Marzamemi Church Wreck the Marble Cargo of a 6Th-Century Ship in Sicily

THE INA QUARTERLY BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS

MARZAMEMI CHURCH WRECK THE MARBLE CARGO OF A 6TH-CENTURY SHIP IN SICILY

2016 ANNUAL THE OTTOMAN BOARD MEETING FRIGATE ERTUĞRUL HIGHLIGHTS FROM A DECADE OF RESEARCH FALL/WINTER 2016 CALIFORNIA AND ANALYSIS VOLUME 43, NO. 3/4 FOUNDERS ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Mark Lawall, Ph.D. Professor, Abell Chair in Nautical University of Manitoba George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Raynette Boshell CONTENTS Archaeology; Yamini Family Chair Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. John Baird † Allan Campbell, M.D. in Nautical Archaeology Stanford University Michael Katzev † William C. Culp, M.D. Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. John McManamon, S.J. Loyola University Jack W. Kelley † Grace Darden Associate Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Professor of Nautical Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. Nicholas Griffis Archaeology OFFICERS/ADMINISTRATION Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi 06 Robin P. Hartmann NEWS AND EVENTS President* Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. Irena Radič-Rossi, Ph.D. Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Professor, Meadows Professor Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. University of Zadar of Biblical Archaeology Vice President Susan Katzev Warren Riess, Ph.D. 08 University of Maine Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. James Kjorlien EMERITUS FACULTY, NAUTICAL THE MARZAMEMI "CHURCH Vice President* Keith Langworthy ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT David Stewart, Ph.D. WRECK" EXCAVATION East Carolina University The exploration of a 6th-century ship Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Greg S. Maslow, M.D. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Office Manager Kristine Trego, Ph.D. off the coast of Sicily transporting Thomas McCasland, Jr. George F. Bass, Ph.D. Tamara Hebert Bucknell University a cargo of prefabricated religious Jeffrey Morris Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. architectural elements Diving Safety Officer Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. American Numismatic Society BY JUSTIN LEIDWANGER AND John Carlson Terry A. Ray J. Richard Steffy† ELIZABETH S. GREENE Judy Sturgis Wendy Van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. Flinders University BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER Betsey Boshell Todd TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Director Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. GRADUATE FELLOWS Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. 14 Tidewater Atlantic Research Tûba Ekmekçi, M.A. Marian M. Cook Graduate Fellow THE FRIGATE ERTUĞRUL Garry A. Weber Finance Manager Nicholas Budsberg An overview of the Ottoman Özlem Doğan RESEARCH ASSOCIATES shipwreck in Japan following BODRUM RESEARCH Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II Graduate Fellows 10 years of exploration and research CENTER STAFF J. Barto Arnold, M.A. BY BERTA LLEDO DIRECTORS José Luis Casabán Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. Bilge Güneşdoğdu Akman Rachel Matheny Oğuz Aydemir Massimo Capulli, D.Prof. Mustafa Babacık Kevin Melia-Teevan Edward O. Boshell, Jr. Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. 24 20 John Cassils, M.D. Esra Altınanıt Biçer, M.A. INTRUSIVE ROMAN AND AFFILIATED SCHOLARS José Luis Casabán, M.A. Lucy Darden * Mehmet Çiftlikli BYZANTINE CERAMICS Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. How extraneous artifacts spanning John De Lapa Zafer Gül Past Chairman* University of Connecticut Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. five centuries provide evidence of Seçil Kayacık Mediterranean trade Carl Douglas Giulia Boetto Ph.D. Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. Gülser Kazancıoğlu Centre Camille Jullian BY PHIL L. WATSON Danielle J. Feeney * Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. Şükran Köroğlu John Broadwater, Ph.D. James A. Goold Michael Jones, Ph.D. Secretary & Orkan Köyağasıoğlu, M.A. Spritsail Enterprises 24 General Counsel * Jun Kimura, Ph.D. Nurgül Külah Lilia Campana, Ph.D. 2016 BOARD MEETING Texas A&M University Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. Jeff Hakko Muammer Özdemir HIGHLIGHTS Arthur Cohn, J.D. Berta Lledó, Ph.D. Rebecca Martin INA Directors and Officers gather in Adem Şirin Lake Champlain Maritime Museum Pamela Matthews, Ph.D. Colin Martin, Ph.D. Santa Monica, California to celebrate Nevin Tekel Sheila Matthews, M.A. Mariá del Pilar Luna Veronica Morriss, M.A. another successful year and prepare Aysel Tok Erreguerena, M.A. for upcoming projects in 2017 Dana F. McGinnis National Institute of Anthropology Robert Neyland, Ph.D. Edith Trnka Alex G. Nason and History Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. Krešimir Penavić Süleyman Türel Ben Ford, Ph.D. J. B. Pelletier 28 Lynn Baird Shaw Güneş Yaşar Indiana University of Pennsylvania BOOK REVIEW Robin C. M. Piercy Charlie Steinmetz Jeremy Green, M.A. John Pollack, M.Sc. Jason Sturgis FACULTY, NAUTICAL Western Australia Maritime Museum 30 Vice Chairman* ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT Mark Polzer, M.A. Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. 14 2016 INA DONORS Robert L. Walker, Ph.D. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Brock University Kimberly Rash Kenyon, M.A. Chairman* Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Jerome Hall, Ph.D. Donald Rosencrantz Casidy Ward Associate Professor, Sara W. ON THE COVER: Raffaele Amore 32 University of San Diego Jeff Royal, Ph.D. Roger A. Williamson, M.D.* and George O. Yamini Fellow removes a large rock from the TRIBUTES: LEW WARD Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Marzamemi "Church Wreck" during Filipe Vieira de Castro, Ph.D. David Ruff, M.S. 32 AND YAK KAHANOV Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Central Connecticut State University excavation. (L. McPhie) Treasurer * Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Miguel San Claudio, M.A. Professor of Nautical Archaeology II Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Sally M. Yamini Trinity University Randall Sasaki, M.A. Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Kenan Yılmaz Professor, Nautical Archaeology Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. George Schwarz, Ph.D. Michael Young, J.D. Faculty Fellow Vasa Museum Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 3 * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board † Deceased The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-profit organization whose mission is to advance the search for 2017 the history of civilization by CLAUDE DUTHUIT fostering excellence in underwater archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY GRANT RECIPIENT The INA Quarterly (ISSN 1090- 2635) is published by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology

Publication of the INA Quarterly is made possible by a grant from the In 2014, INA established the Claude Duthuit Ed Rachal Foundation Archaeology Grant, a $25,000 award made Editor 2017 FIELDWORK annually to the underwater archaeological Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. project that best captures the innovative, INA's Archaeological Committee awarded bold, and dedicated spirit of Claude Duthuit. Assistant Editor $65,000 in support of 2017 projects An explorer, innovator, and pioneer of nautical Stephanie Koenig archaeology, Claude was a loyal supporter of INA since its inception. Designer Jacqueline Munz Nicholas Budsberg, now completing his NEW PROJECTS Civil War Blockade Runner Denbigh Ph.D. in Texas A&M University's Nautical USA | J. Barto Arnold (INA) Printed by Archaeology Program, is the fourth recipient of Fourni Underwater Survey Kızılburun Late Hellenistic J&N Enterprises Greece | Peter Campbell (University of Shipwreck Research this prestigious award. The funds will support Southampton) & George Koutsoflakis (Greek Houston, Texas Turkey | Deborah Carlson (INA/Texas A&M the excavation of what may be the earliest www.j-nenterprises.com Ephorate) University) known European shipwreck in the Americas, Highbourne Cay Shipwreck Excavation Marzamemi Maritime Heritage Project Bahamas | Nicholas Budsberg Institute of Nautical Archaeology Italy | Justin Leidwanger (Stanford University) likely either an Iberian caravel or nao dated to (Texas A&M University) P.O. Drawer HG the Age of Exploration (1492-1520). Ottoman Frigate Ertuğrul Research Kaukana Harbor Project College Station, Texas Japan | Berta Lledó (INA) & Tufan Turanlı Italy | Massimo Capulli 77841-5137 USA (INA) email [email protected] (University of Udine) Sea Biscuit and Salted Beef I would like to sincerely phone (979) 845-6694 Ancient Side Harbor Research Project Bermuda | Grace Tsai (Texas A&M University) www.nauticalarch.org Turkey | Hüseyin Sabri Alanyalı (Anadolu thank the Institute of Universitesi) & Orkan Köyağasıoğlu (INA) Ships of the Theodosian Nautical Archaeology (INA)’s The opinions expressed in the Harbor at Yenikapı Archaeology Committee and Sudjuradj Shipwreck Excavation Turkey | Cemal Pulak (INA/Texas A&M Croatia | José Casabán (Texas A&M University) INA Quarterly articles are those of University), Rebecca Ingram (INA), & Michael Mrs. Duthuit for supporting the authors and do not Turtles and Maritime Networks Jones (INA) continued work at the necessarily reflect the views of Trade Project Tektaş Burnu Classical Greek Highbourne Cay Shipwreck of the Institute Grand Cayman | Megan Hagseth (Texas A&M Shipwreck Research site. INA’s support will allow University) Turkey | Deborah Carlson (INA/Texas A&M multiple students, scholars, If you are interested in Venetian Shipwrecks Archival Research University) submitting an article for publication Italy | Renard Gluzman (Tel-Aviv University) Uluburun Late Bronze Age professionals, and local Bahamian groups to be please contact the Editor at Shipwreck Research closely involved with the work and gain invaluable [email protected] Turkey | Cemal Pulak (INA/Texas A&M knowledge and experience. ONGOING PROJECTS University) -NICHOLAS BUDSBERG ©March 2017 by the Burgaz Harbors Research Project Yassıada Byzantine Shipwreck Research Institute of Nautical Archaeology Turkey | Elizabeth S. Greene (Brock Turkey | Fred van Doorninck (INA) University) All rights reserved Yukon Gold Rush Steamboat Survey Cape Gelidonya Ceramic Study Canada | John Pollack (INA) & Robyn Turkey | Nicolle Hirschfeld (Trinity University) Woodward (INA) www.nauticalarch.org/duthuit NEWS & EVENTS INA Additions, Support INA, Upcoming Lectures & Events

NEW FACES IN THE INA FAMILY lon, Antibes, Fréjus), Italy (Fiumicino, ina-wish-list) and help us bring history to We are delighted to announce the elec- Naples, Isola Sacra) and Croatia (Caska, light through the science of shipwrecks! tion of Krešimir Penavić to INA’s Board Pula, Zambratija and Kamensko). She is of Directors. Penavić graduated with also interested in the interaction between SHIPS THAT CHANGED HISTORY Vlady Illing, George Bass, honors from the University of Zagreb ships and the harbor structures at Ostia/ Donny Hamilton, Professor of Nautical and Claude Duthuit at Cape in Croatia with a B.S. in Mathematical Portus, as it relates to her earlier work on Archaeology at Texas A&M (TAMU), Gelidonya, 2010 Informatics and Statistics before go- the ships recovered during construction of holder of the Abell Chair in Nautical ing on to receive a Master’s degree in Rome’s Fiumicino airport. Archaeology, the Yamini Family Chair in Applied Mathematics with a focus in Nautical Archaeology, and former INA Computational Geometry from the State NEW ONLINE WISH LIST President, has organized a two-day sym- Anna McCann Taggart was truly a giant in our field. I always regarded University of New York at Stony Brook. INA’s new online Wish List makes it easier posium bringing together world-famous her book on Cosa as about the best archaeological site report, Penavić spent most of his career develop- than ever to directly support INA research- scholars to give public lectures on four - GEORGE F. BASS ing automated trading systems at Renais- ers in the field by putting needed equip- of the most significant and celebrated terrestrial or marine, that I ever read or taught from. sance Technologies. In 2014, he joined ment or services directly into the hands shipwreck finds of the last half century: Clai, one of Croatia’s top producers of of INA archaeologists, increasing their The Uluburun ship(1320 +/- 15 B.C.), ogy and Conservation, and the Institute (National Centre for Scientific Research) with such iconic figures as Jacques Cous- wine and olive oil. He currently directs effectiveness in fieldwork, conservation, Mary Rose (1545), Vasa (1628), and La of Nautical Archaeology. and Irena Radić-Rossi (University of teau, George Bass, and Bob Ballard. In Forexster, an online interactive platform and post-excavation research. Since the Belle (1686). For more information visit www.nauti- Zadar) are co-directing a one-week course 1998 she was awarded the Gold Medal of for trading currencies. Wish List debuted at the end of 2016, sev- The event, which is free and open to the calarch.org/ships-that-changed-history. June 3-10 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. This the Archaeological Institute of America We are also honored to welcome Gi- eral generous donors have provided funds public, will be held on April 5-6, 2017 course will unite nautical archaeologists for her achievements in archaeology. ulia Boetto as an INA Affiliated Scholar. to purchase computer equipment, camera in Texas A&M University’s Reed Arena. HIGH FIVES FOR FIVE BOATS and other related specialists to discuss the We are equally sad to relay news of the Boetto, who is Italian by birth, is a Senior equipment, digitize archival film, and It will be followed on April 8 by the an- INA Affiliated Scholar and Nautical full spectrum of Mediterranean seafaring. passing of Waldemar “Vlady” Illing Researcher in Maritime Archaeology at the renovate bathrooms in the dormitory of nual Shipwreck Weekend event featuring Archaeology Program alumnus Justin The format – a short, intense course con- (1937-2017), who was a team member National Centre for Scientific Research INA’s Bodrum Research Center! Interest- student presentations, activities for kids, Leidwanger (Stanford University) is a re- ducted in an accelerated summer school of George Bass’ pioneering excavations (CNRS) in France. A specialist in ancient ed donors may also choose to contribute a and an open house of the laboratories and cipient of the Whiting Foundation’s 2017 session – affords students direct contact at Cape Gelidonya and Yassıada, Turkey. ships, Boetto is involved in numerous dif- portion of an item’s cost. Check out INA’s facilities of the Nautical Archaeology Pro- Public Engagement Fellowship, awarded with professionals working and study- Vlady also traveled from Germany to ferent research programs in France (Tou- online Wish List (www.nauticalarch.org/ gram, the Center for Maritime Archaeol- annually to eight humanities scholars to ing in the fields of maritime and nautical the U.S. to assist with research that led empower them to engage directly with archaeology. This workshop will establish to the construction of the first commer- the public and infuse the nuance and a creative environment for discussing the cially built American research submers- complexity of the humanities into our archaeological, historical and ethnograph- ible Asherah, launched in 1964. In 2010, shared culture. Leidwanger’s traveling ic present and future of nautical heritage Vlady reunited with George Bass and multimedia exhibit, Five Boats: Snapshots in the Mediterranean. Claude Duthuit (1931-2011) for their of Mediterranean Connections, uses innova- last dive together, on the Cape Gelid- tive technology to create visceral experi- IN MEMORIAM onya shipwreck, where they had all dived ences of the maritime history of Sicily. Five The INA Family is deeply saddened to together 50 years earlier. Vlady's love for Boats brings to life concise snapshots to report the passing of Anna McCann Tag- diving persisted even as he grew older; illuminate the history of human mobility, gart (1933-2017), a pioneer and leader on the day of his passing, having recently communication, and cultural exchange, in the field of maritime archaeology. turned 80, Vlady had just surfaced from reminding us that each sea crossing – During her prestigious career she exca- his favorite dive spot off Cat Island in the whether fortuitous or desperate – has and vated, researched, and published many Bahamas, where he operated a dive resort continues to remake cultural identities. sites both shallow and deep, though she for many years. “It is still very unreal for is perhaps best known for her award- us that our father is gone,” son Florian The Roman Port and Suzanne and MEDITERRANEAN SEAFARING winning 1987 book wrote to George Bass. “But it is a relief to Krešimir Penavic Giulia Boetto Anna McCann Taggart SUMMER COURSE Fishery of Cosa: A Center of Ancient Trade. think he passed like he always wanted to,

PHOTO: OPPOSITE PAGE ©2010 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM FOR INA ©2010 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM OPPOSITE PAGE PHOTO: INA Affiliated Scholars Giulia Boetto McCann dived, worked, or collaborated right after a fantastic dive.”

6 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 7 JUSTIN LEIDWANGER AND ELIZABETH S. GREENE

he 6th century AD was of hundreds of artifacts, surveyed the site investigating the “church wreck” at Mar- marked by the ambitious rule remains, and published a moving narra- zamemi in 2013. Through survey, excava- THE of Justinian (527-565) and tive of the “church wreck,” with its cargo tion, and analysis, the research program his brief renaissance of the of prefabricated components destined for has begun to answer questions about the RomanT Empire. More than two centuries assembly somewhere in North Africa. ship’s place in the complex interconnec- MARZAMEMI of division and setbacks in the west had There is obvious appeal to such a system tions—political, economic, and reli- left half of the once Mediterranean- of standardized imperial construction in gious—of the late antique Mediterranean. wide empire in the hands of Vandals, the late Roman world, particularly in asso- At a depth of only about 8 m (25 ft), the Ostrogoths, and others. Dedicated efforts ciation with Justinian’s interest in religious site is marked by its collection of marble SHIPWRECK by Justinian and his stalwart generals architecture, but this narrative may tell elements in a sandy depression on a seabed brought North Africa, Dalmatia, Sicily, only part of the story. To what degree does of reef and rock. The shallow depth means EXCAVATION Italy, and the Iberian peninsula back the assemblage stand as a symbol of impe- that winter storms buffet the site, wedging into the fold. Driven by the vision of an rial agency in rebuilding the Late Roman small artifacts deep beneath boulders, and A Late Antique Church Under The Sea empire unified not only politically, but west, and how much influence did the on occasion moving even larger elements. economically and religiously, Justinian emperor hold over economic connections Multi-ton rocks and reef have collapsed BY JUSTIN LEIDWANGER AND ELIZABETH S. GREENE launched prolific building projects that between the quarrying and transport of onto the site and now sit atop columns. sought to restore the symbolic features marble on the one hand, and the financ- Such challenging topography in a dynamic of Roman life: civic spaces, fortifications, ing, design, and constructionJAPAN of churches marine environment has made careful and religious structures. Military triumphs on the other? Was the emperor the mapping through traditional and innova- are often short lived, and Justinian’s primary instigator of luxury shipments, or tive systems a priority in order both to Frigate did massive quantities of marble travel as contextualize Kapitän’s earlier work and to empire soon lost much of its reconquered Ertugrul territory, but the mark of this flourish standard commercial goods alongside the KUSHIMkeepOTO track of objectsO-SHIMA that appear and dis- survives today particularly in the many wine, oil, and grain that fed the empire? appear in shifting sands between seasons. 6th-century churches constructed across Who was charged with their transport, Excavation relies on an ever-growing the Mediterranean, including the Basilica and what sort of ship was entrusted with international team. In 2016 the core group of San Vitale in Ravenna, and the this massive and expensive stone cargo was comprised of more than 30 student magnificent centerpiece of his program, weighing more than 100 tons? and staff archaeologists, conservators, and Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. These specialists from six countries. The shallowJAPAN buildings feature marble from the NEW INVESTIGATIONS AT depth facilitates the use of water dredges to remove sand.PACIFIC Because each dredge can be imperial quarries at Proconnesus in the MARZAMEMI OCEAN Sea of Marmara paired with a lavish With such questions in mind, a collabora- operated with a single water pump, surface assortment of decorative stones drawn tive team from Stanford University and the support for dive operations is relatively mi- from all corners of the Mediterranean Sicilian Soprintendenza del Mare began nor: a single extra boat ferries pumps, fuel, world, a symbol of the breadth and power of the imperial order. Ravenna

DISCOVERY AND EARLY A D R IA T IC S E A EXPLORATION BLACK In 1959 a local fisherman spotted marble SEA columns and carved stone blocksITALY about Rome Thasos Proconnesus a kilometer off the coast of Marzamemi in southeast Sicily; explorations throughout the early 1960s by Gerhard Kapitän TYRRHENIAN Constantinople Larissa identified these as elements of religious SEA A E G E A N S E A architecture and connected the submerged remains to a lost ship from the era of Jus- I O N I A N tinian. Kapitän spearheaded the recovery SEA Syracuse Opposite page: INA Director and veteran un- Carthage Marzamemi derwater archaeologist S. Matthews inspects a column fragment wedged under a boulder. PHOTO: L. MCPHIE PHOTO:

MEDITERRANEAN SEA 0200 400600 800 8 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 9 Km Sabratha Apollonia A LATE ANTIQUE CHURCH UNDER THE SEA: THE MARZAMEMI SHIPWRECK EXCAVATION

and additional scuba tanks out to the site A JUMBLE OF BUILDING BLOCKS each morning. The warm water and depth By sheer mass, the most abundant objects make long dives possible. The moving and recovered from the site are stone. Kapitän lifting of heavy marble elements presents recorded 28 columns, capitals, and bases its own set of challenges, but support prefabricated in Proconnesian marble, from professional divers in Marzamemi, which he believed represented a colon- the Guardia di Finanza’s diving team and nade lining the central space of a church. naval operations in Pozzallo and Siracusa His discovery of panels and other distinc- has allowed us to move these boulders off tive elements in a striking mottled green the site safely and to raise the architectural stone—the famous verde antico quarried finds to the surface. in northern Greece—pointed to the Once recovered, artifacts are brought inclusion in the cargo of an ambo, the to the Palmento di Rudinì, a restored elevated platform used by the clergy for 19th-century winery situated on a bluff liturgical reading and speeches. Panels of overlooking Marzamemi. While the front light grey marble decorated with Latin of the facility has been transformed into a crosses, ivy, and christograms would have local museum, conservation takes place in been assembled into a chancel screen that the rear section where plastered wine vats separated the clergy and congregation. now store ancient objects and outdoor Together with a likely altar and ciborium tanks hold marble columns undergoing (altar canopy), these pieces reflect the desalination. Office and conservation focal points of the early Christian liturgy. Small finds discovered in association with the stone may suggest a space allows artifacts to be processed, Yet recent excavation has revealed small recorded, photographed, catalogued, and but significant diversity in the architec- shipment that included not only the major building blocks for a church, studied. The winery offers numerous op- tural finds, including a larger number but elements for its adornment as well. tions for museum displays and audience of capitals and more stone sources than engagement. Cavernous underground Kapitän had realized, suggesting that the building program for which this cargo was ments and larger architectural features. ment of goods destined for quite lavish tunnels that once stored wine raise an in- narrative behind this “church set” might destined, but the patronage and mecha- construction, excavation has revealed triguing prospect for future display where not be quite so straightforward. nisms behind such projects. Continued other artifacts that tell a somewhat less visitors might “immerse” themselves in The new elements raise questions about PAINT BY NUMBERS AND MORE excavation will surely lead to additional Small finds discovered in association with lofty tale, reflecting the lives of sailors and

archaeology as if descending into the sea. not only the size and scale of the religious J. LEIDWANGER OPPOSITE PAGE: A. ORON; S. MATTHEWS; TOP: FROM THIS PAGE, PHOTOS: finds. The dynamic marine environment the stone may suggest a shipment that perhaps their own private commercial has resulted in the breakage and erosion included not only the major building initiatives. Kapitän’s records include some of objects, making reassembly and even blocks for a church, but elements for its number of transport amphoras, which accurate object counts rather difficult. adornment as well. In a jarring contrast most have assumed to reflect the crew’s Despite these challenges, it is clear that to the blue-green depths of the underwa- provisions, loaded at the ship’s point of many pieces were transported in a rough ter environment, small lumps of golden origin and restocked as necessary along “quarry state,” designed for finishing lo- orpiment and red-orange realgar—both the way. But dozens of amphora lids dis- cally, wherever local might have been. To compounds of arsenic—stand out. Such covered in a discrete area of the site over facilitate research on these heavy elements, minerals have been found on ships before, the past three seasons raise the possibility a program of 3D documentation uses including at Serçe Limanı, where they that these jars reflect a secondary cargo of high-precision structured light scanning to were interpreted as depilatory agents in a some processed agricultural commodity create models of each stone find, allowing grooming kit. The Roman encyclopedist like wine or oil. The number cannot com- for virtual reassembly of individual ele- Pliny the Elder (35.31) noted that these pare with the 900 jars on the 7th-century bright minerals were used as pigments to Yassıada vessel, but it raises questions color paints, which seems more likely in about how such opportunistic ventures Opposite page, from top: Conservator R. Stark carefully cleans a well-preserved panel this context. Chunks of amber glass and might be explained in the context of an fragment from the chancel screen; INA As- small slabs of polished marble in shades of imperial shipment. An assortment of sociate Director K. Trethewey investigates a green and white or grey may have served fragmentary cooking and dining wares large iron concretion attached to a rock in the other decorative purposes as well. in a variety of forms and fabrics might sand. This page: Conservator A. Oron pre- pares to move a fragment of the ambo with While the cargo of architectural and also hint at a more diverse crew than the INA Director S. Matthews. decorative elements speaks for a ship- earlier model affords.

10 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 11 JUSTIN LEIDWANGER AND ELIZABETH S. GREENE

their ship. The reading of the whole as- Among the key staff in 2016 were several semblage hinges on the smallest of details. INA regulars: Director Sheila Matthews SUGGESTED READING In this way, the wreck can provide a view and Associate Director Ken Trethewey. of past connections alongside an impor- Additional thanks are owed to the Guardia tant reminder of the Mediterranean’s role di Finanza, Subsalve Inc., and Houston Kapitän, G. 1969. “The Church in linking communities. Rather than Scuba Academy. For the 2016 season we Wreck off Marzamemi.” Archaeol- serving as a boundary between modern are grateful for financial support from the ogy 22.2: 122-133. nations, the sea - then as now - promoted INA Archaeological Committee as well as trade, cultural exchange, and the mingling Stanford University, Brock University, and Kapitän, G. 1980. “Elementi architettonici per una basilica dal of ideas and identities. the Loeb Classical Library Foundation. relitto navale del VI secolo di Mar- zamemi (Siracusa).” Corsi di cultura ACKNOWLEDGMENTS sull’arte ravennate e bizantina 27: The Marzamemi Maritime Heritage Project 71–136. would not be possible without the collabora- JUSTIN LEIDWANGER tion of many institutions and individuals, INA Affiliated Scholar Leidwanger, J., and S. Tusa. 2016. Stanford University “Marzamemi II ‘Church Wreck’ especially Sebastiano Tusa and Nicolò Bruno Excavation: 2015 Field Season.” of the Sicilian Soprintendenza del Mare, Archaeologia Maritima Mediter- Matteo Azzaro and Raffaele Amore of El ELIZABETH S. GREENE ranea 13: 129-143. (Reports on the 2013 and 2014 field seasons can Cachalote Diving Center in Marzamemi, INA Affiliated Scholar and Leopoldo Repola and his team from be found in earlier volumes of the Brock University same journal) The new elements raise questions about not only the size and scale Suor Orsola Benincasa University in Naples. Russell, B. 2013. The Economics of the religious building program for which this cargo was destined, FOR MORE INFORMATION about the “church wreck” excavation and the of the Roman Stone Trade. Oxford: Marzamemi Maritime Heritage Project, visit the Facebook page (@Marzame- Oxford University Press. but the patronage and mechanisms behind such projects. miProject) and website: marzamemi.stanford.edu.

FIRST CLUES TO THE SHIP ers. Multiple sizes of bolts, clenched nails, small finds together offer glimpses into the What sort of ship was needed to carry this and small tacks offer preliminary evidence varied models for late antique maritime massive cargo of building stone, decora- for a hull that was perhaps not so differ- connectivity that might be read into the tive elements, and amphoras? In a discus- ent in construction from any other vessel shipwreck assemblage. Among the most sion of stone as a symbol of luxury, Pliny sailing the late antique Mediterranean. The critical questions at stake are the roles of (36.1) noted the cutting of mountains to ever-present threat of shipworm (teredo different agents—the emperor himself at yield marbles of a thousand colors, and the navalis) damage to timbers is visible in Constantinople, the provincial elite, and ships that transport them across the seas, preserved fragments of lead sheathing with the hungry urban masses—in driving but offered no clues about the construc- small tack holes, while wooden fragments economic enterprise. Religious construction of the actual vessels. The sole hint at crushed beneath columns are riddled with tion programs featured prominently in specialization comes from the satiric novel worm casings. Was this ship purpose-built daily life during the 6th century, serving as of Petronius (Satyricon 117.12), in which to carry columns from imperial quarries, symbols not only of faith and architectural a complaining servant compares himself to or was its last voyage one of many oppor- ingenuity, but also of wealth, patronage, a beast of burden or a stone-carrying ship tunistic journeys by profit-minded sailors and imperialism. To understand the vessel’s (lapidaria navis). Scholars often imagine who stopped at Proconnesus and perhaps final journey we must look at the columns such vessels as heavily built with reinforced other quarries for their final consignment? and capitals, the ambo, chancel screen and hulls to accommodate the dense loads. other religious furnishings together with While the shallow dynamic environ- RETHINKING THE archaeological markers of the sailors and ment combined with the warm waters “CHURCH WRECK” of southeast Sicily offer little hope of After four field seasons at Marzamemi, This page: Undergraduate student L. Hafen extensive wood preservation—even in the it is abundantly clear that no one object checks off architectural pieces as they await 0 .5 m 1960s, Kapitän recorded only “splinters” or class of objects should dominate the transport back to shore for conservation. Opposite page, from left: 3D recording of a of wood from the site—clues to the hull socioeconomic interpretation of the site. capital showing the surface erosion and pitting are preserved in the concreted shells of The stone architectural elements, ceramic of the marble; Photo of fragmentary chancel hundreds of iron nails and other fasten- cargo, galley wares, hull fasteners, and screen panel showing part of a christogram. L. REPOLA LEFT: OPPOSITE PAGE, J. LEIDWANGER; THIS PAGE: PHOTOS:

12 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 13 THE FRIGATE ERTUĞRUL An Ottoman shipwreck in Japan: 10 years of exploration and research BY BERTA LLEDO

he loss of the Ottoman frigate Ertuğrul in Japan mutual support kept alive by the Turkish Memorial Museum in 1890 was a disaster with lasting diplomatic and the Ertuğrul Monument on Oshima Island. consequences for Turkey. Sent out a year earlier From the beginning, the Ertuğrul Project’s team has been onT a goodwill mission by Sultan Abdulhamid under involved not only in excavation of the shipwreck but also in This page, clockwise from left: one of two existing photographs of Ertuğrul in Istanbul; Admiral Osman Pasha, the frigate sank off Oshima Island, initiating public archaeology activities as a continuation of The dramatic underwater landscape of the Wakayama. The tragedy remains a cornerstone of relations the voyage’s mission of collaboration and cultural exchange wreck site (2010); The dive boat over the wreck near the Funagora rocks (2010); Sou- between the two countries, a symbol of friendship and between the two countries. venirs from the wreck collected by fishermen (Oshima, 1890); Ship's copper cauldron, now in the Turkish Memorial Museum, Oshima.

14 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 15 THE ERTUĞRUL: A 10-YEAR REVIEW OF THE OTTOMAN SHIPWRECK BERTA LLEDO

Our knowledge of the voyage and crew, amid II (1876-1909), due to his fear of a powerful protector; Ertuğrul’s voyage more casualties than the previous two masts. gathered from official documents and per- rebellion, most Ottoman naval vessels, became a public relations trip for the Life boats with davits were pulled under sonal letters, is vividly illustrated by the including Ertuğrul, sat unused at anchor Sultan’s pan-Islamic politics. the vessel by the rushing waves. At that excavated artifacts. We collaborate with along Istanbul´s famous Golden Horn. During the voyage, the frigate and her time nobody on board could bear the cries private and civic organizations, in Turkey Once chosen for the diplomatic trip to 609 crew endured complications that of the men. I was then on deck near Osman and Japan, to spread this knowledge using Japan, Ertuğrul had to endure extensive forced them to spend time in the Suez Pasha, who was crying. In five minutes, the the archaeological materials. Since 2010, repairs that many doubted were executed Canal and Singapore, either undergo- ship was completely shattered and her parts the team’s archaeological research has been properly. Against all odds, the frigate left ing repairs or awaiting better weather. dispersed on the sea. Osman Pasha and I shared with thousands of people, thanks Istanbul in the summer of 1889 to visit Ertuğrul finally reached the harbor of climbed onto a broken mast. to the more than 600 newspaper articles Emperor Meiji to formalize trade treaties Yokohama, Japan, 11 months after her While we were trying to approach the and our traveling exhibits, hosted in and other issues of mutual interest. departure. Presents were exchanged be- coast, Pasha was killed by a piece of timber prominent museums in both nations. Ertuğrul was also a floating school on tween Rear Admiral Ali Osman Pasha and in a blow to the head. In order to go forward Ertuğrul was built in Istanbul between which newly graduated officers were the Japanese Emperor Meiji, along with I struggled with the waves but they dragged 1854 and 1864 as a three-masted, 76 trained in international sailing by visit- intentions of further communication, me under. I was praying hopelessly. After I meter-long wooden frigate, which sailed ing India, China and, ultimately, Japan. although no formal treaty was signed. In sank in the sea three or four times, I man- immediately to Portsmouth, England to Sultan Abdulhamid II, religious leader of short, the diplomatic goals of the mission aged to climb onto a piece of wood again. have a steam engine installed. She was the Muslim world, wanted to show the had not yet achieved solid results when Then, thank God, I reached land safely after part of the Ottoman imperial fleet. Un- Muslim populations in European territo- the frigate had to return, but before they a struggle of 4 or 5 hours with the sea. There fortunately, during the reign of Abdulh- ries that the Ottoman Empire remained could depart the crew were struck by cholera and had to be quarantined in the lighthouse, and the steam engine and boiler was no way to reach the lighthouse and there harbor. of the ship exploded. were steep rocks everywhere. It was all too Finally, on September 15, 1890, Ertuğrul After the ship hit the rocks, everybody was difficult. I spent that night wearing only Sultan Abdulhamid II, religious leader of the Muslim world, wanted left Yokohama heading south. Although in panic and it was impossible to order the shorts and a shirt. On the one hand it was to show the Muslim populations in European territories that the warned about bad weather, the officers and crew who were climbing the shrouds, getting so rainy and cold that it seemed impossible crew were eager to offset the delay. Orders into life boats, praying, and crying. At the not to be frozen to death, and on the other Ottoman Empire remained a powerful protector; Ertuğrul’s voyage from Istanbul were clear: sails should be time I was fearlessly standing on the quarter hand, it was very hard to hear the painful became a public relations trip for the Sultan’s pan-Islamic politics. used as much as possible to save the cost deck and was only staring at the masts in cries of the injured. of coal, the ship should avoid danger, and order to save my life while they were break- Following daybreak, all of us survivors make several politically strategic stops on ing off. The strong waves were pulling the walked around with the hope of finding a the return voyage. Unfortunately, the crew ship against the rocks again and again. At way to the lighthouse. At last we found a never had the chance to fulfill these orders first the mainmast fell while the foremast goat path and reached it. The keepers tried because Etruğrul sank during a tremen- was lying on the port side of the ship. About to cure the wounded as much as possible and dous typhoon the very next day off the 180 to 200 people were killed by these masts. served us food. We explained how the vessel coast of Oshima Island, near the town of At last, the mizzen mast fell. This caused sank and how we saved our lives. However, Kushimoto. Of the 609 crew members, only 69 reached a nearby lighthouse, after climbing up the steep cliffs, mostly thanks to the help of islanders. Ertuğrul’s last hours are described in Frigate several letters and official reports sent to Ertuğrul Istanbul by the 69 survivors. The follow- Kushimoto O-Shima ing is an extract of one sent on September 30th from Kobe, Japan, where the writer was recovering from his injuries: “… In very short time the storm was stronger, the speed of the ship fell and she hit the rocks called Kii, one mile away from the JAPAN Opposite page: Divers raise a concretion using a lift bag (2010). The author B. Lledo PACIFIC This page: OCEAN with a glass paperweight, made by Baccarat in Paris, and a decorative Japanese lead tray.

16 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 17 THE ERTUĞRUL: A 10-YEAR REVIEW OF THE OTTOMAN SHIPWRECK JUSTIN PARKOFF

there was nobody that knew English. So, we Bass, INA Directors Claude and Barbara could not understand each other. Duthuit, INA President Donny Hamil- When the Japanese Imperial House ton, INA Vice President Cemal Pulak, as received news of the accident, they took well as Selcuk Kolay, an expert in steam immediate action to help the survivors engines and then member of TINA. and inform the Ottoman Empire. Under a Despite the discouraging results of the common agreement, a professional salvage survey, with no large parts of the ship vis- operation took place during the months ible anywhere, when we started excavating that followed. Organized teams, including in 2008, we discovered a rich layer of ar- divers, recovered everything worth salvag- tifacts beneath the gravel. In four excava- ing from the ship. According to Japanese tion campaigns, although we uncovered records, most of the cannons, machine only a small part of the archaeological site, guns, rifles, and even swords and bayonets which spreads along a narrow area more were returned to Istanbul. The inventory than 70 m long, we have registered over of returned objects includes money, docu- 8,000 objects. ments, arms, binoculars, and personal A good example of our approach is items such as a ring, a decorative silver provided by the ship’s copper sheathing. elephant, and a flower pot. The cost of During the excavation we recovered only the salvage and shipment was offset by the one, fairly complete, measuring 60 cm x sale of anything from the ship not worth 35 cm (and another 265 fragments). A Each of the many finds from the Ertuğrul shipwreck opens a win- sending back. The location was cleaned of rough estimate based on this example in- dow... a poignant reminder that no matter how fragmentary the ma- everything of value, especially metal. The dicates that the 76 meter-long ship would hull had been destroyed, and anything have required more than 3700 plates like terial remains of an archaeological site, they all bring history to life. that was left must have been subsequently the one we excavated, but most of them lost during salvage operations. are missing, reflecting the extent of the These were mostly Japanese mints of dif- counted in the millions. also recovered decorated Japanese lead Today, Ertuğrul ’s final resting place is 1890 salvage. The copper, which does not ferent types (gold, silver, copper), found in The porcelain finds from Ertuğrul belong trays, flower pots in green glaze, blue called Funagora Rocks, about 200 meters appear on any of the shipping lists, was boxes, purses, or loose on the seabed. Our to a type ornamented exclusively for decorated Imari ware, glass, personal from Oshima Island at a depth of 13 to presumably sold for scrap. excavation between 2007 and 2012 recov- export to the West, and not sold in Japan items such as belt buckles, buttons, shoes, 15 meters. On a short visit to the site at When she left Yokohama for a long trip ered 13 coins, including a Gold British at all. In fact, the Yokohama porcelain perfume bottles, and a glass paper weight. the end of 2004, Tufan Turanlı, at that back to Turkey, Etruğrul carried about Sovereign, three silver Crown Yen, a Hong found in association with Ertuğrul is the They serve as a poignant reminder that time director of INA’s Bodrum Research 450 tons of coal (its maximum capacity), Kong silver 10-cent piece, three Japanese 5 first of its kind found in Japanese ter- no matter how fragmentary the material Center, was overwhelmed by the presence funds for the trip (at least 5000 Turkish sen coins, and 5 unidentified coins. ritory. One example of this westward remains of an archaeological site, they all of a memorial dedicated to the Ertuğrul Liras in cash), and the presents received Among the presents or souvenirs of Japa- trade in orientalia is the mustache cup bring history to life. victims and a museum commemorating from the Japanese Emperor. nese origin, the most common are various in the Ertuğrul assemblage: fragments of the tragedy in Japan. Some of the coal may have been sal- types of Japanese porcelain. Although a specially-designed tea cup and saucer ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In 2007, a sidescan sonar and magne- vaged, if not for its market value, perhaps now fragmentary, some are unique. They developed in England and decorated with TheErtuğrul project has been funded tometer survey yielded very few results. for use by local families. Still, coal is remind us that Yokohama was one of few Mount Fuji. Mustache cups were used by by generous donations and support from Nevertheless, a visual survey by local Japa- everywhere on the site, making some areas Japanese ports then open to international society gentlemen to protect their waxed YapiKredi Emeklilik, David Koch, Kushi- nese and INA divers revealed that narrow all black. trade. At the end of the 19th century, mustaches from the tea’s hot steam. moto Municipality, Wakayama prefectural channels on the seabed between the Funa- The cash carried by the commander was modernist Europe welcomed Japanese Each of the many finds from the government, Osaka Maritime Museum, gora rocks contained large concentrations obtained in Japan, as documented in a orientalia, and the Japanese embraced the Ertuğrul shipwreck opens a window onto Wakayama Prefectural Museum and Kushi- of ammunition, small copper objects, bank transfer from Istanbul. 2,067 coins oportunity to enter into a market domi- fascinating facts. Our team recovered moto Marine Park. We also thank INA for some wood, and a large copper cauldron. were recovered in the salvage of 1890, and nated by chinaware, which was cheaper fragments of musical intruments played logistic support and the use of its multifac- Identification of what appeared to be part sent back to the Ottoman government. because it was mass produced. Where Jap- on board by the 20-member band, il- eted research center in Bodrum, where we of the hull by researchers from Tel Aviv anese porcelain exports could be counted lustrating accounts that indicate the the were able to use the portable XRF scanner University was reassuring: Turkish Oak in the thousands, Chinese examples were band played for visitors in harbors. We for analyzing artifacts. (Quercus cerris), confirming that this was This page: A Tokai University student volun- the location of a Turkish shipwreck. teers in the Ertuğrul Research Center, Kushi- moto (2016); Porcelain cup from Yokohama; BERTA LLEDO During the initial 2007 season in Objects from the exhibit include a buckle and FOLLOW INA ONLINE: For more information about the excavation of this site, Archaeological Director, Kushimoto, we had the privilege of being serveral coins. Opposite page: The Ertuğrul visit the Ertuğrul Ottoman Frigate Excavation project page on our website! Ertuğrul Project joined by INA Founders George and Ann exhibit at the Istanbul Naval Museum in 2015. INA Research Associate

18 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 19 ROMANAND BYZANTINE CERAMICS FROM

How extraneousartifacts KIZILBURUN spanning fivecenturies INTRUSIVE Mediterranean trade provide evidenceof BY

PHIL L.PHIL WATSON

PHOTO: ©INA D. FREY A early Byzantine trademechanisms. informative power, providing evidencefor non-diagnostic materialcanregain some recovered thisotherwise at Kızılburun, ceramics contextualizing theintrusive cal events, andsettlementpatterns.By contexts—of tradenetworks, histori- ceramicsinbroaderI placetheintrusive thesis at Texas A&MUniversity, inwhich ofmy2017Master’s summary is ashort postdate thecolumnwreck. This report sive ceramicswere recovered thatclearly the columnwreck, anumberofintru- various ceramics. a Doric capital,architectural blocks,and and monumental marblecolumndrums acargoofeight ton, wastransporting Deborah CarlsonandDonny Hamil- and 2011by anINAteamdirected by This fifth wreck, excavated between 2005 wreck,” B.C. datesfrom thefirstcentury medieval; andthefifth, “column A.D.;twoare mately tothe6thcentury Cape”). Two ofthewrecks dateapproxi- During five seasonsofexcavation on near Kızılburun (“Crimsonnear Kızılburun off the Turkish Aegean coast, INA revealed five shipwrecks conductedby survey 1993 0 ally richregions taxed activ- tosupport amphorae—tellofagricultur- transport the A.D. Theseceramics—particularly the late5ththrough the7thcentury the earlyByzantine period,rangingfrom amphorae recovered appeartodate (meaning “sword”) type.Alltransport Levant; andthesmall,taperingspatheion 5 or“bag-shaped” type, produced inthe shipwreck at Yassıada; theLateRoman in largequantitiesonthe7th-century Late Roman 2(LR2)type,alsoseen includetheglobularfrom Kızılburun Roman Syria. in southern Turkey, Cyprus, andpossibly Production centershave beenidentified Black Sea, theLevant, andNorth Africa. across theMediterranean, aswell asinthe type’s production. Thistypeisfound century, thepinnacleofthisamphora datestothe6th style seenatKızılburun A.D.,buttheappear inthe3rd century Late Roman 1(LR1).EarlyLRstyles wreck itself, belongtoatypeknown as thoselocatedonornearthe particularly rial. Many amphorae, ofthetransport coarsewares mate- comprisetheintrusive Other intrusive transport amphoraeOther transport intrusive Transport amphorae,finewares, and 5 cm 5 contextualization. However, thetwo6th- complicatesfrom apassing shipfurther discardedwere jettisonedorotherwise shipwreck, andthepossibilitythatthey to connecttheseceramicsanyone to 250,featuringtwoDionysian scenes. phoriskos, aformpopularfrom A.D.70 intact moldmadeKnidianreliefware am- most intriguingfineware objectisasmall from theearlyByzantine period.The A.D., toamostlyintactamphoriskos in theAthenian Agoradatingtoca.250 from aRoman bakingpanwithaparallel These consistofdiverse forms,ranging ramics otherthanamphoraewere found. internal pressures. unified Mediterranean felltoexternaland unstable frontiers aswhatwasoncea ity, nature, along primarilyofamilitary Kızılburun column wreckKızılburun in2006. made atKnidosandfound90feet from the a miniature reliefware amphora,likely Opposite (andleft):MuratTilevilluminates Being material,itisdifficult intrusive Only asmallnumberofcoarseware ce- AEGEAN SEA Kı Ilion zı lburun Halikarnassos Teos Pergamon Claros MARMARA PHIL L.WATSON Ephesos Priene SEA OF Proconnesos Didyma Magnesia Sardis Rhodes INTRUSTIVE ROMAN AND BYZANTINE CERAMICS PHIL L. WATSON

SUGGESTED READING century wrecks in the area may be help- and Romania points to the importance ful. These two wrecks lie on the southern of these amphorae within Byzantine Carlson, D.N. and W. Aylward. 2010. “The slope of Kızılburun, upslope and east of redistributive networks. Perhaps the ships Kızılburun Shipwreck and the Temple of Apollo at Claros.” AJA 114: 145-59. the column wreck. One is evidenced only that were carrying the material recovered by a wide scatter of LR 2 amphorae along during excavation of the column wreck Karagiorgou, O. 2001. “LR2: a Container the slope; the other, roughly 100 m east were heading northward, toward Con- for the Military annona on the Danubian Border?” In Economy and Exchange in of the column wreck, carried a cargo of stantinople and then the Black Sea. the East Mediterranean during Late Antiq- 6th-century stone architectural elements, A counterpoint: individual ampho- uity, edited by S. Kingsley and M. Decker, perhaps for a church. The latter wreck rae move relatively quickly and easily, 129-66. Oxford: Oxbow Books. is a possible parallel for the well-known especially compared to cargoes of marble. ——. 2009. “Mapping Trade by the Marzamemi “church wreck” in Sicily The Marzamemi “church wreck” carried Amphora.” In Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th (pages 8-13 in this issue). At Kızılburun, LR 1 and LR 2 amphorae on its way Centuries, edited by M. Mango, 37-60. movement of early Byzantine material south, possibly toward North Africa, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. downslope and to the west, due either to where a number of such ceramics have Pulak, C. and E. Rogers. 1994. “The the wrecking events or to disturbance by been found. The possible parallel wreck 1993-1994 Turkish Shipwreck Surveys.” modern fishing nets, likely accounts for at Kızılburun may have been similarly INA Quarterly 21.4: 17-21. the relocation of at least some of these engaged. The Kızılburun column wreck Reynolds, P. 2005. “Levantine Ampho- 6th-century ceramics. also carried a number of southeastern rae from Cilicia to Gaza: A Typology and Recent archaeological scholarship sug- Aegean ceramics, though its final voy- Analysis of Regional Production Trends from the 1st to 7th Centuries.” In LRCW I, gests LR 1 and LR 2 amphorae were used age took it from Proconnesus Island in edited by J.Ma. Esparraguera, J. B. i for Byzantine military supply. In A.D. the Sea of Marmara south toward the ...two regions - the Balkans and North Africa - can be tentatively Garrigós, and M.A. Cau Ontiveros, 563- 536, the Byzantine emperor Justinian Temple of Apollo at Claros, on the Turk- 611. Oxford: Archaeopress. mandated that Aegean provinces sup- ish Aegean coast. Therefore, though some proposed as possible long-distance destinations for the two early Riley, J.A. 1989. “Fieldwork on the Red ply necessities to Danubian settlements of the material recovered was produced Byzantine ships that came to grief at Kızılburun. Sea Coast: The 1987 Season. The Pot- and forts. The high number of Aegean to the south of the wreck site, this does tery.” JARCE 26: 149-61. (especially LR 2) amphorae in Bulgaria not necessarily indicate that the ship was traveling northward. ports en route to the final destination. Roughly 600 years of trade are en- Prevailing northerly winds (e.g., melt- Ports in Asia Minor, such as Phaselis, capsulated in this impromptu ceramic ems) from landmasses in the Aegean and Myra, Ephesus, and Smyrna, would have assemblage. The catalyst of the trade Asia Minor favor southbound travel, been lucrative ports near Kızılburun in represented may be that of Byzantine while currents running in a counter- the early Byzantine period, along with imperial military supply to the Balkans. clockwise direction facilitate travel in a the island of Chios. The assemblage may represent, along northerly direction. To travel north, ship At this point, two regions - the Balkans with the shipwreck of architectural ele- captains could hug the coast, frequently and North Africa - can be tentatively ments, a 6th-century building program, engaging in “port-hopping,” or cabotage. proposed as possible long-distance desti- possibly in North Africa. My forth- The reasons for this relate as much to nations for the two early Byzantine ships coming thesis focuses on the historical finance as to navigation, as the Roman that came to grief at Kızılburun. Both developments that may have prompted state provided subsidies for state busi- of these regions were vital to the early this trade, the trade routes involved, ness travel, but ship owners could carry Byzantine Empire, the first as a military and further contextualization of these (and sell) private cargoes simultaneously. frontier, the second as an agricultural ceramics. In the 6th century A.D., fortunes could supplier. Excavations in both regions be made by taking advantage of state have revealed large quantities of the same subsidies to engage in long-distance trade ceramics recovered at Kızılburun. Ships PHIL L. WATSON while trading additional cargo at various with similar cargoes plied the seas in both M.S. Graduate Texas A&M University directions in the 6th century A.D.

This page, from left: LR5 amphora; LR2 amphora recovered near the column wreck; Early Byzantine amphoriskos recovered from an FOLLOW INA ONLINE: Want to learn more about INA-supported student area roughly 20 m west of the wreck. research? Read about other projects at www.nauticalarch.org! Opposite page: LR4 amphorae in situ not far

PHOTO: OPPOSITE PAGE: D. CARLSON OPPOSITE PAGE: PHOTO: from the column wreck (2011).

22 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 23 1 2016 INA BOARD MEETING Directors and Officers gather in Santa Monica, CA to celebrate another outstanding year

Every autumn, INA's Board of Directors comes together to learn wings of Air Force One at the stunning Ronald Reagan Presidential about the results of ongoing INA surveys, excavations, research, Library, a keynote lecture by John Papadopoulos of the Cotsen Insti- and publications. The 2016 meeting took place in Santa Monica, tute at UCLA, and six fantastic speakers delivering illustrated proj- California, and the warm weather brought near record attendance. ect presentations at the lovely Ocean Institute in Dana Point. Our Highlights of our three-day meeting included a guided tour of the sincere thanks to all those who attended and continue to make INA J. Paul Getty Villa in Malibu, a White House luncheon under the a vibrant and influential leader in the field of nautical archaeology! 2

1. Raynette Boshell and Debbie Carlson 2. J Paul Getty Museum in Malibu 3. Lunch at the Salt Creek Grille in Dana Point 4. Sheila Matthews and Orkan Köyağasıoğlu 5. Sea lions of Dana Point 6. Suzanne Penavic, Tuba Ekmekçi, Sheila Matthews, 3 Barbara Duthuit, Juliette Timsit

Meeting attendees gather under the glorious 80-foot-tall Moreton Bay fig tree at the Fairmont Miramar in Santa Monica 5

24 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 25 2016 BOARD MEETING HIGHLIGHTS

8 13 14 15

7 7. John De Lapa and Raynette Boshell 8. Mibs Matthews, Betsey Boshell Todd, and Tuba Ekmekçi 9. Lucy Darden and Oğuz Aydemir 9 10. Danielle Feeney (center) with daughters Juliette Timsit (left) and Caroleen Feeney (right) 11. Debbie Carlson next to a section of 17 the Berlin Wall at the Reagan Library 12. Allan Campbell takes the helm of Spirit of Dana Point

18 11

13. Robyn Woodward practices her Nancy Reagan impersonation 14. Charlie Steinmetz celebrates his own historic election 15. Santa Monica sunset 16. Lucija Aydemir, Suzanne Penavić, Krešimir Penavić, Tuba Ekmekçi, and Oğuz Aydemir 17. Seppi Lehner and Judy Sturgis 18. INA Chairman Bob Walker welcomes the board

26 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016

ma Island in Imari Bay and conquered the lems in his analysis, including the frag- he asks a few specific questions for further REVIEW island. They were then promptly struck by mentary nature of the wooden remains, research. Panning back from the hull a typhoon. the disturbed nature of the site, and the remains analysis, Sasaki poses questions re- THE ORIGINS OF THE LOST FLEET OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE After providing the reader with an over- uncertain number of ships sunk within garding Japanese defenses and the integri- view of the archaeology and history of the the area. Despite this challenge, or perhaps ty of their ships’ construction. While pro- By Randall J. Sasaki Mongol empire, Sasaki turns his attention due to it, he provides descriptive and thor- viding historical sources to demonstrate to the metal, ceramic, stone, and organic ough explanations for the creation of each how Japanese defenses were constructed, artifacts found at Takashima Island, focus- timber category. The clarity of Sasaki’s he uses archaeological evidence to suggest ing heavily on what he has identified methodology is a strength, especially since scenarios in which the Japanese may have as hull remains. These hull remains are further work on these artifacts is currently utilized fire to repel the oncoming forces. marries the events of the failed Mongol fragmentary, and out of the 502 timbers ongoing. Citing evidence of possible hull repairs invasion of Japan in 1281 CE with finds analyzed, 90% are smaller than a meter The analysis presented in this book is and other excavated artifacts, including a from underwater excavations at Takashima and almost 50% are smaller than 25 cm in only preliminary, since the timbers were lacquered wooden tag bearing an inscrip- Island, which yielded numerous fragments length. The crux of his analysis, the timber recorded before conservation, meaning tion regarding repairs, he counters the of ships’ timbers. Using these disarticulated catalogue, is an overview of the challenges more information may come to light as notion that the invading Mongol ships hull remains, Sasaki investigates the types of defining disarticulated timbers as ship the artifacts undergo treatment. Speaking were poorly and quickly built. While these of ships utilized during the second Mongol components. Sasaki explains how the tim- specifically to the wooden elements, there theories inform critical moments in East invasion of Japan and their origins. He bers were classified and separated into hull may be evidence of other metal joinery re- Asian history, the answers are hypotheti- questions and assesses what historical docu- planking, thin planks, railings, etc. He vealed by x-ray or casting. Sasaki’s analysis cal and based on a preliminary study of ments have told us about Mongol naval gives statistical information for each group was clearly thorough; he discusses interest- artifacts undergoing conservation. organization to understand the Mongols’ and describes irregularities or oddities. ing and minute details such as the use of In the concluding chapter, Sasaki reiter- broader military strategy. Focusing on this, Due to the differences in ship construc- well-fitted wooden plugs to seal nail holes ates the chapters as they occurred, rather he asks larger historical questions – namely, tion in the Korean and Chinese cultures, and triangular carvings that he interprets than crosslinking the evidence to provide why did this invasion fail? Sasaki also draws from archaeological and as lashing holes. However, conservation more substantive answers. While the last The retreat of the Mongols has been pages review the information that his a contested topic in East Asian scholar- [The author] uses the preliminary analysis of research yielded, a more complex synthesis ship. The Mongol empire was among the the numerous timber remains from Takashima of the information from historical research largest, and its soldiers were equipped and the hull analysis would have left read- with advanced weaponry and innova- Island to provide an important contribution ers with a more complete picture. tive wartime strategies. The Mongol navy to East Asian nautical archaeology. These minor critiques aside, The Lost was organized to defeat the navy of the Fleet of the Mongol Empire uses the Southern Song Dynasty, which was then ethnographic evidence of shipbuilding may shed light on or provide contradic- preliminary analysis of the numerous incorporated into the Empire in 1279 CE. traditions. He pays great attention to the tory evidence to some aspects of this timber remains from Takashima Island to After a brief incursion into Japanese ter- hull shapes developed by each culture, and research. The fragility of the wooden ele- provide an important contribution to East ritory, the Mongols retreated to the ships the role those shapes may have played in ments has another unfortunate downside; Asian nautical archaeology. The author for reasons that are still unclear. Scholars implementing a large-scale invasion. He the archaeological photos are inconsistent is cognizant of the limitations the pre- disagree, variously maintaining that a supports this with species analysis of the in that they are often not taken on a conservation status of the timbers places storm was approaching; that the Japanese timbers, sourcing the wood types to the uniform background, have varying means on his analysis, reminding the reader that army pushed back the invaders; that they regions where they were commonly used of showing scale, and are hard to interpret the research is still currently underway. were out of ammunition; or that it was in shipbuilding. Chapter 8 is a detailed without consulting the text. In contrast, Building on a strong first chapter, Sasaki a successful raid rather than a repelled chapter on joinery analysis, which further the artifact and timber drawings are highly is clear about his methodology and the invasion. draws on archaeological and ethnographic detailed and useful tools to show archaeo- decisions he made. His historical analysis TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY PRESS. Using a combined naval force from the evidence. He sorts the hull timbers that logical examples of joinery methods. is well-referenced and thorough, as are his ISBN 978-1-62349-194-9. recently conquered Southern Song Empire have evidence of iron nails, common in Throughout the narrative, Sasaki forms a comparisons to archaeological examples of REVIEWED BY KELSEY ROONEY and allied Korea, Khubilai Khan, the the Chinese dynasties, from those that cohesive story of his interaction with these shipbuilding. While the photographs are Mongol emperor, launched another inva- have wood-fashioned joints in the Korean artifacts. The author’s concern with where not ideal, the drawings are a great resource Randall Sasaki tackles a difficult task in sion into Japan in 1281 CE. Coordination tradition. While very few timbers were and how these ships were constructed to understanding the nuances in joinery. The Origins of the Lost Fleet of the Mongol failure left the Eastern Army from Korea found with intact joins, this chapter persists throughout the book, drawing the This book can be used both as a reference Empire: supplementing a critical mo- waiting for a month with insufficient demonstrates the information that can be reader’s attention to the importance of this for maritime scholars and an entry-point ment of history, mythologized in Japanese supplies and deteriorating ships. After the revealed by nuanced examination. excavation. He broadens these themes in for those curious about medieval East society, with archaeological evidence. He fleets reunited, they advanced to Takashi- Sasaki faces numerous logistical prob- the penultimate chapter, Chapter 9, where Asian seafaring.

28 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 29 Dr. Al Leonard National Maritime Heritage Pro- Dr. Lynn Samuel Mr. James Tuite gram of the National Ms. Toni Levine Park Service San Antonio Area Foundation Ms. Rachel Tuite Mr. William R. Lyons National Maritime Historical San Francisco Maritime Library Turkish Institute of Nautical Collections & Research Center Archaeology (TINA) Mr. William MacMichael Society DONORS, SUPPORTERS, AND SPONSORS National Museum of China Mr. Allan M. Saunders Mr. Ben B. Turner, Jr. Mr. Daniel E. Mader INA thanks all those who supported our archaeological work in 2016 Nautical Archaeology Program Dr. Robert L. Schuyler Mr. Michael Tuttle Maritime Archaeological & (NAP) at TAMU Historical Society Mr. H. Rodney Scott UNESCO, Section for Cultural Nautical Archaeology Society Heritage Protecting Treaties Maryland Historical Trust Mr. Winston Scoville Mrs. Carole F. Alexander Canadian Conservation Institute DRASSM Mr. Joel M. 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Caldwell Advisory Committee Honor Frost Foundation Mr. Clayton Lehmann Sackler Library Ms. Sally Yamini National Geographic Society, Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Dr. Allan C. Campbell Dr. Count Carl Douglas Mr. Tyler Hunter Dr. Justin Leidwanger Expeditions Council Mrs. Marian H. Sagan First Nation Government of the Yukon

30 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 31 TRIBUTE LLEWELLEN “LEW” O. WARD III (1930-2016)

A legendary oil man, INA director Lew successful entrepreneur and committed Turkey. My visits with them in Enid Ward was founder and chairman of INA director, but a delight to be with. I were as memorable. Once, when Lew Ward Petroleum Corporation in Enid, was thrilled when he and his wife Myra had me speak to the local Rotary Club, Oklahoma. He was not only a highly visited INA’s Uluburun excavation in he also took me a short distance away to a drilling rig, where we were met by his son, Bill, who had also visited our projects in Turkey. Now they gave me the opportunity to experience actual drilling. Although for four decades I’ve seen myriad working pumps nodding slowly in Texas oilfields, being on a rig, close to the roughnecks, was as fascinating to me as I hope was their experience of the diving operation 165 feet below Virazon at Uluburun. That evening Lew and I talked about everything from the contro- versial search for oil below Siljan Crater in Sweden to his offer to arrange for me to meet Enid’s operatic soprano Leona Mitchell, who sang for almost twenty years at the Metropolitan Opera. On another evening in Enid Lew asked me to show slides of INA projects to a num- Lew Ward and I met for the first time in the late ‘60s when I was working at ber of out-of-town colleagues, hoping Pepperdine University in Los Angeles, California. Lew received his B.S. Degree to encourage some to share his interest in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Oklahoma and served in many in INA. It was the most unusual ending programs in his state and through the nation in the oil and gas industry. He was for any after-dinner talk I’ve ever given serving on the President’s Council and very interested in ”The Freedom Forum,” when an announcement of approaching which brought speakers from across the nation to the campus. severe weather led to an aborted lecture In 1968 I began working at Texas A&M University and our friendship was and instant mad dashes by Lew’s guests renewed when I started helping Dr. Bass with INA fundraising. Lew was intro- to their nearby private jets to beat the duced to Dr. Bass by Jack Kelley, one of INA's founding members from Tulsa, imminent storm! Oklahoma. Lew made at least three trips to Turkey and was a very generous sup- Lew hoped that his daughter, California porter. It is an honor to have his daughter Casidy now serving on the INA Board vintner Casidy, might follow him on the to carry on the legacy of her father. INA board of directors. I had met Cas- sidy when she, too, came to experience our work in Turkey and am delighted to He was a wonderfully positive man to be learn that she was elected to the board around and always seemed to bring out the at last year’s annual meeting. Bill is now best in all he met. I will always remember CEO of Ward Petroleum. We are glad that Ward family traditions continue, as his sense of humor. Lew Ward always made From left: Lew at the joint meeting of the INA we greatly miss Lew’s friendship, wis- Board and TAMU Board of Regents in 1986; a difference in anything he was involved in. (L to R) Lew, John Baird, and Myra Ward at dom, and modesty. 1998 INA Board Meeting at the Mansion on -GEORGE F. BASS -ROBERT WALKER Turtle Creek; Garry Weber and Lew in 1998.

32 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 33 TRIBUTE YAAKOV "YAK" KAHANOV (1947-2016)

dieval times. He ‘cut his teeth’ during the construction of a 1:1 replica of the the excavation of the fifth-century BC Ma’agan Mikhael shipwreck built with Ma’agan Mikhael shipwreck, arriving pegged mortise-and-tenon construction. as a participant in the second season The replica saw water under its hull in the of excavation, in 1989. Yak went on to last months prior to Yak’s passing. conserve and reconstruct the hull, which If I had to describe Yak in one word it remains to date the only ancient vessel would be tachles, a Yiddish term that has from the Israeli Mediterranean coast to entered the Israeli slang lexicon with the have been completely excavated, con- meaning of ‘getting to the essence,’ or served and reconstructed. The hull is on ‘getting to the point:’ Yak always focused permanent exhibition in an annex of the on the result and moving forward. He Hecht Museum on the Haifa University also had a wry sense of humor: one of campus. With the late Dr. Elisha Linder, our last discussions revolved around the Yak co-edited the shipwreck’s two volume tongue-in-cheek question of whether to final excavation report, entitled The christen the Ma’agan Mikhael replica Ma’agan Mikhael Ship: The Recovery of a with an amphora. Yak Kahnov sails the 2400-Year-Old Merchantman (published Yak is survived by his wife, a sister, three Ma'agan Mikhael replica, launched in December 2016 in 2003 and 2004), much of which Yak children and nine grandchildren. We will also authored. The conservation, research miss him. and rapid publication of the meticulous -SHELLEY WACHSMANN final report were exemplary. I first heard of Yak in 1986 from Richard waters of distance and time. Henceforth, see, the Ma’agan Mikhael ship stands as a It was my pleasure to collaborate with “Dick” Steffy upon his return from Israel I looked forward to seeing Yak at inter- monument to Yak’s passion, dedication, Yak in the field during our work at Tan- Yak shows Dick Steffy a frame after studying the newly excavated 1st national meetings to catch up with his knowledge, and love for this vessel. tura Lagoon (1994-1996), a joint INA- from the Tantura A shipwreck century B.C./A.D. Kinneret Boat at the shipwreck excavations in Israel and to The final stage of any ship reconstruc- Yaakov “Yak” Kahaanov died on De- University of Haifa survey in which he invitation of Shelley Wachsmann. I was discus his research on ship construction. tor’s dream is recreating a full-scale replica cember 12th, 2016, at the age of 70. served as co-director. Our work revealed a student in the Nautical Archaeology I was most touched when he showed up of the ship. Yak and one of his students A consummate scholar, Yak came to seven wrecks (Tantura A-G), all but one Program at Texas A&M University and in Bodrum, just to find out how I was had already embarked on this final stage the academic world late in life, becoming dating from late antiquity to the medieval very keen on ancient ship construction. doing after a traffic accident I had had of hull study. I very much looked forward Israel’s first ‘home-grown’ ship recon- period. Yak took on the responsibility of Dick divulged the unusual construction several months earlier; a true friend he to its completion in order to examine structor. An avid sailor, he began his recording the ships’ hulls. During that details he had observed on the boat along was indeed! specific construction details but much nautical archaeological career in 1986 at project we studied two shipwrecks in with several excellent volunteer students Yak joined the excavation team of the more so to sail on it with Yak to observe the University of Haifa’s Department of situ and examined small sections of the he had met there. Yak had stood out for Ma’agan Mikhael shipwreck in 1989, and its handling and performance. Sadly, Yak Maritime Civilizations, which served as others: following the survey, Yak returned Dick as being curious, sharp, and asking thereafter spent a good portion of his passed away before we could sail the wine his academic home for the remainder of with his students and excavated several many questions on ship building. nautical life reconstructing this remark- dark sea on his beloved ship, but not his life, eventually going on to serve as its of the Tantura shipwrecks, using them as Circumstances, however, made it pos- ably well-preserved 2400-year-old ship. before witnessing its successful launching Head (2010-2011). Yak earned his Ph.D., Ph.D. dissertation topics for his stu- sible for us to meet in 1993 during the His doctoral dissertation investigated the to great fanfare. summa cum laude, in 1999, becoming a dents, thus producing a new generation 5th TROPIS Conference. We discussed ship’s unusual method of hull assembly, The ever so curious, enthusiastic, and Full Professor there in 2014. of Israeli hull reconstructors. Yak had a ancient ship construction, a rather lonely and the exemplary two-volume final pub- passionate researcher, Yak Kahanov was Yak is perhaps best known to the special relationship with the late Richard subject with only a few followers back lication of the shipwreck he co-authored the quintessential student of ancient ship archaeological community for his ‘Dick’ Steffy, a TAMU Professor, whom then, but one both of us were passion- with Elisha Linder is one of the most construction. My eyes will continue to numerous and diverse contributions to Yak considered a mentor. ate about. That was the beginning of detailed, thorough, and extensive ancient scour conference halls in search of Yak; I our understanding of Mediterranean During the final years of his life, begin- our long friendship spanning more than shipwreck reports ever written. Now fully shall miss him dearly. hull construction in ancient and me- ning in 2014, Yak’s research focused on A. EFREMOV OPPOSITE PAGE: S. WACHSMANN; A. EFREMOV; FROM LEFT: THIS PAGE, PHOTOS: two decades, faring tenaciously on the assembled and on public display for all to -CEMAL PULAK

34 INA QUARTERLY 43.3/4 FALL/WINTER 2016 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 35 The Institute of Nautical Archaeology and the Nautical Archaeology Program at Texas A&M University

BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS FOR OVER 40 YEARS

nauticalarch.org nautarch.tamu.edu