Nature of Trade Aboard a Dutch East Indiaman

THE INA QUARTERLY BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS

LACED BOATBUILDING IN THE ADRIATIC

WORLD'S FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIVERS

NATURE OF TRADE ABOARD SPRING/SUMMER 2018 VOLUME 45 NO. 1/2 A DUTCH EAST INDIAMAN FOUNDERS ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Stanford University George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Raynette Boshell Professor of Nautical Archaeology CONTENTS John McManamon, Ph.D. John Baird † Allan Campbell, M.D. Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. Loyola University Michael Katzev † William C. Culp, M.D. Professor, Meadows Professor Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. Jack W. Kelley † Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. of Biblical Archaeology Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Susan Katzev EMERITUS FACULTY, NAUTICAL Irena Radič-Rossi, Ph.D. OFFICERS/ADMINISTRATION University of Zadar 05 James Kjorlien ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT 2018 SHIPWRECK WEEKEND President* TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Warren Riess, Ph.D. Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Virginia Klein University of Maine PHOTO HIGHLIGHTS George F. Bass, Ph.D. Vice President Keith Langworthy Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. David Stewart, Ph.D. Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Jeffrey Morris East Carolina University C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. 06 Vice President* Terry A. Ray J. Richard Steffy† Kristine Trego, Ph.D. NEWS AND EVENTS Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Bucknell University Judy Sturgis Office Manager TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Betsey Boshell Todd Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. Tamara Hebert GRADUATE FELLOWS American Numismatic Society 08 Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. Diving Safety Officer Marian M. Cook Fellows Wendy Van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. BOTTOMS UP! THE CORTE John Littlefield Garry A. Weber Megan Hagseth Flinders University CAVANELLA II LACED BOAT Ben Ioset Examining the laced boatbuilding Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. tradition in the northwestern Adriatic BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER BODRUM RESEARCH Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II Fellows Tidewater Atlantic Research Director CENTER STAFF Kevin Melia-Teevan BY STACI WILLIS AND MASSIMO CAPULLI Tûba Ekmekçi, M.A. Bilge Güneşdoğdu Akman Ryan Theis RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Financial Manager Mustafa Babacık J. Barto Arnold, M.A. Özlem Doğan AFFILIATED SCHOLARS Esra Altınanıt Biçer, M.A. Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. 16 THE WORLD'S FIRST DIRECTORS Mehmet Çiftlikli University of Connecticut Massimo Capulli, D.Prof. ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIVERS Oğuz Aydemir Zafer Gül Giulia Boetto Ph.D. Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. How Genoese free-divers in Edward O. Boshell, Jr. Centre Camille Jullian Seçil Kayacık José Luis Casabán, M.A. Renaissance Italy became the first John Cassils, M.D. Laurel Breece, Ph.D. 0808 to explore an ancient shipwreck as a Gülser Kazancıoğlu Long Beach City College Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. Lucy Darden * cultural artifact Şükran Köroğlu Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. John De Lapa John Broadwater, Ph.D. BY JOHN MCMANAMON Chairman* Orkan Köyağasıoğlu, M.A. Spritsail Enterprises Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. Carl Douglas Muammer Özdemir Lilia Campana, Ph.D. Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. Texas A&M University Adem Şirin 22 Danielle J. Feeney * Michael Jones, Ph.D. CHEAP TREASURE ON James A. Goold Nevin Tekel Arthur Cohn, J.D. Secretary & Lake Champlain Maritime Museum Jun Kimura, Ph.D. KENNEMERLAND Aysel Tok General Counsel * Mariá del Pilar Luna Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. Continued investigation of the Dutch East Indiaman's artifact assemblage Jeff Hakko Edith Trnka Erreguerena, M.A. Berta Lledó, Ph.D. reveals evidence for private trade Rebecca Martin Süleyman Türel National Institute of Anthropology and History Colin Martin, Ph.D. BY COLIN MARTIN Pamela Matthews, Ph.D. Güneş Yaşar Veronica Morriss, M.A. Sheila Matthews, M.A. Ben Ford, Ph.D. Indiana University of Pennsylvania Robert Neyland, Ph.D. Dana F. McGinnis FACULTY, NAUTICAL Jeremy Green, M.A. 26 Alex G. Nason ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. PROFILE: KIMBERLY RASH TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Western Australia Maritime Museum Krešimir Penavić J. B. Pelletier, M.A. KENYON Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. Lynn Baird Shaw Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Brock University Robin C. M. Piercy Associate Professor, Sara W. and Charlie Steinmetz George O. Yamini Fellow Jerome Hall, Ph.D. John Pollack, M.Sc. 29 Jason Sturgis University of San Diego Mark Polzer, M.A. Vice Chairman* Filipe Vieira de Castro, Ph.D. TRIBUTE: ED VON DER PORTEN Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Kimberly Rash Kenyon, M.A. Robert L. Walker, Ph.D. Central Connecticut State University 14 Past Chairman* Professor of Nautical Archaeology II Donald Rosencrantz Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Casidy Ward Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Trinity University Jeff Royal, Ph.D. ON THE COVER: Massimo Capulli and Professor, Nautical Archaeology Roger A. Williamson, M.D.* David Ruff, M.S. Staci Willis examine the Corte Cavanella Faculty Fellow Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. II hull remains alongside Alessandro Asta Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Vasa Museum 16 22 Treasurer * Miguel San Claudio, M.A. and two museum workers. Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Mark Lawall, Ph.D. Randall Sasaki, M.A. Sally M. Yamini Professor, Abell Chair in Nautical University of Manitoba George Schwarz, Ph.D. Kenan Yılmaz Archaeology; Yamini Family Chair Joseph Lehner, Ph.D. Michael Young, J.D. in Nautical Archaeology University of Central Florida Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board † Deceased WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 03 The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-profit organization whose mission is to HIGHLIGHTS advance the search for the history of civilization by SHIPWRECK WEEKEND 2018 fostering excellence in An annual event hosted by INA and the Nautical Archaeology Program underwater archaeology

The INA Quarterly (ISSN 1090- 2635) is published by the INA and the Nautical Archaeology Program (NAP) at Texas ing by INA Founder George Bass, and 3D printing demonstra- Institute of Nautical Archaeology A&M (TAMU) hosted our Shipwreck Weekend event, which tions. This year's keynote speaker was NAP alumna Kimberly has been an annual occurrence for two decades! This family- Rash Kenyon, conservator and field director of the Queen Publication of the INA Quarterly oriented open house on the TAMU campus featured guided Anne's Revenge Project (read more about Kim in her profile in is made possible by a grant from laboratory tours, archaeological activities for kids, a book sign- this issue). Take a look at some highlights from the event! the Ed Rachal Foundation

Editor Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D.

Assistant Editor Stephanie Koenig

Designer Jacqueline Munz

Printed by J&N Enterprises Houston, Texas www.j-nenterprises.com GEORGE AND ANN BASS Institute of Nautical Archaeology P.O. Drawer HG ENDOWMENT College Station, Texas 77841-5137 USA for Nautical Archaeology Publications email [email protected] phone (979) 845-6694 www.nauticalarch.org INA is proud to announce the establishment of the George and Ann The opinions expressed in the INA Quarterly articles are those of Bass Endowment for Nautical Archaeology Publications. the authors and do not This endowment honors two of INA's Founders and supports necessarily reflect the views a cause that is very close to their hearts: the final of the Institute publication of archaeological material excavated by INA.

If you are interested in Beginning in 2019, the Bass Endowment will provide up to $25,000 each submitting an article for publica- year to one or two worthy applicants. Applicants may seek funding tion please contact the Editor at for expenses such as faculty leave to support dedicated writing time, [email protected] travel to conduct relevant research, and manuscript preparation. ©September 2018 by the Detailed information and the application form will be available This page, clockwise from top: Debbie Institute of Nautical Archaeology Carlson and Kim Rash Kenyon; Visitors learn All rights reserved on the INA website in early 2019 to tie sailing knots; George Bass personal- izes books; Kim speaks to a full house about Queen Anne's Revenge. www.nauticalarch.org

WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 05 NEWS & EVENTS Challenge Grant Update, Yukon Shipwreck Find, NAP Faculty News

GEORGE BASS HONORED for the maintenance and operation of our and Tourism initiated a major, multi- BY TIME MAGAZINE new archaeological research vessel Virazon year renovation of the Bodrum Crusader George F. Bass, the Founder of INA and II. INA directors, donors, and members Castle housing the Bodrum Museum of Father of Underwater Archaeology, has generously donated just under $700,000, Underwater Archaeology. Structural im- been named one of TIME Magazine's which when matched amounted to almost provements designed to minimize earth- Great Scientists in a special edition dedi- $1,400,000! Equally impressive are the quake damage are the first since the Castle cated to The Geniuses and Visionaries Who talents of our investment team who added was built by the Knights of St. John in Transformed Our World. The recognition more than $700,000 in value. This means the 15th century. Planned changes, which places Bass in the company of Howard that the Virazon II Endowment for include a single large exhibition hall, new Carter, who opened King Tut's tomb; Hi- Maintenance and Operations is now conservation laboratory, and staff offices, ram Bingham, who discovered Machu Pic- valued at over $2,000,000! Thanks to all necessitated the removal of an important chu, and the Leakey family, who uncovered those whose contributions have helped exhibit on display for two decades. The some of our earliest ancestors. Congratula- make Virazon II available to INA re- stern replica of the 7th-century A.D. Yassı tions George, from all of us at INA! searchers for many years to come! Ada ship, which was built in 1995 (see INA's new research vessel North Star wreckage INA Quarterly 21.4: 3-7) by a team that VIRAZON II CHALLENGE GRANT CHANGES AT THE BODRUM included INA Chairman John De Lapa, On June 1, INA concluded a matching MUSEUM IN TURKEY former INA President Fred Hocker, and challenge grant to fund an endowment In 2017 the Turkish Ministry of Culture several Texas A&M graduate students, was labeled, photographed, and disassembled WELCOME NAP’S NEWEST of the Byzantine church wreck at Marza- by staff of INA’s Bodrum Research Center FACULTY MEMBER memi Sicily, winner of the 2018 Claude (BRC). When and where the replica will INA is delighted to welcome Dr. Chris- Duthuit Archaeology Grant. be reassembled and displayed is under topher Dostal to the faculty of Texas discussion, but the timbers are safely in A&M University’s Nautical Archaeology storage at INA’s BRC. Program! Chris graduated from TAMU in 2017 after writing his doctoral dis- GOLDEN DISCOVERY UP NORTH sertation on the ship found beneath the In April, INA Research Associate John World Trade Center. Chris is a dynamic Pollack and his team identified a ship- young researcher merging technology and wreck at Golden, British Columbia as conservation using laser-scanning and 3D North Star, built in the U.S. in 1897 and modeling, freeze drying, X-ray fluores- laid up in 1901. North Star was the larg- cence, and 3D printing. Great to have est stern wheel steamboat to have oper- you on board, Chris! ated on the Upper Columbia River. This is the first sternwheeler to be assessed on IN OUR NEXT ISSUE this part of the river, and more than 55% Watch for field reports from directors of the hull has been salvaged. Pollack's of 2018 INA projects that include a team was surprised to see how lightly shipwreck survey in Albania, carried out built she was, with a shallow draft well from Virazon II and in collaboration with suited for these waters. RPM Nautical, as well as the excavation

INA Founder New faculty member FOR MORE INFORMATION check out news and events updates on the INA George Bass Christopher Dostal website at www.nauticalarch.org/news-events Yassı Ada replica

06 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 07 BOTTOMS UP! The Corte Cavanella II boat and the laced boatbuilding tradition in the Northwestern Adriatic

BY STACI WILLIS AND MASSIMO CAPULLI AUSTRIA

n the river systems and along the tradition of laced boatbuilding, the Su- coast of the northwestern Adri- tiles Project was created with three main atic Sea, a distinct tradition of laced goals: 1) to broadly survey the tradition Iboatbuilding persisted between the 2nd of laced boatbuilding, 2) to define the ad- century B.C. and the 6th century A.D. vent, rise, and decline of the tradition in The laced tradition of boatbuilding the region, and 3) to explore the factors dominates the archaeological record in that influenced its preservation. this region during this timeframe, pre- Currently, there are 19 known ex- senting a unique nautical landscape when amples of the northwestern Adriatic laced compared to the broader Mediterranean tradition of ship construction. The basic tradition of mortise-and-tenon joinery. feature of this tradition is that the planks In an effort to better understand this of the hull were held together only by means of cordage, which passed through Opposite page: Staci Willis collects a diagonally-oriented holes, located 1-2 cm sample of the planking for analysis. from the internal edge of the plank to

SLOVENIA

ITALY

Venice CROATIA

Corte Cavanella II PHOTO: M. CAPULLI PHOTO:

08 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 09

Rome CORTE CAVANELLA II LACED BOAT STACI WILLIS AND MASSIMO CAPULLI

a trapezoidal hole along the edge of the director of the Archaeological Museum external side of the plank. A bundle of of Adria graciously agreed to keep open plant material (known as ‘seam wadding’) the storage space of the museum - where was positioned along the internal seams the boat is held - for an extended time between the strakes, and the cordage period. We therefore had access to this passed over it during the lacing process. hull for approximately 10 hours, during Once the cordage was pulled tight and which we produced a photomosaic of the tied off, the holes were plugged with hull, measured all construction features, wooden pegs. The Roman-era laced boats and collected multiple samples for wood of the northwestern Adriatic primarily identification, conservation assessment, represent small riverine and coastal water- fiber identification, pollen analysis, and craft, like the Stella 1 barge and Comac- radiocarbon dating. The hull remains are chio wreck, respectively. Recent discover- stored upside down so that the visible ies on the barrier island of Venice Lido surface is the exterior of the hull bottom. may suggest the use of this construction Due to time constraints and the deterio- method to build sea-going vessels. ration of the hull, we were not able to flip the boat over to examine the interior SUTILES PROJECT: 2017 surface. RESEARCH SEASON As part of the summer 2017 research OVERVIEW OF THE CORTE season for the Sutiles Project, the authors CAVANELLA II BOAT conducted a thorough study of the hull The Corte Cavanella II hull remains are remains of Corte Cavanella II, a north- comprised of three strakes that form western Adriatic laced boat excavated in the flat-bottom of a laced boat, likely 1985 and currently being stored in the representing a small barge that was used Archaeological Museum of Adria, south for inner waterway navigation. At the of Venice. The hull remains are kept in a time of its discovery, the hull bottom vat of treated water along with a number was incorporated into a dock structure of other unrelated historical and archaeo- alongside a man-made channel. The dock logical timbers from the local area. The has a terminus post quem of the first vat had not been drained and the hull, century A.D. based on a coin dated to 97 which lay at the bottom of the vat be- A.D. The results of radiocarbon dating of neath other timbers, had not been uncov- the hull are not yet available, but we can The Corte Cavanella II hull remains are comprised of three strakes that ered since the 1990s. It was only possible provisionally conclude that hull construc- to drain the vat for a single day, but the tion likely dates to the first century A.D. form the flat-bottom of a laced boat, likely representing a small barge that was used for inner waterway navigation.

The hull remains are in poor condition, 8.6 cm apart (average of 7.2 cm). Many in diameter from 1.7 to 1.9 cm. Five with several breaks, and are preserved of the lacing holes are expanded or cut rows of four to six treenails run across to a length of about 4.2 m. Individual twice, with two holes right next to each the width of the hull, indicating the planks range in width from 23 to 27 cm. other. When the vessel was excavated, position of the frames. These lines of Multiple repairs were noted, including at least three frames were still attached treenails are spaced from 70.5 to 75.4 one that ran almost the entire length of to the hull. However, since the boat is cm apart. the plank. The planks are preserved to currently stored upside down, we could a thickness between 2.1 cm (near one not examine any of these frames dur- extremity) and 2.6 cm (near the middle). ing the 2017 season. While the frames From top: Massimo Capulli, Staci Willis The holes for the lacing range in themselves could not be studied, several and others examine the Corte Cavanella diameter from 1.0 to 1.7 cm (average treenails (used to attach the frames to II hull remains; Photomosaic of the Corte

PHOTO (BOTTOM): M. CAPULLI (BOTTOM): PHOTO of 1.2 cm) and are spaced from 5.7 to the hull) are still preserved and range Cavanella II hull remains.

10 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 11 CORTE CAVANELLA II LACED BOAT STACI WILLIS AND MASSIMO CAPULLI

SUGGESTED READING MATERIALS OF THE CORTE bers. While different from the previously CAVANELLA II BOAT reported species, we were able to confirm Previous publications about the Corte that, in contrast to all other vessels of Beltrame, C. 2000. “Sutiles Naves of Ro- man Age, New Evidence and Technolog- Cavanella II boat identified the type of this tradition, the builders of the Corte ical Comparison with Pre-Roman Sewn wood used for the construction of the Cavanella II boat did not use elm -- a Boats.” In Down the River to the Sea, planking and the pegs. According to hardwood -- and instead used softwoods edited by J. Litwin, 91-6. ISBSA VIII, these reports, the planks were made of for the hull planking. Proceedings of the Eight International red fir or larch and the pegs were made Once again, counter to previous reports, Symposium on Boat and Ship Archae- of cypress. However, it is unclear how samples of treenails (4) and pegs (3) were ology, Gdansk 1997. Gdansk: Polish Maritime Museum. the wood type was determined (i.e., in identified as dogwood (Cornus sanguinea) the field by eye or microscopically in the instead of cypress. Dogwood was fre- Bonino, M. 1985. “Sewn Boats in Italy; laboratory). Furthermore, based on these quently used within this tradition, in- Sutiles Naves and Barche Cucite.” In analyses, the Corte Cavanella II boat cluding the pegs and treenails of both the Sewn Plank Boats, edited by S. McGrail would be the only vessel of this tradition Comacchio wreck and the Venice Lido and E. Kentley, 87-104. BAR Interna- tional Series 276, Oxford. that did not feature elm for the majority III timbers as well as the treenails of the of the hull planking. It would also be the Canale Anfore II planks. A medium to Capulli, M., Willis, S. and Asta, A., 2014. only known instance of the use of red fir/ large shrub, dogwood is quite hard, but Il progetto Sutiles nel quadro delle attiv- larch and cypress within this tradition of not frequently used for the manufacture ità di tutela e conoscenza delle tecniche boatbuilding. Therefore, we wanted to of goods because of its size restrictions. di costruzione navale antica. Il caso del Veneto, NAVe – Notiziario di Archeologia confirm these unusual findings. So, in To our knowledge, there are no known del Veneto, 3, 215-18. addition to recording the construction instances of dogwood utilized in Mediter- features of these hull planks, 12 samples ranean shipbuilding outside the north- Willis, S. 2017. “Insights into the Manu- were collected and sent to Nili Liphschitz western Adriatic laced tradition. facture of Laced Watercraft through a at the Botanical Laboratories of the Insti- Pollen Analysis of the Fibrous Materials from Roman-era Laced Boats of the tute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University LOOKING AHEAD Upper Adriatic, Italy.” Palynology 41.4: for wood species identification. The work of the Sutiles Project is ongo- 484-92. According to the results of Dr. Liph- ing. Samples of the Corte Cavanella II schitz’s examination, the central plank hull have been sent out for radiocarbon was made of spruce (Picea abies) and the dating and the collected fiber samples are two outer planks were of cypress (Cupres- also pending analysis. Additionally, there the Superintendence for the Archaeological sus sempervirens). This is the first identifi- remain a number of other hull remains of Heritage of Veneto. The authors would like cation of cypress for any hull component the northwestern Adriatic laced tradition to thank Dr. Alberta Facchi, the director of a northwestern Adriatic laced boat. that have yet to undergo extensive study of the National Archaeological Museum of Spruce was used for the ceiling planking and new vessels are frequently discovered Adria, Dr. Alessandro Asta of the Superin- of the Stella 1 barge and at least one of in the region. With each new find and tendence of the Archaeological Heritage of the pegs from the Venice Lido III tim- each new study, we continue to expand Veneto, and Dr. Nili Liphschitz of Tel Aviv our understanding of this regionalized University. We are also grateful for the fi- boatbuilding tradition. nancial support of INA, without which this This page, clockwise from top: Massimo research could not have been undertaken. Capulli and Staci Willis examine the Corte ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Cavanella II hull remains alongside Alessandro All work was done under the auspices of the Asta and two museum workers; Schematic Sutiles Project, a collaboration between the drawing of the lacing system of northwestern AUTHORS Adriatic laced vessels; A close-up view of the Department of Humanities and Cultural lacing holes. Heritage of the University of Udine and STACI WILLIS, PH.D. Houston Community College

MASSIMO CAPULLI, D.PROF FOR MORE INFORMATION about this project, read the authors' previous article, "Putting the Pieces Together: The Laced Timbers of the Venice Lido III Assem- University of Udine, Italy and blage" in INA Quarterly 40.1: 10-15. INA Research Associate PHOTOS (BOTTOM): S. WILLIS (BOTTOM): PHOTOS

12 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 13 JOIN OR RENEW AND HELP INA BRING HISTORY TO LIGHT

Some Noteworthy INA Excavations

For more than 40 years, INA archaeologists have been BENEFITS OF INA MEMBERSHIP directing or participating in shipwreck excavations around > Four print or digital issues of the INA Quarterly, now the world. These archaeological projects, which represent in its fifth decade all historical periods and geographic regions, are how INA brings history to light through the science of shipwrecks. > Monthly e-news via the INA Insider, featuring behind-the- scenes field reports and announcements about upcoming 14th-century BC Bronze Age shipwreck at Uluburun, Turkey lectures, publications, and book signings 13th-century BC Bronze Age shipwreck at Cape Gelidonya, Turkey > Exclusive access to members-only content on the INA 7th-century BC Phoenician shipwreck at Bajo de la Campana, Spain website 6th-century BC Archaic Greek shipwreck at Pabuç Burnu, Turkey > 50% discount on membership in the National Maritime 5th-century BC Classical Greek shipwreck at Tektaş Burnu, Turkey Historical Society (NMHS) which includes four issues of Sea 3rd-century BC Hellenistic shipwreck at Serçe Limanı, Turkey History magazine 1st-century BC Hellenistic column wreck at Kızılburun, Turkey > 30% discount on nautical archaeology titles from Texas 4th-10th century shipwrecks at Tantura Lagoon, Israel A&M University Press 4th / 5th-century Late Roman shipwreck at Yassıada, Turkey > 20% discount on membership in the Nautical Archaeology 7th-10th century shipwrecks at Yenikapı, Turkey Society (NAS) which includes two issues of the International 7th-century Byzantine Shipwreck at Yassıada, Turkey Journal of Nautical Archaeology (IJNA)* 9th-century Byzantine shipwreck at Bozburun, Turkey > 10% discount on merchandise available through INA’s 11th-century medieval glass wreck at Serçe Limanı, Turkey online store 16th-century shipwreck at Molasses Reef, Turks and Caicos 16th-century Ottoman shipwreck at Yassıada, Turkey INA MEMBERSHIP CATEGORIES 17th-century pipe wreck at Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic 17th-century Nossa Senhora dos Mártires in Lisbon, Portugal Diver ($40)- Join at this level and receive the benefits of INA 17th-century Santo Antonio de Tanna at Mombasa, Kenya membership, as well as a gift featuring the INA logo and a 17th-century sunken city of Port Royal, Jamaica color photo from an INA excavation 18th-century shipwreck at Sadana Island, Egypt Surveyor ($75)- 1830s side-wheel steamboat Heroine in Red River, Oklahoma Join at this level and and receive all the benefits of Diver membership plus a DVD featuring an INA 1860s Civil-War blockade runner Denbigh in Galveston, Texas project 19th-century horse-powered ferry in Burlington Bay, Vermont 19th-century Gold Rush steamboat survey in Yukon, Canada Institutional ($100)- Libraries, museums, and educational organizations receive all the benefits of Diver membership and an acknowledgment in the INA Quarterly as a supporting institution INA TODAY! Excavator ($150)- Join at this level and receive all the ben- JOIN OR SUPPORT efits of Surveyor membership as well as a select piece of Bringing History To Light Through The Science Of Shipwrecks INA merchandise Seafarer ($500)- Join at this level and receive all the ben- The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) is a non-profit Today there is greater need than ever before to support the efits of Excavator membership plus a replica artifact international research organization committed to locating, work done by INA. The world’s submerged archaeological sites excavating, recording, preserving, and publishing shipwrecks are threatened not just by the ravages of time, but also by the Explorer ($1000)- Join at this level and receive all the ben- and other archaeological sites of maritime significance. INA was destructive activities of dredging and commercial fishing. With efits of Seafarer membership plus a book autographed by founded over 40 years ago by Dr. George Bass, who in the funding for archaeological fieldwork and research always in short INA Founder Dr. George F. Bass 1960s pioneered the science of archaeological excavation under supply, INA depends on friends like you to help us protect threat- Navigator ($5000)- Join at this level and receive all the water. INA is devoted to the archaeological study of ships as ened sites and promote scholarship by supporting survey, excava- benefits of Explorer membership plus the opportunity to join major vehicles of exploration, colonization, innovation, and cultural tion, conservation, preservation, and education. INA members are INA’s annual meeting as an Associate Director exchange. Based in College Station, Texas and affiliated with institutions, professionals, enthusiasts, and students united in their Texas A&M University, INA conducts work around the globe on passion for discovering the untold stories that lie hidden beneath shipwrecks and submerged sites. the sea. Join INA today and become a patron of discovery! Vist us at www.nauticalarch.org to become a member or call (979) 845-6694

14 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 15 JOHN M. MCMANAMON

wooden hull. When Biondo stated that That suggests both that the divers did They brought it back to the surface where the Genoese workers swam down into the not give Alberti a good answer to his first the humanists tried to decipher a stamp deeper parts of the lake, he clarified that question and that Alberti failed to realize on the pipe. Biondo read the elegant they were free-divers. They had only their the enormous size of the intact hull. Even letters of the stamp to indicate that the swimming abilities to assist their work un- the minimal fragment wowed the assem- emperor Tiberius commissioned the ship. der water and had to return to the surface bled crowd of onlookers from the pope’s Alberti himself never mentioned the to renew their supply of air. court in Rome. They had in their hands a pipe stamp and ascribed the ship to the The outcome of the salvage effort fills us piece of an actual Roman ship, and they emperor Trajan. Neither of those theories in on how well the Genoese divers were were the first to examine such material was correct. The emperor named on the able to complete their three tasks. They evidence for ancient seafaring. Alberti and stamp was Caligula (AD 37-41). But the get high marks for determining that the Biondo would attempt to determine the initial abbreviation for his name Gaius, structures had held together well under species of wood and the types of metal the letter C, was partially obliterated. The water, and they did fix the grapnel hooks fastenings. They identified two layers of Renaissance scholars also discussed the to one end of the ship. Alberti had his caulking: the first was a fabric soaked in pipe’s function, a debate that continues crew of carpenters winch up the lines. As pitch, and the fabric was held in place by in our day. Biondo spoke for Alberti and the remains began to rise, they proved too lead sheathing. said that his humanist friend thought that heavy. The cables snapped, the hull fell While performing their duties, the the pipe brought water to the ship from back to the bottom, and the crew recov- Genoese divers picked up a loose section a spring on the lakeshore. The theory ered only a small piece that broke loose. of lead pipe lying near the hull remains. implied that the ship was moored in a

They had in their hands a piece of an actual Roman ship, and they were the first to examine such materal evidence for ancient seafaring. THE WORLD’S FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIVERS Genoa How Genoese free-divers in Renaissance Italy became the first to explore an ITALY ancient shipwreck as a cultural artifact Rome BY JOHN M. MCMANAMON, SJ Bonifacio

ometime between March and ever divers who did work on an archaeo- maritime trade. They were hired for the October 1453, the Italian humanist logical project under water. The mid- project because they performed more like Biondo Flavio da Forlì added a note fifteenth century initiative at the small fish than men. The project director, the Sto the margin of a treatise he intended volcanic lake south of Rome was not the humanist architect Leon Battista Alberti, to dedicate to Pope Nicholas V. Biondo first attempt to salvage a sunken ship. But asked them to complete three tasks in was finishing a detailed topographical it was the first attempt to salvage a ship preparation for lifting the hull. They were and cultural history of cities and towns for the purposes of nautical archaeology. first to determine how much of the ship on the Italian peninsula. In the note, he The Roman origins of the ship spurred the remained on the bottom. They were then described a recent attempt to salvage a endeavor to recover it. to assess its state of preservation. Finally, This page: Humanist Leon Battista Alberti, who directed the study and Roman shipwreck from Lake Nemi. His Biondo specified that the divers came they were to take hooks let down on salvage of the Lake Nemi shipwreck. Opposite page: A view of Genoa description included reference to the first from Genoa, a prosperous center for strong hawsers and attach them to the IMAGES MARE); (RIGHT) GETTY MUSEO DEL COMMONS (GALATA (LEFT) WIKIMEDIA PHOTOS: and its fleet by Christoforo de Grassi (1597 copy, after a drawing of 1481).

16 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 17 THE WORLD’S FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIVERS JOHN M. MCMANAMON

SUGGESTED READING fixed position. Approximately 15 years ing work under water. Singlehandedly, he meters under water, and gave the Greek later, Pope Pius II reported that the hold managed to break up a rock formation Frost, F.J. 1968. “Scyllias: Diving in An- of the Nemi ship had a metal chest and obstructing the entrance to the city’s har- tiquity.” Greece and Rome 15: 180-85. bor. Alberti did express warranted skepti- a water jar with a gilded bronze cover. If Marzano, A. 2013. Harvesting the Sea: true, the Genoese divers had to supply cism about a rumor that the anonymous The Exploitation of Marine Resources that information. Genoese diver could remain submerged in the Roman Mediterranean. Oxford Why did Alberti contract for divers from for the better part of an hour. Champion Studies on the Roman Economy. Oxford: Genoa and not elsewhere? What made free-divers cannot remain eight minutes Oxford Univ. Press. them special among free-divers in fif- under water, and working Ama divers in McManamon, J.M. 2016. Caligula's teenth-century Italy? Renaissance Genoa Japan peak at two minutes. We are left Barges and the Renaissance Origins of had a pool of skilled master divers who with the image of a strong Genoese free- Nautical Archaeology Under Water. Col- diver spending about a minute wielding passed on the methods of free-diving to lege Station: Texas A&M Univ. Press. young apprentices. The city government a tool like a sledgehammer to smash the authorized a number of guilds, though rock. He would descend, hammer away, Tsounis, G., S. Rossi, R. Grigg, G. none of them was established explicitly drop the sledge, return to the surface, take Santangelo, L. Bramanti, and J.-M. Gili. for free-divers. The only known instruc- a breath, rest, and then resume work. 2010. “The Exploitation and Conserva- tor was one of three free-divers described Harbor maintenance was one activ- tion of Precious Corals.” Oceanography in Renaissance sources as working in ity that fostered a need for competent and Marine Biology: An Annual Review Genoese waters. He was a Black African free-divers in Genoa. The bustling harbor 48:161-212. slave resident in the city in the early was the city’s economic lifeline and chief Ungerer, G. 2005. “Recovering a Black sixteenth century. The unnamed African source of civic pride. Divers contributed African’s Voice in an English Lawsuit: Jacques Francis and the Salvage Operations of the Mary Rose and the Why did Alberti contract for divers from Genoa Sancta Maria and Sanctus Edwardus, and not elsewhere? What made them special 1545-c. 1550.” Medieval and Renais- sance Drama in England 17:255-71. among free-divers in fifteenth-century Italy?

was so skilled at diving that families asked to its maintenance by removing obstacles commanders crucial information on the him to tutor their children in swimming. impeding maritime traffic, aiding dredg- weakened state of the Persian fleet after One day during lessons, an ox-ray swam ing operations, and repairing the artificial a violent storm. Other sources indicated nearby and caused the children to panic. mole. They likewise assisted the develop- that Scyllias furthered the damage to the The instructor immediately swam at the ment of the auxiliary harbor and naval Persian fleet during the storm by diving ray. The ray did not take kindly to his arsenal, the Darsena. Genoese sources do under water to cut the ships’ anchor lines. aggressive action. It swallowed the African indicate that the city used cofferdams for The Genoese diver made his contribu- whole. Ravenous ox-ray aside, the detail major harbor projects. The maintenance tion in 1420. At the time Alfonso V of in the story highlighting the diving skills crew pumped out the water inside the Aragon had seized all of Corsica from of Black Africans is credible. In 1546-47, work site so that non-diving laborers Genoa except for the town of Bonifacio. 29 (1886) African slaves formed the crew of divers could clean up detritus, level the bottom, When Alfonso besieged that last holdout, for the Venetian company hired to salvage and install new structures. Professional Genoa sent ships to resupply the resi- the wreck of Mary Rose in England, and free-divers in Genoa would be hard- dents. During the battle between Catalan they replaced indigenous divers harvesting pressed to earn a living solely on contracts and Genoese fleets, a sailor named Andrea pearls in the Spanish New World. for harbor repairs. “the Cormorant” donned his leather Alberti himself gave a thumbnail descrip- The humanist historian Iacopo Bracelli helmet to protect himself from enemy RIVISTA MARITTIMA RIVISTA tion of the second Genoese diver. He was described a third Genoese free-diver who arrows, gripped his knife, and dived into an expert breath-holder and did demand- contributed to a naval victory. His feat the harbor. The enemy Catalans had paralleled that of the Greek hero Scyl- lashed their ships together to form a bar- lias two millennia earlier. According to rier. Using his free-diving skills, Andrea Opposite page: Map of Lake Nemi, showing the location of the Roman ship (A) that Alberti Herodotus (VIII.8), Scyllias defected reached the anchor cable of the Catalan

PHOTO: V. MALFATTI, V. PHOTO: and the Genoese divers tried to salvage. from the Persians, swam several kilo- flagship, cut the line, and set the huge

18 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 19 THE WORLD’S FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIVERS JOHN M. MCMANAMON

ship adrift. Its shifting jumbled the barrier specialized in the manufacture and export Given that the shipwreck produced no ev- metric forms are medieval paternosters, a used to fasten the lead sheathing to the where the Nemi divers brought the news and allowed the relief forces to reach the of coral. Divers harvested that coral in idence of fishing implements, it may have set of beads in a symbolic number like ten Nemi ship be used to reinforce the lead of a hull from Roman times effectively besieged citizens. areas near the city and off the coasts of carried a commercial cargo or the crew threaded on a cord. When praying, the roof tiles of the churches. When Iberian caulked with lead sheathing. Finally, Andrea the Cormorant was another Sardinia, Corsica, and North Africa. The may have been pirates. Over-harvesting of user counted on his coral beads the repeti- sailors rounded Africa or sailed west to the work of the Genoese divers proved free-diver endowed with an extraordinary Genoese competed with fishermen from coral within reach of free-divers stimulat- tion of the Lord’s Prayer. The Islamic tra- the Americas, they discovered that, in that there was an enormous Roman ship ability to hold his breath. Bracelli indi- Naples, Provençal, Catalonia, and their ed the development of new technologies dition had its own prayer beads, and coral warm waters like the Caribbean, wooden lying on the bottom of Lake Nemi. For cated that Andrea stayed under water so perennial rival Venice. to dredge coral from deeper banks. was a preferred material used to make hulls were susceptible to damage from centuries, local fishermen had kept the long that one would almost presume he During the Middle Ages, professional Dredging complemented diving; to- them. Red coral also had high value as an wood-boring organisms. Sheathing the rumor alive. Now the divers enhanced had taken several breaths. Diving into the diving to gather red coral thrived in the gether they supplied coral to meet market export commodity. The coral, particularly hull with lead became an effective way it with the news that there was a metal deep and retrieving items lost in the sea western Mediterranean. In antiquity demand. Workshops produced necklaces, that dredged in North Africa, was sent to to defend the hulls. Among the earli- chest and luxury tableware still deposited had become second nature to him. The professional divers focused on harvesting chains, and decorative beads for textiles. the Muslim Levant. est archaeological examples in European in the hold. Those skeletal details sparked explanation for Andrea’s facility may lie in sponges. Western sources in the Middle Because coral was believed to detect poi- Whether harbor or coral divers, the waters was the Lomellina. During a the possibility of finding treasure, but his place of origin. Bonifacio was a colony Ages and Renaissance ignore sponge div- son, it was used widely for cutlery handles. Genoese made a seminal contribution to storm in 1516, the carrack sank in the the world would have to wait almost five that the Genoese established on Corsica in ing, suggesting that the work remained a From antiquity, coral was deemed to have the first project of underwater archaeolo- harbor of Villefranche, near Nice. The centuries to behold what actually lay the thirteenth century as part of the city’s monopoly of Greek divers in the East. It apotropaic powers and was molded into gy. The meager material results from Lake lead-sheathed ship was built in Genoa, preserved at the bottom of Lake Nemi. effort to control rich banks of coral off was in the Medieval West that coral began amulets. Renaissance artists like Piero della Nemi still had an impact. The study of the island. From the Middle Ages, Genoa to be exploited on a large scale. A ship- Francesca and Andrea Mantegna depicted the layers of caulking convinced observers wreck found at Capo Galera, Sardinia, branches of coral and necklaces manufac- that such caulking was an effective way to AUTHOR and dated to the twelfth or thirteenth tured from the skeleton. They safeguarded waterproof a structure. Almost immedi- JOHN MCMANAMON, SJ From left: Piero della Francesca, Madonna century had about ten kilograms of rough the infant Jesus. There was a niche market ately, Pope Nicholas V applied the lesson di Senigallia, detail; View of Genoa from G. Professor of Italian Renaissance History and Medieval Nautical Archaeology Braun and F. Hogenberg, Civitates orbis red coral on board that was stored in an for coral beads used in manufacturing to his efforts to remodel Roman churches. at Loyola University Chicago and an INA Affiliated Scholar terrarum (1572). organic container, perhaps a burlap sack. religious objects. The earliest carved geo- THE OF COMMONS; (RIGHT) COURTESY (LEFT) WIKIMEDIA PHOTOS: OF ISRAEL LIBRARY NATIONAL He ordered that the same bronze nails

20 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 21 COLIN MARTIN

n 20 December 1664 the Dutch East Indiaman Kennemerland, outward bound from Amster- Odam to Batavia (modern Jakarta in In- donesia), was running before a southerly gale on a dark night east of Shetland, a group of islands 100 miles beyond the northern tip of Scotland. Kennemerland should have been farther north to clear Shetland and make headway into the Atlantic before running south to the Cape of Good Hope and then east across the Indian Ocean to Batavia, a voyage that would take up to six months. But perhaps because of poor visibility, the crew had been unable to gauge the ship’s latitude. As a result the pilot and three located Kennemerland’s scattered remains. others were perched on the wildly lurch- Anxious that investigations should be ing foretop that wintry night, peering conducted to good archaeological stan- into the blackness for dangers ahead. dards, they brought in the pioneer British They probably heard the breakers sec- maritime archaeologist Keith Muckelroy, onds before Kennemerland crashed head- who over the next seven years used the long into Out Skerries, a small island wreck as a testbed for developing theories CHEAP TREASURE east of the main archipelago, catapulting about formation processes on scattered them onto the rocks as the ship was wrecks, articulated in his now classic What artifacts from the Dutch East Indiaman Kennemerland pounded to pieces. Three of the topmen, book Maritime Archaeology. tell us about the nature of trade including the pilot, survived, but the Tragically Keith died in a diving ac- remaining 200 on board perished. The cident in 1980, and although reports on BY COLIN MARTIN cargo manifests recorded six chests of Kennemerland’s archaeology were pub-

PHOTO: K. MUCKELROY PHOTO: gold and silver coins (to purchase spices lished regularly during the excavation, and porcelain in Asia for profitable re- together with further work conducted sale in Europe), as well as cloth, mer- after his death, the systematic recording cury (used to extract silver from lead by and study of the wreck’s many finds re- cupellation), wine and spirits, tobacco, mained in limbo. During the early 1970s paper, pitch and horse harnesses. Lead Keith had been a colleague of mine at ingots and thousands of small Dutch the newly-founded Institute of Maritime bricks were stowed in the hold. These Archaeology at St Andrews University in were destined to build colonial houses Scotland, and since the 1980s, between on the Cape and at Batavia, and served my own projects, I have worked inter- as ballast during the voyage. The local mittently on this important artifact col- islanders were reputed to have engaged lection. Last fall, funded by the heritage in a three-week-long party on the liquor agency Historic Environment Scotland that had been cast ashore. (HES), my wife Paula (the other found- The wreck lay in shallow water and ing member of the St Andrews Institute serious salvage efforts organized by local and a former editor of the International magnates soon recovered the bulk of the coins/currency and much of the cargo. Opposite page: One of Kennemerland’s guns at the wreck site; The late Keith Muckelroy; Thereafter the site was abandoned until Objects from Kennemerland including a brass 1971, when an expedition by Aston and PHOTO: V. MENTOGIANIS V. PHOTO: tobacco box, dice, stoneware jar, and a pocket Manchester Universities from England compass and sundial.

22 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 23 CHEAP TREASURE COLIN MARTIN

SUGGESTED READING Journal of Nautical Archaeology) and were cargo rather than personal items. Interim reports in the International I completed the project in Shetland’s This impression is reinforced by the fact Journal of Nautical Archaeology 2.2 impressive museum, where the expertly that all were found in close proximity (1973); 3.2 (1974); 6.3 (1977); 8.4 (1979); conserved finds are preserved. Final on an otherwise widely-scattered wreck 9.1 (1980); 20.2 (1991). publication of Kennemerland’s artifacts site, which suggests they had once been Muckelroy, K. 1976. “The integration of is now in hand. enclosed in a single container. historical and archaeological data Many objects relate to the ship’s docu- A likely explanation may be inferred concerning an historic wreck site the mented cargo – silver (and one gold) from this hypothesis. Each crew mem- ‘Kennemerland’." World Archaeology 7: 280-90. coins; stoneware jars from Frechen, one ber on the Indies run was allowed to still filled with 40 pounds of mercury; take a chest of goods, of defined capac- Muckelroy, K, 1978. Maritime Archaeology. square glass case-bottles with distinc- ity, for private trade. The items were Cambridge University Press. tive pewter screw-caps which were assembled prior to the voyage (usually the traditional containers for Dutch with the help of a female partner), and gin; lead ingots and bricks from the the objects sought would naturally be paying ballast. None of the bales of ones attractive to purchasers, of low textiles survived on this exposed site, volume, cheap to obtain but able to but their former presence is revealed by command a high mark-up when sold lead bale-seals. Nothing remains of the to colonists or natives on the other ship except rigging items, armament, side of the world. Seventeenth-century navigational instruments, and a large Europe, particularly Holland, was on collection of domestic artifacts. the cusp of a consumer revolution, and

That these artifacts were found in multiples, show no signs of wear, and one was apparently made in the same year as the wreck, implies that they were cargo rather than personal items.

One small group of objects found in Amsterdam was at its heart. Economies and around a clump of iron concre- of scale and burgeoning techniques of tion includes a variety of small trinkets mass-production were generating just not listed in the cargo manifest. There the kind of low-priced popular items are seven copper-alloy tobacco-boxes we see in this assemblage, and it is rea- engraved with various Dutch scenes sonable to conclude that they represent and townscapes. One bears the date the contents of an individual seaman’s 1664. Other multiple artifacts include trading chest. Such an anonymous brass thimbles (20 examples); curved box would thus have escaped detailed hair-pins with hooked ends for hanging enumeration in the ship’s manifest, but metal ornaments (5); pewter pendants careful archaeology has unlocked the on brass chains (7); cheap brass rings cache of cheap treasure within, which is with imitation stones (6); dozens of historically priceless. brass pins, dice (20), pewter golf-club heads (5); and two exquisite pocket sundials, one still retaining its printed This page: Glass bottle with pewter screw- and colored compass-card. cap, pewter pendant with brass chain, brass That these artifacts were found in thimbles, and brass rings with imitation stones. multiples, show no signs of wear, and Opposite page, from top: Stoura Stack, on which the ship was wrecked; Lead ingots, one was apparently made in the same both in situ (right) and being weighed by Keith

year as the wreck, implies that they Muckelroy (left). RIGHT) K. MUCKELROY LEFTT) R. PRICE; (BOTTOM (BOTTOM K. MUCKELROY; (TOP) THIS PAGE: PHOTOS,

24 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 25 PROFILE How does it feel to come back to Texas KIMBERLY RASH KENYON A&M as the keynote speaker for Ship- wreck Weekend? An interview with Conservator and 2018 Shipwreck Weekend Keynote Speaker It was a true homecoming for me, and I was overjoyed to be invited! I am so proud to be part of Texas A&M and the Nautical Archaeology Program legacy. Kimberly Kenyon, INA Research Associate and Senior Conservator/Field Director for the While I was nervous to speak to such Queen Anne’s Revenge Shipwreck Project under the North Carolina Department of a large crowd, in front of my former Natural and Cultural Resources, was the keynote speaker for the 2018 Shipwreck Weekend professors (and my family) no less, it was at Texas A&M University (TAMU). Kim was a vital team member of INA excavations fantastic to share my work with a new at Kızılburun and Cape Gelidonya, Turkey, and served as Interim Head Conservator at audience. Everyone in North Carolina INA’s Bodrum Research Center. Despite growing up in rural, landlocked Fairfield, Texas knows all about Blackbeard and is very Kim discovered underwater archaeology at an early age. She earned a B.A. in Maritime passionate about pirates, so it was rejuve- Studies from TAMU-Galveston and an M.A. from the Nautical Archaeology Program nating to speak to a crowd who may be at TAMU with a focus in conservation. She has participated in archaeological fieldwork hearing about the archaeology of piracy in Texas, North Carolina, Puerto Rico, and Costa Rica. Kim’s current research interests for the first time. It was also wonderful include late 17th-/early 18th-century voyage narratives, and she has co-authored an article catching up with the NAP faculty again entitled “Message in a Breech Block: A Fragmentary Printed Text Recovered from Queen and meeting the current students. I had Anne’s Revenge” for the current issue of North Carolina Historical Review. not visited since 2009 when I was still a student myself, so visiting now as an employed professional was very different, and the whole experience was heart- You graduated from TAMU's Nautical As a conservator of Colonial-era arti- story Georgian house to create the three- warming. Archaeology Program. How did that facts, your passion extends beyond the story Federal house you see today. prepare you for your current career and workplace; tell us about the historical By the time we purchased it in 2013, What is the most challenging conser- what have you learned since then as a house you are restoring. Greenwreath had fallen into disrepair de- vation ‘problem’ you have faced? How professional conservator? The restoration of our home has been spite the previous owners’ renovation in did you solve it? The Nautical Archaeology Program one of the greatest joys and biggest chal- the 1980s. We have replaced or repaired The most recent challenge that comes gave me such a strong foundation in lenges of my life. When we moved to termite-destroyed wood, including all the to mind is the waterlogged printed both field archaeology and conservation North Carolina, we wanted to buy an old joists in the living room floor, five sills, paper we found from Queen Anne’s through its unique courses and valuable house. When we found ours, we jumped wainscoting, siding, rotten windows, Revenge two years ago. None of us had hands-on training. I am extremely thank- at the chance to be part of something and decorative trim. We have ripped prior training in paper conservation, so ful for the time I spent as a graduate special. The house is called Greenwreath out walls, found live termite nests, lived we worked with paper conservators to assistant at the Conservation Research Plantation and is the oldest house in Pitt through a winter without heat, rebuilt determine the best course of action. The Lab. Coursework and theory are critical County, built prior to 1780. Accord- the two-story front porch, and we had paper also presented another challenge to a professional conservator’s training, ing to local history, George Washington to replace 200-year old timbers as large in trying to identify its origin while but hands-on experience teaches you even passed by our house on his march as trees that still smelled like pine resin. dealing with such fragmentary bits of practical problem-solving and critical through the South. Greenwreath is listed However, the treasures we have found text. The solution to that was a solid thinking that you won’t get in the more on the National Register of Historic along the way – which include a bit of year of persistent research, which even- controlled environment of a classroom. Places both for its architectural signifi- newspaper from the early 1800s, original tually paid off. I was able to positively Working in different laboratories over cance and affiliation with an important paintwork, a template which one of the identify the book, down to the edition, the years has helped me build my conser- family in North Carolina history, the craftsmen carving the molding used for from which the text originated. It was vator’s toolkit, taught me how to adapt Foremans, whose ranks included a practice, an 18th-century bone-handle an overwhelming sense of victory, and to diverse conditions and how to work member of the General Assembly and fork – remind us that we are just the it was due to having a great team of through unforeseeable circumstances. the youngest gunboat commander in the present custodians in a long line of No two conservators treat objects in the Confederate Navy. When the Foreman people before us and hopefully long after. exact same manner, and I have learned family purchased the property in 1780 And of course, the artifacts we find natu- so much by working alongside colleagues they continued making improvements, rally speak to the archaeologist in me. Kim helps record a marble block from the from all different backgrounds. adding to the original one-and-a-half We would do it all again in a heartbeat. Kızılburun late Hellenistic column shipwreck.

26 INA QUARTERLY 45.1/2 SPRING/SUMMER 2018 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 27 PROFILE: KIMBERLY RASH KENYON

TRIBUTE EDWARD VON DER PORTEN (1933-2018) Maritime Historian, Teacher, Archaeologist, Museum Director, and Friend

Edward Von der Porten was born in New York to German immigrants and moved with his family to California, where he earned a B.A. and M.A. in History from San Francisco State University. He began teaching at the high school level, where he would continue to influence students for over 25 years. Ed turned to archaeology to save Native American artifacts after learning they were being destroyed by bulldozers in the Point Reyes National Seashore. Through his archaeological work in California, especially at Drakes Bay, Ed became a noted expert on Chinese porcelain, which led him to discover a 16th-century Manila galleon in Baja California, Mexico. In his crusade to protect archaeological sites, Ed was responsible for having Drakes Bay established as a National Historic Landmark. Texas A&M University Press is now preparing for publication his book on the archaeology of the Baja galleon site. It will be a fitting final contribution by Ed to the field of maritime archaeology. His pioneering spirit will be sorely missed by all of us at INA.

Archaeology is so much more [than finding treasure] -- it is years of persistence, research, writing, and preservation. Ed and I first met on a beach near Hast- cargoes, and navigation of the Pacific in the ings, England in 1970 when we were 16th and 17th centuries. It is a measure of helping Peter Marsden record remains of the breadth and depth of his interests, and people to work with and the drive to water’s surface to the seabed, 150 feet be- see the concepts of nautical archaeology the Dutch East India ship Amsterdam. We his talents as a scholar. I recall sitting with pursue the research, no matter how re- low, if your eardrums cooperated. Debbie being applied in new ways, such as the stayed in touch over the years and I closely Ed at a conference; when we wrapped up mote the chances of getting a definitive always made those of us with summer exploration of sunken aircraft. It will followed his efforts to publish his work on the discussion we had about our research the answer in the end. birthdays feel really special with a home- be interesting to see how the discipline the Baja galleon; we discussed the matter afternoon was nearly over. I never noticed made dessert. It seems my memories of continues to evolve. over dinner just last year. I am thrilled to the time passing. What is your favorite memory from an Kızılburun involve various senses, but say that the book is nearing completion. -KEVIN CRISMAN INA excavation? it all makes me miss that place and the What would you tell graduate students -GEORGE BASS Ed's never-ending interest, study, and My fondest memories are from my people so much! It is one of my favorite who are interested in pursuing conser- Ed von der Porten was an amazing scholar research has culminated in a spectacular very first summer in the field at the places in the world, and I still think of vation as a profession? and a dear friend, always ready with new scientific publication that will stand as a Kızılburun column wreck in 2006. I it every day. I even have a chunk of pink The job market is becoming extremely insights and fresh information. Ed’s Baja testament to how much we can learn from remember the sound of laughter in camp rock from the cliffs sitting on my desk. competitive, and I think it helps to be California project revealed one of the most a shipwreck that has yet to be found or more than anything, the joy of being introspective, to know where you can exciting early modern shipwrecks excavated excavated, but still speaks volumes based on there and getting to work with and learn If you could tell the world one thing improve. Just be willing to learn. Invest by archaeologists, both for its site formation the methodical analysis of scattered mate- from some of the most talented people about nautical archaeology in general, in professional development – take all processes, the unsolved questions it poses, rial dutifully collected at one of the world's in this discipline. Mostly I remember the what would it be? the conservation courses available to and its unique artifact collection. Ed will be loneliest and desolate spots. little things. There was a certain musical Nautical archaeology encompasses more you, but also look for workshops that remembered for his knowledge, his kindness, sound the waves made as they collided than just the hunt for sunken treasure. will help you develop specific skills. Try -CEMAL PULAK and his wisdom. with the dock, almost like a series of Working on a pirate ship, it seems to to diversify your experiences by seeking Ed was a gentleman, a scholar, and a lovely -FILIPE CASTRO notes on a scale. There was the unfor- always come back to treasure! Archae- internships and volunteer opportunities person. I know of few people who have lived gettable feeling of free-falling from the ology is so much more – it is years in other labs to learn how other conser- I knew Ed through his naval history a life as rich and productive as his. of persistence, research, writing, and vators might solve the same problem. research long before I knew him personally. -SHELLEY WACHSMANN preservation. It can reveal a huge story As someone who has now been on both As a kid I had a copy of his The German This page, from left: Kim discusses her dive hidden in a tiny little fragment. It can sides of hiring, a combination of course- Navy in World War II. When we met later at the Kızılburun shipwreck; Cataloging a lead From left: George Bass, Peter Marsden, and anchor stock at Kızılburun; Kim's historical change perceptions, and it’s more than work in conservation and diverse practi- I was astounded to learn that this same guy Edward Von der Porten survey the wreck of the fixer-upper in Greenville, North Carolina. just shipwrecks! I’m always amazed to cal experience really sets people apart. also knew so much about Spanish ships, 18th-century Dutch East Indiaman, Amsterdam.

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Chapter 2 provides a brief overview of variation occurred in the Aegean, with Aegean and Anatolia, Crete and Cyprus, REVIEW “maritime matters,” including information three distinct types in the Bronze Age, and and Egypt and the Levant). I encountered on known shipwreck and harbor sites from three more in the Iron Age. Cyprus too two problems utilizing these maps while MEDITERRANEAN CONNECTIONS the Early Bronze to the early Iron Ages, saw different types, one each in the Bronze reading the book. First, the separation of iconographic evidence for ships, sailing and Iron Ages. harbor sites and MTC findspots resulted By A. Bernard Knapp and Stella Demesticha seasons, and navigational practices. This Chapter 5 and 6 distill the information in a lot of awkward and time-consuming chapter contains a sizable bibliography, presented in the previous chapter into flipping-back-and-forth between maps in which is as up-to-date and comprehensive a discussion of the implications for the order to make spatial connections. Second, as could be expected for such a concise study of Mediterranean trade. In short, the lack of distinction between Bronze treatment of the topics. Chapter 3 intro- Knapp and Demesticha argue that their and Iron Age sites hindered my ability to stirrup jar?” As the project progressed— duces some of the more abstract or theo- findings concord with previous work by visualize the changes over time to the ma- and grew—the authors hit upon a far less retical concepts (e.g. “connectivity”) and Andrew and Susan Sherratt on Bronze terial outlined in the text. Separate maps simple question: what is the origin of the frameworks (e.g. “spheres of interaction”) and early Iron Age trade, but that these corresponding to the Early, Middle, and amphora, the archetypal organic bulk dealt with in this study. The chapter is existing frameworks can perhaps be better Late Bronze Ages, as well as to the first cargo container of the ancient Mediter- strangely short—only six pages long—but conceptualized through the four multisca- two stages of the Iron Age, would have ranean? This ambitious study involves the themes contained within are revisited lar “spheres of interaction” developed by provided useful contextualization of not material spanning 2500 years, from the in Chapter 5. Thomas Tartaron for the Aegean—coast- only where, but when certain sites oper- Early Bronze Age to the early Iron Age (i.e. 3200 to 700 B.C.E.), and sets out to understand how the development and This ambitious study involves material spanning 2500 years...and sets spread of maritime transport contain- out to understand how the development and spread of maritime transport ers throughout the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean can inform us about pat- containers...can inform us about patterns of seaborne trade... terns of seaborne trade during that same period. Both Knapp, a Mediterranean prehistorian, and Demesticha, a maritime Chapter 4 forms the meat of the study. scapes, small worlds, intracultural, and ated as harbors or yielded MTCs. archaeologist and pottery specialist, would It is at the beginning of this chapter that intercultural. Perhaps it should not be so surprising have been qualified to undertake such a the authors justify the use of the term A single appendix provides the capacity that no book-length treatment of the study independently. Their collaboration “maritime transport container” or MTC measurements of selected MTCs derived questions raised in this work had been resulted in something far more than the to refer to the variety of vessels just listed. from 3D models using CAD software. attempted previously. As daunting a task sum of their individual talents. An MTC is any vessel that was designed While this data is useful for compar- as it may have been, Knapp and Demesti- Time span is not the only ambitious or repeatedly used to transport organic ing relative capacities of different vessel cha provided clear answers to the ques- aspect of this study. The nature of the bulk cargoes over long distances by sea. types, 3D models cannot be relied on tion they laid out for themselves. This relevant archaeological evidence poses a Knapp and Demesticha, with contribu- for accurate absolute measurements, and book would be a welcome addition to the challenge to any scholar wanting to study tions by Robert Martin and Catherine E. fortunately the authors hold back from library of maritime archaeologists, clas- the early development of maritime trans- Pratt, trace the evidence from the Levant staking any major claims based on these sicists, and anyone interested in the history port containers. Kiln sites or workshops to the Aegean and from the Bronze Age numbers, which are reported to have up and economy of the ancient Mediter- with evidence for large scale manufacture to the Iron Age, including the Canaan- to 5% error. Future research involving ranean and Near East. Not only does this of storage or transport vessels are rare. ite jar, the Cypriot pithos, the Egyptian traditional methods for measuring ceramic concise volume serve as a useful reference So are temporary storage depots—way- amphora, the Transport Stirrup Jar (TSJ), capacities with polystyrene beads would be for maritime topics and ceramic studies, points between sites of transportation the Cycladic Collar-necked Jar, the Cretan most helpful for further characterizing the but it also provides a coherent narrative and consumption—even with exceptional Oval-mouthed Amphora (OMA), the long-term development of MTCs. that delivers satisfying answers to compli- ROUTLEDGE, 2017 outliers like the 80 Canaanite jars found Cretan Short-necked Amphora (SNA), the The book also contains two series of cated questions. ISBN 978-1-62958-354-9 in a warehouse at Ugarit, or the 80 stirrup Phoenician amphora, the Cypriot Basket- maps that accompany the text and figures. REVIEWED BY KARL KRUSELL jars found in storerooms at Mycenae. handled amphora, the Athenian SOS The first series locates Bronze and Iron Age This book is the result of a four-year re- Finally, while shipwrecks like that found amphora, and the Corinthian amphora. harbor sites by region (the Aegean, Cyprus Karl Krusell is pursuing his doctoral degree search project that began with a seemingly at Uluburun provide direct evidence of In summary, the earliest MTCs devel- and Egypt, and Anatolia and the Le- in Archaeology and the Ancient World at simple question: “what other kinds of the transport vessel’s maritime function, oped in the Early Bronze Age, first in the vant). The second series indicates Bronze Brown University after studying the Goda- transport containers existed in the Bronze it is not always clear what the vessel’s con- Levant and then in the Aegean. While the and Iron Age archaeological sites where vaya shipwreck artifact assemblage at Texas Age Aegean and eastern Mediterranean tents were or how representative the ship’s Levantine type remained morphologically MTCs have been found, also by region A&M University's Nautical Archaeology beyond the Canaanite jar and transport cargo was of contemporary trade. similar into the Iron Age, much more (the west and central Mediterranean, the Program.

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