery fragments were encountered at the bottom of the test pit, just above the first traces of wood remains.

George Bass and Don Frey at work on the site. Photo: Pilar Luna

Amphoras recovered from the site were carried As the test excavation continued and new features emerged, to the decompression stop for temporary stor­ supervisor Cemal Pulak daily updated the site plan using excavation age and later raised to the surface. After remov­ notes and photographs. ing and examining their contents, the amphoras were given conservation treatment and shipped to the Bodrum Museum. Photo: Don Frey

Ann Bass carried out the painstak­ ing, but essential, task of mending amphoras recovered from the site. These will be included in the study of capacities of amphoras from the wreck. Photo: Don Frey

Contrary to original expectations, a quantity of varied artifactual material has been recovered from the site. Careful study, research and analy­ sis of this material has yet to be undertaken. Photo: Don Frey

2 PEOPLE AND PROJECTS THRACIA PONTICA George Bass and Don Frey, with other ject. .. Don Keith's article on the Shin an site George F. Bass, with Texas A&M graduate INA staff and volunteers, continue daily in Korea is the cover story in the most students Robert Adams and Dorothy work on the "Glass Wreck" material at the recent edition of Archaeology (Vol. 33, Slane, were the only American representa­ Bodrum Castle Museum while making No. 2) .. . INA and the work at Ser~e Liman tives at Thracia Pontica I, the first interna­ plans for the 1980 field season in Turkey were the subject of an impressive New tional symposium on the Black Sea and ... Robin Piercy is back in Mombasa, York Times Sunday Supplement story the Mediterranean World, held at Sozopol, Kenya, directing the final planned season (January 27, 1980) by Robert Rhein­ Bulgaria, from October 9 to October 12, of excavation on the Santo Antonio de hold ... IJNA has recently published articles 1979. Dr. Bass delivered a paper on the Tanna ... Fred van Doorninck and Dick or notes by Jeremy Green, Cynthia Eise­ Yassi Ada Seventh-Century ship and its Steffy are busy in College Station with a man, Robin Piercy and A&M Nautical stu­ Black Sea connections, and also presided full schedule of teaching duties at Texas dent, Carol Olsen . .. The INA Tour article, at one of the sessions. The Symposium A&M University. . . Dick reports that a pilot originally scheduled for this issue of the was attended by scholars from a dozen model of the "Glass Wreck" is underway in Newsletter will appear in a later edition countries, and the INA group was espe­ the model shop . . . Roger Smith, Director of ... Cynthia Eiseman and Ken Cassavoy cially pleased to spend several evenings the Cayman Islands project, has recently manned an INA booth at the "Science in exchanging ideas with Dr. Michael returned from several weeks archival re­ Archaeology" exhibit during the December Lazarov, author of a book on nautical search in London, The Hague, Seville and AlA meetings in Boston ... and, in College archaeology in Bulgaria, and with Dr. Madrid ... Under the guidance of Don Station, INA Administrative Assistant, Joseph Brashinsky, a specialist on am­ Hamilton, A&M Nautical students (now Catherine Meyer, continues excavation phoras, from the Institute of Archaeology numbering 24) have been conserving and and analysis of the receipts from the 1979 in Leningrad. restoring material from the Caymans pro- field work. PROFILE

The now-famous "Glass Wreck" and the nearby Hellenistic site have been the focus of INA field research in Turkey for the last four years. The location of these two wrecks through information supplied by Mehmet A§kin was the turning point in what was to become a highly successful survey, the results of which have deter­ mined INA excavation priorities in Turkey since 1973. Mehmet A§kin was born in 1927 in the town of Bozburun, a coastal community only a few miles north of Ser~e Liman. His first career, interrupted only by three years George Bass and Mehmet A§kin. Photo: l~ik Bekman of military service, was that of shoemaker. In 1956 Mehmet's family fell onto hard "I . . . joined KARDESHLER's crew out­ excavation. The site would have to be an times. An eldest son, he gave up the side the harbor coffeehouse, where we important one, with a well-preserved hull shoemaking trade and took to sea on his slowly sipped cups of thick, sweet Turkish and from a period which would fill the father's boat in the more lucrative profes­ coffee. The diver, Mehmet A$kin (pro­ chronological gaps between other wrecks sion of sponge fishing. During the next five nounced Ashkin), played cards at a neigh­ which George Bass and his colleagues years Mehmet worked for his father as boring table. He never glanced at us. After had already excavated. both captain and sponge-diver. Morale of the crew was at a low point half an hour I asked our Mehmet [Tur­ In 1961 the Turkish sponge market went guttekin] when something would hap­ when the survey vessel, under the gui­ into decline and Mehmet temporarily pen. He told me to be patient. dance of A§kin, entered the harbor of moved on to other things; however, after Mehmet A$kin finished his game and Ser~e Liman. Acting on his advice, five only two years, Mehmet was drawn by his approached, flanked by his companions at divers went down in two teams to locate a love for the sea to purchase his own vessel cards. With neither friendliness nor hostili­ place where bits of broken glass lay scat­ and return to sponging. Over the years his ty on his wide, dark face he affirmed that tered over the harbor bottom in about 11 0 search for sponges has taken him across he knew of several wrecks that he would feet of water. most of the Mediterranean coast of Tur­ show us .... "* The three Turks dived again that after­ key, from Silifke, near Mersin on the south­ Such was the inauspicious first meeting noon and returned after half an hour, their ern coast, to the Dardanelles in the north. between George Bass and Mehmet A§kin. hands laden with glass. Fragments of Although he no longer dives profession­ bowls and decanters and raw glass ingots Little did either man suspect that this ally, Mehmet continues to operate his encounter would lead eventually to the flashed purple and green and yellow as vessel, Turhan, and his fondness for his excavations of the Islamic "Glass Wreck" they laid them on the deck. work remains unabated. His prodigious "There's glass everywhere! You can't and the Hellenistic Wreck sites in Ser~e sponge-diver's memory, already so impor­ Liman. fan the sand without cutting your fingers. tant to INA, remains a storehouse of po­ By September of 1973, after two months It's a good one, George, a really good tential archaeological sites. of fruitless searching along the southwest­ one." ern coast of Turkey, INA's initial project, a Mehmet A$kin smiled for the first time. •An quotations taken from Archaeology Beneath the shipwreck survey, had yet to discover a He mentioned a cargo of amphoras only Sea, by George F. Bass. Walker and Co., (1975) New site worthy of becoming the Institute's first yards away .... • York. 3 THE PORTICELLO SHIPWRECK

The Porticello shipwreck was dis­ covered in the Straits of Messina in 1969 by a Calabrese fisherman ; in the following months he and several scuba-diving as­ sociates looted the site and sold artifacts retrieved from it on the lucrative antiquities market. Their activities eventually came to the attention of Dott. Giuseppe Foti, So­ printendente aile Antichita for the province of Calabria, and director of the Museo Nazionale in Reggio Calabria. He called a halt to the plundering, retrieved antiquities then in the possession of the looters, and invited a team of experienced archaeolo­ gists specializing in nautical excavation to salvage the remains. In 1970, this team, from the University A team member excavating in the main amphora pile of the Porticello site. Museum, University of Pennsylvania, under the direction of David I. Owen, A few personal possessions, cooking not-too-distant future. In the meantime, salvaged what remained of the shipwreck wares, and eating pottery were recovered interested scholars can familiarize them­ on the seabed and undertook to examine from the stern area of the vessel. Attic selves with the ship by studying the sever­ all the remains, using field methods estab­ black glaze cups with impressed decora­ al preliminary reports published by Dr. lished at other University Museum projects tion (called bolsals) and Attic lamps permit Owen and by me. A complete list of these in Turkey and Cyprus. I was invited by Dr. the wreck to be dated to the years 415 to reports follows. Owen to prepare the final excavation re­ 385 B.C., making the Porticello ship the - Cynthia Jones Eiseman port, which was presented in December only merchantman of the Greek classical 1979 to the faculty of the University of period to have been found to date. The The Porticello Shipwreck Pennsylvania, Classical Archaeology date given by this pottery is confirmed by graduate group, as my doctoral disserta­ the dates of the Mendean and Motyan Preliminary Reports tion. transport amphoras and by the date of the Despite the poor condition of the site hull, as established by radiocarbon anal­ Cynthia Jones Eiseman when the excavators investigated it, a yses. The closely datable archaeological "Amphoras from the Porticello Ship­ number of observations could be made: conteX1 is particularly important with re­ wreck (Calabria)," International Journal the Porticello ship was a merchant vessel spect to the sculpture, which otherwise of Nautical Archaeology 2 (1973) 13-23. of approximately 20 m. in length, with a would be difficult to date on stylistic "Classical lnkpots," American Journal of burden of about 30 metric tons. The hull grounds. . Archaeology 79 (1975) 374-5. was built according to the traditional The course of the ship's final voyage is "The Porticello Shipwreck," AINA News­ Mediterranean method using mortise-and­ not possible to establish with certainty, letter 2:1 (1975) 1-4. tenon joints to edge-join strakes, with owing to the destruction of the site by clenched copper nails joining strakes and looting, but the captain could have found a "The Porticello Shipwreck: Lead Isotope frames ; she was square rigged and carried market for his cargo items virtually any­ Data," MASCA Journal1 (1978) 18. several anchors composed of wood, lead, where in the western Mediterranean, in Lead Ingots from the Porticello Ship­ and bronze. Parts of the hull were protect­ Italy, southern France, northeast Spain, or wreck, unpublished M.A. thesis, Univer­ ed by sheets of lead patching. the islands. The usual index of Greek sity of Pennsylvania, 1978. The cargo on her final voyage consisted trading activity in the west, Attic figured of four types of transport amphoras: those pottery, has recently undergone renewed "Greek Lead: Ingots from a Shipwreck from Byzantion (called Solokha II am­ studies, which have shown that imports of Raise Questions about Metal Trade in phoras) and Mende contained wine; those that pottery did not decline in the 5th Classical Times," Expedition 22:2 from Moyta (a Punic town in western century, as was once believed. The Por­ (1980) forthcoming. Sicily) contained salt fish; and a fourth ticello shipwreck's cargo serves as a re­ type, of unknown origin, is of characteristic minder of the sorts of trade items from David I. Owen Greek form and probably also carried Greece, other than Attic pottery, which "Picking up the Pieces: The Salvage wine. Also in the cargo were lead ingots played an important role in maritime com­ Excavation of a Looted Fifth Century from the famous mines at Laurion near merce, but which hitherto have not enjoy­ B.C. Shipwreck in the Straits of Messi­ Athens (as determined by lead isotope ed the attention of archaeologists and na," Expedition 13 (1970) 24-29. analyses); ink in spherical terracotta pots; historians. Furthermore, the presence of "Excavating a Classical Shipwreck," Ar­ and not less than two life-size bronze cargo items of Greek and Punic origins in a chaeology24 (1971) 118-129. statues of Greek tradition. The head of one single cargo emphasized the necessity "Archeosub nello Stretto di ·Messina," statue had been sold by the looters and its that scholars cease assuming that trade Magna Graecia 6 (1971) 6-8. present whereabouts is unknown. The items from one city-state or culture were other head, a very distinctive portrait of an necessarily carried on merchant vessels of "Ausgrabung eines Schiffswracks aus old man with a very long beard, and the same origin. dem 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. in der fragments from both statues are in the It is my hope that the Porticello ship­ Strasse von Messina," Antike Welt 4 Museo Nazionale in Reggio Calabria. wreck will be published in final form in the (1973) 2-10. 4 BOOK REVIEW maritime archaeology," is the most signif­ icant and unique part of the book, Part One providing only the background information OLIVER C. COLBURN Maritime Archaeology. By Keith Muckel­ and examples on which Part Two is based. roy. "New Studies in Archaeology" Series, In Chapter 1, "Introducing maritime ar­ Cambridge University Press, London chaeology," the author states, "At the It is with a great sense of loss (1978). Pp. 270, 109 Figs., 12 Tables. same time, the standards, ideas, and pro­ that we report the death of Dr. Hardback $37.50, paperback $9.95. cedures laid down by George Bass and his team over fifteen years ago remain the Oliver C. Colburn on December In the words of its author, Maritime model which present-day workers seek to 6, 1979. Born in 1910, Ollie, as Archaeologyisnot," ... amanualonhowto emulate." While this statement is, no he was known to his friends, practice archaeology underwater,"" ... an doubt, gratifying to Bass, it is perhaps a pursued a very successful attempt to summarize the results of every little disappointing that practitioners of the career in business, and was one underwater investigation ever undertak­ discipline are not now regularly surpassing en," or " ... a wreck-hunter's guide to un­ the quality of the early work accomplished of those few fortunate individuals tapped wealth on the seafloor." It is," ... a by one of its pioneers. Perhaps partially in who was able to retire early from statement . . . of which problems constitute order to explain this state of affairs, the that effort and pursue his first the proper concern of maritime archaeolo­ second chapter, "The constraints of work love, archaeology. gy, the extent to which recent work has under water," goes on to describe the tackled such matters, and the directions in physical, technological, and psychological Early in the 1960's he enrolled which future studies might profitably pro­ constraints imposed by the underwater ceed." As such, Maritime Archaeology is environment. The third chapter, "The con­ as a graduate student in the the long-overdue, first serious attempt to tribution of current work under water," Classical Archaeology program outline a formal theory for the discipline. enumerates the contributions of past and at the University of Pennsyl­ Before proceeding further, it is neces­ current underwater work, and sets the vania. As a student, he par­ sary to define maritime archaeology, as stage for the fourth chapter, "The un­ ticipated in the excavations at perceived by the author, and to probe its realized potential of maritime ar­ relationship with nautical archaeology: chaeology." Gordian and became a member Maritime archaeology is the scientific Chapter 4 rightfully points out that al­ of the team that searched for study, through the surviving material though underwater investigations have Sybaris. Out of the latter project evidence, of all aspects of seafaring: been taking place for approximately 30 grew his involvement at the site ships, boats, and their equipment; years, these have tended to be temporally of Torre del Mordillo, which be­ cargoes, catches, or passengers car­ and spatially selective; with the result that ried on them, and the economic sys­ came the subject of his disserta­ we still know almost nothing about the tems within which they were operat­ evolution and history of ships outside tion. ing; and other possessions reflecting Mediterranean and northern European wa­ their specialized lifestyle. ters, or about maritime trade in prehistoric As a member of the Board of This verbal description and a schematic times. To date, the main thrusts of Managers of the University accompanying it differentiates between maritime archaeological investigations Museum, he befriended George nautical and maritime archaeology in that have been: (1) The history and evolution of Bass and helped support Bass' the former includes the study of ship and hull construction in the Mediterranean dur­ boat finds from "non-marine contexts," ing Classical times; (2) maritime trade in early work in nautical archaeolo­ such as boat burials on land, while the the Mediterranean during the Classical gy. In 1970 he made a generous latter does not. Maritime archaeology, on period; (3) maritime trade between Europe donation to the Porticello ship­ the other hand, includes the study of sites and the New World after 1500; (4) the wreck excavation, and later be­ originally deposited under water which excavation of large sea-going ships likely came a founding member of the have since been artificially drained, and to contain intrinsically valuable artifacts or "various aspects of seafaring," neither of Institute of Nautical Archae­ rare weapons; and (5) work on relatively which are included under the rubric of shallow, convenient sites requiring a ology. nautical archaeology. This distinction minimum of technological support. Muck­ seems to the reviewer rather artificial. elroy observes that this list representing Ollie served as a Research Certainly, Muckelroy's definition of nautical the past priorities of the discipline in gener­ Associate in the University Mu­ archaeology is too restrictive to suit the al was determined by circumstance and seum's Applied Science Center theory and practice of the Institute of convenience, rather than by careful con­ for Archaeology, a member of Nautical Archaeology. If we disagree with sideration of which problems constitute the the author's distinction between nautical appropriate concern of maritime archaeol­ the Board of Trustees of the and maritime archaeology, we must ap­ ogy. His book represents an effort to Archaeological Institute of plaud his effort to formally define and construct a research design rigid enough America, and an Associate Trus­ precisely delineate the scope of our com­ to concentrate the attention of the disci­ tee of the University of Pennsyl­ mon interest. pline on specific themes, but flexible vania. His passing will be deeply Maritime Archaeology is divided into two enough to accommodate possible av­ parts. Part One is comprised of a review of enues of research which may develop in felt by his associates and many the scope of maritime archaeology and the future. friends. briefly addresses such topics as the con­ Readers of this Newsletter are aware C.J.E. straints and advantages of working under that the Institute of Nautical Archaeology water, contributions of underwater ar­ has in recent years initiated investigations chaeological work to date, and potential into at least five of the seven subjects of future contributions of the discipline. Part unrealized potential listed in Chapter 4; Two, entitled "Towards a theory of notably, deep water shipwreck archaeolo- 5 gy utilizing saturation diving technology, ous sites. In view of the fact that the British Chapter 7, "The archaeology of the history of ship construction in East Asia Isles seem to abound in such sites, Muck­ maritime cultures," reminds the reader that and Oceania, inland craft of the American elroy's preoccupation with them is under­ the ultimate goal of maritime archaeologi­ Great Lakes and certain rivers in the standable. The author's explanation of the cal investigations is not achieved with the United States, maritime trade in the Orient statistical tools he has adapted for applica­ recovery of artifacts, or even with the before 1500, and the history of certain tion to shipwreck sites seems to assume reconstruction of the ship from its ex­ anchorages in the Mediterranean. Since that the reader has had more than a cavated remains, but rather with gaining most of these investigations were begun passing acquaintance with analytical ar­ an insight into the maritime culture which before Maritime Archaeology was publish­ chaeology. This reader, excluded by that produced it. ed, they represent an instance of parallel, assumption, would have appreciated the Chapter 8, "Theory and practice," refo­ independently developed awareness of fu­ addition of a glossary of statistical terms cuses the reader's attention on the au­ ture avenues of research . somewhere in the text, and closer integra­ thor's main concerns, and introduces Part Two contains the author's most tion between the explanations of certain practical observations on the special legal, significant and original contributions. It is statistical procedures in the text and the financial, and organizational aspects of divided into four chapters, the first three of figures and tables which complement maritime archaeology. This, the last chap­ which treat, respectively, the shipwreck, them. Careful reading of this chapter has ter in the book, concludes with a para­ the ship, and maritime cultures. left the reviewer with no doubt as to the graph on, " ... the many personal pleasures Chapter 5, "The archaeology of ship­ utility of analytical approaches to ship­ to be derived from involvement in this wrecks," to which more than one-fifth of wreck archaeology - and completely in work." In view of the abundance of difficul­ the book's length is devoted, begins with agreement with the author's admonition in ties, dangers, and theoretical complexities the definition: a previous publication, " .. . there are great to which the preceding text is devoted, A shipwreck is the event by which the virtues in showing restraint in their applica­ perhaps this aspect deserves a little more highly organized and dynamic as­ tion. " development. semblage of artefacts are transformed In this country and elsewhere, badly Although the preceding remarks occa­ into a static and disorganized state disrupted, discontinuous sites frequently sionally have suggested defects or omis­ with long-term stability. have been considered less archaeologi­ sions in the text of Maritime Archaeology, Muckelroy goes on to develop a highly cally significant than intact ones, even to these do not detract significantly from the lucid conceptualization of the evolution of the point of suggesting that they deserve overall excellence of the work or its value a shipwreck. It is divided into sub-sections only simple salvage since the distribution to serious students of the discipline. The treating wreck sites and their environments, of finds within them seems incomprehen­ hardback edition is a quality publication potential "extracting filters, " which account sible. This chapter should provide enlight­ with good figure reproduction and space for loss of artifacts and parts of the ship's ened archaeologists with documented evi­ provided in the margins for note-taking. structure during and after sinking, and dence to the contrary. The price of the book is commensurate "scrambling devices," which may have Chapter 6 treats, "The archaeology of with those of other scholarly texts, and dispersed and redistributed the remains of ships," and investigates the three aspects well-worth the investment. A paperback the ship and its contents. The problems in of the ship in its normal activities: as a edition is available for approximately one­ analysis and interpretation which accom­ machine, as an element in a military or third the cost of the hardback. An appro­ pany relatively intact, "continuous" sites economic system, and as a closed com­ priate tribute to D. L. Clarke, whose influ­ (e.g. the Yassi Ada Byzantine ship) are munity. Its importance disguised by its ence on the work is everywhere evident, few in comparison to those associated with brevity (11 pages), this chapter is devoted Maritime Archaeology should become the badly scattered, "discontinuous" sites to the proposition that, " . . . the potential and standard theoretical text for maritime (or (e.g. the Kennemerland, with which the limitation of our understanding of [the nautical) archaeologists, and firmly estab­ author has been extensively involved); original vessel] by archaeological lish the author's reputation as one of the consequently, he devotes a considerable means ultimately defines the scope of the foremost theoreticians of the discipline. amount of space to the application of whole sub-discipline of maritime ar­ Donald H.Keith statistical sampling methods to discontinu- chaeology .... "

THE VIRAZON

INA has purchased its first research ves­ sel, the 65-foot, steel-hulled Virazon, now being outfitted with decompression cham­ ber, air tanks, compressors and other diving equipment in Bodrum, Turkey. The vessel, a former U.S. Army T-Boat, was first taken to Turkey in 1964 by Dr. Bass for the University of Pennsylvania, but was later transferred to the U.S. Air Force in .. lzmir. With INA's Tufan Turanli as captain, and the Institute's logo proudly painted on both sides, the Virazon will be used to conduct underwater surveys and will serve as a base for underwater excavations in the Mediterranean. VlriJZon in Serr;e Liman. Photo: Gay Piercy Captain Tufan Turanli in Vlrszon wheelhouse. Photo: Don Frey 6 SER<;E LIMAN ANCHORAGE SURVEY

During the 1979 field season at Ser<;e Liman, Turkey, a survey was undertaken of the anchorage site on the slope area above the medieval "Glass Wreck. " Al­ most 300 identifible artifacts were record­ ed and recovered in the survey area, including ceramics, glassware and an­ chors. Along with the material recovered from the slope, all "intrusive" artifacts recorded during excavation of the "Glass Wreck" were included in the analysis. The anchors found on the slope provide some confirmation of the identification of this area of the harbor as a favored an­ chorage. A stone anchor was found beside the bow anchor of Un/Uog/U, the expedition supply boat; a stone anchor stock was found near the bow anchor of INA's re­ search vessel, Virazon. The juxtaposition of these anchors, ancient with modern, seems more than just coincidental, rather, it seems to provide an indication of the recognized desirability of this location as a sheltered anchoring place. After the recovered artifacts had been ·.:i cleaned and catalogued, it became appar­ Dorothy Slane sorts material from the anchorage survey. Photo: Don Frey ent that many cultures and periods were represented in the material from the 70 by Although most of the glassware re­ history of the use of the harbor. Finds from 56 meter survey area. Surprising numbers covered was material which had been the 2nd millennium B.C. indicate trade of cooking pots, jugs, bowls, plates and scattered from the "Glass Wreck," one coming from the Levant and Cyprus. So far even roof tiles were recovered. These, bottle neck bearing a Greek inscription no artifacts from north or west of the more than the amphoras recovered, may represents an earlier period, as does a harbor have been identified for this period. lead to exact identification of the Roman tray which may be of Egyptian This conforms with what is known of ship­ nationalities of the ships which sheltered manufacture. ping in the Middle Bronze Age. With the here in antiquity. Initial identification of some of the frag­ rise of the Greek city-states in the 1st mentary amphoras shows that ships con­ millennium B.C., the emphasis shifts from taining Rhodian, Koan, Chian, Samian, the southeastern Mediterranean to the and Knidian amphoras visited this natural islands off the Anatolian coast and Cyprus. harbor during several different periods of Throughout this and the Hellenistic antiquity. There is also evidence that ships periods, the island republics are dominant from other parts of the Greek world, as yet in their use of this anchorage at Ser<;e unidentified, used Ser<;e Liman as an an­ Liman . By the 1st century A.D., with the chorage. Several amphoras have been growing importance of Rome in Anatolia tentatively assigned a Black Sea origin. and the East, while the shipping may still From farther afield, three identical ampho­ have been dominated by the islanders, the ra handles indicate a Phoenician/Cypriote pottery lost or discarded at Ser<;e Liman presence in the harbor. North African ships comes from all over the Mediterranean may also have visited Ser<;e Liman at and the Black Sea, from Tunisia to various periods, though the few examples Rumania to Egypt. After the establishment of amphoras from this area may only of Constantinople as the capital of the indicate that Greek ships had visited ports Eastern Roman Empire, use of the anchor­ in that part of the Mediterranean prior to age was dominated once again by ships of sheltering in the harbor. the Aegean and Black Sea. At this writing, Important historically, the geographical the history of the anchorage from the 11th location of Ser<;e Liman, opening off the century A.D. to the present is largely southwestern coast of Turkey towards unknown. Further analysis of the ceramic Rhodes, made this harbor at the cross­ record, however, should help clarify the roads of the Aegean and eastern Mediter­ activities at Ser<;e Liman during that ranean a convenient shelter for ships of all period. ()guz Alp6zen and Don Frey lift an anchor stock nations. Preliminary research has re­ Dorothy A. Slane recovered during the survey. Photo: Robin Piercy vealed certain predictable patterns in the

·The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a nonprofit scientific/educational organization whose purpose is to gather knowledge of man's past as left in the physical remains of his maritime activities and to disseminate this knowledge through scientific and popular publications, seminars, and lectures. The INA Newsletter is published periodically by INA and is distributed to its members and Supporting Institutions to inform them of INA's activities. INA is an equal opportunity organization. 7 INSTITUTE OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OFFICERS

George F. Bass, President Catherine Meyer, Secretary Michael L. Katzev, Vice-President James G. Hooton, Treasurer

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Orin E. Atkins John C. Calhoun, Jr. Harry C. Kahn II John H. Baird Ronnie Chamness Michael L. Katzev George F. Bass Claude Duthuit Jack W. Kelley Harry W. Bass, Jr. Cynthia J. Eiseman J. M. Lewallen Richard D. Bass Harrison Eiteljorg II, Vice-Chairman Jarvis E. Miller Fletcher A. Blanchard Sumner Gerard Melvin M. Payne Duncan Boeckman Nixon Griffis, Chairman G. Kenneth Sams Alan L. Boegehold Simeon Hutner Elizabeth Whitehead Mrs. John Brown Cook

STAFF ADJUNCT PROFESSORS George F. Bass, Ph.D. Robin C. M. Piercy Karl Borgin, D.Sc. D. L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Kenneth A. Cassavoy J. Richard Steffy Carl J. Clausen, M.A. Carolyn Koehler, Ph.D. Donald A. Frey, Ph.D. Tufan Turanli Edwin Doran, Jr., Ph.D. David I. Owen, Ph.D. Michael L. Katzev, M.A. Catherine Meyer Cynthia J. Eiseman, Ph.D. Joseph W. Shaw, Ph.D. Frederick H. van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. John A. Gifford, Ph.D. David C. Switzer, Ph.D. Henry B. Graham, Ph.D.

RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Jeremy Green Donald Rosencrantz Donald H. Keith, M.A. Roger C. Smith

SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS

American University in Cairo Corning Museum of Glass University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Boston University Grupo de Buceo Arqueologico de Ia E.N.A.H., Mexico University of Texas, Austin Brown University Kittery Historical and Naval Museum New York University, Institute of Fine Arts Bryn Mawr College University of Maryland, Baltimore County Stanford University University of California, Berkeley Massachusetts Institute of Technology Maine Maritime Academy University of Cincinnati University of New Hampshire Texas A&M Research Foundation Cornell University University Museum, University of Pennsylvania

Non-profit Organization INSTITUTE OF U . S. Postage PAID NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Permit No. 19 P.O. Drawer AU College Station, Texas College Station, Texas 77840

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