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Fournoi Archipelago Survey Eight New Shipwrecks Found in the Aegean Sea

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Fournoi Archipelago Survey Eight New Shipwrecks Found in the Aegean Sea THE INA QUARTERLY BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS FOURNOI ARCHIPELAGO SURVEY EIGHT NEW SHIPWRECKS FOUND IN THE AEGEAN SEA 2017 ANNUAL MASTER REMIGY BOARD MEETING DE HALUT'S GUNS HIGHLIGHTS FROM 16TH-CENTURY FALL/WINTER 2017 MONTE CARLO ARMADA CANNONS VOLUME 44 NO. 3/4 FOUNDERS ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Stanford University George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Raynette Boshell Professor of Nautical Archaeology CONTENTS John McManamon, Ph.D. John Baird † Allan Campbell, M.D. Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. Loyola University Michael Katzev † William C. Culp, M.D. Professor, Meadows Professor Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. Jack W. Kelley † Grace Darden of Biblical Archaeology Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. EMERITUS FACULTY, NAUTICAL Irena Radič-Rossi, Ph.D. OFFICERS/ADMINISTRATION University of Zadar 04 Susan Katzev ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT 2018 INA PROJECTS President* TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Warren Riess, Ph.D. Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. James Kjorlien University of Maine George F. Bass, Ph.D. Vice President Virginia Klein Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. David Stewart, Ph.D. 06 Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Keith Langworthy East Carolina University C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. NEWS AND EVENTS Vice President* Jeffrey Morris J. Richard Steffy† Kristine Trego, Ph.D. Bucknell University Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Terry A. Ray Office Manager TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Judy Sturgis Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. 08 Tamara Hebert GRADUATE FELLOWS American Numismatic Society FOURNOI UNDERWATER SURVEY Betsey Boshell Todd Eight additional shipwreck sites Diving Safety Officer Marian M. Cook Fellows Wendy Van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. John Littlefield Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. Megan Hagseth Flinders University ranging in date from the fifth century Ben Ioset B.C. to the 19th century A.D. Garry A. Weber Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II Fellows Tidewater Atlantic Research BY PETER B. CAMPBELL AND GEORGE Director BODRUM RESEARCH Kevin Melia-Teevan KOUTSOUFLAKIS Tûba Ekmekçi, M.A. CENTER STAFF Ryan Theis RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Financial Manager Bilge Güneşdoğdu Akman AFFILIATED SCHOLARS J. Barto Arnold, M.A. 18 Özlem Doğan Mustafa Babacık Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. MASTER REMIGY DE Esra Altınanıt Biçer, M.A. University of Connecticut HALUT'S GUNS DIRECTORS Massimo Capulli, D.Prof. Mehmet Çiftlikli The 16th-century Spanish Armada Oğuz Aydemir Giulia Boetto Ph.D. Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. battery cannons found on board Edward O. Boshell, Jr. Zafer Gül Centre Camille Jullian José Luis Casabán, M.A. 08 La Trinidad Valencera John Cassils, M.D. Seçil Kayacık Laurel Breece, Ph.D. 08 BY COLIN MARTIN Long Beach City College Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. Lucy Darden * Gülser Kazancıoğlu John De Lapa John Broadwater, Ph.D. Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. Şükran Köroğlu Spritsail Enterprises Chairman* Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. 26 Orkan Köyağasıoğlu, M.A. Carl Douglas Lilia Campana, Ph.D. Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. 2017 BOARD MEETING Muammer Özdemir Texas A&M University Danielle J. Feeney * HIGHLIGHTS Michael Jones, Ph.D. INA Directors and Officers gathered James A. Goold Adem Şirin Arthur Cohn, J.D. Jun Kimura, Ph.D. in Monte Carlo, Monaco to celebrate Secretary & Nevin Tekel Lake Champlain Maritime Museum General Counsel * another successful year Aysel Tok Mariá del Pilar Luna Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. Jeff Hakko Erreguerena, M.A. Edith Trnka Berta Lledó, Ph.D. Rebecca Martin National Institute of Anthropology Süleyman Türel and History Colin Martin, Ph.D. 30 Pamela Matthews, Ph.D. Veronica Morriss, M.A. BOOK REVIEW: H.L. HUNLEY Sheila Matthews, M.A. Güneş Yaşar Ben Ford, Ph.D. Indiana University of Pennsylvania Robert Neyland, Ph.D. RECOVERY OPERATIONS Dana F. McGinnis FACULTY, NAUTICAL Jeremy Green, M.A. Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. Alex G. Nason ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT Western Australia Maritime Museum Krešimir Penavić J. B. Pelletier, M.A. 32 TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. Lynn Baird Shaw Robin C. M. Piercy RETROSPECTIVE Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Brock University Charlie Steinmetz Associate Professor, Sara W. and Jerome Hall, Ph.D. John Pollack, M.Sc. George O. Yamini Fellow Jason Sturgis University of San Diego Mark Polzer, M.A. Vice Chairman* 34 Filipe Vieira de Castro, Ph.D. Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Kimberly Rash Kenyon, M.A. 2017 INA DONORS Robert L. Walker, Ph.D. Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Central Connecticut State University 14 Past Chairman* Professor of Nautical Archaeology II Donald Rosencrantz Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Casidy Ward Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Trinity University Jeff Royal, Ph.D. ON THE COVER: An amphora emptied Roger A. Williamson, M.D.* Professor, Nautical Archaeology of its contents after recovery during the Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. David Ruff, M.S. Faculty Fellow Fournoi Underwater Survey (photo by Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Vasa Museum 18 2226 Treasurer * Miguel San Claudio, M.A. Vasilis Mentogianis). Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Mark Lawall, Ph.D. Randall Sasaki, M.A. Sally M. Yamini Professor, Abell Chair in Nautical University of Manitoba Kenan Yılmaz Archaeology; Yamini Family Chair Joseph Lehner, Ph.D. George Schwarz, Ph.D. Michael Young, J.D. in Nautical Archaeology University of Central Florida Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board † Deceased WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 03 he Aegean Sea is the cradle of the islands and islets in an area of 17 square SHIPWRECK ancient Mediterranean, facili- miles, the archipelago has passed largely tating the growth of maritime unnoticed by historians. When Henry Tcultures such as the Minoans, Mycenae- Tozer sailed past the islands on route to CAPITAL OF ans, and Archaic Greeks. Spread around Patmos in the 19th century, he dismis- the Aegean are great maritime cities sively wrote, “we sailed between groups of such as Athens, Miletus, and Rhodes. islands unknown to fame.” He is correct THE AEGEAN It is therefore surprising that the largest that the islands were never home to any known concentration of shipwrecks in settlements larger than small villages. Due The Fournoi Underwater Survey the Aegean lies in a rather obscure group to their size and lack of resources, the is- of islands that was never home to a Greek lands are rarely mentioned by ancient au- PETER B. CAMPBELL AND GEORGE KOUTSOUFLAKIS city-state. thors or modern researchers. The islands Lying a short distance to the south of were known as Korseai in the few ancient the famous islands of Ikaria and Samos sources that mention them. Despite their is a small collection of islands known as ignominy, Fournoi is central to the navi- the Fournoi archipelago. Composed of 20 gational landscape of the Aegean. PHOTO: V. MENTOGIANIS V. PHOTO: Divers raise a Roman North African amphora for further study. 08 INA QUARTERLY 44.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2017 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 09 FOURNOI UNDERWATER SURVEY Izmir BACKGROUND Since 2015, a collaborative team from the Greek Ephorate of Underwater An- tiquities and RPM Nautical Foundation TURKEY has been surveying the archipelago. 22 shipwrecks were located during the first season, 23 in 2016, and 8 more in 2017, Fournoi for a total of 53. With approximately 50% of the coastline surveyed and the majority of the deep-water areas remain- ing to be searched, the number of sites is expected to continue to grow. NAVIGATIONAL LANDSCAPE Kos The key to understanding the number of shipwrecks at Fournoi lies in its signifi- cance within the navigational landscape. The islands are neither a ship graveyard, nor a ship trap. The ships sank fully laden with cargo, rather than stripped of anything of value and abandoned as one finds in ship graveyards. While Fournoi does have a few reefs, most sites are not found on ship traps like Yassıada, Turkey. To the contrary, Fournoi is full of deep, safe anchorages where mariners can find protection from any type of weather. According to French scientist Joseph Tournefort who visited the islands in the 17th century, the name “Fournoi” origi- nates from the Greek word for “oven” and refers to the archipelago’s many oven-shaped bays. Instead, the number of wrecks relates to the high volume of trade passing through the Fournoi Chan- refers to Ikaria as alimenos, or harborless. nel, hat divides Samos and Ikaria. Over Fournoi is therefore strategically situated Fournoi is therefore strategicaly situated along the major north-south trade time, this high volume of ship traffic led along the major north-south trade routes, routes, but it also acts as a safe anchorage for vessels traveling west from to a great number of wrecks. but it also acts as a safe anchorage for Asia Minor to the Greek mainland. The large islands of Samos and Ikaria vessels traveling west from Asia Minor to divide the eastern Aegean in two, creating the Greek mainland. Fournoi lies in the a chokepoint that is most easily navigated area of major cities in Asia Minor such Fournoi is evidenced by the flourishing of and other Christians, us’d to lay in wait reported spotting shipwrecks 30 years through the Fournoi Channel. Signifi- as Ephesus and Erythrae to the north piracy in the islands. Joseph Georgirenes, for ships that trade from Scio [Chios] to ago during the heyday of the sponge cantly, Ikaria and the western coast of and Priene, Heracleia, and Miletus to the Bishop of Samos and Ikaria, described Rhodes.” Piracy thrives on brisk com- industry. Local free divers and fishermen Samos are without safe anchorage; the the south. In order to reach these cities, Fournoi in 1678 as “three miles distant merce, which existed around Fournoi. reported clusters of broken ceramics on geographer Strabo (64 B.C. - A.D. 23) one was required to sail in the vicinity from the Island [Ikaria], on the south- the seafloor.
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