Nautical Archaeology Program Faculty, Texas A&M University

Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Sara W. and George O. Yamini Fellow

Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro, Ph.D. Founders Associate Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Faculty Fellow of Nautical George F. Bass, Ph.D., Chairman Emeritus ◊ Archaeology Jack W. Kelley ◊ John Baird † Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Nautical Michael Katzev † Archaeology Faculty Fellow

Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Officers/Administration Professor, George T. & Gladys H. Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D., President* Abell Chair in Nautical Archaeology, Yamini Family Chair in Liberal Arts Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D., Vice President Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D., Vice President Cemal Pulak, Ph.D. Tamara Hebert, Office Manager Associate Professor, Frederick R. Mayer Faculty Professor of Nautical Jim Jobling, Dive Safety Officer Archaeology

C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. Research Center Associate Professor INA Faculty Fellow Tuba Ekmekçi, Director Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. ◊ Özlem Doğan, Finance Manager Meadows Professor of Biblical Archaeology Board of Directors & Officers Robert Atwater • Oğuz Aydemir • Gordon W. Bass* • José L. Nautical Archaeology Bermúdez, Ph.D.* • Edward O. Boshell, Jr. • John Cassils, MD • Gregory Program Emeritus Faculty, Texas A&M University M. Cook • Lucy Darden* • Thomas F. Darden • John De Lapa,Chairman * Elmer Doty • Carl Douglas • Claude Duthuit † • Danielle J. Feeney* George F. Bass, Ph.D. James A. Goold, Secretary & General Counsel* • Marc Grodman, MD George T. & Gladys H. Abell Chair in Nautical Archaeology, Yamini Jeff Hakko • R. Bowen Loftin,Ph.D . • Captain Alfred Scott McLaren, USN Family Chair in Liberal Arts, (Ret.), Ph.D. • Greg Maslow, MD • Alex G. Nason • Terry A. Ray • George E. Distinguished Professor, Emeritus Robb, Jr. • Jason Sturgis • Frederick H. van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. • Robert L. Frederick H. van Doorninck, Jr., Walker, Ph.D.* • Lew Ward • Robyn Woodward, Ph.D., Vice Chairman* Ph.D. Frederick R. Mayer Faculty Sally M. Yamini • Kenan Yilmaz Professor of Nautical Archaeology, Emeritus J. Richard Steffy † Associate Directors Sara W. and George O. Yamini Ercan Acikel • George R. Belcher • Raynette Boshell • Allan Campbell, MD Professor of Nautical Archaeology, Stephen Chandler • William C. Culp, MD • Glenn Darden • Nicholas Griffis Emeritus Robin P. Hartmann • Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. • Susan Katzev • William C. Klein, MD • George W. Lodge • Thomas McCasland, Jr. • Dana F. McGinnis Graduate Fellows Jeffrey Morris • Michael Plank • Avery Battle Russell • Anne Darden Self Lilia Campana, Megan Collier Lynn Baird Shaw • Betsey Boshell Todd • Mary Tooze • Garry A. Weber and Staci Willis Roger A. Williamson, Ph.D. Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried II Graduate Fellows Chris Cartellone and Meko Kofahl Executive Committee * Non-voting Board ◊ Deceased † Marian M. Cook Graduate Fellows Ryan Lee Mary and Lamar Tooze Graduate Fellow

www.inadiscover.com i The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-profit INA organization whose mission Research is to continue the search for the history of civilization by fostering excellence in . Associates J. Barto Arnold, M.A. Berta Lledó Published by INA each year, The INA Annual examines Piotr Bojakowski, M.A. Colin Martin, Ph.D. projects and research Lilia Campana, M.A. Veronica Morriss conducted by INA Research Chris Cartellone, M.A Asaf Oron, M.A. Associates, Affiliated Faculty Arthur Cohn, J.D. Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. and the Nautical Archaeology Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. Charlotte Minh Hà Pham, M.A. Program faculty at Texas Mariá del Pilar Luna Erreguerena, M.A. Robin C. M. Piercy A&M University, in the Fabio Esteban Amador, Ph.D. Juan Pinedo Reyes previous calendar year. Jeremy Green, M.A. John Pollack, M.Sc., F.R.G.S As well as being offered Donovan Griffin Mark Polzer, M.A. in printed form, The INA Annual is available online and Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. Kelby Rose, M.A. is one of the many benefits Heather Hatch, M.A. Donald Rosencrantz of INA membership. More Kenzo Hayashida, M.A. Jeffrey Royal, Ph.D. information on becoming Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. Randall Sasaki, M.A. an INA member can be Rebecca Ingram, M.A. George Schwarz, M.A. found at inadiscover.com or Akifumi Iwabuchi, Ph.D. Ulrica SÖderlind, Ph.D. by contacting INA at (979) Michael Jones, M.A. Lindsey Thomas 845-6694. Jun Kimura, M.A. Tufan Turanlı President & Carolyn G. Koehler, Ph.D. Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. Editorial Advisor Bradley A. Krueger Gordon P. Watts Jr., Ph.D. Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Kate Worthington

Art Direction & Design Po Wan and Sandy Robson Blackberry Creative

Please address all submissions and reprint requests to Affiliated

The INA Annual, The Institute of Nautical Archaeology P.O. Drawer HG College Station, Texas Faculty Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. Robert Hohlfelder, Ph.D. 77841, USA or email University of Conneticut University of Colorado [email protected]. Ben Ford, Ph.D. Harun Özdaş Ph.D. Indiana University of Pennsylvania Dokuz Eylül Universitesi © November 2011 Elizabeth Greene, Ph.D. David Stewart, Ph.D. by the Institute of Nautical Brock University Eastern Carolina University Archaeology. Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Wendy van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. Central Connecticut State University Flinders University Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. All rights reserved. Trinity University Coastal Carolina University

ii the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 ii Research Associates

www.inadiscover.com iii In Memoriam Claude Duthuit (1931-2011)

iv the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 iv Contents 2010 in Review: A Letter from the President Deborah Carlson...... 6-7 Yenikapı―Documenting Two Byzantine Merchant from the Yenikapı Excavations in , Rebecca Ingram and Michael Jones...... 8-17 Cape Gelidonya Nicolle Hirschfeld, George F. Bass, Cemal Pulak and Harun ÖzdaŞ...... 18-25 River Survey 2010 John Pollack, Lindsey Thomas and Robyn Woodward...... 26-33

Frigate Ertuğrul 2010 Berta Lledó...... 34-43 Archaeological Survey and Excavation at Dong Ma Ngua, Vietnam Jun Kimura...... 44-49 To learn more about The Galleon : Excavation 2010 Warwick the growing record of Katie Custer Bojakowski, Piotr Bojakowski and Douglas Inglis...... 50-55 projects undertaken by Harbour Island INA over more than five Heather Hatch...... 56-62 decades of exploration, go to inadiscover.com. Tell el-Timai Veronica Morriss...... 63-70 Nixon Griffis Laboratory: A Year in Retrospect Kimberly Rash...... 71-75 Mersa/Wadi Gawasi: Port of the Pharaohs to Punt― Documentation and Analysis of Remains Cheryl Ward...... 76-79

TheAnthony Wayne Bradley Krueger and Carrie Sowden...... 80-88 INA in : Pearl of the Deborah Carlson...... 89-95

Ghost Wreck in the Baltic Sea Donovan Griffin...... 96-103

Institute of Nautical Archaeology 2010 Donors and Sponsors...... 104

www.inadiscover.com v A Letter from the President As you are about to read in the next 100 pages, 2010 was an exciting year for INA and for nautical archaeology research worldwide. It was also a time for Dr. Deborah Carlson reflection and transition. President, INA In 2010, INA founder Dr. George Bass and co-director Dr. Nicolle Hirschfeld, partnered with INA faculty affiliate Dr. Harun Özdaş to return to Cape Gelidonya, Turkey, where 50 years earlier Bass initiated the underwater excavation of a Late Bronze Age shipwreck – a watershed moment in the history of archaeology. A watershed moment refers to the place where a river or stream is split into two distinct paths that do not intersect again; such was the case when archaeologists realized that should and could be excavated with the same diligence and accuracy afforded land sites. The field of nautical archaeology was born. One of the key figures of that 1960 field season was Mr. Claude Duthuit, who over the next half-century came to be Dr. Bass’ closest friend, a pioneer of underwater excavation techniques, and a loyal supporter of INA. Mr. Duthuit returned dutifully to Cape Gelidonya for the resumption of fieldwork in 2010 but sadly passed away the following spring. Because there are few who knew him better, I encourage readers to turn to Dr. Bass’ tribute in this month’s INA Quarterly. Claude’s profound and lasting impact on our field mirrors INA’s long-term commitment to pursuing and supporting the many phases of archaeological research, from survey and excavation to conservation and publication. Claude was larger than life and a powerful presence; his absence is not only a loss for INA but a loss for humankind. In October 2010 INA also bid farewell to President Dr. James Delgado, who left INA after five years to become Director of Maritime Heritage at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Delgado takes with him to Washington a formidable resume that reflects his many talents as a speaker, museum director, fundraiser, author, and archaeological ambassador. On behalf of everyone at INA, I wish Jim the very best for continued success in preserving, protecting, and publicizing the maritime sites that are one of our most precious cultural resources. Into the large shoes left empty by Delgado stepped Dr. Robert Walker, a loyal and active member of the INA Board for almost a quarter of a century. Walker, who is Texas A&M’s Senior Executive for Development, served as Interim President for six months, and it was his steady hand on the tiller that guided INA smoothly through this recent transition. The new INA leadership brought with it new officers, staffing changes, and five new members of the directorial board; together they are helping to ensure that INA is in the best possible position to attract and sustain support, including donations and grants, to fulfill our mission. The articles in this issue illustrate the broad geographical and historical spectrum of INA’s research. Our feature is the study of two of the eight breathtakingly well-preserved ships excavated from the Byzantine harbor at

6 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 6 Yenikapı, Turkey by INA Vice President Dr. Cemal Pulak and his team. The conservation of these and two other Yenikapı vessels at INA’s Hethea Nye Wood Conservation Facility in Bodrum is a challenging and costly but hugely

important undertaking, since it guarantees that generations to come will be 2010 able to see, study, and ponder how Byzantine ships were built. Other articles reflect the varied aspects of maritime archaeology, from remote survey on land or in deep water, to the careful and comprehensive excavation or in-situ documentation of an underwater site, to the challenges of conserving artifacts from multiple shipwrecks. And virtually all the contributors to this volume come face-to-face with the importance of marrying the physical evidence collected in the field with the historical or archival documents that provide texture and context. My own article is a reminder that there are new opportunities waiting for INA in some pretty fantastic places. Every year, INA research associates and affiliated faculty share the results in Review of their hard work through presentations at scholarly conferences, public lectures, and in scientific journals and popular articles. In 2010, the Steamboat Survey collaborated with friends at Spiegel-TV and National Geographic to produce a documentary film which is expected to be released in late 2011. INA’s web page (www.inadiscover.com) and project blogs have proven effective for communicating the intellectual value, urgency, and real-world challenges of our work. One feature of the INA web page is a schedule of those lectures that highlight INA’s work and are provided by our sister organization, the Archaeological Institute of America. We are presently exploring additional research tools and options that will make our website even more rewarding for current (and future) INA members. The fieldwork, conservation, and research INA conducts depends upon a wide network of institutional partners, member organizations, and individual donors and sponsors. To them we say THANK YOU for making our work possible, and for your allegiance in times of transition. When budgets are being slashed all over the country, we appreciate more than ever your support of and commitment to INA. Five decades of fieldwork and analysis since the 1960 Cape Gelidonya excavation have produced the comprehensive Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology (2011), co-edited by past INA president Dr. Donny Hamilton and two graduates of Texas A&M’s Nautical Archaeology Program, Mr. Alexis Catsambis and Dr. Ben Ford. In the years to come, INA will focus on its core, proven, qualitative strengths: conducting archaeological fieldwork and generating top-tier publications in nautical archaeology. As individuals we come and we go, but the legacy of research and the published word is what transcends time and ensures that INA will endure for many years to come. We thank you for your support because it makes a difference.

www.inadiscover.com 7 Rebecca Ingram Texas A&M University Ph.D. Candidate/INA Yenikapı Documenting Two Byzantine Merchant Ships from the Yenikapı Excavations in Istanbul, Turkey Michael Jones Since 2004, a major old Neolithic settlement to classical Texas A&M University construction program has been amphorae and Ottoman paved Ph.D. Candidate/INA underway in Istanbul, Turkey, roads, workshops and cisterns.2 to expand the city’s public Perhaps the most significant transportation system. One of the discoveries are from the ancient largest components of the project Theodosian Harbor, one of the main is the Marmaray rail tunnel, harbors serving the late Roman and which will connect the European Byzantine capital of . and Asian sides of the city via Archaeological evidence shows the deepest submerged tunnel that the Theodosian Harbor’s main in the world.1 These plans have period of use occurred between the resulted in a series of major salvage late fourth and 11th centuries C.E. excavations in various parts of the In addition to thousands of artifacts, FIG 1 city by the Istanbul Archaeological evidence for harbor installations, Map of Museums, the largest of which is and loose ship timbers and ships’ Constantinople in the neighborhood of Yenikapı, equipment, Byzantine-period showing the located near the southern shore of finds at Yenikapı include at least location of the the old city. Under the directorship 35 shipwrecks.3 Because the Theodosian of former director of the Istanbul shipwrecks were found under the Harbor (after Archaeological Museums İsmail water table, their wooden hulls were Mango 2000, Karamut and current director extremely well preserved. These Fig. 4). Zeynep Kızıltan, excavations shipwrecks represent the largest at the 58,000-m2 Yenikapı site collection of early medieval vessels have uncovered a vast array of ever found in the Mediterranean at a archaeological finds from the city’s single site. history, ranging from an 8,000-year- At the invitation of the Istanbul

8 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 8 FIG 2 INA archaeologist Sheila Matthews (center) directs the total station scanning of ninth- century shipwreck YK 14. 2007 (M. Jones).

Archaeological Museums, Dr. Cemal late 10th-century ship (YK 24), are the Roman Empire. A period of Pulak, associate professor at now housed at the Nixon Griffis building expansion occurred over Texas A&M University and INA Conservation Laboratory and the next century, in which the Vice-President, has directed the Hethea Nye Wood Conservation city’s fortifications were rebuilt, an recording, dismantling, and study Facility at the Institute of Nautical elaborate water supply system was of eight of the Yenikapı shipwrecks Archaeology’s Bodrum Research constructed, and two new artificial since July 2005 (Table 1).4 The ships Center, where they are being harbors were built on the city’s recorded by Pulak’s team include documented and conserved. Two southern shore, along the Sea of six merchant vessels dating from of these shipwrecks are the topic of Marmara: the Harbor of Julian between the 7th and 10th or early Ph.D. dissertations for the authors, (later also known as Harbor of 11th centuries C.E. and two of the both doctoral candidates in the Sophia), and the Theodosian six, 10th-century Byzantine galleys Nautical Archaeology Program Harbor (Fig. 1).6 found at the site, the first early at Texas A&M University. Post- The Theodosian Harbor, or medieval galleys ever found. The excavation recording of these two Portus Theodosiacus, was constructed authors of this article worked on vessels at INA’s Bodrum Research at the mouth of the Lycus River at the documentation and dismantling Center began in the summer the site of a deep natural bay to the of these ships in Istanbul for of 2009 and has been ongoing northwest of the modern Yenikapı 37 months between 2005 and 2008. since June 2010 under the overall ferry terminal.7 It was built during Four of the 10th-century ships, supervision of Cemal Pulak; it is the reign of Theodosius I (379- including two merchant ships (YK 1 expected to continue into spring 394), perhaps around 390; although and YK 5) and two galleys (YK 2 2012. After conservation, the ships the precise date of its construction and YK 4), have been studied by will be reassembled and displayed in is unknown, it is mentioned in the Pulak’s team in Istanbul since 2005; Istanbul in a planned museum.5 Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae, these four ships will be conserved by Before the Yenikapı excavations, a list of the city’s monuments, in Istanbul University’s Department of the Theodosian Harbor was known 425.8 The city’s population, which Conservation and Restoration. almost exclusively from textual was in the range of one to a few Four of the dismantled merchant sources. The city of Constantinople hundred thousand for much of the ships, including a seventh-century (formerly the Greek city of period between the fourth and 11th merchant vessel (YK 11), an early Byzantium) was inaugurated centuries, required a constant eighth-century ship (YK 23), a late in 330 C.E. by the emperor importation of food supplies and ninth-century vessel (YK 14), and a Constantine as a new capital for other goods; most of these supplies

www.inadiscover.com 9 Yenikapı―Istanbul, Turkey FIG 3 Rebecca Ingram (L) and Michael Jones (R) draw the in situ planking of YK 11 at 1:1 scale on clear plastic film. October 2008 (S. Matthews).

were imported by sea, often over and gradually crept eastward, the timbers, found below the water great distances.9 The presence of eventually rendering the harbor table, were completely waterlogged; two large government-run granaries unusable. By the late 15th century, they were kept wet throughout near the Theodosian Harbor, the this alluvial area was being used the excavation by means of an Horrea Alexandrina and the as gardens, a use which continued overhead sprinkler system, which Horreum Theodosianum, indicate until quite recently.13 However, the prevented the timbers from drying the association of the harbor with 30 merchant ships of fifth- through and becoming distorted. In most the Egyptian grain .10 After 11th-century date excavated at the cases, the ship hulls retained the loss of and North site confirm a sustained commercial much of their original form; this in the early seventh century, the activity in the harbor well into the is vital information for the later city probably relied primarily on 11th century, later than previously reconstruction of the ships and can other, closer sources of foodstuffs, thought by historians; in fact, the be lost once the hull timbers are most of which continued to be majority of the vessels discovered removed from the ground. In order imported by ship. One of the on the site date to after the seventh to record this form, Pulak’s team government grain warehouses was century C.E. and were found in the utilized recording methods which apparently still in use until at least center or towards the eastern end are not feasible for underwater the 10th century, and the city’s grain of the site. A number of these ships excavation. Prior to dismantling market and several of the livestock were likely abandoned derelicts, each ship, individual layers were markets were located near the while others, including YK 1, mapped with a total station, Theodosian Harbor in this period which was found with a cargo of a laser-based surveying device as well.11 The Theodosian Harbor amphoras, were probably sunk in which provides three-dimensional may also have been used by naval one or more storms in the ninth and coordinates for each point recorded vessels; Theophanes notes that the 10th centuries.14 (Fig. 2). When carefully recorded Byzantine fleet assembled here for each timber and imported into during the first Arab siege of Rhinoceros NURBS modeling Constantinople from 674 to 678.12 Excavations at software, these data provide a 3-D The discovery of six late 10th-century Yenikapı, 2005―2008 image of the form of the ship in rowed galleys, probably warships The shipwrecks found at Yenikapı situ; this process was overseen based on their construction, suggests are remarkable not only for the by veteran INA archaeologist that the harbor may have continued number found—this is the largest and mapping specialist Sheila to serve some military function at a assembly of ships from one site Matthews. Typically, this recording much later date. of the Medieval period—but also was done in at least two stages: Since the harbor’s construction, for their extensive preservation; (1) while the frames and stringers silts from the Lycus River had begun collectively, they are the best- were in place, and (2) again when to accumulate; due to the location preserved fully excavated Byzantine all timbers except the hull planking of the western mole, this began in vessels ever discovered. While had been removed. In the case of the western portion of the harbor Yenikapı is not an underwater site, YK 11, this recording was done in

10 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 10 FIG 4 Rebecca Ingram cataloging a small plank from seventh-century merchantman YK 11; through the use of detachable, custom-built molds, timbers retain their original form while being cataloged just above the waterline in the freshwater storage tanks. September 2010 (M. Jones). four stages due to the presence of piece, has some significant Post-excavation a large number of stringers, ceiling advantages as a recovery method Research in Bodrum, planks, and displaced timbers due to the fact that a large hull can covering the hull. be removed from a site with little or 2009-Present Another advantage to fieldwork no heavy equipment (although we Documentation work on the four at a dry site such as Yenikapı is the used groups of construction workers Yenikapı shipwrecks transported ability to work with the material to move timber boxes), as well as the to INA’s Bodrum Research Center in situ for extended periods, rather fact that dismantling a ship reveals began in 2009. Because treatment than within the strict time limits numerous construction details in polyethylene glycol (PEG) can characteristic of underwater which are likely to be missed if the potentially obscure surface details excavations. The availability of hull remains are removed intact. on the timbers, comprehensive daylight being the only limit to a Once the hull components of recording of each shipwreck’s work day, far more information each ship were stored in freshwater timbers is currently being completed could be collected in the recording storage tanks on site, more detailed prior to PEG treatment. During this process. However, because this documentation could begin. At study, the timbers are being kept was a salvage excavation with strict Yenikapı, the drawing and in freshwater storage tanks with a deadlines imposed by the Turkish cataloging of three shipwrecks, capacity of 150 m3; a borax/boric government, only preliminary data YK 1, YK 2, and YK 5, was acid is added to the water as were collected while the ships were completed between 2006 and a pesticide. One of these tanks, with in situ, prior to their dismantling. 2008 by the INA team, and the a 60-m3 capacity, is also designed On-site data collection included in documentation of the galley YK 4 as a treatment tank for conserving situ photographs (including those is being completed by INA staff the timbers in PEG to supplement for the compilation of photomosaics archaeologist Orkan Köyağasıoğlu. the laboratory’s smaller PEG tanks and preliminary working plans Timbers from the four ships that (approx. 10-m3 capacity), which of the ships), measurements for will be documented and conserved have been used for the conservation the mapping of each shipwreck, at INA’s Bodrum Research Center of the Bozburun and Pabuç Burnu preliminary notes on the ships’ were carefully packed in foam- ships’ hull remains. construction, in situ 1:1 scale lined wood crates prior to being The detailed recording of each drawings of the ship’s planking on transported by truck to Bodrum. ship timber is an intensive process clear plastic film after the removal For many of the large hull planks and includes a written catalog, of frames, stringers, and other which had retained their original measurements, photographs, components above the planking shape and curvature (some pieces sketches, and 1:1 scale drawings. (Fig. 3), and the sampling of wood up to 7 m in length were recovered The methods used in the recording and other organics in direct intact), detachable wooden molds process are based largely on those association with the shipwrecks. were custom-built to preserve the developed by Fred van Doorninck Dismantling the hulls, as opposed timbers’ original shapes during and Richard Steffy in their study of to raising the surviving hull in one storage and transport. Byzantine shipwrecks, particularly

www.inadiscover.com 11 Yenikapı―Istanbul, Turkey FIG 5 Pitch partially obscuring saw marks on the original surface of a frame from YK 14. March 2010 (M. Jones).

the 2004 publication of Volume 1 drawings are scanned to produce of the Serçe Limanı excavation.15 high-resolution digital files. This Sheila Matthews’ experience in is useful not only for archival documenting the Serçe Limanı purposes but also for combining ship and co-authoring the final the information from the drawings publication of its hull remains has with the total station data collected been particularly valuable in this during the excavation; both will be respect.16 used in the reconstruction of the Documentation of the larger vessels using Rhinoceros NURBS timbers occurs outdoors in the tanks modeling software. Drawings on or in an adjacent work area. We plastic film are also well-suited to found that post-excavation timber working directly with the timbers; recording is feasible for very large they are not damaged by water and pieces if they can be raised to just are easily cleaned, an important above the water level in the tanks; consideration since the larger hull this can usually be accomplished timbers are documented just above by one or two people, or with the water in the tanks and the additional help from INA staff timbers themselves must be kept members. If timbers on custom-built constantly wet to avoid damage. molds are detachable from their A written catalog of each timber storage crates, even large pieces can is also kept, which includes various be raised fairly easily for drawing, measurements (such as general FIG 6 Seventh-century shipwreck YK 11 cataloging and photography (Fig. 4). dimensions and hull fasteners) as prior to dismantling. July 2008 Smaller timbers can be raised on well as notes about and sketches (O. Köyağasıoğlu). wooden pallets for cataloging of the timber’s significant features, outside of the tanks. context, and evidence for its FIG 7 The primary records for function in the hull of the ship. Intact tenon in a mortise on the individual hull timbers are 1:1 scale High-resolution photographs top edge of YK 11 plank SS 7-4. drawings made on clear plastic of each piece supplement the October 2008 (R. Ingram). film. These are vital to correcting drawings and written catalog. possible errors in the total station Finally, sampling of wood for records and field records from the species identification and other excavation and to record additional organic materials in direct significant details on the wood, association with the ship timbers is such as tool marks, carpenter’s guide also completed during the recording marks used as aids in constructing process for later analysis. the ship, damaged areas, the location During the recording process, we and type of fastener holes, and are also simultaneously beginning evidence for repairs. Completed some of the preparations for the

12 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 12 FIG 8 YK 14 during excavation. April 2007 (M. Jones).

timbers’ conservation in PEG, 2010 Work on YK 11 built using thin planks edge-joined which entails a range of activities. and YK 14 with unpegged mortise-and-tenon Because the plastic labels used joints (Fig. 7). The original pattern Rebecca Ingram is studying wreck during the excavation to label of YK 11’s planking is somewhat YK 11, a small merchant vessel individual timbers will be damaged obscured by extensive repairs during excavated in the summer and fall of by the PEG treatment process, these the life of the ship; however, it 2008 (Fig. 6). Ceramics and other are replaced by stainless steel labels appears that edge fastening only artifacts recovered by the Istanbul which are pinned to the timbers continued to the waterline, Archaeological Museums excavation with stainless steel wire (stainless suggesting a combination of shell- team from the stratigraphic layer steel is not corroded by PEG). and skeleton-based construction Additional labels are also being containing the ship suggest a methods. The well-preserved added where necessary to alleviate seventh-century date for the framing of this ship continued an confusion in the reconstruction vessel, which is consistent with ancient Mediterranean tradition process; for example, labels denoting the ship’s method of construction. of using alternating paired half- frame or other timber locations, or This shipwreck was found at the frames and full floors in ship port and starboard. Cleaning the western end of the harbor, which construction; study of this ship timbers is also necessary prior to was one of the first areas to suffer may help clarify the framing of conservation. Although each timber the effects of siltation; fortunately the Yassıada ship, which was very was cleaned in a preliminary fashion for archaeologists today, the silty poorly preserved.19 This pattern upon excavation, further cleaning mud surrounding the ship fostered of framing is seen as early as the is being carried out in the research an environment that led to the late fourth century B.C.E. on the process to remove iron concretion, excellent preservation of wood and Kyrenia shipwreck20 and continued pitch and sediment which could organic materials. Damage from into the late eighth or early ninth complicate the conservation process. Teredo navalis and other wood century C.E. as evidenced by the Many of the Yenikapı timbers were borers in several areas on this wreck merchant ships from Yenikapı and recovered with large amounts of reveals that the upper part of the into the 10th or 11th century C.E. waterproofing material made from ship was exposed to some extent in the galleys from the site. This pine pitch still adhering to their after sinking, suggesting that the framing pattern was used in building surfaces (Fig. 5). This pitch ship may have been abandoned as a ship YK 23 from Yenikapı, a late has usually decomposed in derelict. eighth- or early ninth-century ship the waterlogged depositional Despite the shipworm damage, excavated in the central portion environment of the site, so that most of the timbers are remarkably of the Theodosian Harbor; the while it still adheres to the surfaces well preserved. The ship, built planking of YK 23, however, was of the timbers, it can usually primarily of Turkish pine (Pinus edge-fastened using regularly spaced be gently flaked or washed off, brutia),17 was originally about 12 m wooden dowels called coaks rather a procedure which can be time in length. Although much smaller, than mortise-and-tenon joints, consuming. YK 11 exhibits many similarities to reflecting the gradual adoption of the seventh-century vessel found at new construction methods. Yassıada, Turkey.18 Both ships were Michael Jones’ research focuses

www.inadiscover.com 13 Yenikapı―Istanbul, Turkey on YK 14, a cargo ship dating to around 900 C.E., which was uncovered in the central area of the Yenikapı excavation (Fig. 8). Like YK 11, YK 14 was also found without a cargo in a stratigraphic layer of gray sand with shell and ceramic inclusions. The almost complete absence of shipworm damage to the ship’s timbers suggest that the surviving hull was buried quickly, perhaps the result of a FIG 9 storm. About 11.7 m of the ship’s Regularly-spaced, intact coaks in the edge of one of YK 14’s hull planks hull survived; it was built primarily during dismantling. The inset photograph shows a typical intact coak of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris)21 and removed from a hull plank. September 2007 (M. Jones). Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), and was originally about 14 m in length and 4 m in beam. YK 14’s lower Table 1. Yenikapı shipwrecks studied by Dr. Cemal Pulak hull planking was edge-joined with and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology.25 regularly-spaced wooden coaks up to the waterline (Fig. 9), while the upper hull was apparently built No. Date Type Est. Primary Date of around pre-erected frames and length wood type(s) excavation without edge-fastened hull planking. YK 1 Late 10th- Merchantman 10 m Quercus cerris Aug 2005- The design of the ship’s frames is early 11th Jan 2006 also a departure from earlier cargo century C.E. vessels at the site. Rather than using YK 2 Late 10th- Rowed galley 30 m Pinus nigra, Apr-Aug a pattern of alternating floors and early 11th Platanus 2006 half frames seen on earlier ships, the century C.E. orientalis builders constructed ‘L’-shaped floor timbers with ‘long arms’ oriented YK 4 Late 10th- Rowed galley 30 m Pinus nigra, Sept 2006- early 11th Platanus Apr 2007 in alternating directions down the century C.E. orientalis length of the hull (Fig. 10). This design allows for more standardized th YK 5 Late 10 - Merchantman 14.5 m Quercus cerris Mar-Sept and easily fabricated frames, and early 11th 2006 may also be a precursor to the similar century C.E. framing pattern used in the skeleton- YK 11 7th century Merchantman 12 m Pinus brutia May 2008- built Serçe Limanı ship from the C.E. Nov 2008 early 11th century.22 Many of the YK 14 Late 9th-early Merchantman 14 m Quercus cerris Apr-Sept techniques used in the construction 10th century 2007 of YK 14 are evident in the design C.E. of late 10th- and early 11th-century YK 23 Late 8th-early Merchantman 15 m Quercus cerris Dec 2007- merchant ships found at Yenikapı, 9th century May 2008 including the ships YK 1, YK 5, and C.E. YK 24 recovered by Pulak’s team. YK 24 Late 10th- Merchantman 9-10 Quercus cerris Jul-Aug early 11th m 2007 Conclusion century C.E. The Yenikapı shipwrecks are significant for several reasons. The maritime history of Constantinople

14 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 14 FIG 10 Some of YK 14’s complete ‘L’-shaped floor timbers during the dismantling of the ship. The upper ends of these frames are oriented towards the port side of the ship; the frame timbers whose upper ends were oriented in the opposite direction (and were not fully preserved) have already been removed. May 2007 (M. Jones). during the late Roman and early had been lost in earlier centuries, a first construction developed has medieval period, particularly the trend which continued in large part been particularly problematic due period between the 7th and the until the capture of Constantinople to the relative lack of well preserved, 11th centuries C.E. represented by in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade. fully excavated ship remains these shipwrecks, is still poorly Despite the magnitude of social available for study and comparison. understood. During these years, and economic change in this period, The Yenikapı shipwrecks promise to the was under contemporary textual sources add a great deal of new information constant threat of attack from a provide little evidence for some toward elucidating this complex number of groups, including the important aspects of Byzantine life, process, due both to the large Persians, Avars, Arabs, Bulgars, Rus, particularly in relation to maritime number and varied types of ships and Slavic tribes. During the seventh commerce and technology. Since the discovered at the site and to their century, two-thirds of the empire’s underwater excavations at Yassıada exceptional state of preservation. territory was lost, including its in the early 1960s, much of what The Yenikapı ships show that richest provinces in Egypt, Syria, we know about Byzantine maritime the evolution of Mediterranean and North Africa.23 Like Rome trade and technology has come from shipbuilding in late antiquity during the imperial period, archaeological evidence of Byzantine was a more complex process than Constantinople’s population was ships and their cargoes. Richard previously thought. Although the sustained in large part by the Steffy and Fred van Doorninck’s use of edge-fastened planking was annona, a state-subsidized food groundbreaking studies of the hull being abandoned in some vessel distribution system, for which grain remains of the 7th-century Yassıada types, most notably in the sixth- to and other foodstuffs were shipped to shipwreck and the early 11th-century ninth-century C.E. shipwrecks the capital by large grain carriers. Serçe Limanı shipwreck established discovered at Tantura, Israel,24 The loss of Egypt and North Africa that a major change in ship in the capital of the Byzantine in the early seventh century deprived construction methods occurred Empire the shell-first tradition of the capital of these major sources between approximately 400 shipbuilding with edge-fastened of supplies and revenue, which and 1000 C.E., in which the hull planking continued in at least seriously affected Constantinople’s ancient method of shell-first ship some common vessel types into the maritime commerce; this was construction using edge-fastened 11th century C.E. The reasons for part of a more general decline and hull planking was gradually the variation seen in late antique simplification of economic activity simplified and evolved into more and early medieval Mediterranean throughout the empire in the efficient ‘skeleton-first’ shipbuilding shipbuilding are still unclear. seventh and eighth centuries. methods which became dominant Byzantine shipwrights seem to have However, by the ninth century, the in the postmedieval world and been adapting to the often harsh Byzantine Empire and its capital into modern times. However, economic and political conditions had begun a recovery of much of the understanding the evolution of ship of their times by retaining some land and economic prosperity that design in the period when skeleton- aspects of older technology and

www.inadiscover.com 15 Yenikapı―Istanbul, Turkey traditions while experimenting other staff who assisted in the initial Metro Excavations—March 2, with or modifying others. Further excavation and in situ recording 2010, edited by E. Özdamar and M. research on the Yenikapı ships of YK 11 and YK 14, especially Nakanishi, 23-9. Ankara: JICA should provide some answers as to Yasemin Aydoğdu, Korhan Bircan, Turkey Office. how and why these changes took Murat Bircan, Mehmet Çiftlikli, place. İlkay İvgin, Orkan Köyağasıoğlu, Bass, G.F., and F.H. van Sheila Matthews, and Asaf Oron. Doorninck, Jr. 1982. Yassı Ada. Acknowledgments In addition to many months of Vol. I, A Seventh-Century Byzantine The authors would like to thank work in the field excavating and Shipwreck. College Station: Texas Cemal Pulak, Vice-President of the recording YK 11 and YK 14, INA A&M University Press. Institute of Nautical Archaeology archaeologist Sheila Matthews (INA) at Texas A&M University, continues to provide vital advice Bass, G.F., S.D. Matthews, J.R. and the director of the INA and assistance with the digital Steffy, and F.H. van Doorninck, Jr. excavation team at Yenikapı, for the reconstructions. Logistical assistance 2004. Serçe Limanı. An Eleventh- opportunity first to work with him with moving timbers in Bodrum Century Shipwreck. Vol. I, The at the site as contract archaeologists provided by Matthew Harpster and Ship and Its Anchorage, Crew, and and later for the incredible Kim Rash is also greatly appreciated. Passengers. College Station: Texas opportunity to research two of these Financial support for this research A&M University Press. shipwrecks for our dissertations has been provided by the Institute under his guidance. The excavation of Nautical Archaeology; the Berger, A. 1993. “Der Langa Bostanı team is most thankful to the current Center for Maritime Archaeology in Istanbul.” Istanbuler Mitteilungen director Zeynep Kızıltan, former and Conservation (CMAC) and 43:467-77. director İsmail Karamut, and the Nautical Archaeology Program assistant director Rahmi Asal of the at Texas A&M University; the DLH Marmaray Division Istanbul Archaeological Museums, American Research Institute Directorate. 2004, 29 November. to the Republic of Turkey’s in Turkey (ARIT) and U.S. Marmaray Project Facts and Figures. Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Department of State, Educational http://www.marmaray.com/html/ Yenikapı site archaeologists Sırrı and Cultural Affairs; the American technical.html (23 March 2011). Çölmekçi, Gülbahar Baran Çelik, Philosophical Society’s Lewis and Metin Gökçay, as well as the and Clark Fund for Exploration Gökçay, M.M. 2007. “Yenikapı other archaeologists and museum and Research; and the College of kazılarında ortaya çıkarılan mimari staff at the Yenikapı excavation who Liberal Arts, the Department of buluntular.” In Gün Işığında: contributed to the recovery and Anthropology, and the Melbern Istanbul’un 8000 yılı. Marmaray, study of these shipwrecks. We are G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Metro, ve Sultanahmet Kazıları, grateful to the Institute of Nautical Research at Texas A&M University. 166-79. Istanbul: Vehbi Koç Vakfı. Archaeology for its continued financial and logistical support, Works Cited Haldon, J.F. 1990. Byzantium in the especially for the use of the Bodrum Asal, R. 2007. “İstanbul’un ticareti Seventh Century: the Transformation research facilities. We especially wish ve Theodosius Limanı.” InGün of a Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge to thank INA Bodrum Research Işığında: İstanbul’un 8000 yılı. University Press. Center’s current director Tuba Marmaray, Metro, ve Sultanahmet Kahanov, Y., J. Royal, and J. Hall. Ekmekçi, former director Tufan kazıları, 180-9. Istanbul: Vehbi 2004. “The Tantura Wrecks Turanlı, and INA staff members Koç Vakfı. Asaf Oron, Gülser Kazancıoğlu, and Ancient Mediterranean Mehmet Çiftlikli, and the other -----. 2010. “Marmaray and Metro Shipbuilding.” In The Philosophy of INA BRC staff who organized, Excavations: Saving the Past While Shipbuilding. Conceptual Approaches supervised, and assisted in the Founding the Future.” In Seminar to the Study of Wooden Ships, edited difficult task of transporting the hull & Panel: Urban Archaeology by F.M. Hocker and C.A. Ward, timbers to Bodrum. Special thanks and Transportation Projects— 113-27. College Station: Texas are due to the archaeologists and Contributions of Marmaray and A&M University Press.

16 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 16 Kocabaş, U. 2008. The ‘Old Ships’ Mango, C., and R. Scott, trans. 110-1; and Magdalino 2007, of the ‘New Gate’: Yenikapı’nın 1997. The Chronicle of Theophanes 18-9). Eski Gemileri. Vol. I. Istanbul: Ege Confessor: Byzantine and Near 10 Mango 1986, 121. Yayınları. Eastern History, AD 284-813. 11 Magdalino 2000, 213; Mango Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1986, 121; Mango 2000, 192, -----. 2010. “Istanbul University 200-1. Yenikapı Shipwrecks Project: The Mango, M.M. 2000. “The 12 Mango and Scott 1997, 493-4. Ships.” In Istanbul Archaeological Commercial Map of 13 Berger 1993, 470-3. Museums Proceedings of the 1st Constantinople.” Dumbarton Oaks 14 Pulak 2007, 203. Symposium on Marmaray-Metro Papers 54:189-207. 15 Bass et al. 2004, 73-169. th th Salvage Excavations 5 -6 May 16 Bass et al. 2004, 75-9. 2008, edited by U. Kocabaş, Müller-Wiener, W. 1994. Die Häfen 17 Wood identification was carried 23-33. Istanbul: Istanbul Arkeoloji von Byzantion - Konstantinupolis - out by Nili Liphschitz of the Müzeleri. Istanbul. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth Institute of Archaeology, The Verlag . Botanical Laboratories, Tel Aviv Koder, J. 2002. “Maritime Trade and University. the Food Supply for Constantinople Pulak, C. 2007. “Yenikapı Bizans 18 Bass and van Doorninck 1982, in the Middle Ages.” In Travel in batıkları.” In Gün Işığında: 55-63. edited by R. the Byzantine World, İstanbul’un 8000 yılı. Marmaray, 19 Bass and van Doorninck 1982, 59. Macrides, 109-24. Society for the Metro, ve Sultanahmet kazıları, 20 Steffy 1985, 84-6. Promotion of Byzantine Studies 10. 202-15. Istanbul: Vehbi Koç Vakfı. 21 Liphschitz and Pulak 2009, 168. Aldershot: Ashgate Pub. Ltd. 22 Bass et al. 2004, 93. Steffy, J.R. 1985. “The Kyrenia 23 Liphschitz, N. and C. Pulak. Haldon 1990, 41-91. Ship: An Interim Report on its Hull 24 2009. “Shipwrecks of Portus See, for example, Kahanov et al. Construction.” AJA 89:71-101. 2004. Theodosiacus. Types of Wood Used 25 in Some Byzantine Roundships Wood identification was carried and Longships found at Yenikapı, Notes out by Nili Liphschitz of the 1 The depth of the tunnel is 56 m Institute of Archaeology, The Istanbul.” Skyllis: Zeitschrift below sea level (DLH Marmaray Botanical Laboratories, Tel Aviv für Unterwasserarchäologie Division Directorate 2004). 9(2):164-71. University (see also Liphschitz and 2 Gökçay 2007; Asal 2007; Asal Pulak 2009). Magdalino, P. 2000. “The 2010. 3 Maritime Neighbourhoods of Kocabaş 2008; Kocabaş 2010. 4 Constantinople: Commercial and Pulak 2007. 5 Residential Functions, Sixth to Asal 2010, 29. 6 Twelfth Centuries.”Dumbarton Mango 1986, 120-1. 7 Oaks Papers 54:209-26. Müller-Wiener 1994, 9. 8 Mango 1986, 121. -----. 2007. “Medieval 9 Estimates of Constantinople’s Constantinople.” In Studies on population vary for this period the History and Topography of and are based on somewhat Constantinople, 1-111. Aldershot: fragmentary evidence, but most Ashgate Publishing Company. scholars agree that the city had several hundred thousand Mango, C. 1986. “The Development inhabitants between the fifth of Constantinople as an Urban and early seventh centuries and Centre.” In The 17th International 100,000 or more inhabitants after Byzantine Congress, Major Papers, a low ebb in the seventh/eighth 117-36. New Rochelle, New York: centuries (see, for example, Mango Aristide D. Caratzas. 1986, 120, 128-9; Koder 2002,

www.inadiscover.com 17 Yenikapı―Istanbul, Turkey FIG 1 inset Ann Bass, Claude Duthuit, George Bass and Waldemar Illing share memories on the beach they called home in 1960. August 2010 (S. Snowden).

FIG 2 Wlady, George, and Claude, ready to dive. August 2010 (S. Snowden).

Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Trinity University/INA

George F. Bass, Ph.D. Texas A&M In early August 2010, University/INA INA Director Danielle Feeney, stalwart supporter of so many INA projects, dropped anchor in the small seaside village of Adrasan and picked up the four surviving members of the ship that wrecked at Gelidonya the 1960 expedition to Gelidonya: — a result not only of work in George and Ann Bass, Claude the field, but also in laboratories, Duthuit, and Waldemar Illing. museum storerooms, and libraries. Feeney’s yacht, Andrea, brought the The 1960 excavation was reunited team to the sliver of a beach revolutionary not only for the Cemal Pulak, Ph.D. that was home during the long, hot development of the methods of Texas A&M summer a half century earlier, when University/INA underwater archaeology, but also it was demonstrated that underwater because analysis of the finds led to discovery could be archaeology a radical revision of the accepted (Fig. 1). The following day,Andrea paradigm for maritime trade in returned again and this time George, the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1600- Claude, and Wlady dove on the 1100 B.C.) eastern Mediterranean. wreck site (Fig. 2), accompanied Conventional understanding was by Harun Özdaş (Dokuz Eylül that Mycenaeans were the driving University, Izmir), scientific director , carrying their vases from of the 2010 project. That visit was Greece to be traded in the east. But the emotional highlight of the 2010 Bass argued that the objects found Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. season at Cape Gelidonya, a project on the Gelidonya shipwreck showed Dokuz Eylül catalyzed by the 50th anniversary Universitesi/INA that the wreck was Near Eastern in of the original expedition. But the origin. This surprising conclusion summer’s most fitting tribute to that led him to re-evaluate the other benchmark was its contribution to a existing evidence for trade and continuing better understanding of finally to contend that Mycenaeans

18 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 18 Cape Gelidonya

FIG 3 Millawanda anchored above the wrecksite. August 2010 (S. Snowden).

FIG 4 inset STS Bodrum. July 2010 (S. Snowden).

did not hold a monopoly on the Bozkurt, and Mustafa Samur people plus the ships’ crews, lived and trade routes and that it was raw represented the Antalya Museum, operated from three vessels. INA’s materials, not Mycenaean vases, and Yaşar Yıldız (museum director) Virazon and Millawanda (Fig. 3) that were the sought-after items.1 and Emre Savaş, the Bodrum had to be taken out of dry-dock and The Uluburun shipwreck, of course, Museum. Özdaş and Nicolle overhauled for this purpose. In lieu proved him essentially correct. But Hirschfeld (Trinity University, of building a camp, we chartered the no archaeological excavation is ever San Antonio, and INA Research STS Bodrum, a 36-m wooden sailing- finished, for new tools of excavation, Associate) co-directed the training ship, as a floating dorm and new methods of analysis, and new fieldwork. George Bass was the kitchen (Fig. 4). discoveries require reconsideration guiding spirit behind the project: he The fleet left Bodrum in the of old finds and theories. Gelidonya raised most of the necessary funds first week of July, shortly after the 1960 is no exception. and participated in the fieldwork, excavation permit was approved. although not as a working diver; Diving commenced 5 July and Summary of work in September he supervised continued through 25 August. Excavations at Cape Gelidonya photography of the finds raised in The site lived up to its treacherous were conducted under a permit 1960, now in the Bodrum Museum. reputation of heavy weather and held by the Antalya Museum, Finally, Cemal Pulak, so vital to the powerful currents — strong enough and with the participation of the planning of this expedition, joined to shift the ton of steel plates Bodrum Museum of Underwater us for a month and once again anchoring the telephone booth! But Archaeology and the Institute of demonstrated how good he is at the seamanship of our captains and Nautical Archaeology. Mustafa everything, above and under water. crews and the determined efforts of Demirel (museum director), Mine The team, averaging about 24 the divers made it possible to achieve

www.inadiscover.com 19 Cape Gelidonya―Turkey FIG 5 in the foreground excavating the Platform; in the background is the Boulder. July 2010 (S. Snowden).

bottom left to right

FIG 6 A characteristically Cypriot mark incised into a handle. August 2010 (S. Snowden).

FIG 7 White Shaved juglet fragment. August 2010 (S. Snowden).

FIG 8 Rim and handle fragment from a small bronze cauldron. August 2010 (S. Snowden). a season of 944 dives, totaling 709 In 2010, we raised 350 “lots,” plastic and blades, a rim and handle from hours of bottom time. bags of artifacts, as well as larger a small cauldron (Fig. 8), parts items, from the site. Ceramics of four-handled and bun ingots Discoveries included one complete one-handled (Fig. 9), a pin, and several pieces Reconnaissance dives in 1987-89 jug and the bottom half of another, of sheeting from metal vases. and 1994 had established that a a handle bearing a characteristically Twenty-three lots are identified significant quantity of material Cypriot mark (Fig. 6), possible as tin concretions. In addition we remained to be recovered from the Cypriot fine-wares [White Shaved found at least five more pan-balance wreck site.2 One of the primary (Fig. 7) and perhaps Bucchero], . objectives of this summer’s work and the rim fragments and base Towards the end of the summer, was to excavate down to bedrock of a pithos. These not only greatly Pulak made a substantial discovery the entire wrecksite as defined increased the number of ceramic in the storerooms of the Bodrum in 1960. As before, most of this finds from the wreck, but also Museum: seven large wooden summer’s finds were made on the gave a clearer picture of the ship’s crates of never conserved, cleaned Platform (Fig. 5, see also Fig. 10), stern contents, which had always or cataloged metal fragments. though objects were also plentiful seemed to represent living quarters. The contents of these boxes have all around the Boulder and in the About a third of the objects raised now been given to the staff of flat sandy area immediately north of are of copper or bronze: identified INA’s Nixon Griffis Conservation the Boulder. so far are 15 broken bronze tools Laboratory in Bodrum, where

20 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 20 they are being treated, and will be identified, cataloged, and illustrated FIG 9 along with the finds made in 2010. John Littlefield shows off a copper bun ingot. Defining the wreck site July 2010 (S. Snowden). The discovery, in 1988, of two complete stirrup jars 70 m east of the site led to the identification of a trail of artifacts between the point of the ship’s initial impact (against a barely submerged pinnacle of rock, Fig. 10) and its eventual subsidence. In 1994 Don Frey and Murat Tilev found a stone anchor 30 m eastward, further extending the trail of spill in this direction. Thus, this season’s second objective was to define the extent of the wreck site and to search intensively along and beyond the trail of debris. We were able to clear large bedrock areas to the west, north, and east of the wreck site as defined in 1960 (Fig. 11, note that north is “down” on the map). As a result, we discovered that the wreck area was substantially larger than previously identified, but felt confident we had defined its limits except towards the east. The cliff to the south obviously blocked any scattering of debris in that direction after the wreck settled, but Andrzej Pydyn discovered a complete jug so deeply concreted into the rock face that it took Pulak most of his month on the seabed to chisel it free. It is still too heavily ensconced in concretion to be absolutely certain that it belongs to the wreck, though this appears likely (Figs. 12a-b). If so, it must have fallen from the sinking hull. Pydyn found a few other pieces of in his survey of the cliff, mostly post-Bronze Age. The northern boundary of the site is a low ridge of bedrock that runs roughly parallel to the cliff [datum points G, H, J, K, L]; it would have been an effective barrier against any

www.inadiscover.com 21 Cape Gelidonya―Turkey Fig. 10 left The cause of the wreck?Millawanda is anchored over the 1960 excavation site. August 2011 (O. Köyagasioğlu).

FIG 11 below Map of Gelidonya wreck site (S. Matthews).

movement of objects on the seabed, trenches and very little below the and nothing was found beyond it. natural ledge [near datum point M] In fact, the bottom currents run against which most of the objects east-west or vice versa and it was discovered in this area had collected. along these trajectories that objects It was in the direction of the would have been carried during Alley that the trail of objects was and after deposition. Nothing was discovered in the 80s. It is not found beyond the Platform and this obvious, and it may not be possible, feature marks the western extent to determine at what point objects of the wreck site. Only the eastern spilt from the sinking ship transition limit of the wreck site remains to objects carried by currents down have already mentioned the jug undefined. The southern cliff and a from the area where the wreck deeply concreted into the cliff. large outcrop of the northern ridge eventually settled. Indeed, they may A substantial portion of another converge at this end of the site and overlap. The definition is perhaps jug had fallen next to the pithos the seabed slopes down steeply; we only academic, as in either case the base and it, too, was so completely called this part of the site the “Alley”. artifacts have lost their shipboard concreted that it became visible for We found objects from the wreck in context. In 2010 several teams the first time only this year, after this direction as far as we were able searched intensively along the lane several teams of people had spent to explore efficiently. The currents trail of spilled artifacts found in weeks working to chisel the pithos can be extremely powerful through the 1980s and 90s. But we found free (Fig. 13). this funnel and all the objects found nothing more. Perhaps this is a Four areas of the site were not in the Alley were either accumulated matter of visibility rather than fact: completely finished. Several pithos against natural features or lodged in the bottom rapidly got too deep for sherds and fragments of a lamp(?) pockets in the seabed. Below 33 m close inspection and, even where remain heavily concreted in the (about 15 m east/downslope of the the depth was not a challenge, thick fissure (in fact, the eastern extension eastern end of the Boulder) our layers of concretion covered the of Bass’ 1960 “Gully”) from which efforts were complicated by deep boulders. the pithos base and jug-half were sand overburden. In any case, the This was also the case along dislodged. In addition, that cavity diver working in that area found the cliff bordering the wreck site needs to be thoroughly searched for nothing in his deepest exploratory and in the area of the Boulder. We small items that may have trickled

22 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 22 FIG12 a&b Complete jug, found deeply concreted into the southern cliff. August 2010 (S. Snowden).

down between the containers and settled on the seabed. Similarly, it is possible that small items got lodged under the boulder, which does not lie flat on the seabed; rather, using Carolyn. Plans to use this in relevant analytical studies. the uneven surfaces of both have submersible in 2010 were stymied Laboratory analyses undertaken created hollow cavities between the by logistical challenges, but we by Yuval Goren of samples from two. We explored these as far under continue to work on launching it at the Cape Gelidonya ship’s stone the boulder as possible. Perhaps the Gelidonya in the near future. anchor, the ship’s oil lamp, the only way to retrieve any stray objects stirrup jars, and the two pithos bases that might have rolled underneath Discoveries have identified the stone of the would be with a water jet. Third, (laboratory analyses and anchor and the clay of the ceramics the area underneath the telephone further research) as Cypriot in origin.3 Moreover, booth and in its immediate vicinity In the course of his work on the lead isotope analyses carried out by was not completed. Finally, it could Uluburun materials, Pulak has Zofia Stos of the copper in the Cape be helpful to search along the trail kept an eye toward the Gelidonya Gelidonya cargo shows not only of artifacts discovered in the 1980s artifacts and included samples that it came from Cyprus (already

www.inadiscover.com 23 Cape Gelidonya―Turkey Fig 13 Marilyn Cassedy chiseling the pithos base. The jug on the left was completely hidden by concretion and its existence unsuspected until this summer. August 2010 (S. Snowden).

surmised in the 1960s), but locates These studies are indicative of the Eastern sphere in the Late Bronze precisely where on that island it was contributions that further study Age. But it is still an important mined.4 of the finds excavated in 1960, discovery since a Late Bronze Age Pulak and Shelley Wachsmann 1987-89, 1994, and now in 2010 wreck excavated at Point Iria in independently identified wood can make to our understanding Greece seems also to be Cypriot. fragments published in 1967 as of the ship that wrecked at Cape Perhaps Cyprus played a larger role parts of mortise-and-tenon joints, Gelidonya in the late-13th century in maritime trade than previously which Pulak has compared to the B.C.E. supposed. joints that held the Uluburun hull together, providing another step in Conclusions Acknowledgements our understanding of the history of In conclusion, 2010’s work revealed We thank the following institutions hull design.5 a wreck area larger than initially and individuals for making the Further, as part of his doctoral thought, but no further traces of a 2010 season at Gelidonya possible: dissertation on the pan-balance spill of debris along the proposed Turkish Institute for Nautical weights from the Uluburun route of sinking. The weights Archaeology, Institute for Aegean shipwreck, Pulak made a new study recovered in 2010 are potentially Prehistory, National Geographic, of the Cape Gelidonya weights, important for a recalibration of Danielle Feeney, Claude Duthuit, using statistical analyses that give the standards in use on John H. Baird Fund, American quite different results than those board this vessel, and the mark Philosophical Society (Franklin published by Bass in the 1967 incised on a terracotta handle adds Research Grant), Joukowsky Family report; Pulak is now considering the to the Cypriot inventory of this Foundation, and Trinity University. possibility that the weights are based shipwreck. Although he considered Thanks also to the many team on a combination of Near Eastern the possibility that the ship was members who made 2011 a safe and and Mycenaean weighing systems, Cypriot in his 1967 excavation productive season. In addition to which could be important for the report, Bass concluded that the ship those named above, these included: history of trade.6 was Canaanite. The re-identification Onok Bozkurt, Marilyn Cassedy, Finally, Pulak is trying to obtain a of the ship that sank at Gelidonya Matthew Dames, Laura Gongaware, more precise date for the wreck with as Cypriot does not change the view Zafer Gül, İzzettin Gümüş, Faith more reliable radiocarbon dating of of Near Easterners trading directly Hentschel, Nilhan Kızıldağ, Ania the brushwood dunnage than was with the Aegean because Cyprus Kotarba, Orkan Köyagasioğlu, possible in the early 1960s. was well within the general Near Ryan Lee, John Littlefield, Sheila

24 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 24 Matthews, Hayriye Mutlu, Emre Studies and Jewish Studies, Cornell Vichos, eds. 1999. The Point Okan, Begüm Özaş, Andrzej Pydyn, University, No. 4. Bethesda: CDL Iria Wreck: Interconnections in Kimberly Rash, Susannah Snowden, Press. the Mediterranean ca. 1200 B.C. Haley Streuding, Cihat Vural, Roger Proceedings of the International Williamson, Furkan Yıldırım, and Bass, G.F. 1997b. “Prolegomena Conference, Island of Spetses, the crews who manned our fleet. to a Study of Maritime Traffic 19 September 1998. Athens: Finally but not at all least, thanks to in Raw Materials to the Aegean Hellenic Institute of Marine Tuba Ekmekçi and Özlem Doğan During the Fourteenth and Archaeology. for their unstinting efforts on behalf Thirteenth Centuries B.C.” In of the expedition. TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen, Pulak, C. 1988. “Excavations in and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Turkey: 1988 Campaign.” INA Bibliography Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 6th Newsletter 15(4):12-17 (13). Bass, G.F. 1967. “Cape Gelidonya: International Aegean Conference, Pulak, C. 1996. “Analysis of the A Bronze Age Shipwreck.” Philadelphia, Temple University, edited by P.P. Weight Assemblages from the Transactions of the American 18-21 April 1996, Betancourt and R. Laffineur, 153- Late Bronze Age Shipwrecks at Philosophical Society 57(8). Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya, Philadelphia: The American 170. Aegaeum 16. Liège and Austin. Turkey.” Ph.D. diss., Texas A&M Philosophical Society. Bass, G.F. 1998. “Sailing Between University: 154-277, Appendix D. the Aegean and the Orient in the Bass. G.F. 1973. “Cape Gelidonya Second Millennium B.C.” In and Bronze Age Maritime Trade.” In The Pulak, C. and E. Rogers. 1994. Aegean and the Orient in the Second “The 1993-1994 Turkish Orient and Occident, edited by H.A. th Hoffner, 29-38. Kevelaer: Verlag Millennium: Proceedings of the 50 Shipwreck Survey.” INA Newsletter Butzon & Bercker. Anniversary Symposium, Cincinnati, 21(4):17-21 (20). 18-20 April 1997, edited by E.H. Bass, G.F. 1988. “Return to Cape Cline and D. Harris-Cline, 183- Stos, Z.A. 2009. “Across the wine 191. Aegaeum 18. Liège and Austin. Gelidonya.” INA Newsletter dark seas… Sailors, tinkers, and royal 15(2):2-5. cargoes in the Late Bronze Age Bass, G.F. 1999. “The Hull and eastern Mediterranean.” In From Bass, G.F. 1989. “Cape Gelidonya— Anchor of the Cape Gelidonya Mine to Microscope — Advances in Ship.” In , edited by Once More.” INA Newsletter Meletemata the Study of Ancient Technology, 16(4):12-13. P.P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, edited by A.J. Shortland, I.C. R. Laffineur, and W.-D. Niemeier, Freestone, and T. Rehren, 163-180 Bass, G.F. 1991. “Evidence of Trade 21-24. Aegaeum 20. Liège and (166-172). Oxford: Oxbow Books. from Bronze Age Shipwrecks.” Austin. In Bronze Age Trade in the Bass, G.F. 2005. “Cargo from the Notes Mediterranean, edited by N.H. Gale, Age of Bronze: Cape Gelidonya, 1 Bass 1967, 164-67; 1973, 34 n42, 69-82. SIMA 90. Jonsered: Paul Turkey.” In Beneath the Seven Seas: 36-37; 1991, 69; 2011, 801. 2 Åströms Förlag. Adventures with the Institute of Bass 1988, 1989; Pulak 1988; Nautical Archaeology, edited by Pulak and Rogers 1994. Bass, G.F. 1997a. “Beneath the Wine G.F. Bass, 48-55. London and New 3 Goren, pers. comm. Dark Sea: Nautical Archaeology and York: Thames and Hudson. 4 Stos 2009, 163-172. the Phoenicians of the Odyssey.” 5 Bass 1999. In Greeks and Barbarians: Essays Bass, G.F. 2011. “Cape Gelidonya 6 Pulak 1996, 154-277 and on the Interactions between Greeks Shipwreck.” In The Oxford Appendix D. and Non-Greeks in Antiquity and Handbook of The Bronze Age Aegean, 7 Phelps et al. 1999. the Consequences for Eurocentrism, edited by E.H. Cline, 797-803. edited by J. Coleman and C. Walz, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 71-101. Occasional Publications of the Department of Near Eastern Phelps, W., Y. Lolos, and Y.

www.inadiscover.com 25 Cape Gelidonya―Turkey John Pollack, M.Sc. Project Director, INA

FIG 1 Yukon, Canada. © 2010 (J. Pollack).

Lindsey Thomas Texas A&M University M.A. Candidate/INA Yukon River

Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Project Archaeologist, Survey INA For the sixth 2010 consecutive year, INA researchers associated with the Yukon River Steamboat Survey (YRS) travelled north to work on the numerous and well-preserved vessels dating from the .1 Our 2010 field season involved three distinct projects scattered across 700 km of the Yukon drainage (Fig. 1). In June, Texas A&M M.A. candidate

26 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 26 FIG 2 BV5000 scan of A.J. Goddard. June 2010 (Blueview Technologies Ltd).

FIG 3 inset Diver (Pollack) positioning the tripod-mounted BV5000 in less than perfect visibility. (G. Ball).

Lindsey Thomas led a large team the ship and its cargo have not However, it was possible to see to the site of A.J. Goddard on moved since the ship’s abandonment inside the vessel using a light and Lake Laberge, to document this over 100 years ago.3 Following the accessibility provided by the intact vessel’s material culture a successful field season in 2009 12 hatches. The majority of the and construction. Later in the during which a basic site plan and interior of the vessel was recorded, summer, John Pollack and Robyn preliminary artifact catalog were though a layer of sediment 10-cm Woodward organized efforts on created, a 14-person team returned deep inside the hull prohibited the several sites between Lake Laberge to the site of A.J. Goddard for accurate recording of the bottom. and Carmacks, and—on the third 10 days in June 2010. The steering system is still intact and try—located the hull of the famous The objectives of the 2010 field was recorded, with the exception of Columbian disaster. Finally, Pollack season were (1) to complete the the missing wheelhouse. and Woodward led a hull mapping baseline survey of the wreck site, Through the support of BlueView project on Julia B. at the West (2) to create a 3D site plan using Technologies and OceanGate, a Dawson “boneyard.” multibeam , (3) to locate tripod-mounted and diver-deployed and record all extant artifacts multibeam sonar unit called the Phase One—A.J. both on and around the ship, and BV 5000 was donated in order to Goddard Expedition (4) to recover select artifacts for create a 3D site plan (Fig. 2). Over —Lindsey Thomas conservation and display at the the course of two days, divers set The small steamboatA.J. Goddard Yukon Transportation Museum. the tripod in 18 different locations served the miners and entrepreneurs Using the 2009 site plan as to create a detailed point cloud of of the Klondike Gold Rush of a guide, the team focused on the vessel’s exterior (Fig. 3). While 1897/1898. It is the only known recording hull construction features, the sonar image of the ship is useful surviving example of a small machinery, steering systems, and on a site with limited visibility, an Yukon River sternwheeler, and was hull lines. Due to the vessel’s small unanticipated but valuable aspect discovered in 2008 by the Yukon size and shallow draft, it was not of the sonar unit was its ability to River Survey team.2 Sitting upright possible to penetrate the hull to see inside remote sections of the on the bed of Lake Laberge as a fully document the interior, which hull. Construction details that were result of an October storm in 1901, was a priority of the 2010 season. otherwise inaccessible to divers,

www.inadiscover.com 27 Yukon River―Canada clockwise from left

FIG 4 Wayne Lusardi inspects a kerosene hand lantern recovered from A.J. Goddard (M. Thomas).

FIG 5 The gramophone and records (Yukon Govern- ment).

FIG 6 Dr. Robyn Woodward in the bow of Evelyn. © 2010 (D. Reid).

such as the spacing of deck beams, Other artifacts included clothing, coaming. Much of the machinery were visible and measureable on the such as a black wool sock and three and other structural components of computer screen within minutes of leather shoes that were worn at the the ship, such as the deck plating, the scan. In addition, it is possible edges. In his report on the sinking, could be disassembled into small to obtain hull lines from the scans engineer Julius Stockfield recounts pieces to facilitate transport over of the interior. While there was not removing his shoes and those of mountain ranges. While the vessel enough field time to scan the entire the fireman before diving into Lake was relatively easy to carry, its small interior of A.J. Goddard, it was Laberge.4 Other artifacts included size and weak engines meant that it possible to test the technique and full bottles of ink and vanilla, many was not ideally suited for the Yukon collect valuable data. tools, dishes, and elements of steam River. It eventually began running When A.J. Goddard sank in that machinery. Most of the artifacts are the ferry service on Lake Laberge fateful October storm, most of the currently being conserved at the instead, which was more suited to artifacts were scattered around the Yukon Transportation Museum; the the vessel’s size and design.5 vessel, though a few still rest on the gramophone and steam gauges are The vessel’s steam machinery deck. One hundred artifacts were being conserved by the Canadian and fixtures were manufactured by recorded using trilateration and Conservation Institute in Ottawa, companies located as far away as photography, though more still lie Ontario. Boston, MA, and Rochester, NY, scattered around the site. Of these The 2010 field season filled many though they were likely not artifacts, 31 were collected for gaps in our knowledge about A.J. purchased directly from their exhibit at the Yukon Transportation Goddard and the vessels of the original manufacturer as the Museum in , including Klondike Gold Rush. It has become long shipping time would have some surprising finds (Fig. 4). A evident that the hull of A.J. Goddard thwarted A.J. Goddard’s owner’s Berliner gramophone and three was based on a simple construction goal of quickly reaching the Yukon records were recovered. Berliner design, likely to facilitate its Territory. Of the thousands of records were embossed and did not reassembly in the wilderness. vessels that set out for the Yukon in have paper labels. After cleaning, The structural components are the summer of 1898, A.J. Goddard the songs were Ma Onliest One, relatively uniform, with 5-cm (2-in.) was one of the few that actually Rendevous Waltz, and The Harp angle-iron used for the framing, made it to in time for that Once Thro Tara’s Halls (Fig. 5). stanchions, deck beams, and hatch the gold rush. Its small size and the

28 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 28 FIG 7 The wreck ofKlondike 1 at low water. © June 2010 (D. Reid).

speed with which it was outfitted was one of the main obstacles along sternwheel steamboat constructed and transported to Dawson were the downstream steamboat route at Whitehorse in 1926, and wrecked the primary reasons for it success in between Whitehorse and the gold mid-channel in the river. This ship reaching the gold fields so quickly. fields of Dawson City.6 was the largest vessel (in terms Three sites were visited. The first of gross tonnage) to operate on Phase Two—the site, at Shipyard Island, involved the river.8 Two earlier attempts to Yukon River between the collection of a small amount document this ship were defeated Lake Laberge and of supplemental data in the bow by current and high water. On this Carmacks—John of Evelyn, a 1908 sternwheeler occasion, low river levels exposed measuring 39.6 x 8.7 m. The original most of the hull (Fig. 7). We Pollack and Robyn Evelyn was wrecked in the Tanana capitalized on an ideal situation by Woodward River shortly after her arrival in the conducting a total station survey In mid-August John Pollack, Yukon drainage. The machinery was of the main deck, frames, hatches Dr. Robyn Woodward, Jason removed and taken to St. Michael and openings, and longitudinal Sturgis, Donnie Reid, and historian near the mouth of the Yukon River, bulkheads. Also, the team used Robert Turner were dropped off where a new hull was built. The ship dry suits to enter half-flooded by riverboat at the US Bend, north was converted to Canadian registry compartments near the bow and of Lake Laberge, and used large in 1913, and beached at Shipyard stern. Quantities of machinery canoes to progressively move a Island and her engines installed in were found in situ within the holds, camp north to Carmacks. They were Keno in 1922.7 Our objective was to including intake and exhaust steam accompanied by Andreas Sawall manually collect data from a “blind piping, condensers, and a previously of Spiegel-TV, whose four-person spot” between frames 1 to13, in undocumented variant of a rudder- documentary team continued an area partially obscured during and-tiller system. This system to film INA’s work in the Yukon. the earlier LIDAR survey (Fig. 6). features four slave rudders attached Our project involved a traverse of The documentation of this vessel is to a single master pivot arm without 253 km including the Thirty Mile now complete. a rudder blade. Amidships the vessel Section of the Yukon River, noted The second site was the super- is filled with gravel up to the level of for deep canyons, sharp bends, and sternwheeler, Klondike 1, a large the deck beams. dangerous water. The Thirty Mile (64.1 x 12.8 m) wooden-hulled The hull design of this wreck

www.inadiscover.com 29 Yukon River―Canada provided some insight into the (35 miles) distant.10 There were rate of steamboat evolution on the notable acts of heroism by the river. Klondike 1 was replaced by crew and by the captains of other the Whitehorse shipwrights within vessels who rushed to the scene of a year of its loss with Klondike 2, the disaster. After the accident, the now a Parks Canada heritage ship in hull was moved a short distance that town. The general dimensions, downstream into quiet water where superstructure, and machinery the machinery was salvaged, and the of the two vessels were identical, site abandoned in 1907. and until the August project on On two earlier occasions between Klondike 1, it was believed the hull 2005 and 2008, INA teams sought had been duplicated. However, the to determine the vessel’s location. hull of Klondike 1 did not contain Doug Davidge and Robert Turner the large, water-tight longitudinal believed the hull must rest in bulkheads seen on Klondike 2. The shallow water close to the original builders of Klondike 2 changed the point of grounding, given that hull design in an effort to prevent cables had been deployed to moor a repetition of the catastrophic it during the salvage efforts. Some flooding that sankKlondike 1. This minor wreckage was located during is a late but significant example of earlier searches, and by 2008 the the rapid evolution of sternwheel search area was narrowed to a 1-km steamboat design and the section of the river. Unfortunately responsiveness of the shipbuilders a sidescan sonar could not be used on the Yukon River, who quickly at the site in 2008, given the risk adapted to changing conditions and of losing the tow fish in the swift, experience. shallow water, and the muddy water Our third site involved the from a recent flood prevented drift ongoing search for the famous dives. wreck of Columbian—built in In 2009 a historic river navigation Victoria BC in 1898.9 The fully- chart was found in the Library of loaded vessel measuring 44.7 x Congress by a Yukon staffer. The 10.2 m, was on its last downstream chart contained a notation on the run of the season when it was location of the wreck of Columbian destroyed on 25 September 1906 that coincided with our search by an explosion and fire. A rifle area. Nonetheless the day before FIG 8 misfire ignited three tons of blasting we could begin the search in 2010, An 80-km day in canoes. powder stored in iron kegs on the the Yukon weather changed, and Director Jason Sturgis and bow. Within seconds, the bow of we experienced an 80-km paddle VP Dr. Robyn Woodward the ship was shattered and kegs were into a headwind, cold rain, and an prepare camp the night propelled hundreds of feet into encounter with two large brown before the Columbian the air, to rain down into the river bears. Five years after the initial discovery. © August 2010 around the ship. The steam-assisted search, a wet and tired INA team (J. Pollack). steering gear was inoperable, and camped on a swampy island in the only expert handling by the captain middle of the river, 1 km above the FIG 9 and engineer managed to get the search area (Fig. 8). Columbian’s hog chains ship to shore, where it burned to The next day, low water and protrude above the surface the waterline. Six crewmen died sharp eyes allowed INA Director at low water. © 2010 despite efforts by the ship’s company Jason Sturgis to locate Columbian (R. Woodward). to get the word of the accident to in shallow water at the head of a a telegraph operator some 56 km side channel (Fig. 9). The hull was

30 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 30 FIG 10 The stern and paddle-wheel of Julia B. at West Dawson. Spring ice at breakup has shaved off the port side of the vessel. © 2010 (J. Pollack).

relatively intact below the chines, 25 men on board, and a substantial large sternwheelers lie in close as were some of the side frames number of artifacts may lie scattered proximity. In 2010 goal was to and lower portions of longitudinal downstream in the 700 m-long prepare a detailed plan of a lower bulkheads and keelsons. Hog chains side channel. The ornate drinking Yukon River sternwheel steamboat, and turnbuckles, engine beds, and mug is an example of possible Julia B. Participants included John a boiler feed pump machinery were discoveries. There is an equal Pollack, Dr. Robyn Woodward, observed and an ornate and as-yet possibility that spring ice and floods Nadine Kopp, M.A. candidate at unanalyzed white metal drinking will have stripped all loose material Eastern Carolina University and mug was recovered during a solitary and moved it many kilometers Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. candidate inspection of the wreck. The downstream, in which case the at Texas A&M University. Julia B. boiler, engines and paddlewheel site will be barren. A thorough (43.3 x 11.6 m) was built in Ballard, shaft were missing from the hull. mapping and documentation Washington, in 1908 and towed Columbian was one of three project will be required in August north through the Aleutian Islands wooden-hulled ships constructed 2011, to determine whether we and Bering Sea, to St. Michael at in 1898 in Victoria by J. Todd, have a site that will rival or surpass the mouth of the river.12 It was and it steamed up the West Coast A.J. Goddard in material culture. a freight boat, not designed for under its own power.11 Given this passengers, but intended to push delivery route, the hull is expected Phase Three—Hull or tow up to four barges at a time to display some unique strength Documentation on the lower river from St. Michael features to allow its passage up the to Juneau and Dawson City.13 This West Coast and its survival in the of Julia B. at West vessel was the 13th largest sternwheel Bering Sea. However, of greater Dawson—John steamboat (by gross tonnage) to importance may be the cargo of Pollack and Robyn operate in the Yukon drainage.14 Columbian. This large ship made Woodward Our 2010 survey found a heavily routine runs between Whitehorse Following a crew change, a third constructed vessel containing a large and Dawson City. At the time of team visited the “boneyard” at number of longitudinal bulkheads, the disaster, Columbian was fully West Dawson, 530 km to the machinery and a relatively intact loaded with a crew of approximately north of Whitehorse, where seven hull except for extensive ice damage

www.inadiscover.com 31 Yukon River―Canada to port (Fig. 10). Most sternwheel instances of poor joinery on the vessels of the era have a single vessel, including footlings to support centerline longitudinal bulkhead the hog posts or braces. Typical combined with two truss-built footlings are large timbers spanning side longitudinal bulkheads to five to six floors. OnJulia B. provide hull rigidity fore and aft. some of the centerline footlings Julia B.’s hull contains a solid central were assemblies of small pieces of longitudinal bulkhead comprised wood spanning only three floors, of a wall of heavy timbers atop and merely shimmed together. In a keelson plus two additional retrospect, it is surprising that some solid side longitudinal bulkheads. of the centerline hog posts did not Four additional side keelsons penetrate the bottom of the hull. support either hold stanchions or combinations of hold stanchions Summary and trusses. Finally, two short truss- The 2010 accomplishments built engine girders were noted, for represent a zenith of activity in a grand total of nine longitudinal the Yukon. No fewer than three strength members. On the main graduate students travelled to deck, the remains of one engine, a the north to work with the YRS, heavily-constructed three-rudder and three independent projects

FIG 11 steering system, the paddle wheel, were conducted successfully. Nadine Kopp documenting and two locomotive-style boilers Foremost was Lindsey Thomas’ the bow of Julia B. ©2010 were mapped. A standard chine technologically advanced and (J. Pollack). displayed cocked hat construction, well-publicized assessment of the and the boilers were supported by material culture, construction and massive transverse carriers. history of a small, intact sternwheel Two teams of two spent six days steamboat —A.J. Goddard—in on the site (Fig. 11). Draft diagrams Lake Laberge. Ms. Thomas’ thesis were prepared and measurements will be completed in 2011, and all taken for detailed plans of the hull or part of it will be published by the using both baseline survey and Government of Yukon. total station techniques. The survey Unseasonably low water allowed included a plan view, longitudinal a second team to study the great and transverse elevations, and lines wreck of Klondike 1 for the first at the bow and stern. time. Its successor, Klondike 2, was Three observations are launched a year after the sinking and noteworthy. First, the power of thought to be identical in design. the spring ice movement on the We now know it was not identical, Yukon River must be seen to but incorporated additional be fully appreciated, and in this watertight bulkheads to prevent a case a large vessel was cleaved repetition of the disaster. lengthwise. Second, Julia B. is The hull of the most famous similar to Seattle No. 3 in stoutness shipwreck on the river— of construction.15,16 Both of these Columbian—has been discovered vessels had to endure the Bering Sea, in a shallow, side channel that and their hulls contain a number will permit its detailed study. of strength members to ensure Finally, another large sternwheel they survived. Third, despite the steamboat—Julia B.—was extensive strength features observed documented at West Dawson, and within the hull, there were many will be published as part of the

32 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 32 2011 SHA Annual conference Kevin Crisman, Doug Olynuk, North-West Mounted Police. 1901. proceedings. Stockton Rush, Lee Thompson, and Sessional Paper No. 28. S.E. Dawson, The successes of this season, when numerous INA members have been Ottawa, ON. combined with earlier work, have strong supporters. Finally, we thank moved the Yukon program forward the Ta'an Kwach'an Council and Pollack, J.C., R.P. Woodward, N.A. to the point where a comprehensive elders for extending their hospitality Easton and C.G. Velazquez. 2009. monograph or refereed journal on Lake Laberge. “Ships of the Yukon Gold Rush.” article can summarize the various ACUA Underwater Archaeology types of sternwheelers used in the Works Cited Proceedings. Society for Historical north. The shipbuilders of the Adams, C.W. 2002. A Cheechako Archaeology. Pacific Northwest, Alaska and the goes to the Klondike. Kenmore, WA: Yukon were faced with difficult Epicenter Press. Pollack, J.C., R. Woodward, L. ocean and river conditions, and Thomas and P. Helland. 2010. they built vessels with the intended Affleck, E.L. 2000.A century “Mapping Hull Construction and use, route of delivery of the ships to of paddlewheelers in the Pacific Engineering on a Late 19th Century the Yukon, and expected Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska. Yukon River Steamboat.” ACUA in mind. With 19 sites studied and Vancouver: Alexander Nicolls Press. Underwater Archaeology Proceedings. five vessels documented in detail by Society for Historical Archaeology. the survey to date, there is abundant Berton, P. 1972. Klondike: The Last archaeological and archival evidence Great Gold Rush, 1896-1899. Notes Toronto: Anchor Canada. to document the strategies used to 1 Pollack et al. 2009, 287-297 build the last great sternwheeler “Str. Goddard Wrecked on Lake describes the known sternwheel fleet, and its five general classes Laberge.” Daily Klondike Nugget. steamboat sites in the Yukon. of vessel. Accordingly, our field 14 Oct. 1901. Dawson City, YT. 2 Davidge et al. 2010, 186 describes goals for 2011 will be to prepare the location of A.J. Goddard in for that publication by gathering Davidge, D.A., J.C. Pollack, D. June 2008 during an INA project missing data from several known Reid, L. Thomas, T. Dowd and J.P. to the Thirty Mile, and his solo sites, examining two reported sites Delgado. 2010. “The Wreck of the confirmation of the vessel later at Rink Rapids, and assessing the A.J. Goddard.” ACUA Underwater that summer. wreck of Columbian. Annual papers Archaeology Proceedings. Society for 3 Daily Klondike Nugget, 14 Oct. will continue to be given at the SHA Historical Archaeology. 1901. annual conference and published 4 Report of the North-West Mounted “Sourdoughs of Other Days Now in the ACUA proceedings prior to Police 1901, 18. Scattered in Many Distant Fields.” journal publication in 2012. 5 Dawson Daily News 20 Oct. 1923. Dawson Daily News. 20 Oct. 1923. 6 Berton 1972, 275-277. Dawson City, YT. Acknowledgments 7 Affleck 2000, 74, 79 notes the The authors wish to acknowledge Graves, S.H. 1908. On The “White vessel was registered as Evelyn and and thank our many volunteers from Pass” Payroll. New York: Paladin later renamed Norcom. Canada and the USA. Additionally, 8 Press. Affleck 2000, 77. we thank Spiegel-TV, the Govern- 9 Affleck 2000, 73. ment of Yukon, ProMare, the MacKay, J. and J.C. Pollack. 2010. 10 Graves 1908, 192-216. Institute of Nautical Archaeology, “Interpretive Reconstruction 11 Affleck 2000, 73. Blueview Technologies, Oceangate, Drawings of the Seattle No. 3.” 12 Affleck 2000, -76 77. the Nautical Archaeology Program Yukon River Survey. Institute of 13 Adams, 2002, 139-141. at Texas A&M University, the Nautical Archaeology. College 14 Affleck, 2000, -76 77. Yukon Transportation Museum, and Station Texas. http://inadiscover. 15 Pollack et al. 2010. the Vancouver Maritime Museum com/projects/all/north_america/ 16 MacKay et al. 2010. for direct support of the 2010 yukon_gold_rush_steamboat_ field season. Jim Delgado, Gregg survey_canada/site_plans_/seattle_ Cook, Jeff Hunston, Tim Dowd, no_3/.

www.inadiscover.com 33 Yukon River―Canada Berta Lledó University of Alicante, Spain, Ph.D. Candidate/INA

FIG 1 Map of Oshima Island and the Ertuğrul wreck site. Frigate Ertuğrul 2010 The 2010 field Shimano, Hiroshi Enomoto, campaign on the frigate and 41 local volunteers who worked Ertuğrul marked the end of INA’s in the lab assisting with cataloging, initial three-year excavation plan photographing, and cleaning which was a collaboration with the artifacts recovered during the Municipality of Kushimoto, Japan excavation. and the Bodrum Culture and Arts One question we are often asked Foundation (BOSAV). The work is why we exavate in January, the will continue in 2011 with a study coldest month of the year. Although season and in 2012 with further the water are quite excavation, as part of an educational cold (14 C / 58 F) with an air program for Japanese exchange of 8-9 C / 47 F, there students. are many advantages to other aspects The 2010 excavation season was of the work. held in January and February, with Kushimoto is the southernmost team members, Tufan Turanlı, point of Honshu Island, the largest Berta Lledó, Orkan Köyağasıoğlu, island in the Japanese archipelago. Ilkay Ivgin, Güzden Varinlioğlu, The climate is so temperate as to Yoshuke Nakamura, Toshiyuki be almost subtropical. Kushimoto

34 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 34 experiences the highest rain levels and into a cave at the northern end during the summer, which coincides of the valley, protecting numerous with the typhoon season—May artifacts for the past 120 years. to October. During this time large waves and dangerous sea conditions Field Work can develop quickly; around During previous campaigns, the the shipwreck which lies off the main excavation was carried out in a northeast coast of Oshima Island, small area at the northern end of the just across from Kushimoto, the narrow valley. The highlight of the prevailing winds are N, NE and 2010 field season (8 January - 22 E. Fishing is the main economic February) was the opening of a new FIG 2 activity in the area and its low area in the cave and the recovery of Close-up map of the season occurs during the winter large concretions from within. island and the wreck area. months. Kushimoto’s other key economic activity is tourism for which the main season is from April Frigate to September. Given all of these factors, January and February are the ideal months for archaeological excavation: the wreck site is sheltered by the island; these are the Ertu rul drier months of the year; and the ğ underwater visibility is at its best. Background As described in detail in previous 2010 INA Annual articles1 the frigate Ertuğrul traveled from Istanbul to Japan in 11 months. After a three- month-long official visit in Japan representing the Ottoman sultan, the frigate sank on its way home, while still in Japanese waters, the victim of a typhoon that struck on 16 September 1890. The archaeological site of the Ertuğrul shipwreck is approximately 200 m off the coast of Oshima Island, which is opposite the southern town of Kushimoto (Figs. 1&2). The frigateErtuğrul sank immediately after striking the Funagora Rocks and breaking in half. On the seabed, a narrow valley channeled the remains of the ship into a long gully averaging 3 m wide

www.inadiscover.com 35 Ertuğrul-Japan top to bottom Dr. Güzden Varinlioğlu led the FIG 3 effort to make profile sections of Güzden Varinlioğlu and the cave and finally completed the Orkan Köyağasıoğlu mapping of its full contour with working in the cave. 2010 the help of Orkan Koyağasioğlu (T. Turanlı). (Figs. 3&4). FIG 4 In 2008-2009, we limited the General contour and excavation of the cave to those sections of the cave area. areas nearest the eastern entrance FIG 5 (Cave Areas A, B, and D), owing to Cave excavation areas. the accessibility of the underwater dredge. In 2010, we expanded the excavation to the western end of the cave, Cave Area C, which was surveyed in 2009 but not excavated. A new layout of the dredge connections and a new pump provided the necessary equipment to allow us to access and excavate two new areas: Cave Area C and K (Fig. 5). An important advantage of the new excavation areas is the existence of an overhead opening which provides natural light for excavating while in other areas (Caves Areas B and D) (Fig. 6). Cave Areas C and K proved to be very interesting. They have a hard compact sea floor upon which artifacts have become heavily concreted together forming large clusters. Occasionally the divers were able to separate some of the artifacts, but in general, these clusters were brought to the lab, where they were cleaned and the artifacts removed. By the end of the 2010 season the excavation of these new areas had affected the stability of the large rock located between Cave Areas C and K, requiring that excavation of the loose sand around the rock cease until safety measures could be taken. At present we are considering removing the rock, but its large size, the low ceilings in the cave and the narrow entrance might make it impossible.

36 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 36 One of the large concretions removed from Cave Areas C and K contained an artifact that was not readily identifiable. Further cleaning in the lab during the next few months, in both Japan and Bodrum, Turkey, revealed a complete coffee grinder composed of an iron box and brass hopper. It was manufactured in Wolverhamton, England, sometime after 1879 by T&C Clark company (Fig. 7). Excavation also continued in the narrow valley as in previous years,2 especially around large iron concretions in areas Valley A3 and A4. Orkan Köyağasıoğlu undertook the difficult task of raising to the surface a large concretion from this area (Fig. 8). The concretion was separated into three parts, which contained a conglomerate of artifacts, coal and sand that had filled up a large iron container. The leather sole of an officer’s boot was mired in the upper part of the concretion, but was later removed in the lab. When analyzing the excavation areas and finds, it is important to keep in mind the magnitude of the original vessel: 76 m long (260 ft), 15.5 m in beam (51 ft) and depth of hold of 5.6 m (84 ft). The excavation area in which we had been concentrating our efforts in the last three years was very small in comparison and presumably represents only a percentage of what top to bottom would have been the total surface FIG 6 of the ship’s original distribution Excavating in the cave. 2010 (G. Varinlioğlu). (Fig. 9). Our detailed analysis of the FIG 7 Concretion from Cave C-K containing a coffee grinder and other fine descriptions of the sinking by local pieces. 2010 (B. Lledó). authorities as well as by the survivors in their personal accounts confirms FIG 8 the underwater finds. Surveys Orkan Köyağasıoğlu lifts one of the concretions from the Valley Area A. of the seabed indicate that there 2010 (G. Varinlioğlu). are few remains on the other side

www.inadiscover.com 37 Ertuğrul-Japan FIG 9 of the large rocks that reach the production. While the had Map of the underwater surface; rather, most of the finds are at that time a nominal value of terrain at the wreck concentrated in the 2-3 m wide one pound sterling or 20 shillings, site. The size of the area where we have been working. the sovereign was an official frigate is depicted in the Large items such as guns, rifles, piece of bullion with no mark of shaded area to offer a and other valuable pieces were value anywhere on the coin itself. comparative reference to recovered by the local authorities Sovereigns minted since 1817 have the excavation areas. and returned to the Ottoman been produced to a specific standard Empire. For example, 182 of the (weight: 7.9881 g; thickness: 200 rifles on board along with 24 of 1.52 mm; diameter: 22.05 mm; 40 pistols, 61 swords, 71 bayonets purity: 22 carat; actual gold content: and most of the heavy artillery were 7.3224 g). Well-worn or used recovered and sent to Istanbul. may be marginally less than their What wasn’t retrieved or lost to the manufactured weight and size: the typhoon became interred between coin from Ertuğrul is now 21 mm the Funagora rocks. in diameter, with a weight of 7-8 g, showing little wear after 34 years Highlights in circulation and over a century In the purest of archaeological under water. To modern eyes the terms, all artifacts are equally gold sovereign appears a small coin, valuable, but among the most but with a face value of £1, it had in exciting discoveries of the 2010 1890, the same purchasing power excavation season on the frigate as £255 in 2010. In the second Ertuğrul were a handful of gold and half of the 19th century, the British silver coins (Fig. 10). sovereign became the foremost coin An 1856 Queen Victoria of international trade, as popular Shield gold sovereign was found overseas as in England itself. by Nakamura in Cave Area C. The obverse features a bust Sovereigns were first issued in of young Queen Victoria England in 1489 and are still in (b 1819-d 1901) and the legend

38 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 38 VICTORIA DEI GRATIA weight was 4.67 grams. The obverse (Victoria by Grace of God) has a number 5 at the center, with surrounds the bust with the date the legend JAPAN 1890; the reverse (1856) at the bottom. The reverse has the Japanese imperial crest of the has the Ensigns Armorial of the chrysanthemum at the center, and United Kingdom contained in a the legend reads five sen, in English plain shield, surmounted by the and Japanese. Royal Crown and encircled with Two small silver coins in very a laurel wreath, with the legend poor condition, and of similar BRITANNIARUM REGINA FID dimensions were also found in DEF, (British Queen, Defender of 2009. On one of them are traces of a the Faith) with a rose, thistle and possible tughra, the calligraphic seal shamrock set under the shield. of a sultan, indicating the likelihood Two, one-yen silver crown of Ottoman origin. FIG 10 below coins were also recovered from Among other finds were Nakamura and Shimano share Cave Area C and Cave Area K. additional fragments of decorated their excitement after finding the Unfortunately they have suffered pewter, totaling 15 since 2008. gold sovereign coin in the cave. from corrosion and only some In 2010 a small complete lobe- 2010 (G. Varinlioğlu). of their original surfaces are shaped concave pewter footed tray recognizable. The first coin has a (8 x 6.5 cm) was recovered from FIG 11 inset diameter of 38 mm and weighs Cave Area K. It is decorated inside Gold sovereign in the center, 27 grams. Although the exact date with a relief of two bears or dogs large coins left and right are of the coins is not assured, based on playing with a fan (Figs. 12&13). identical one-yen silver crowns. At top is a silver 10-cent coin the dragon design it is possible to At the end of the 19th century, from Hong Kong. The bottom say that it was minted after 1874. pewter was not widely used in coin could be of Ottoman origin The Bank of Japan was established Japanese art but with the opening although the state of preserva- in 1870, and modeled its coinage of the Yokohama harbor for tion did not permit a clear iden- after foreign currencies, especially international trade, a new array tification yet. 2010 (B. Lledó). in the USA and Britain. Gold yens of export items and souvenirs circulated internally, while silver following western tastes was yens were used for foreign trade. produced to meet demand. Pewter Another small find was an 1890 objects were among these, although silver Hong Kong 10-cent coin measuring 17.5 mm in diameter and 1.1 mm in thickness. Although weathering has reduced its weight to approximately 2 g, the coin’s official original weight would have been 2.82 g (0. 11). The obverse shows a coronated Gothic head of Queen Victoria left, with the legend VICTORIA QUEEN; and on the reverse is written HONG-KONG TEN CENTS 1890 around Chinese characters, within a beaded circle, with a dot in center. A copper (75%) and nickel (25%) five-sen coin from 1889 was found in 2009 in Cave Area D. The official

www.inadiscover.com 39 Ertuğrul-Japan they never eclipsed porcelain products in importance. The FIG 12 influence of the European and North Project conservator American markets, therefore, created Ilkay Ivgin works on a a unique Japanese style at that time. decorated pewter tray On the Japanese market, pewter from Ertuğrul, now in objects were usually produced for the Turkish Museum the consumption of tea and sake, on Oshima Island. 2010 the most popular items being small (B. Lledó). saucers for tea cups. The pieces produced for export were mostly decorative and this is also likely FIG 13 the case of the 15 fragments of Small decorated pewter decorated pewter found so far in the tray from Cave K. Ertuğrul collection. 2010 (B. Lledó). Following the excavation of this small decorative pewter tray we were granted permission by the municipality to clean and consolidate a larger pewter tray on display for the last 30 years in the local Turkish-Ertuğrul Museum. Conservator Ilkay Ivgin removed a thin layer of marine concretion from the surface of this tray bringing out the beautiful figurative decoration (Fig. 12).

Finds from the Final Days: The Emperor’s Plates It happens during every archaeologi- cal field season: the most significant discoveries are often made during the last few days. The 2010 season on Ertuğrul was no exception. The last archaeological dive of 2010 took place on 8 February. Nevertheless, one more dive by the Japanese team to close the site occurred on 20 February. The goal was to make a final check for remaining pieces of the permanent anchorage and to FIG 14 retrieve any equipment left behind. One of the two Divers also brought to the surface fragmentary plates some artifacts found loose on the sea decorated with the floor in the valley area, specifically Japanese imperial seal. two rare white porcelain plate 2010 (B. Lledó). fragments with the imperial emblem

40 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 40 at the center (Fig. 14). The ship’s large copper cooking These two elegant matching pot was also brought to the lab fragmentary plates bear the most where it was cleaned of most of the important motif in Japanese official thin concretions on its surfaces. art: a chrysanthemum blossom, the This iconic piece, the symbol of imperial seal of Japan since medieval Ertuğrul, was taken to Turkey for times. Under the Meiji Constitution, continued treatment in the Nixon the 16-petal chrysanthemum was Griffis Conservation Laboratory. reserved for the Emperor of Japan’s Once conserved, the cauldron again

FIG 15 exclusive use. Each member of became the central piece of the Ilkay, Orkan and Güzden work the Imperial family used a slightly Ertuğrul exhibit, this time at the th cleaning clusters of concreted modified version of the seal. These 120 anniversary of the disaster in artifacts in the back of the plates are decorated with a 12-petal Mersin, Turkey (Fig. 16). ERC. 2010 (B. Lledó). chrysanthemum, as the central motif, At the end of February 2010, it which is repeated on the side walls, was decided to bring many Ertuğrul alongside other painted decoration artifacts to Turkey to complete as of which only faint traces survive. much of the conservation process The plates may have been a present as possible in order to ready them from an Imperial family member to for display, first in Turkey then in the Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II. Osaka, Japan, and finally in the Kushimoto Ertuğrul Museum. Post-Excavation Among the iron artifacts brought Laboratory Work/ to Bodrum were two cannon balls, Conservation in weighing 16 kg each, three shrapnel shells, fragments of several iron tools Kushimoto and and what may be the fragment of a Bodrum knife blade. FIG 16 All artifacts raised during the From February to December Dilek Atac, conservation 2010 season were registered 2010 this conservation work in student, with Ertuğrul’s and photographed in the ERC Bodrum continued under the cooking pot. 2010 (B. Lledó). between 8 January and 22 February. supervision and advice of Kimberly Preparations for wet storage and Rash, interim conservator at INA’s artifact desalination were overseen Bodrum Research Center, and by field conservator Ilkay Ivgin. with the assistance of various team On windy or rainy days when members and students: Hülya dives were not conducted the team Çevik, Dr. Maria Jose Lledó, worked hard cleaning concretions and conservation student Dilek in the lab (Fig. 15), a process which Ataç, who worked especially hard yielded numerous small nails, preparing over 600 pieces for officers’ buttons, and other objects exhibitions in Turkey (Fig. 17). of brass, porcelain and glass. Other Conservation of some of the unidentified metal objects were organics like the bone whistle, two likely part of the engine room, but small ivory pieces and a few leather FIG 17 their specific nature has not yet been soles from officers’ boots took Exhibition of Ertuğrul artifacts determined. special time and attention, with the in the headquarters of INA’s On 1 February, the exhibit of end result being quite satisfactory. Bodrum Research Center Ertuğrul artifacts in the Kushimoto (B. Lledó). Marine Park was officially closed and the artifacts returned to the ERC lab.

www.inadiscover.com 41 Ertuğrul-Japan Ertuğrul Shipwreck Research Center (Fig. 17). 120th-Anniversary Celebration Events Reflections Again in 2010 the Ertuğrul lab in Kushimoto, Japan in Kushimoto opened its doors and Mersin, Turkey to local students and volunteers Parallel to the archaeological every afternoon (Fig. 19). About research, an important mission 41 local residents and students of this project since its beginning participated in the conservation in 2005, with the help of the work facilitated by an educational FIG 18 program promoted by the local high Kushimoto Municipality in Japan, 120th-anniversary celebrations school and the cultural department has been to raise public awareness in at the wreck site (Kushimoto of the local town hall. The history Turkey about this important event Municipality). in the history of the Ottoman Navy. of Ertuğrul is part of the academic The existingErtuğrul museum on curriculum of the prefecture and Oshima Island hosts artifacts from this laboratory component is part of previous surveys and is situated a hands-on internship, especially for on a walking path that links the high school students (Fig. 20). museum to the Ertuğrul Memorial At the end of the field season monument and the lighthouse. two rooms at the local high school This national park and walking area were were allocated for dry and wet receives about 100,000 visitors per storage of Ertuğrul artifacts. The year. The exhibition of some of the setting of this new storage area is Ertuğrul artifacts in the Kushimoto perfect for our purposes as water Marine Park between April 2009 is available from an outside hose, and February 2010 received the floors are concrete and have FIG 19 approximately 200,000 visitors and level access to an outside open area A volunteer admires one of the helped promote the story of with drainage that facilitates the porcelain pieces in the ERC. 2010 Ertuğrul all over Japan. changing of the water needed for (B. Lledó). In 2010, the 120th anniversary of proper artifact conservation. Finally, the tragedy, official ceremonies were its central location provides easy held on the wreck site on board the access for our local team members Japanese Naval Defense Force Ship Nakamura, Enomoto, Shimano and Setoyuki, and on land a large group Sanakari, who continue monitoring of Turkish and Japanese officials the artifacts and changing the water presided over events at the Ertuğrul all year long. memorial on Oshima Island The documentation of the (Fig. 18). site, conservation, treatment These events were reciprocated and stabilization of the artifacts in September 2010 by the Mersin provides the material background Municipality in Turkey, sister city for the archaeological research of Kushimoto and home to a sister and final interpretation. But FIG 20 memorial to the Ertuğrul sailors. the archaeological nature of the Primary school children receiving The centerpiece of these events was Ertuğrul shipwreck site is far their Frigate Ertuğrul Lesson in the exhibit showcasing the history from ideal, for although the site History class in a school in Kyoto and excavation of the Ertuğrul ship- is rich in artifacts, their current (Kushimoto Municipality). wreck. location has little relation to their In November, this exhibit original context. This is because the traveled to Bodrum where it was Ertuğrul shipwreck is the result of housed in the main gallery of INA’s a disastrous typhoon that battered

42 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 42 the already old and fragile ship, days Öyküsü XIX. YY’dan bugüne. after running aground, breaking it Istanbul. into pieces and causing it to sink between the rocks which in turn Checkland, O. 2003. Japan and acted as a funnel and channeled Britain after 1859: Creating Cultural the remains to the deep pockets Bridges. New York and London. of the valley beneath. In the case of Ertuğrul, specifically, we are Dewardt Lane, R. 2008. also responsible for respecting, Encyclopedia Small Silver Coins. collecting, and reviving a shared 272. social memory that is still alive in two very different cultures. We Hamson, R. 1975. Regal Coinage of become closer to its tragedy with Hong Kong. Hong Kong Museum of each small fragment we raise to the History. surface. Lledó, B. and C. Pulak. 2008. Acknowledgments “The FrigateErtuğrul . The 2007 We would like to acknowledge Underwater Survey off Oshima and thank INA, Kushimoto Island, Japan,” The INA Annual Municipality and BOSAV for 1:35-41. supporting this project. The continuation of fieldwork and Lledó, B and T. Turanlı. 2009. research in 2010 would not have “The FrigateErtuğrul . The 2008 been possible without the financial Underwater Excavation Season.” support of David Koch whom we The INA Annual 2:80-92. gratefully thank. Many thanks as well to all project members and Lledó, B. 2010. “Ertuğrul: 2009 volunteers who participated in Highlights—A Campaign Full the project. There was always a of Surprises.” The INA Annual long list of experts specializing in 3:80-88. different aspects of research (from armament to Japanese art) ready to Tanabe, T. 2008. Yokohama answer our endless questions about Porcelain Exhibit Catalog. the artifacts, and we thank them Yokohama. dearly, despite not having the space to list them individually. I would Notes also like to thank the Department 1 Lledó and Pulak 2008; Lledó and of Archaeology in the University Turanlı. 2009; Lledó 2010. of Alicante, especially Dr. Lorenzo 2 Lledó 2010. Abad Casal and Dr. Sonia Gutierrez Lloret, for supporting my research and accepting this topic as my Ph.D. dissertation.

Works Cited Allen, L. 2009. The Encyclopedia of Money. Santa Barbara. Apatay, C. 2004. Türk-Japon Ilişkileri ve Ertuğrul Firkateyni’nin

www.inadiscover.com 43 Ertuğrul-Japan Archaeological Survey Dongand Excavation at Jun Kimura Flinders University Ph.D. Candidate/ INA Ma Ngua, Vietnam 2010 This report summarizes the excavation. Some interpretations archaeological fieldwork con- regarding these stakes are presented ducted in 2010 at the Dong Ma in this report. The ultimate goal Ngua site along Bạch Đằng River of this project is to identify the in northern Vietnam. The site is a Mongolian fleet of ’s Yuan historical battleground related to Dynasty at the battle on the River the Chinese Dynasties’ invasions of in 1288. Vietnam between the 10th and 13th centuries. The fieldwork follows Site background work conducted in 2009 by the As its fifth emperor, Kublai Khan Institute of Nautical Archaeology successfully led the great power of (INA) at Texas A&M University, the Mongol Empire. During his the Maritime Archaeology Program reign (1260-1294), he dispatched (MAP) at Flinders University, fleets to further the empire’s and the Vietnamese Institute of hegemony, expanding his rule to Archaeology (IA).1 This report East and Southeast Asia. Table 1 outlines the results of the full shows Kublai Khan’s invasions excavation at Dong Ma Ngua in in the region in chronological 2010 implemented by researchers order. There are two maritime from the IA, working alongside archaeological sites that bear witness members of MAP and INA. to these 13th-century activities: the A number of wooden stakes, first is located in the vicinity of believed to have been used as a the Bạch Đằng River in northern means of preventing the Chinese Vietnam (at the time under the fleet from flowing down river during reign of Dai Viet, 1054-1804), and battle, were discovered during the the other is located off Takashima

44 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 44 FIG 1 Bạch Đằng River in northern Vietnam, showing the site where the stake fields were discovered.

Island in the northwestern region of Kyushu Island, Japan (Fig.1).2 These Vietnam are historic naval battle sites where invading Mongolian fleets were defeated by the local people. The Vietnamese triumph over the Mongol Empire’s fleet in 1288 2010 is described in historical sources as follows. After successfully taking the capital (modern Hanoi), the invaders found themselves trapped in the empty city without supplies. They soon abandoned the capital and retreated, but the people of Dai Viet intended to fight a decisive naval battle against the invaders. The Vietnamese lay in wait for the fleet to return to China through battle strategy (Table 2). Because was conducted in 2010 to explore the estuary of the Bạch Đằng River. at least two battles occurred on the additional details of the site. Their strategy was to prevent the Bạch Đằng River, it has been argued fleet from reaching the mouth of the that the stakes discovered in the Fieldwork river and trap them using hidden 1950s may be from a 10th- century The 2010 fieldwork at Dong Ma wooden stakes that had been driven battle against the Southern Han Ngua was conducted between April into the riverbed. Historical records Kingdom. and May. The site had previously indicate that a number of ships were Three sites identified as major been used as a fish pond, but was lost during the battle. stake fields (Yen Giang, Dong drained for survey and excavation. Roughly 700 years later, the battle Van Muoi, Dong Ma Ngua), are Four permanent data points were site was located in the reclaimed located along the eastern shore of established and four trenches lands along the river when a large the Bạch Đằng River in the Quang were opened but later integrated number of wooden stakes were Ninh Province. The Dong Ma into one large trench (Fig. 2). The discovered in the 1950s.3 The tactic Ngua site, discovered in 2009, is size of the fish pond measures of using hidden stakes to trap fleets about 3 km south of the Yen Giang approximately 20 x 15 m. Two on a river occurred sporadically in site, first discovered in 1958. A additional test trenches were history as a feature of Chinese naval full excavation at Dong Ma Ngua opened in the rice fields around

www.inadiscover.com 45 Dong Ma Ngua―Vietnam FIG 2 Dong Ma Nuga site. (M.H. Nguyen).

TABLE 1

1271 Kublai Khan, fifth emperor of the Mongolian Empire, establishes the Yuan Dynasty. 1274 First attack on Japan by the Yuan Dynasty. 1279 Yuan Dynasty conquers the Southern Song Dynasty. 1281 Second attack on Japan by the Yuan Dynasty. 1283 The Yuan and Mongolian force invade Champa (ancient kingdom located in what is currently central and southern Vietnam). 1284 Kublai Khan sends a letter to Dai Viet King to call on him to surrender. 1285- Yuan and Mongolian forces attempt to invade Dai Viet on at least two occasions but are repelled; suffering 1288 from fatigue, disease, and a shortage of supplies, the forces withdraw by ship down the Bạch Đằng River . 1288 Dai Viet General Tran Hung Dao traps the retreating Yuan/Mongolian fleet by planting iron-tipped stakes around the mouth of the Bạch Đằng River. While small Vietnamese boats challenge the Mongolian fleet, the ebbs. Stuck in the river, 100 Mongolian vessels are destroyed and 400 are captured.

TABLE 2

279– Chang River (Yangtze River) against Jin; Wu adopts stakes linked together by iron chains on the riverbed. 280 933– Bạch Đằng River Battle against Southern Han Kingdom; Ngo Quen (Founder of Ngo Dynasty) adopts the 938 tactic. 1197 Lantau Island, Hong Kong against South Song Dynasty; Lantau Islanders adopts the tactic. 1288 Bạch Đằng River Battle against the Yuan Dynasty; Tran Hung Dao adopts the tactic.

46 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 46 FIG 3 above left TS 1 test pit opened at the rice field 20 m northwest of the Dong Ma Ngua site. A ceramic coffin was found at a shallow depth (M.H. Nguyen).

FIG 4 above middle and right Wooden stakes at Yen Giang and Dong Van Muoi. (G. Belcher and T.L. Le). Excavating at Dong Van Muoi by the IA (T.L. Le).

FIG 5 left The end of one of the wooden stakes from Dong Ma Ngua with a square notch (J. Kimura).

the site to assess soil sediments configuration of the fish pond, and marine borers and their current and enhance our understanding of waterways. Recovered artifacts condition makes it difficult to topographical features. As a result of vary but included ceramic sherds, determine their original dimensions. the excavation, 55 stakes (plus two fragments of earthenware , However, their original diameters large wooden pieces) were identified pieces of , remains of wooden appear to fall into approximate in the fish pond. Moreover, a large stakes, one corroded metal object, groups of 6, 12, and 20 cm. These number of ceramic pieces currently and pieces of bone (likely from a estimates can be confirmed by under analysis by Dr. Le Thi Lien mammal and a bird). those stakes that still have their (IA), were identified possibly dating bark intact. On the bottom of some to the 15th century or earlier. A small Analysis and stakes was a recess or notch (Fig. 5). ceramic coffin, likely dated after the Interpretation Although this feature could not 17th or 18th century, was found in Fieldwork focussed mainly on be confirmed on all of the stakes, one of the two test trenches (Fig. 3). detailed recording of the stakes it appears that it is to be associated Fieldwork included the recording at Dong Ma Ngua to ascertain with the method of driving the large of sediment profiles and detailed their specific distribution pattern. stakes into the riverbed, perhaps descriptions, measurements, and The stakes are aligned in columns, with a hammer.4 photo-cataloguing of the stakes extending from west to east. The Wood species of the stake themselves. Small wood samples upper ends of the stakes, which were specimens recovered in 2009 were were collected from all of these driven diagonally into the riverbed analyzed by the Forestry and Forest stakes for post-excavation analysis. in two rows, face or cross each other. Products Research Institute in By using a total station, the team Similar diagonally-driven stakes Japan. The five samples that were was able to record the positions were identified in the other stake submitted returned three different of the stakes and important fields previously identified (Fig.4). taxa: one sample has been identified topographical features, including Most of the wooden stakes as Meliaceae sp or Rutaceae sp, concrete irrigation channels, the discovered had been attacked by another as Leguminosae sp and

www.inadiscover.com 47 Dong Ma Ngua―Vietnam TABLE 3

Botanical 14C date Calibrated information date range •09.DMN-05 wood Meliaceae 628 ± 27 BP 1280 C.E. (95.4%) or Rutaceae 1400 C.E. •09.DMN-06 wood Leguminosae 577 ± 28 BP 1300 C.E. (95.4%) 1420 C.E. •09.DMN-07 wood Shorea-Shorea 664 ± 31 BP 1270 C.E. (95.4%) (Dipterocarpaceae) 1400 C.E.

TABLE 4

Common Botanical Name Distribution Features Name (ironwoods) Dinh Bignoniaceae- North, central and 15-25 m high Markhamia indica highlands of Vietnam 60-80 cm (Lour.) Pham, H. diameter Lim Caesalpiniaceae from Nghe Tinh province 20-25 m high (Fabaceae before) to northern Vietnam, 70-90 cm -Erythrophloeum also in GuangXi and diameter fordii Oliver Guangdong, China Sen Sapotaceae Distributed in central to 20-25 m high FIG 6 -Madhuca pasquieri north Vietnam 1.2 m diameter Samples of the stakes taken (Dubard) Lam, H.J. from Dong Ma Ngua for wood Tau Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, 30-35 m high identification (R. Sasaki). Dipterocarpaceae -Vatica odorata Cambodia, Thailand and 1 m diameter (Griff.) Symingt Malaysia three samples as Shorea-Shorea The excavated area shows a change the fourth or the fifth layer. The (Dipterocarpaceae) sp (Fig. 6 and in elevation and sedimentation sediment includes a number of Table 3). According to Vietnamese patterns. The stakes may have thin layers, resulting from riverine researchers, some hardwoods, been driven into the slope of the deposition processes. The quality so-called iron trees, were used for old channel shoreline. Based on of the soils in the different layers the wooden stakes. There are several the profile of the sedimentation changes from top to bottom; hard trees known as iron trees in the recorded during the excavation, the from clay, clay with sand, sand, area (Table 4).5 Shorea-Shorea sp is riverbed slopes from east to west. to sandy silt. Some layers were an evergreen tree growing widely in The first few layers appear to characterized by tiny clam shells, Southeast Asia, known as a heavy have been disturbed by modern large oyster shells, and degraded and hard wood with an absolute activities. A number of ceramics plant remains. According to Dr. density of 0.93 g/cm3. From visible were discovered, mostly from the Doan Dinh Lam from the Institute inspection and limited sampling third and fourth layers. During for Geology of Vietnam, these carried out during the 2010 season, previous excavations conducted are the result of typical riverine it seems there is some consistency by Vietnamese researchers, such a sedimentation observed in the area; in the quality of the woods used large number of ceramics was not the clay in the upper layer are from for the stakes, but future wood observed. The stakes, which taper slow sedimentation processes with identification analyses will help us about 20-30 cm from the point, minimal tidal influence. In the lower refine these preliminary conclusions. appear to have been driven into layers, however, some of the sand

48 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 48 and sand-silt layer are much thicker, The 2011 Survey Sasaki, R. and J. Kimura. 2010. “The which is consistent with the original The 2011 survey will target the area Bạch Đằng battle site survey project riverbed into which the stakes were of high ground along the ancient 2009.” The INA Annual 3:14-24 driven. Kenh River. The area has been Two test trenches were opened reclaimed and can hardly be seen on Notes west and northwest of Dong Ma the map. The Kenh River is one of 1 Sasaki and Kimura 2010 Ngua to determine whether these the three major channels that used 2 Kimura 2006 areas were originally a deeper part to connect the Bạch Đằng River 3 Le 2005, published as an internal of the channel. Apart from the and the Chanh River to other small report for the IA, translated into coffin, neither cultural remains streams. The higher ground in this English for this project. nor organic and shell remains were area is called “Shipwreck place,” 4 Le et al. 2011. identified there and the quality of making this particular area relevant 5 Nguyen Thi Mai Huong (IA), the sediment is consistent. for an intensive survey by coring and personal communication, 2009; remote sensing equipment in order also referred to Vietnam Forest Summary to identify possible ship remains. Trees, Agricultural Publishing The 2010 fieldwork at Dong Ma House. Ngua has contributed to a better understanding of the stakes’ References placement pattern, their usage, and Ha, V.T. and T.T. Pham. 1968. The resistance war against the Yuan the past landscape of the area. It is th clear that stakes were intentionally Mongol during 13 century. Hanoi: inserted in specific narrow areas, Social Publishing House. and not simply placed between natural barriers such as high ground Kimura, J. 2006. “Recent survey and river rocks. On the final day in and excavation on the Mongolian the field, preliminary results were fleet sunk off Japan: the Takashima presented at a meeting attended underwater site.” The Bulletin of the by the Director of the Institute Australasian Institute for Maritime of Archaeology in Hanoi, the Archaeology 30:7-13. Previous Minister of the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism, Le, L.T. 2005. “Bao cao kêt Quả the Representative of Regional Khảo aS t Tham Sat: Bãi cọca B ch Communist Party, officials from Đảng Đỏnga V n Muơi. (Report the District, the Province and the of the Archaeological Exploration Commune. The purpose of this and Excavation of the Bạch Đằng meeting was to draw the public’s Stake Field in Dong Van Muoi).” attention and raise interest for Internal Report for the Institute of wider support. We also hope to raise Archaeology. Hanoi: The Institute of awareness of the need to conserve Archaeology. the recovered artifacts and manage the site responsibly. As conservation Le, L.T., C.M. Pham and J.C. facilities are not available in Hanoi, Pollack. 2011. “The Bạch Đằng a proper method of conservation Battle Field in 1288 C.E.: Previous for excavated organic materials is a Excavations and Research.” Paper primary concern. At present, first- presented at the Society 2011 aid conservation using Kathon CG Conference on Historical and is being proposed. Underwater Archaeology, January 5-9, Austin TX.

www.inadiscover.com 49 Dong Ma Ngua―Vietnam GalleonThe Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. INA Warwick Excavation 2010 In November 1619, a Warwick’s captain was faced with powerful hurricane formed in the a difficult choice. He could depart Atlantic (Fig. 1). It threatened the prematurely and attempt to ride fledgling Bermuda colony and all the out the storm in the open ocean, ships anchored at the island’s natural or seek shelter in Castle Harbor harbors. One of these was Warwick, and hope that the ship’s mooring Piotr Bojakowski an English magazine ship destined cables were stronger than the wind. Texas A&M for the colony at Jamestown, Under Butler’s orders, the crew of University Ph.D. Virginia. The ship had just delivered Warwick dropped anchors behind Candidate/INA Captain Nathaniel Butler, the newly the harbor’s tall cliffs and secured elected Commander and Governor the ship. The captain’s decision of Bermuda, and Mr. John Dutton, would strand some 40 colonists the new bailiff of the Warwick Tribe and deprive the Jamestown colony (Fig. 2). of desperately-needed supplies and

FIG 1 A map of Bermuda with a close up of the research Douglas Inglis area. Texas A&M University Ph.D. Student/INA

50 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 50 FIG 2 Artistic depiction of Warwick entering Castle Harbour, Bermuda (painting by Stephen Card, c. 1990, Private Bermudian Collection).

food. Mike Gilbart, and Doug Inglis, all findings of the survey with past On 20 November, the hurricane graduate students in the Nautical research conducted by Adams, landed. A fierce northwesterly Archaeology Program at Texas these heavy fore-and-aft stringers ripped through Bermuda. At King’s A&M University. Volunteers appeared to be installed at Anchorage, Warwick broke free of included Leah Crisman, Patrick pre-determined intervals along all her moorings and was torn apart Dresch, and Bermudians James the inside of Warwick’s hull.2 on the and rocks. Some of her Davidson, Zoe Brady, Piers Only after they were secured in supplies were rescued. Her cannons Kermode, and Tristan Kermode. place, with what may have been were raised and used to bolster the During the 2010 field season, treenails, were the ceiling planks island’s defenses. Regardless, the loss the partially buried section of early of more irregular widths tightly of the ship was a devastating blow 17th-century Warwick’s hull was fitted into the spaces between to her owner, Sir Robert Rich, the successfully excavated and recorded the stringers. Interestingly, second Earl of Warwick, as well (Fig. 3). Constituting roughly a such a solution to the planking as the Virginia and Somers Island 10-m by 5-m rectangle, the extant of the interior of the vessel is Company and their individual structure represented the very stern consistent with the technology investors. portion of the starboard hull, from discovered on the 16th-century the turn of the bilge to just above Tudor warship, .3 The 2010 Excavation the orlop deck. It comprised ceiling internal structure of Warwick More than 390 years later, Warwick planks, stringers (with one serving deviates from that of the has a new story to tell. Between 19 as a shelf clamp), lodging knees and contemporaneous and better- June and 23 July 2010, the Institute two types of deck beams supporting known English shipwreck from of Nautical Archaeology (INA) and the deck, framing timbers, and outer Bermuda, Sea Venture. While the the Center of Maritime Archaeology planks in two distinct layers covered system of stringers on the latter and Conservation (CMAC) at with sheathing.1 was restricted to the footwales or Texas A&M University, with the sleepers, the function of which collaboration of the National The Hull Remains was to run on each side of the Museum of Bermuda (NMB) and The first elements uncovered keelson at the level of the floor’s the National Geographic Society during the survey were the nine wrongheads (rungheads) the (NGS) conducted the first field ceiling planks, which followed regularly-spaced stringers of the season of excavation of the galleon an alternating pattern with the former spanned the entire hold of Warwick. The staff included project stringers. The stringers were the ship.5 Of the three stringers, directors Piotr Bojakowski and Dr. considerably more robust than the the uppermost one also served Katie Custer Bojakowski, Dr. Kevin ceiling planking. They were also as a shelf clamp on which the Crisman and Dr. Jonathan Adams; visibly chamfered along both edges. lodging knees and two types of Carlos Cabrera, John Eastlund, Amalgamating the preliminary beams were placed.

www.inadiscover.com 51 Warwick-Bermuda FIG 3 Site plan based on work carried out during the 2010 season.

The exposed section of the hull included 29 framing timbers FIG 4 (Fig. 4). These comprised the Exposed framing elements. floor timber’s wrongheads and well-preserved first, second, and third futtocks. Although the framing timbers showed distinct overlapping between the futtocks, the arrangement was rather loose and the elements did not appear to be horizontally fastened to each other. All the timbers were fastened directly to the outer planks with treenails, which were tightly spaced, oftentimes in pairs, with two to four treenails per futtock- plank intersection. Additionally, no chocks or scarfs were detected, and the lower futtocks were simply butted up against the upper ones, often with a significant gap between the timbers. The framing was

52 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 52 FIG 5 Three layers of plank- ing: 1) first layer, 2) second layer (doubling) and 3) third layer of sheathing.

FIG 6 Iron grenade embedded into one of the hull planks.

regular and corresponded to the spaced tacks (Fig. 5). Finally, the an iron grenade (Fig. 6). The object typical English three-arc system that spaces between each layer of was tentatively identified during dictated the hull form from the 16th planking were tightly packed with 1979-80 salvage work carried out to the 18th century. In addition, the caulking material that appears to be by Teddy Tucker as a cannonball evidence from Warwick resembles a mixture of animal hair and rosin. lodged in the hull. This has been the framing arrangement known Using original drawings with refuted, however, based on the only from the “Navy Board” models. marked positions of the consecutive position of the object below the Fifteen strakes constituted the knees as well as the direct evidence suspected waterline, its small size, first layer of external planking. of beam notches cut into the shelf the hollow inner cavity, and the fact Two of the upper planks were clamp, it was determined that the that it was only concreted to the significantly more narrow and first type of beam was lodged on plank but did not penetrate it. thick and have been identified the shelf clamp and supported from Within the midship section as the ship’s wales. Unlike other both sides by the knees. The second of the wreck, lodged between planks, which seemed to be butt type of smaller beam, most likely the ceiling and floor timbers, joined, the top wale also exhibited a the ledges, was placed between the was a fragment of a barrel stave. nicely-preserved diagonal scarf. The first type. These were fitted into the Wooden barrels were standard second layer of external planking, shallow notches carved in the knees. cargo containers for transporting also referred to as the doubling, The arrangement of large knees, provisions and water. The historic was only visible at the aft most end beams, and ledges produced a sturdy records indicate that wooden barrels of the stern and labeled according support for the deck. Although the of beer were recovered in 1620 to the corresponding first layer of limited nature of the excavation and Tucker found the remnants planking. Furthermore, there was during the first season prohibits of several wooden barrels and direct evidence of a third layer of defining which deck the structure boxes. Another wooden artifact planking, functioning as wooden represents, everything points was a fragment of block, likely sheathing, most likely constituting towards the first deck or orlop deck representing an element of the a sacrificial layer. The frames were that most likely would have served running rigging of the vessel (Fig. 7). fastened to the first layer of outer as the gun deck. The block was characterized by planking with treenails while longitudinal grains and beveled the doubling seems to have been Significant Artifacts edges, and complemented other fastened to the first layer using iron A section of one of the outer planks rigging elements previously found spikes. The sheathing was secured to was covered with a circular metal on Warwick. In addition to wooden the doubling with small, regularly- concretion of what appears to be artifacts, the excavation produced a

www.inadiscover.com 53 Warwick-Bermuda FIG 7 right Partially preserved rigging block.

FIG 8 below Navigational instrument known as Plain or Gunter’s Scale; inset showing the details of the scale.

distinctive ceramic sherd identified Scale found on Warwick was used in 17th century, the “magazine” ship as stoneware. It was grayish-tan in conjunction with a pair of dividers, Warwick provides a plethora of new color and had evidence of glaze, the ends of which were inserted into data to modern nautical archaeology. which deteriorated underwater. silver plugs that are still preserved Warwick has begun to teach us more Lodged under one of the frames on the artifact but highly corroded. about the Island’s history as well as was a small and extremely fragile that of the Atlantic world, and it is a piece of wood resembling a ruler. Conclusion lesson we look forward to Upon close examination, the object Warwick is a prime example of the continuing. has tentatively been identified early 17th-century multipurpose as a mathematical instrument ships that played a fundamental References generally referred to as a Plain Scale role in creating a lifeline between Adams, J. 1985. Sea Venture: A or a Gunter’s Scale (Fig. 8). This England and English settlements Second Interim Report - Part 1. precision instrument was inscribed in North America. Warwick, and International Journal of Nautical with three sets of logarithms laid ships like her, carried the financial Archaeology 14(4):275-99. on straight lines to facilitate the interest of small businessmen and resolution of numerous navigational large investors. These ships also Adams, J. 2003. “Ships, Innovation problems, such as converting carried the settlers that would make and Social Change: Aspects of rhumb lines into miles of longitude, their permanent homes in Bermuda Carvel Shipbuilding in Northern without resorting to laborious and America. Besides its economic Europe 1450-1850.” Ph.D. diss., calculations by hand. The Gunter’s and civic importance during the University of Stockholm, Stockholm.

54 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 54 Anderson, R.C. 1953. “The Framing pers. comm. of Models.” Mariner’s Mirror 5 Manwayring 1972, 95-6. 39(2):139. 6 Anderson 1953, 139. 7 Jonathan Adams, pers. comm. Bojakowski, P. and K. Custer 8 Cajori 1920, 188-192. Bojakowski. 2011. “TheWarwick : Results of the Survey of an Early 17th-Century Virginia Company Ship.” Post-Medieval Archaeology 45(1):38-50.

Cajori, F. 1920. “On the History of Gunter’s Scale and the Slide Rule During the Seventeenth Century.” University of California Publications in Mathematics 1(9).

Manwayring, Henry. 1972. The Seaman’s Dictionary, 1644. Menston, England: The Scolar Press.

Marsden, P. and K.J. Collins. 2003. Sealed by Time: The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose. Edited by P. Marsden. Vol. 1, The Archaeology of the Mary Rose. Portsmouth, England: The Mary Rose Trust.

Marsden, P. and D. McElvogue. 2009. Mary Rose: Your Noblest Shippe: Anatomy of a Tudor Warship. Edited by P. Marsden. Vol. 2, The Archaeology of the Mary Rose. Portsmouth, England: Mary Rose Trust.

Wingood, A.J. 1982. Sea Venture. “An Interim Report on an Early 17th Century Shipwreck Lost in 1609.” International Journal of Nautical Archaelogy 11(4):333-47. Notes 1 Bojakowski and Bojakowski 2011, 47-9. 2 Adams 2003, 123; Jonathan Adams, pers. comm. 3 Marsden 2003; Marsden 2009. 4 Wingood 1982; Adams 1985; Adams 2003; Jonathan Adams,

www.inadiscover.com 55 Warwick-Bermuda Harbour Heather Hatch Texas A&M University Ph.D. Student/INA Island The 2010 season of with other colonies. They fished, the Harbour Island caught and seals, raked salt, Archaeological and harvested tropical hardwoods. Over time, piracy and privateering, Survey (HIAS) shipbuilding, wrecking (maritime supplemented work begun in 2009 salvage), and fruit growing cycled aimed at collecting archaeological through their economic repertoire data and investigating historical as well. Many patterns of maritime material in the National Archives life endured at Harbour Island from of the Bahamas. The project the earliest days in the late-17th is ultimately geared toward century through the 19th, and some understanding the nature of even into the present. maritime communities by Dunmore Town was officially comparing the Harbour Island founded by John Murray, Earl of archaeological assemblage with Dunmore in 1791, but the area other British sites from the same had been settled for over a century. period. In 2010, six new properties Murray, who was Governor of were surveyed by the author and the Bahamas from 1787 to 1796, field archaeologist Catherine arrived in the islands with the Sincich. The sites were concentrated loyalists at the end of the American in an area identified as the heart of th Revolution. Most of the newcomers, the early 18 - century settlement who brought with them their entire as well as properties settled at the households including slaves, settled time of Dunmore Town’s official on previously uninhabited islands. founding in 1791. Some did make their homes in older communities, including at Harbour Historical Sketch Island, where traditional Island The maritime nature of the colony modes of life predominated. at Harbour Island extends back In Nassau, the seat of government, beyond the initial British settlement there were political tensions of the area to the exploitation of the between older residents who islands by colonists from Bermuda. resented having their way of When the first Anglo-Bahamians life disrupted so severely, and arrived in the depopulated islands, the loyalists. The newcomers they relied on the natural bounty of saw themselves as champions of both sea and land as well as on trade improvement, bent on dragging

56 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 56 the islands into the modern world founderings as well as keeping watch the demand for more small vessels whether they wanted it or not. on local navigational hazards, so that for the carrying trade, as well as They saw the maritime focus of they could lay claim both to cargoes fast sailing schooners that could older residents on logging, salt and to the vessels themselves. New transport perishable fruit quickly raking, wrecking and hunting ships were commonly outfitted with to distant markets. Eleutheran as an impediment to progress.1 timbers, spars and equipment from pineapples were traded as far Harbour Island mostly escaped these salvaged vessels.5 away as England, transported on tensions, but was not exempt from In 1850, Governor John Gregory locally-built vessels.9 The ability to changes wrought in the broader required wreckers to license their ship directly from the island also political arena. This community had ships, and to declare recovered encouraged the development of benefited greatly from trade with goods to authorities in Nassau sugar mills and canneries, which the American colonies before the before they could sell them in the likewise sold their produce abroad revolution, and there was a period of local markets. These new regulations from island-built vessels in the late- adjustment before minds turned to altered the informal system of 19th and early-20th centuries.10 the profits to be made growing food consortship and shares by which All of these developments for the expanding population on the wrecking crews had operated occurred against the backdrop of New Providence.2 previously. In the new system, another important social change— The 19th century saw a cycle of outside parties had more control the abolition of the slave trade in boom and bust at Harbour Island. and it was easier to impose duties 1808 and eventual emancipation Shipbuilding and food production and taxes.6 Wrecking continued to of all enslaved blacks in 1834. In were both important, and related, be a profitable enterprise, however, the Bahamas, newly-emancipated industries. The vessels produced and Harbour Islanders were well slaves were forced into a four- in the island’s shipyards were used known for their expertise, with the year apprenticeship program, in the carrying trade as well as for “king” of the Bahamian wreckers, which kept them beholden to wrecking and sometimes smuggling. Captain John Buck Saunders, Sr., their old masters.11 Many wound In the first half of the 19th century, a Harbour Islander himself. His up deeply indebted by truck local shipwrights mostly produced famous schooner, Galvanic, was and sharecropping systems.12 At one-masted vessels under 50 tons, locally built.7 the time of emancipation, many with a few larger two-masters In 1837, Harbour Island was Harbour Island households had capable of venturing further in the made an official port of entry for small slave holdings (<20), and open ocean. Vessels grew in size the Bahamas. This development most slaves served as domestic later in the century, and by the early had an immediate positive influence servants (37%), mariners (17%), and 1900s, island shipwrights produced on the economy. For a short time field laborers (17%), or were not ships as large as 360 tons (though (until a new regulation in 1840), formally employed (29%).13 While not without difficulty).3 locals were able to declare wrecked the community was nearly equally Shipbuilding techniques goods at home. In the long term, split between blacks and whites at influenced local building from the island’s new status facilitated mid-century, it is more difficult to the early days of the settlement, as imports and exports, which in turn claim that it was racially integrated. most carpenters learned their trade helped stimulate a fruit boom in Whites tended to live closer to the building hulls rather than houses.4 the mid-19th century. Islanders were bay, and the poorer blacks on the Wrecking, or salvage, was another able to sell produce cultivated on margins of the community. Church trade practiced since the earliest days Eleuthera abroad (mostly along the services were segregated, and efforts and linked closely to shipbuilding. Atlantic coast of America). As can by five black church members to Bahamians staked out various areas be expected in an island economy, protest this practice in 1885 were to where wrecks were common to the boom stimulated other maritime no avail.14 wait for inevitable groundings and developments. It created a rise in Blacks and whites alike on

www.inadiscover.com 57 Harbour Island―Bahamas Harbour Island were tied in to glass, metal fragments, , plaster, a lifestyle that relied heavily on pipe fragments, and charcoal. maritime elements. Even those Materials collected were catalogued not directly involved in shipping, in the field, and are undergoing shipbuilding, and wrecking relied further analysis and conservation at on maritime transportation for the Texas A&M University. flow of people, goods, and informa- tion on and off the island. They also Yellowbird relied heavily on natural maritime The Yellowbird property is owned resources, supplementing their by Mr. Joe Farell, and is located diets with locally-obtained fish and on Murray Street near where it shellfish. Despite the various social intersects with King Street, on the and economic developments of the hill overlooking the harbor. The late- 18th and 19th centuries, the com- property dates to the 18th century munity retained its maritime nature. and was granted to Richard Thompson in the original 1791 land 2010 Field Season grant.16 A modern addition and a The goal of the 2010 HIAS field pool take up much of the property, season was to survey properties with much of the rest covered in the town to acquire a larger by concrete pavers. The wall that material sample and increase the surrounds the property appears to area of investigation. The field be early, but much of the ground is season ran from 21 August to covered with palm trees and other 4 September 2010. The methods landscaping. We laid our transect employed mirrored those used in along a short strip of land between 2009: we roughly mapped each the western edge of the pool area property using hand tapes, and dug and the wall. We placed four shovel shovel tests (ST) at 3-m intervals tests and recovered some historical along straight transects. Transect material from them, though the placement was influenced by a matrix was primarily grey sandy fill number of factors: accessibility, being transformed by the palms and avoidance of known modern other trees in the yard (Fig. 1). disturbances, and site coverage. Where possible, transects crossed Methodist House the largest available stretch of a This property belongs to the 15 FIG 1 top site. As seen in 2009, most soil Methodist Church. The house likely Heather Hatch lays in the deposits are relatively shallow, and dates to the early 19th century and is transect flags at Yellowbird, the lack of clear stratigraphy means used to house the resident minister. Dunmore Town. August 2010 that the artifacts themselves, along We had one afternoon to survey (C. Sincich). with the historical record, are the the property as the minister at the FIG 2 middle best dating tools. On one property time, Rev. Marie Neilly, was leaving Catherine Sincich takes notes investigated this season (The Duke the island for another post that day. at the Methodist House, Street Higgs House—DHH), our We nevertheless managed to place with Transects 1 and 2 in the test pit hit bedrock at a depth of six test pits on two transects in the foreground. August 2010 only 12 cm. The items recovered north yard (Fig. 2). (H. Hatch). this season were similar to those We laid our first transect running FIG 3 bottom collected in the previous year, with a south-north across the north yard, Bone artifact recovered from great deal of faunal material (mostly leading from the side door of the ST 004 at the Methodist House. fish) and shell, as well as historic and house, and dug four trenches. The August 2010 (H. Hatch). modern artifacts including ceramics, test pits became deeper as we moved

58 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 58 north across the yard, progressing of the old town.17 from 22 to 43 cm. Transect Two On the first lot stands the ran east-west parallel to a detached foundation of an old house and building, 3 m east of the midpoint a building that used to be a tailor between ST 003 and ST 004. I shop and laundry. According to the expanded ST 005 to 50 x 33 cm to property owner Mr. Pat Barry, the recover a ferrous metal bar lodged in property had once housed a hog the side of the unit. The test pits on pen, chicken coup, and vegetable this transect were 41 cm (ST 005) garden; at the time of our fieldwork, and 43 cm deep (ST 006). We the building was home to a large found a large amount of material hive of bees. The tailor shop, built in all pits, mostly dating to the in 1958 with timbers from an old 19th century. Glass predominates, Nassau church, was constructed followed by bone, metal fragments, by means of the traditional local and plaster. Most of the identifiable method of nailing tar-paper to the ceramic types were 19th-century, boards and covering them with transfer-printed pearlware and plaster. The house has been in the whiteware. As with other Harbour Barry family since the early-20th Island sites, there was very little century, but the building may redware or stoneware represented. predate their occupation. The One particularly notable artifact foundation exhibits some methods is an as-yet unidentified bone tool of construction seen on another with concave indentations (possible early property, being built of tree- finger holds) and traces of red stump posts notched to receive pigment or staining on one end scarfed frames, and surrounded (Fig. 3). by large limestone blocks (Fig. 4). We also mapped a number of Mortises and notches received limestone blocks that may belong to support timbers for the floor. the foundation of an earlier building We ran our first transect or outbuilding, located just north between the house and the edge of (and somewhat east) of the standing King Street, in an area Mr. Barry outbuilding. ST 005, just north indicated had primarily been used as of this location, produced a large a flower bed during their occupation FIG 4 amount of material, including many (Fig. 5). A low rise running along Old Barry House faunal remains (some burned) and the edge of the street indicated the foundation, facing east. Note an intriguing 21-cm long ferrous presence of an earlier fence, and a limestone blocks and timber bar, leading us to hypothesize that ring of stones around an indentation foundation. The concrete the area may have been part of an in the soil indicated another feature porch facing the street was outdoor kitchen. that we did not investigate as it did added in the 1950s. August not intersect with any of our six 2010 (H. Hatch).

Old Barry House planned trenches. FIG 5 The third property we surveyed The rear lot served as a depot for Looking east along was also the largest, consisting of gravel, and also hosted several large Transect 1 in the house yard two parcels from the 1791 land dilapidated trucks. A fence runs of the Old Barry House lot. grants and located directly across along the edge of the lot, so we set Note the exposed foundation the street from the harbor itself. a second transect along the small to the left, the rock-lined This intersection is within sight of open area between the trucks and feature to the center-right, the modern fishermen’s dock (the the fence, opening an additional six and the old tailor shop in the location of the older town dock), shovel tests (Fig. 6). Both areas of background. August 2010 placing the area directly in the heart the site contained relatively large (H. Hatch).

www.inadiscover.com 59 Harbour Island―Bahamas left to right amounts of historic material, some one strip running from the rear of th FIG 6 clearly dating to the earlier-18 the house towards the back of the Looking west along century. Several artifacts of note lot, where workers uncovered the Transect 2 in the gravel recovered from the gravel depot yard remains of an outdoor toilet in 2009 depot yard of the Old include pieces of a pewter broach, (Figs. 8&9). They cleared the area Barry House lot. August some lead shot, and the top of a and installed a new concrete water 2010 (H. Hatch). c.1950s candy dish. tank.

FIG 7 We placed three shovel tests on Original limestone Java House Transect 1, with depths ranging blocks excavated from Java House was built around between 41 and 44 cm, with four the basement of Java the turn of the 19th century, more on Transect 2 for a total of House, used to build the using construction typical of the seven. Depths ranged from 66 walls, exposed during period— the basement was dug to 70 cm, and stratigraphy was reconstruction. August into the limestone bedrock, and heavily influenced by the ongoing 2010 (H. Hatch). the excavated stone used to build construction, with mixed layers

FIG 8 up the walls of the foundation and of fill and the natural soil in the Transect 1 at Java House the house itself (Fig. 7). Since the upper levels of the units closest to along temporary fencing. summer of 2009, the house has been the house. The non-fill layers were August 2010 (H. Hatch). undergoing historically-informed similar in color and composition to restoration and renovation by the rest of the property. its owner, Jem Clarke. In 2010, Most of the site was covered with the foundation of the house was a layer of gravel which contained exposed, and much of the yard crushed shell and some small whole covered in construction debris, shells, and it seems likely that landscaping gravel, and soil removed similar materials recovered in the during excavation of the one-foot- pits (especially whole small clam thick cellar walls. shells) originated in this landscaping We established two short fill. Despite the construction transects in areas where the disturbance, the property was ground surface was exposed and very rich in 19th-century historic accessible—one along a temporary material. ST 007, closest to the fence separating the property edge of the privy, contained over from the neighboring (and newly 560 artifacts (including faunal reconstructed) Java Cottage, and remains, and discounting charcoal).

60 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 60 Along with materials more typical deepest reaching 37 cm. ST 004 FIG 9 left of the other Harbour Island sites hit bedrock at 20 cm in the deepest Transect 2 at Java House, we have investigated, we also found corner, and 12 cm in the shallowest. taken from location a pressing iron, a fork, and several Even the deeper units hit the sterile of the new water tank sections of decorated bone (a handle brown layer of degraded limestone constructed in the and a button). We also observed a at just 8 cm above bedrock. Of the location of the privy. ship’s knee that had been discarded little material recovered from this Note construction debris and rubble. August 2010 from the interior of the house. site, most artifacts were 20th century (H. Hatch). in date. Due to these factors, we Duke Street decided not to pursue further survey FIG 10 right Higgs House of this property. The Duke Street Higgs The area between Duke and Princess House, with TR 1 and modern trash debris in the streets is colloquially referred to as Conclusion foreground. August 2010 “the bottom,” and is considered by The 2010 season represented the (H. Hatch). locals to be the oldest part of town second and final field season of the though this is not supported by the Harbour Island Archaeological historical record. The Duke Street Survey. Analysis and conservation Higgs House is a property owned by of the artifacts recovered from the Higgs family (Carl and Brenda), this season is ongoing, and located between Duke and Pitt should be complete by summer streets, behind Bay Street (Fig. 10). 2011. Once the data from both The plot was not granted in 1791, seasons have been compiled, I but assigned in 1836 to an ex-slave will compare the Harbour Island mariner by the name of Chatham material to assemblages from Albury.18 The existing house was other contemporaneous British built in the 1920s and inhabited at colonial sites and try to determine that time by David Thomas Higgs if, and how, maritime communities and his wife, Adelaide Mather. The differed in their material culture. remnants of an outside kitchen are This question is at the heart of my also on the property. research, as such differences relate We placed one transect of four to the relationship between identity, shovel tests along the length of the both of the community and its yard in front of the house. The units individual inhabitants, and the were all relatively shallow, with the maritime environment.

www.inadiscover.com 61 Harbour Island―Bahamas Acknowledgements Lawlor A. and J. Lawlor. 2008. I would like to acknowledge the The Harbour Island Story. Oxford: generous support provided by the Macmillan Caribbean. Institute of Nautical Archaeology, National Archives of the Bahamas the Department of Anthropology . 1977 at Texas A&M, and Dr. Kevin . Archives Exhibition: The Pineapple Industry of the Bahamas: Crisman. I would also like to thank the Antiquities, Monuments, and A Booklet of the Exhibition Held at 14 Museums Corporation of the the Art Gallery, Junkey Village, February 27 February 1977. Bahamas for providing the permits - to carry out this research, the Notes landowners who granted permission 1 CO 23/26 “Extracts from A Letter to survey their property, and the From An Loyalist,” 161-163, CO staff of the National Archive of the 23/27 110-111. Bahamas for research assistance. 2 Craton and Saunders 1992, Special thanks also to my field 179- 195; Lawlor and Lawlor assistant, Catherine Sincich. 2008, 71-73. 3 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, Works Cited 134- 135, 140, 145. Albury, P. 1979. “Some Aspects 4 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, 72. of Shipbuilding in the Bahamas.” 5 Albury 1979, 11; Craton and Journal of the Bahamas Historical Saunders 1998, 140; Lawlor and Society 1(1): 9-12. Lawlor 2008, 158, 160, 173. 6 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, Colonial Office Records 23/26, 160- 161. 23/27. 7 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, 166- 167. Craton, M., and G. Saunders. 1992. 8 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, 112. Islanders in the Stream: A History 9 National Archives of the Bahamas of the Bahamian People. Vol. 1, 1977, 7; Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, From Aboriginal Times to the End of 125. Slavery. Athens: The University of 10 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, Georgia Press. 119- 122. 11 Craton, M., and G. Saunders. 1998. Craton and Saunders 1998, Islanders in the Stream: A History 12-20. 12 of the Bahamian People. Vol. 2, Craton and Saunders 1998, From the Ending of Slavery to the 33-45. 13 Twenty-First Century. Athens: The Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, 96. University of Georgia Press. 14 Craton and Saunders 1998, 60, 147-149; Lawlor and Lawlor Hatch, H.E. 2010. “The Harbour 2008, 105. Island Archaeological Survey- 15 Hatch 2009, 96. 2009 Season.” The INA Annual 16 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, figure 26. 3:94- 101. 17 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, figure 26. 18 Lawlor and Lawlor 2008, figure 30.

62 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 62 Tell

Veronica Morriss Texas A&M University M.A. Candidate/INA el-Timai The Greco-Roman Background city of Thmuis was a major The Egyptian city of Ta-mawy economic hub, naval center and (“new land”), known to the Greeks capital located along the Mendesian as Thmuis,2 is located amidst the branch of the Nile in Egypt. The salt-ridden soils of the Eastern ancient city is now a degraded Nile Delta within the Dakhaliya tell, outside the modern villages province.3 Today, the modern of Timai el-Amdid and Kafr villages of Timai el-Amdid and Kafr el-Amir Abdulla Ibn Salam. Two el-Amir Abdulla Ibn Salam encroach consecutive summers of fieldwork upon the northeast and northwest at Tell el-Timai by the University of limits of the tell; the latter is perhaps Hawaii and the Institute of Nautical a development of the medieval Arab Archaeology (INA) at Texas A&M suburb of Thmuis.4 The tell itself University, revealed the location stretches more than 1 km in breadth of one of ancient Thmuis’ riverine and lies 400 m (quarter of a mile) harbors and a defunct channel of south of Tell el-Roba, or ancient the Nile. Geophysical survey, coring, Mendes. The likelihood that these and excavation were employed to tells were a single landform during locate and explore the layout of antiquity is high; however, in recent the harbor, and to trace the former times the expansion of surrounding waterways of the region. farmlands has separated the settle- While Egyptian harbors have ment into two tells.5 experienced a wave of interest The city of Thmuis is documented over the last decade, very little is in historical texts beginning in actually known about the physical the fifth century B.C.E. to the interface between man and river. ninth century C.E. Herodotus Recent studies in the Nile Delta (484- 430 B.C.E.) provides the have unveiled the Nilotic harbor and earliest literary reference to Thmuis provided a foundation for the study as a settlement in the Nome of the of the Egyptian maritime cultural Calasaries.6 Here too is the first landscape.1 The primary goals of the mention of the Mendesian River, a Tell el-Timai harbor project are to tributary of the Sebennytic branch determine: (a) when and how the of the Nile, which opened onto harbor was constructed and when the Mediterranean.7 In the fourth it fell out of use, (b) the function century B.C.E., the Mendesian of the harbor (commercial or branch of the Nile began to shift, temple-related), and (c) the ancient contributing to the decline of hydrology of the region. the city of Mendes. By Claudius

www.inadiscover.com 63 Tell el-Timai―Egypt FIG 1 Rendering of mosaic believed to be Queen Arsinoe II (V. Morriss).

Therefore, it is possible that these mosaics, perhaps crafted at Thmuis by local artisans, represented tribute to the queen’s importance in the 18 Mendesian Nome. The most Ptolemy’s curious aspect of these masterpieces time (90 - is, of course, the symbol of the ship; 168 C.E.),8 an certainly a symbol of maritime the majority of administrative importance, but for whom exactly? Mendes’ inhabitants division (Kura).14 Some scholars believe the women had migrated southwards to However, by the time of the Fatimid featured in the mosaics are not Thmuis. Thmuis appears to have Caliphs in the 10th century C.E. the Arsinoe but are personifications supplanted Mendes as capital of city had been abandoned.15 of the great naval city, . the Mendesian Nome,10 and was a The recent history of Tell Timai is However, considering the maritime production and distribution center marked by intermittent exploration role of Thmuis it seems reasonable of the popular perfume, Unguentum by looters, archaeologists and to suggest that these two mosaics Mendesium. farmers, (known as fellahin) who were intended to signify not the Josephus (37 95 C.E.) - remove the phosphate-rich mud maritime importance of Alexandria, alludes to Thmuis’ role as a naval brick (sebakhin) from the tell to but rather that of Thmuis. Either center. He relates that the ships use as fertilizer. Swiss Egyptologist way, the two mosaics discovered at of the Roman emperor Titus Edouard Naville directed the first Thmuis are a poignant reminder (39-81 C.E.), departed from systematic exploration of the tell that we are dealing with the remains the coast of Alexandria and in 1892 for the Egypt Exploration of a once-great maritime center sailed as far as Thmuis, where Fund. His discovery of a burnt with important royal connections they disembarked and continued storage house in the southwest (vel sim) that signify at the very overland to Jerusalem.11 Centuries extremity of the tell revealed the least, an awareness and perhaps an later, Ammianus Marcellinus second largest cache of papyri ever involvement in maritime affairs. (353 378 C.E.) relates that the - discovered in the Nile Delta.16 settlement was one of the most Not far away, a group of mosaics Findings important Egyptian towns of was discovered in the early- 20th During the summers of 2009 and his time.12 At the beginning of century.17 Two of these portray 2010, the University of Hawaii the fourth century B.C.E. the a Ptolemaic queen, perhaps and INA began the exploration of city became an Episcopal See Arsinoe II, with the prow of a ship a potential harbor at Tell el-Timai. and remained a stronghold for atop her head (Fig. 1). The Mendes Earlier explorers of the site had Christianity throughout the Coptic Stele, discovered at Mendes in proposed that the northern limit period up until the arrival of the 1871, was erected by Ptolemy II of the tell revealed traces of one of Arabs.13 During the first centuries Philadelphus (309-246 B.C.E.). Thmuis’ ancient harbors, including of Islam under the Umayyad and In this important text, the king the remains of a limestone quay-like Abbasid dynasties, Arab sources commemorates the deification of his structure and a fine-silt depression reveal that Thmuis retained a role as wife Queen Arsinoe II at Mendes. reminiscent of a harbor basin.

64 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 64 FIG 2 The high water table of the Nile Delta poses a problem for excavation. Here workers pump water from the limestone temple (V. Morriss).

Modern records of the tell indicate that the potential harbor district experienced intense sebakhin harvesting activity during the mid-20th century by local farmers. This activity severely altered the FIG 3 landscape and potentially created a Study area at Tell harbor-like depression in this region el-Timai. March of the tell. 2010 (V. Morriss). Excavation of the possible ‘quay’ that was located during a preliminary investigation by New York University in the 1960s revealed, instead, the foundations of a Ptolemaic temple built atop an earlier mud brick structure (Fig. 2). The foundation is composed of re-used and well-worn limestone blocks from the quarry of Tura in Cairo.19 These blocks were dovetailed into position to form three casemate rooms that were filled with limestone debris and minimal pottery. Dating of the FIG 4 ceramics found within the structure Magnetometer results and location indicates construction sometime of grids N and O. March 2010 during the first century B.C.E. (V. Morriss and T. Herbich). Although our excavation revealed a temple and not a quay, geophysical survey provided clues for the location of a potential harbor. In 2010, Tomasz Herbich from the Polish Center of Mediterranean Archaeology completed a magnetometer survey of the fine-silt basin situated east of the Ptolemaic temple (Fig. 3). His survey revealed a network of buildings surrounding the beginning of a rectangular basin devoid of architecture (Fig. 4).

www.inadiscover.com 65 Tell el-Timai―Egypt FIG 5 The deposits discovered during the excavation of the harbor. July 2010 (V. Morriss).

FIG 6 inset A ballista ball discovered in the harbor area. July 2010 (R. Littman).

While the survey did not reveal the destroyed this area and perhaps A similar ballista ball was discovered overall extent of the enigmatic basin, decommissioned the harbor. in the excavation of a nearby mud the dimensions appear to be smaller Following the destruction, these brick structure (Fig. 6). These anti- than the three harbors discovered quarters were immediately filled personnel projectiles were launched at nearby Mendes.20 Initially it was in with debris, presumably to from the smallest caliber of stone thought that the function of the accommodate a new phase of throwers, compact in design so harbor was related to the small construction and the limestone that they could be used in urban temple located near its western temple was subsequently built conflict or aboard small warships or shore. Excavation of both features, in the late- first century B.C.E. freighters, perhaps moored in the however, suggest otherwise. The Unfortunately, all strata above this harbor or river. Small projectiles areas in and around the potential level were removed in recent times like these would have been used to harbor revealed three phases of by local farmers. target marines, deck crews or shore settlement spanning from the Excavation of the harbor personnel when used in naval siege fourth through late-first centuries basin revealed sloping deposits warfare or combat between ships.21 B.C.E. Ceramics discovered within presumably related to the Ptolemaic history of the third and the basin in 2010 indicate that the destruction fill discovered in second centuries B.C.E. is replete harbor was in use between the third the nearby quarters (Fig. 5). with invasions and naval battles and mid-second centuries B.C.E. These deposits included pottery, waged against the Seleucid Empire. Destruction deposits and burnt Hellenistic amphora fragments Shortly after the death of ceramics unearthed in the quarters from the Aegean, dozens of votive Alexander the Great (323 B.C.E.) surrounding the harbor basin (see figurines, stone, metal fragments, and the subsequent Wars of the grids N and O on Fig. 2) indicate Mediterranean and Nilotic shells, Successors, the Seleucid Empire a tumultuous event around the fish and animal bone, a decapitated emerged alongside Macedon mid-second century B.C.E. which human skull, and a ballista ball. and the Ptolemaic Empire as one

66 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 66 of the three great kingdoms in the Mediterranean.22 Centered in Syria and Mesopotamia, the Seleucids were the foremost rivals of Ptolemaic military and economic interests in the Aegean and Asia Minor. What followed were six Syrian Wars between the reigns of Ptolemy II (285-246 B.C.E.) and Ptolemy IV (180-145 B.C.E.) that ultimately resulted in the erosion of Ptolemaic hegemony over the Mediterranean and Aegean. On the home front during the late-third century through the second century B.C.E., Egypt was consumed by a nationalistic fervor and the cities of the Nile Delta were involved in local revolts against the Ptolemaic administration. The evidence of destruction layers and ballistae from this period suggests that Thmuis may have been caught up in these skirmishes. Tracing the defunct waterways that fed the region of Tell el-Timai assumed the role of ‘international FIG 7 is problematic as the topography emporium’ and maintained on Location of the of the ancient eastern Nile Delta a smaller scale the foreign trade waterways proposed by was highly dynamic. Beginning first established by Mendes in the Taha in the 1990s. March in the seventh century B.C.E., the seventh century B.C.E. By Claudius 2010 (V. Morriss after Mendesian River began a period Ptolemy’s time (90-168 C.E.) the Taha 1998). of increased flow.23 The prevalence Mendesian River had partially silted of East Greek and Phoenician up and the Busiritic branch, which wares at Mendes dated to the lay further to the east, dominated seventh through fourth centuries the landscape.24 B.C.E. indicates lively commerce In the late 1990s, an Egyptian between between Mendes and team from Mansoura University the Aegean and Levantine coasts. conducted a geophysical survey Although the evidence of this trade around the archaeological sites of tapers off at Mendes around the Mendes and Tell el-Timai.25 Their fourth century B.C.E., perhaps findings revealed traces of two due to the shifting course of the defunct branches of the Mendesian Mendesian River, it reappears Nile.26 One flowed up to a kilometer shortly thereafter at Thmuis. west of Thmuis and Mendes. The Rhodian amphora fragments other passed further to the east dated to the third through second (Fig. 7). This geophysical survey centuries B.C.E. were unearthed also identified a manmade canal that in preliminary investigations of flowed along the western limits of the harbor area at Tell el-Timai. Thmuis and Mendes and connected These wares suggest that Thmuis them with the western branch of the

www.inadiscover.com 67 Tell el-Timai―Egypt FIG 8 & 9 left The coring team. June 2010 (V. Morris).

FIG 10 above The waterway located during 2010. March 2010 (V. Morriss).

Mendesian River.27 To substantiate equipped with harbor installations, installations were both practical and their findings, a series of 21 cores such as moorages, customs facilities, efficient in the riverine and lagoon were taken with a handheld coring and warehouses for storage. environments of the Nile Delta.30 auger in 2010; three within the Unfortunately, the evidence at hand Apart from the permanent harbors purported harbor basin and 18 for Egyptian riverine harbors is and portages found along the along the western limits of the minimal. A harbor is a safe haven seacoast and at the river port of tell (Fig. 8 & 9). The cores, which for watercraft to moor, as well as Schedia in Lake Mareotis, the use consist of silts, clays and fluvial load and unload their cargoes by of stone for mooring facilities is sands, conform to the 1998 study, using dock facilities such as quays quite rare in the Nile Delta. The and confirm the presence of a or wharves. These were places fluctuating conditions of the river major waterway that once flowed at which tolls and duties were often negated the construction west of ancient Thmuis (Fig. 10). collected, imports and exports were benefits of permanent stone The remains of this waterway lie exchanged, watercraft were repaired moorings. Rather, the meandering beneath the modern village of and maintained, and imperial fleets nature and seasonality of the Nile Kafr el-Amir and the surrounding were stationed. Often, however, often led to the establishment of farmlands. Future coring and radio harbors were simply places to multiple harbors within a city. carbon dating to the east, the west, beach vessels upon a firm shore or Recent work at nearby Mendes has and between the sites of Mendes ‘hard.’ Lucy Blue’s investigations at uncovered the locations of three and Tell el-Timai is expected to the Roman-Islamic port of Myos harbors. As the Nile shifted course, locate additional waterways and Hormos along the coast harbor basins silted up and became better characterize the courses of the revealed a ‘hard’ consisting of inaccessible to the river, and new river throughout antiquity. an amphora foundation covered ones were adopted. It is well- with packed sediment.28 Similarly, documented that the Egyptians Discussion recent work at the eastern harbor organized dredging operations Nile Delta cities that became at Mendes suggests the presence of to counteract siltation in the a ‘hard’ where vessels were beached various waterways of the Nile.31 emporia of bustling trade or capitals 29 with naval fleets were presumably and unloaded. Such rudimentary Such operations were presumably

68 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 68 employed in riverine harbors. the city of Thmuis is documented Port on the Red Sea Coast of Evidence, however, from the two in historical texts beginning in Egypt”. The International Journal of eastern harbors at Mendes suggest the fifth century B.C.E. until the Nautical Archaeology 36(2):265- that any such efforts to control ninth century C.E., very little 281. siltation were ultimately futile is known about the topography once the river changed course. of the surrounding landscape. Blue, L. and E. Khalil. 2010. Lake Hundreds of terra cotta votive The loss of the Mendesian River Mareotis: Reconstructing the Past. figurines discovered in Mendes’ and the appearance of a more Oxford: Archaeopress. smaller eastern harbor, reflect a last easterly Busiritic branch during desperate attempt to restore the the first century B.C.E. reflect Coutellier, V. and J.D. Stanley. 1987. failing waters of the Mendesian major hydrological changes which “Late Quaternary Stratigraphy River, which began its final ebb certainly played a part in the decline and Paleogeography of the Eastern during the first century B.C.E.32 The of the harbors at Mendes, and Nile Delta, Egypt.” Marine Geology ceramic evidence and the multitude perhaps also Thmuis. Due to the 77:257- 275. of votive figurines (Fig. 11) from the highly dynamic nature of this region northern harbor of Thmuis suggest of the Nile Delta, geophysical survey Darressy, G. 1914. “A travers that it too might have witnessed a and coring are the only absolute les koms du Delta.” Annales du similar scenario. methods for locating and tracing the Service des Antiquities de l’Egypte evolution of the defunct waterways 13:179- 186. Conclusion of the Nile. An understanding of According to the preliminary the hydrology around Thmuis will Herodotus. Histories II. findings from Thmuis and Mendes, provide clues to understanding Hansen, D. 1965. “Mendes 1964.” the harbors of the Nile Delta did how the inhabitants of this Greco- Journal of the American Research not always conform to the typical Roman city adapted to their Center in Egypt 4:31-37. harbor design. Rather, these riverine transient maritime environment. Holz, R. 1969. “Man-Made portages were adapted to and at the Initial coring along the western Landforms in the Nile Delta.” mercy of the ephemeral conditions limits of Tell el-Timai in 2010 of the Nilotic landscape. Beginning confirmed the location of a Geographical Review 9(2):253-269. in the fourth century B.C.E., the waterway that once flowed west of Josephus. demise of the Mendesian branch ancient Thmuis. Additional coring A History of the Jewish of the Nile marked a decline for and subsequent radio carbon dating Wars IV. the Pharaonic city of Mendes. of sediments will be imperative to With Mendes effectively cut off delineating the ancient waterways from the river, Thmuis emerged that passed through the landscape. as the primary emporium of Reconstructing the riverine the Mendesian Nome. Thmuis’ environment of Thmuis will play northern harbor, already established an integral role in understanding by the third century B.C.E., how the citizens of this Greco- appears to have maintained some Roman city perceived, utilized, and fraction of Mendes’ former trade interacted with their maritime space. with the Aegean. However, in the mid-second century B.C.E., the Works Cited harbor area and its facilities were Blouin, K. 2006. “Homme et milieu destroyed in what might have been dans le nome mendésien à l’époque a local revolt against the Ptolemaic romaine.” Ph.D. diss., University of administration. The area appears Nice Sophia Antipolis. to have been rebuilt later, perhaps FIG 11 concurrent with the construction Blue, L. 2007. “Locating the One of the Ptolemaic terra- of the limestone temple during Harbour: Myos Hormos/Quseir cotta figurines discovered in the the late-first century B.C.E. While al-Qadim: a Roman and Islamic harbor area (R. Littman).

www.inadiscover.com 69 Tell el-Timai―Egypt Lloyd, A. 2000. “The Ptolemaic First Results.” Ägypten und Levante around the sites of Tell el-Timai Period (332-30 B.C.).” In The 18:327-339. and Mendes. Oxford History of , 26 Tah‑a 1998, 85-86. edited by I. Shaw, 388-413. Oxford: Notes 27 Tah‑a 1998, 87. 28 Oxford University Press. 1 See Blue and Khalil 2010; Blue 2007, 271-273. 29 Tronchere et al. 2008; Redford Redford 2010, 151. Mackay, P. 1976. “Arabic Sources.” 30 2010, Redford’s recent work at See Blue and Khalil (2010) for In , by H. Meulenaere and Mendes II Mendes. information on the harbors and P. Mackay, 6-11. Warminster: Aris 2 Ochenschlager 1967, 32. mooring facilities discovered at and Phillips Ltd. 3 Hansen 1965, 31. Lake Mareotis. 31 4 Mackay (1976, 9) states that Butzer 1976, 20; Blouin 2006, Meulenaere, H. 1976. “Greek and ‘Al-Mawrada’ was the old name 165. Roman Sources.” In by 32 Mendes II, for Kafr el-Amir Abdullah and Redford 2010, 202. H. Meulenaere and P. Mackay, 1 4. - presently lies alongside the ruins of Warminster: Aris and Phillips Ltd. Tell el-Timai. 5 Holz 1969, 254. Meulenaere, H. 1976. “Coptic 6 Herod.II, 166. Sources.” In , by Mendes II 7 Herod.II, 17. H. Meulenaere and P. Mackay, 5. 8 Meulenaere 1976a, 1. Ptolemy Warminster: Aris and Phillips Ltd. places the capitol of the Mendesian Nome at Thmuis. Meulenaere, H. 1976. “Scholarly 9 Darressy 1914, 183. Exploration.” In , by Mendes II 10 Meulenaere 1976a, 1. H. Meulenaere and P. Mackay, 11 Josephus, 659. 14 18. Warminster: Aris and - 12 Josephus, 659. Phillips Ltd. 13 Meulenaere 1976b, 5. 14 Mackay 1976, 6. Ochsenschlager, E. 1967. “The 15 Mackay 1976, 9. Excavations at Tell Timai.” Journal 16 Meulenaere 1976c, 15. of the American Research Center in 17 Darressy 1914, 184. 6:32-51. Egypt 18 One of the mosaics is signed by the Alexandrian ‘Sophilos.’ Redford, D. 2010. City of the 19 Geologist Adam Shahat from Princeton: Princeton Ram-Man. Mansurah University confirmed University Press. the origin of the limestone. 20 Redford (2010, 149-150) states Tah‑a, A. 1998. “Shallow that the northwestern-most and Geophysical Studies for smallest harbor of Mendes was Archaeological and Hydrogeological approximately 40 x 100 meters. Investigation at El-Simbellawein 21 Personal communication with Distric, Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt.” William Murray. M.A. thes., Mansoura University. 22 Lloyd 2000 23 Redford 2010, 151, 173. Tronchere, H., F. Salomon, 24 Coutellier and Stanley 1987, 269. Y. Callot, J.P. Goiran, L. Schmitt, 25 Ayman Taha conducted a variety I. Forstner-Muller and M. Bietak, of geophysical survey methods 2008. “Geoarchaeology of Avaris:

70 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 70 Nixon Griffis Laboratory Kimberly Rash Texas A&M University/INA A Year in Retrospect

FIG 1 The author removing concretion from the epoxy replica of the Bozburun anchor (B. Lledó).

Beginning in the fall head of conservation and gratefully took on the responsibility. I was of 2009, I had the great warmly welcomed as part of the pleasure of leading the brilliant family and immediately began to team of highly-skilled conservation organize different tasks in order technicians at INA’s Bodrum of urgency as well as to delegate Research Center. The women and various responsibilities as they fit men working for the center, through into the staff ’s daily schedules. In their diverse contributions, continue addition to managing the everyday to put their heart and soul into daily operation of the lab, I made keeping INA at the forefront of the it a priority to address a backlog field. At a time when the laboratory of objects in various stages of needed leadership, I was offered the treatment, from numerous INA opportunity to step in as interim excavations and surveys.

www.inadiscover.com 71 Nixon Griffis Lab―Bodrum FIG 2 The x-ray from the Kızılburun double axe reveals its metallic surface beneath heavy concretion (K. Rash).

As I had the most experience with existing relationship with the staff resin was poured inside and allowed the conservation and replication of the radiography department to harden. The dense concretion of iron objects, I turned my at Bodrum’s Özel Hospital who encasing the anchor was then attention first to the large collection allowed us to use their high- removed using pneumatic tools, of metallic artifacts from the powered digital x-ray machine at no which added further to the time 9th- century Bozburun shipwreck. expense to INA. After radiography, needed to address an already Stored for over 10 years following we were able to identify which of large undertaking (Fig. 1). The the completion of the excavation, the concretions were legitimate hardened epoxy replica represents these concretions represented a artifacts, evidenced by the ghostly an accurate facsimile of an object daunting task due to their numbers outline of the obscured objects, that would have otherwise been lost. alone. Covering the original metallic and which could be discarded as I also advised the staff about the surface was a dense outer shell of a deceptive conglomerate of sand casting process so that they could concretion, which develops over and sea rock. The viable concretions continue working on the numerous time as the submerged iron corrodes held an array of the ship’s fasteners smaller concretions following my and reacts with the chlorides in and tools which proved important departure. Together, we were able to the seawater. Due to such a long to understanding how the ship recreate over 150 iron objects from immersion, the iron disappears was constructed as well as how it Bozburun, and dozens of others completely leaving a cavity in its functioned. from the Kızılburun and Tektaş place, while the remaining shell Easily the most time-consuming Burnu shipwrecks, discovering a serves as a natural mold from project from the Bozburun number of hand tools and an anchor which a replica can be cast. This assemblage was the casting and as well as creating much-needed technique, pioneered by Dr. Fred reconstruction of one of the ship’s space in the laboratory’s wet storage van Doornick and Michael Katzev anchors. While the casting process facility. in the replication of tools from the itself was not complicated, it Occasionally, there are iron 7th-century Yassi Ada shipwreck, required the better part of three artifacts that survive in their original remains the standard for treating months to reconstruct the broken metallic state despite having been iron concretions to this day. Since pieces into the cruciform-shaped deposited in sea water. Following the general appearance and shape anchor which would have once radiography, one such object was of heavily concreted objects rarely been key to the functioning of the identified among the Kızılburun offers clear indication of the artifacts vessel. After producing an x-ray, concretions. A solid iron double within, the first step in working the inner cavities were cleaned of axe could clearly be seen in the with them was to build on the sand and iron dust, then epoxy x-ray, and its state of preservation

72 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 72 FIG 3 After removing concretion from one face, the axe's metal surface is exposed after 2000 years on the seabed (K. Rash).

necessitated a completely different constant supervision: it must be treatment of the organic material treatment strategy (Fig. 2). Due to heated in order to be sufficiently from both the Kızılburun and the presumed age of the axe, passive liquefied to impregnate the wood, Yenikapı sites, the latter of which removal of all remaining soluble and the solution must be circulated produced copious amounts of well- salts was deemed the safest means to ensure a uniform . preserved wooden timbers. of conservation. It was placed in a We were constantly negotiating In addition to the larger timbers bath of 2% sodium hydroxide, and issues from failing heating elements being treated with PEG, there the salt levels in the solution were and beleaguered pumps, but our were many more degraded small measured continually. Periodically, largest concern occurred during wood fragments needing attention. the solution was refreshed, and over the spring of 2010 when one of the Experiments had been conducted time it was possible to observe the treatment tanks developed a leak, with more fragile remains using steady decline of salts within the and a stream of PEG poured onto sugar with successful results so it was iron. After one year of desalination the laboratory floor. Over the course decided to treat many of the Tektaş produced only minor changes in of that week, everyone worked Burnu and degraded Bozburun the salinity levels, I decided that the together to transfer all of the wood with a sugar solution. The concretion was hindering progress, timbers and remaining solution to concentration was measured weekly and carefully removed the shell from an empty tank, which we thankfully to ensure that it was gradually one face of the axe, leaving the other had in reserve (Fig. 4). Being too reaching 70%, and a periodic face intact (Fig. 3). The object was little now to cover the timbers in addition of biocide was needed placed once again in solution and the new tank, the old solution was to discourage any detrimental will continue to desalinate until it supplemented with another batch biological growth within the can be be displayed safely. of PEG, which had to be heated and treatment vat. This method proved The most pressing matters mixed at the same concentration as to be a cheaper and much faster way involved the continuation of the existing solution before being to stabilize wood when compared treatment for organics from the added. to PEG, and it allows for a more different projects. Timbers and Used PEG was dried into natural color of the treated wood. fragments from both Bozburun and manageable blocks, weighing 15 kg Although not ideal for larger Pabuç Burnu had been undergoing each, so that they might easily be timbers, due to its inability to the lengthy polyethylene glycol reused for subsequent treatments. impregnate dense woods, the use of (PEG) treatment process and were Molten PEG was poured into a sugar was deemed suitable for the approaching a finish point. Over heavy duty plastic-lined bin, and very sparse remains of the Tektaş the months while the last of the once the PEG was sufficiently dry, Burnu ship. PEG was being added incrementally it was removed from the bin and Inherent to most shipwreck to the tanks, it was not unusual to wrapped and secured in plastic. assemblages is a large collection of experience certain setbacks from Storage of the blocks in a cool broken ceramic vessels. In 2010, the equipment failure that could only dry room, will prevent them from fragments from the Archaic Pabuç be overcome by a team effort. As the becoming liquefied once more Burnu amphoras were steadily standard treatment for waterlogged and will ensure they are ready for cleaned and numbered before being wood, PEG is reliable but needs use as the time approaches for the spread out over most of the area of

www.inadiscover.com 73 Nixon Griffis Lab―Bodrum FIG 4 Mustafa Korkmaz, Mustafa Babacık, Tuba Ekmekçi, Gülser Sınacı, Kim Rash and Süley- man Türel working together to transfer the PEG-soaked Bozburun timbers into their new vat (M. Akcay). the lab in search of joints between been raising material from the I was lucky enough to be included the shattered pots. The team made 19th- century Ottoman frigate as part of the 2010 excavation team, remarkable progress in sorting the Ertuğrul and were granted in addition to taking on the role fragments into piles of recognizable permission to bring a portion of of project conservator. At the end fabrics and worked swiftly toward the objects back from Japan to of the season, the artifacts were the realization of several amphoras Bodrum for conservation. I had returned to the laboratory where in seemingly no time at all. The the pleasure of working closely desalination began and in due talented women employed at the with Berta and advising on the course these objects will add to the BRC have the intrinsic ability to preservation of various objects, knowledge gained from previous spot the metaphorical needle in the including copper, iron, leather and excavation and survey campaigns at haystack, and I very much admire wood, which differ greatly from the the site. their skill, born from years of other shipwreck material INA has Throughout the year, in addition experience. recovered in Turkey not only in age to managing the laboratory staff Edith Trnka, the conservator but also in degree of preservation. and overseeing certain conservation overseeing the care of the artifacts Having worked with a similar projects, I was called upon to from the Uluburun shipwreck, object from the 19th-century Mardi direct tours of the exhibit halls continues to work toward the Gras shipwreck assemblage at the within the Museum of Underwater completion of all materials from this Conservation Research Laboratory Archaeology, where the shipwrecks extraordinary site. Edith spent the at Texas A&M, I was able to identify excavated by INA during the year attending to the desalination one mystery artifact as a coffee last 50 years are displayed. This and stabilization of the remaining grinder. We also reassembled the opportunity enabled me to share glass ingots, all in differing states broken segments of the grinder’s and elaborate upon INA’s work of preservation, as well as finishing iron handle and replicated it so with friends of the Institute, the restoration of the last of the that a sturdy epoxy facsimile can be international scholars and students wreck’s amphoras and tin ingots. used for display (Fig. 5). Working of archaeology. Along with public This tremendous assortment of together, we were able to establish outreach, I provided instruction priceless objects requires constant a conservation plan for the objects and education to the many supervision, and Edith is invaluable that remain in Japan awaiting conservation interns and students to the staff in ensuring that the treatment. who volunteered their time at the artifacts, both on display and The summer of 2010 witnessed center to help our staff with ongoing in storage, receive the necessary the return to Cape Gelidonya, projects, from ceramics to metals attention in order to maintain their marking the 50th anniversary of the and organics. stability for the long term. landmark excavation which put Departing Bodrum in the spring INA research associates Berta nautical archaeology on the map of 2011 with a heavy heart, not Lledó and Tufan Turanlı have as a legitimate scientific endeavor. only would I miss the extraordinary

74 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 74 FIG 5 Reconstructing the handle from the Ertuğrul coffee grinder so that a mold can be made (B. Lledó).

abundance of waterlogged material Carlson, D.N. 2003. “The Classical 9th- Century AD Vessel Wrecked to be conserved, but I would be Greek Shipwreck at Tektaş Burnu, off the Coast of Bozburun, Turkey.” leaving behind a new family and Turkey.” American Journal of Ph.D. thes., Texas A&M University. turning the page on the most Archaeology 107(4):581-600. enjoyable chapter of my life to Ingram, R. and M. Jones. 2010. “The date. The Bodrum Research Center Carlson, D.N. and C.E. Atkins. Documentation of Two Byzantine became my home, and while the 2008. “Leaving No Stone Unturned: Shipwrecks from Yenikapı, The 2007 Excavation Season at capable staff certainly has the ability Istanbul.” CMAC News and Reports Kızılburun, Turkey.” and the tools to continue their work INA Annual 2(2):28-30. 1:22-28. without me, I will always feel that my time there was too short. It was Carlson, D.N. and D.L. Hamilton. Katzev, M. and F. van Doorninck. a rare opportunity as a student of 2009. “Kızılburun 2008: Shipwreck 1966. “Replicas of Iron Tools from the Nautical Archaeology Program Research at the Bodrum Center.” a Byzantine Shipwreck.” Studies In at Texas A&M University where I INA Annual 2:11-14. Conservation 2:133-141 studied these very shipwrecks in a classroom to become the individual Ford, B., A. Borgens, W. Bryant, Lledó, B. 2010. “Japan-Turkey, the responsible for the preservation D. Marshall, P. Hitchcock, C. Remains of the Frigate Ertuğrul of the material from them. I look Arias, and D. Hamilton. 2008. Exhibited in Mersin, Turkey.” INA forward to following the progress Archaeological Excavation of the Quarterly 37(2&3):22-23. of the Bodrum Research Center’s Mardi Gras Shipwreck (16GM01), Polzer, M.E. 2009. “Hull Remains future endeavors, believing strongly Continental Slope. from the Pabuç Burnu Shipwreck in the scholars, students and staff New Orleans: US Department of and Early Transition in Archaic connected to it as I continue to the Interior, Mineral Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Greek Shipbuilding.” M.A. thes., support INA’s goals and vision. Region. Texas A&M University.

Further Reading Greene, E.S., M. Lawall and M.E. Pulak, C. 1998. “The Uluburun Bass, G.F., P. Throckmorton, Polzer. 2008. “Inconspicuous Shipwreck: An Overview.” J. Taylor, J.B. Hennessy, A.R. Consumption: The Sixth-Century International Journal of Nautical Shulman and H. Buchholz. 1967. B.C.E. Shipwreck at Pabuç Burnu, Archaeology 27(3):188-224. “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Turkey.” American Journal of Rash, K. 2010. “Casting the Shipwreck.” Transactions of the Archaeology 112(4):685-711. American Philosophical Society Assemblage of Iron Artifacts from Kızılburun.” 57(8):1-177. Harpster, M. 2005. “A Re-assembly CMAC News and 2(2):31-33. and Reconstruction of the Reports

www.inadiscover.com 75 Nixon Griffis Lab―Bodrum Mersa/Wadi Gawasis: Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. Coastal Carolina University / INA Port of the Pharaohs

Documentation and Analysis to Punt of Ship Remains In 2010, an INA research of . Ancient activities at grant provided invaluable support Gawasis focused on the assembly, for the continued excavation, and later, disassembly of ‘seagoing documentation and preservation ship kits’ by thousands of men on an of the world’s oldest seagoing ship intermittent basis. These seagoing remains. INA Research Associate ships, built in Nile dockyards of Cheryl Ward and Mohamed imported cedar of Lebanon, were Abd el-Maguid, now Director of carried in pieces across 145 km Antiquities for Alexandria in the (90 mi) of the Eastern Desert to the Supreme Council of Antiquities, shore of the Red Sea at S’ww. returned to Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, The site is complex, with a near Safaga, Egypt. Beginning in number of living and work areas, January 2005, excavation of the including two ceremonial areas site under the direction of Kathryn with shrines, a camping area for Bard (Boston University) and tents, food processing locations, Rodolfo Fattovich (University and also a series of galleries, or long of Naples Insitut d’Orientale) rooms cut into an ancient uplifted produced complete and reworked (Fig. 1 & 2). When the ship timbers as well as thousands of ancient Egyptians began to use the wood fragments from the ancient site, a brackish lagoon lined with disassembly of ships following mangroves and up to 10 m deep substantial sea journeys. extended about a kilometer from Mersa/Wadi Gawasis is the the sea into this protected area. modern name of the ancient The galleries they carved out gave pharaonic port of S’ww on the Red them dry climate-controlled spaces Sea, about 24 km (14 mi) south for work and storage of materials.

76 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 76 FIG 1 Panoramic view of the ancient fossil reef from the now-dry lagoon (E. Selby).

FIG 2 The galleries shown in detail here (Caves 2-5) are carved into the base of the fossil reef. Ship timbers were cleaned and then recycled throughout the site as ramps, walkways, and architectural supports (BU/UNOIO plan).

www.inadiscover.com 77 Wadi Gawasis—Egypt Primary use of the site and its major institutional colleagues at the But outside Cave/gallery 6, a pair construction features date to the American Research Center in Egypt of blades with a similar pattern Middle Kingdom (2022- 1650 for an Antiquities Endowment Fund dwarfs the first set. Each is roughly B.C.E.); most artifacts belong to conservation grant administered double the size of the earlier finds, the Twelfth Dynasty (2022-1784 through USAID of c. $25,000 to suggesting an overall length of at B.C.E.). establish secure storage and curation least 8 m which would be appropriate Our INA-funded project facilities within the ancient galleries for a hull 30 m or longer (Fig. 3). objectives were to create a plan for at Gawasis during the 2010- Other Egyptian vessels include the conserving and curating maritime 2011 season. Conservation plans rivercraft from Dashur (about 10 m artifacts from Gawasis, to continue include creating individual micro- long) and the buried ‘ship kits’ at excavation and documentation environments for the major timbers Khufu’s pyramid, one of which has of new finds, and to review with impermeable “envelopes” and been reassembled into a 43-m- long documentation for finds excavated scavengers, testing methods craft. Transport of large stone in the two previous seasons. With for conserving brittle and fragile monuments in the Middle Kingdom the help of Chiara Zazzaro and coils of rope covering the floor of and later required large vessels, the cooperation of the dig team, one gallery, and achieving safer and their successful designs have all objectives were accomplished storage for all finds in an ancient features shared with the seafaring and more. In addition to reviewing work space now re-purposed for hull timbers, so 30 m is not an drawings, photographs, and storing the archaeological remains of unreasonable length even for ships descriptions of ship and boat maritime artifacts. sailing nearly 4,000 years ago. components and debitage from the A segment of a hull plank just over dismantling process, each individual a meter long and 22.5 cm (about component was examined again. Super-sized half a cubit) (Fig. 4) thick with a Rainer Gerisch, project botanist, Egyptian ships maximum width of 52 cm can be also provided significant assistance The maritime team (in this case reconstructed today as a knife-shaped by identifying hundreds of wood Ward, Zazzarro, and Abdelmaguid) plank similar to a complete example samples to species level. at Gawasis dealt with all artifacts excavated in 2006. Its original width The major focus of our work was related to ships and seafaring, would have been close to 60 cm, and to plan for the stabilization and and also made inroads on the removal of some of the tenons still preservation of the wooden finds. documentation and analysis of some in the re-worked piece showed that The galleries provide relatively intriguing finds outside the entrance they were a full cubit long (45 cm) stable environments protected from to Cave/gallery 6 and in Cave/ when hammered into mortises for light, animals, and rapid changes gallery 3. the first time. A number of fastenings in temperature and humidity. In 2005, a pair of steering oar found on the floor of Cave/gallery 3 We wondered if we could use blades were among the earliest nearby can now be explained as them for timber storage after the finds. At about 2 m in length and broken examples of these super-sized floors were cleared and excavated, 50 cm maximum width, the blades fastenings. The massive dimensions and as a result called in Howard originally were attached to a loom of these components reinforce what Wellman, a professional conservator by mortise-and-tenon joints. we have learned at Gawasis: the who worked for INA-Egypt in Analogies with tomb reliefs, tomb ancient Egyptians were masterful Alexandria as well as on the Sadana paintings, and ship models but most seafarers even before 2000 B.C. Island shipwreck excavation. specifically the Deir el Bahri Punt Howard visited the site and relief of large ships suggest that the Future work at Gawasis made specific suggestions for a the entire steering oar was about 5 m Excavation at Gawasis is planned conservation plan. These suggestions long, a length we found appropriate to continue through 2012-13 with formed the core of a funded for the reconstruction of Min of the the clearance of three additional grant proposal to our long-time Desert, a 20-m-long vessel. galleries and continued conservation

78 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 78 left to right and curation of maritime finds. and Cultural Connections of the FIG 3 INA’s support was invaluable in Red Sea, edited by J. Starkey, P. The two blades of an documenting existing and new finds Starkey and T. Wilkinson. BAR immense steering oar in 2009-10 and in planning the International Series 1661:143-148. were heavily attacked by conservation grant that provided Oxford: Archaeopress. shipworm while in use, and a successful route to significantly Ward, C. 2009. “Min of the Desert: being used as an entry ramp improved storage and preservation of these remains from some of the A full-scale reconstruction of an for gallery six, some 3,800 ancient Egyptian seafaring ship.” years ago didn’t help their world’s oldest seagoing ships, and INA Quarterly 37(2):10-11. preservation. Still, the 4-m- I am grateful for the Institute’s long blades caused our jaws support. Ward, C., C. Zazzaro and M. Abd to drop when we realized el-Maguid. 2010. “Super-sized they belonged to steering Acknowledgments Egyptian ships.” International oars twice the size of those The Supreme Council of Journal of Nautical Archaeology already excavated at the site. Antiquities, project directors 39(2):387-889. Kathryn Bard and Rodolfo FIG 4 Fattovich, and maritime team Ward, C. and C. Zazzaro. 2010. Plank segment T64 is about members Mohamed Abd “Ship remains from Mersa Gawasis.” 30% of a hull plank from El-Maguid, Chiara Zazzaro, and International Journal of Nautical an Egyptian ship that sailed Howard Wellman are all appreciated Archaeology 39(1):27-43. the Red Sea about 3800 deeply for their contributions. years ago. Standing on its Funding from the Institute of edge, the outside curvature Nautical Archaeology made it of the hull at the waterline possible for the maritime team to be is visible; this plank on site in 2009/10. touched the keel. Team members Dr. Mohamed Further reading Abd el-Maguid, Cheryl Fattovich, R., K. Bard, and C. Ward. Ward, and Chiara Zazzaro 2007. “Sea Port to Punt: New recorded this piece in Evidence from Mersa Gawasis, Red January, 2010. Sea (Egypt).” In Natural Resources

www.inadiscover.com 79 Wadi Gawasis—Egypt The

Bradley Krueger Anthony M.A. Candidate Texas A&M University/ INA Wayne Shipwreck Survey Carrie Sowden, M.A. Introduction on archival research in order to Great Lakes Historical Since 2008, INA research associates better understand Anthony Wayne’s Society Bradley Krueger and Carrie Sowden operational history and place the have been diving in Lake Erie to archaeological data into a historical investigate the remains of Anthony context. Wayne, one of the earliest examples of a side-wheel steamboat on the History of Great Lakes (Fig. 1). Anthony Wayne Anthony Wayne was transporting passengers and Anthony Wayne was built by Samuel cargo from Toledo to Buffalo on 28 Hubbell in Perrysburg, Ohio, in April 1850 when it suffered a boiler 1837 for the Perrysburgh & Miami explosion and sank. The site was Steamship Company. Helmed by discovered in fall 2006 by shipwreck veteran lake captain Amos Pratt, enthusiast Tom Kowalczk and Anthony Wayne measured 47.7 m (156 ft 6 in) in length, 7.9 m (25 ft FIG 1 examined by the Cleveland 9 in) in beam, 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) in Anthony Wayne as it sits Underwater Explorers (CLUE) the today on the bottom of Lake following spring. Announcement depth at the hold, and was registered Erie (R. Lee). of the discovery prompted the with a 354-t capacity. Designed to formation of the Anthony Wayne carry passengers along the southern Shipwreck Survey, a collaboration Lake Erie shore, the steamer could of archaeologists and volunteers accommodate several hundred from the Great Lakes Historical travelers and was outfitted with Society, Texas A&M University, and 20 lavish staterooms, gentlemen’s CLUE. The survey team conducted and ladies’ cabins on the boiler deck, a site assessment in the summer and steerage quarters. In addition of 2008 and returned for limited to passengers, Anthony Wayne was excavation in 2009.1 With fieldwork capable of carrying approximately completed, the 2010 season focused 1,500 barrels of freight below decks.

80 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 80 After ten years of service on the FIG 2 Lakes, time had taken its toll on The only known Anthony Wayne and the dilapidated contemporary image of steamer was sold to Charles D. Anthony Wayne, from Howard of Detroit. Howard and an 1838 lithograph (Clarence S. Metcalf his business partner, Captain E. C. Great Lakes Maritime Gore, refurbished the vessel in 1848 Research Library of the making improvements to the hull, Great Lakes Historical rebuilding the upper decks, and Society, Vermilion, adding a new propulsion system. OH). Four new boilers were installed along with the horizontal, high engine recovered from the steamboat Columbus, which had been wrecked earlier that season. Under the command of Gore, Anthony Wayne made its return in the spring of 1849 and serviced the Toledo-Buffalo shipping line for the Wayne with side-scan sonar in be an old steamboat broken into remainder of its career. 1988. The pair described the site as two parts: the midship section, While making its way to Buffalo, “pretty broken up… the sidewheels complete with two large standing disaster befell the steamer just are above the mudline. So is the paddlewheels; and the bow section. after 12:30 am on 28 April 1850 bow. Everything else is anywhere Given the location of the wreck, when the vessel’s two starboard from the mudline to 10 ft below the propulsion features, and preliminary boilers suddenly exploded. The mud.”2 Driven by the belief that the dimensions, Kowalczk and CLUE blast destroyed the engine room steamer carried over $100,000 in concluded that they had indeed and caused irreparable damage to gold and silver coins at the time it found Anthony Wayne. both the hull and superstructure, sank, the two petitioned the State causing Anthony Wayne to sink to of Ohio for a permit to salvage the the bottom of Lake Erie within 15 Site Description wreck. Their request was denied The wreck ofAnthony Wayne lies to 20 minutes. During the sinking, in 1992 after state legislation was upright on the relatively flat lake the upper cabins tore free of the approved to protect historically bottom and is situated in two areas, hull and survivors used this piece significant shipwrecks from salvage with the bow lying approximately of wreckage as a life raft. Despite and looting. Disappointed over the 22.9 m (75 ft) to the southeast of efforts by Captain Gore and his ruling, the two refused to release the midships section (Fig. 2). The officers to coordinate lifesaving of the coordinates for the wreck and sections of wreckage are nearly those on board, 38 people lost their the location of the site remained a aligned with one another, with lives or were reported missing as a mystery. the bow section slightly skewed to result of the disaster. Anthony Wayne was starboard. Both bow and midships rediscovered in September 2006 are mostly buried in gelatinous Previous by Tom Kowalczk just over 11 km sediment with no architectural Investigations (approximately seven miles) north elements or debris field visible Two Ohio residents, shipwreck of Vermilion, Ohio. The shipwreck, between the two areas of wreckage. hunters Kellogg Roloaf and which lies in 13.7 m (45 ft) of The midship portion of the wreck Matthew Vance, claimed to have water, was visited by CLUE divers is the larger and more complete found the wreckage of Anthony the following spring and proved to of the two sections. Each of the

www.inadiscover.com 81 Anthony Wayne—L. Erie, USA steamer’s two large paddlewheels, alone near where the pitman arm port hogging truss forward of the located on either side of the vessel, disappears into the mud. hogging post. Estimated at 12.2 m measures 7.9 m (26 ft) in diameter. The bow remnants ofAnthony (40 ft) in length, most of the pipe With the bottom portion of the Wayne are scant, only 3 m (10 ft) is buried, with the inboard end wreck entombed in mud, only the in length, but exhibit interesting terminating just forward of the feed- upper halves of the paddlewheels are features. The exposed wreckage water heater. exposed. The majority of the buckets is triangular in shape and mainly (i.e. paddles) are either broken or consists of the cap-rail, spindles, and 2008 Field Season missing, while most of the arms, rail-shoe. While the upper rail is The 2008 field season lasted four originally totaling 60 on each wheel, detached from the lower base, some weeks between 9 June and 9 July. are still in place. The buckets that of the spindles remain suspended The Great Lakes Historical Society, do remain are attached to the arms from the cap-rail. The cap is fitted located on the shores of Lake Erie with both iron through-bolts and with a rectangular notch and an iron in Vermilion, served as base of U-bolts. eyebolt on each side to allow a cable operations for the duration of the Certain elements of Anthony or line to pass through; a third iron project. The objectives for the 2008 Wayne’s hull can be seen above the eyebolt is found on the cap’s breast- season consisted of three primary lake bottom. Five frames on the port hook. Protruding from the front goals after the completion of an side and four to starboard protrude of the bow are two sturdy catheads initial site assessment: 1) map the from the murky bottom and rise that were used to raise and lower entire site including main wreckage from the outboard side of the vessel’s the steamer’s anchors, each having components and associate debris; wooden hogging truss. The diagonal a tackle situated on the outer side. 2) obtain detailed measurements truss timbers, which longitudinally Abaft the apex of the rail are two and sketches of architectural and strengthened the sides of the hull, tall riding bitts that are attached to mechanical features of the wreck; run forward on either side of the a beam running athwartships; these and 3) conduct systematic probing vessel before disappearing beneath are the structural supports for the between the midship and bow the mud. Only on the port side are vessel’s cathead timbers and would sections in order to see how much, if there visible remains of exterior have been used in towing or heavy any, of the steamer’s hull was buried planking attached to the frames. lifting operations. Finally, beneath beneath the lake bottom. The planks measure 2.5 cm (1 in) the catheads and off to the sides, two The majority of the field season in thickness and are secured to the large wooden anchor stocks with an was spent on the first two objectives, frames with iron nails. iron band barely protrude from the site mapping and construction/ The paddlewheels are connected soft mud. machinery details. Given the upright together by two robust iron drive A high degree of biofouling is nature of the wreck, mapping was shafts. Connected to the port and evident on the site, with zebra and accomplished using trilateration starboard shafts are two iron cranks quagga mussels attached to several from a baseline located along the fastened to the vessel’s pitman areas of the wreck. These mussel center of the vessel. One team arm. Also present on the starboard clusters are so thick in some areas focused on this task, while another driveshaft are two cams and their that they obscure all surface detail, team sketched and measured respective frames. Two cam-rods such as the basin of the feed-water construction features of the paddle- are connected to each cam and run pump and the rivets atop the pitman wheels, hogging trusses, drive shafts, forward into the mud, parallel to the arm. A thick layer of abandoned cranks, pitman arm, machinery, and pitman arm. On the port side of the mussel shells can be found around the bow section. To supplement vessel, immediately forward of the the midship section, indicating that these data, underwater video and driveshaft, is a freestanding feed- Anthony Wayne has been a victim photographs were also taken, but water pump secured to a tall vertical of these invasive species for several the limited visibility on site, which timber. There are connections years. averaged between 0.3 to 1.5 m situated on the base of the pump Also present on site is a very long (1 to 5 ft), significantly restricted intake, but none of the associated PVC pipe that is clearly intrusive. their use. pipes survive. Forward of the pump The pipe, which is approximately The last objective called for is the feed-water cylinder that stands 7.6 cm (3 in) in diameter, crosses the systematic probing to be carried

82 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 82 out between the two sections of approximately six weeks, running the continued preservation of the wreckage, where no visible remains from 1 July to 18 August. The uncovered timber, the test unit was are present, in order to ascertain objectives of the 2009 season were back-filled prior to the end of the the extent of potentially buried strongly influenced by the results field season. hull structure. Four lines were of the probe testing conducted The second objective of the established between the bow and the previous year and focused season involved opening a second midships, two on the port side and on (1) investigating the buried test unit for the purposes of locating two on starboard. The lines nearest elements of the wreck, which and documenting Anthony Wayne’s the edges were fixed to the hogging included uncovering elements of the steam engine. The steamer was posts and ran to the extreme ends vessel’s port-side hull, (2) locating deemed a total loss following its of the bow railing on either side, the horizontal steam engine, and 1850 boiler explosion and no while the inboard lines attached (3) investigating the stern section reports were found to indicate the between the middle of the drive of the site, where no visible remains engine was salvaged, suggesting that shafts and the middle of the bow are present. To meet the first two it should still be on site. Uncovering railing. Tests were conducted along objectives, concentrated excavation the engine would allow us to study each line, including the baseline, was required at two locations of the its assembly and preservation, and in intervals of 1.5 m (5 ft). A 3-m midships section, while the third record all details and features. (10-ft) section of 0.64-cm (quarter- objective was to be carried out with Three weeks were spent inch) copper pipe was used to remote sensing equipment. excavating this test unit with an conduct 78 probe tests over the The first objective of the season induction dredge system. Sediment course of three full dives. Of these, was to open an exploratory test removal commenced around the 48 tests yielded positive hits, while unit on the port side of the wreck, visible portion of the pitman arm the remaining 30 encountered no just forward of the hogging post and proceeded forward and down sub-surface material. Positive tests (Fig. 3). The goal was to follow the until met with other components. ranged from depths between 0.9 m hogging truss timber forward into Excavation in this area resulted in and 3 m (3 ft and 10 ft) beneath the the mud and move inboard toward the uncovering of Anthony Wayne’s lake bottom. On average, the more the centerline of the vessel in order intact horizontal steam engine. shallow positive hits occurred closer to locate any elements of the hull Working down the pitman arm’s to midships, whereas the deeper hits (i.e. frames, planking, etc.). This forward end quickly exposed the were located in the intermediate would allow archaeologists to record crosshead linkage, attached to the zone between the two sections of the shape of the hull at this location, engine’s piston. The piston ran wreckage. observe construction details, forward and ended at the engine’s Analysis of the exposed portions and assess the overall degree of cylinder, atop of which sat four large of the vessel’s drive system dates preservation of buried components. steam valve levers. The entire upper the vessel to the pre-1850s. The Two weeks were spent conducting half of the engine was uncovered presence of a single pitman arm systematic excavations in this from the piston to its forward suggests that the steamer had only area. The only structural element end. In terms of preservation, the one horizontally mounted engine, encountered was the hogging truss engine’s iron pieces exhibited light the same type reportedly installed timber and no other hull remains surface corrosion and some pitting, during Anthony Wayne’s 1848 were discovered. The truss timber while brass components appeared rebuild. The probe data confirmed crossed the test unit longitudinally like new. The crew spent several that a significant amount of material and continued downward into the dives documenting the engine existed buried on site, but the state mud through the forward wall. assembly, which included recording of these components remained a Prolonged burial has significantly measurements, completing mystery. aided the preservation of the wood, sketching, and taking photographs as it was still incredibly sturdy and of all exposed elements. Once 2009 Field Season exhibited no signs of flaking or documentation ended, the test unit TheAnthony Wayne Shipwreck severe degradation. No fasteners was thoroughly back-filled. Survey resumed field investigations were discovered nor were any Anthony Wayne’s engine is a in the summer of 2009 and ran for fastener holes observed. To ensure remarkable and rare find, as it is one

www.inadiscover.com 83 Anthony Wayne—L. Erie, USA of the earliest marine engines to be discovered on the Great Lakes. Operationally, the arrangement works as follows. Four steam valves are situated atop the engine and are opened and closed by four corresponding levers. The levers are lifted by two crescent-shaped lifting arms, known as wipers, which oscillate back and forth, allowing steam to enter one end of the cylinder while being expelled out the other. The wipers were attached to a semi-rotating shaft which is manipulated by two cam-rods. As the cams rotate on the drive shaft, the surrounding cam frame moves back and forth, thus moving the cam-rods in a similar fashion. The amount of steam entering the engine from the boilers is controlled by the throttle, in this case a 35-cm (12-in) long ‘S’-shaped crank just starboard of the cylinder. Located on the aft-face of the cylinder, the engine’s oiler consists of a small globe with attached funnel and lever, and was used to lubricate the piston and cylinder head, allowing the system to run smoothly. These components comprised the vast majority of material encountered in Test Unit #2. Other finds included three iron nails, two pieces of wood, and a small shard of blue glass. With the engine thoroughly documented, the last phase of the 2009 season included a short remote sensing survey of the wreck’s stern section. With no visible remains aft of the paddlewheels, it was decided to explore this area to see how much, if any, archaeological material had survived. The team had temporary access to an Imagenex DF 1030 sub- bottom profiler, a device that emits high-frequency sound waves into the lake’s uppermost layers in order to glimpse buried material. To ensure the sub-bottom profiler maintained

84 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 84 a level position in the water column, distinct categories: 1) building and the device was attached to a wooden launch; 2) career and advertising; sled and towed transversely across and 3) the sinking. Additionally, the stern section of the wreck. Each details about other steamboats transect was spaced approximately operating alongside Anthony Wayne 7.6 m (25 ft) apart starting at the were also collected, in addition wreck and working away from it to information pertaining to the in a northwesterly direction. The transportation industry of the Great collected data confirmed that hull Lakes. The total number of PDFs material is buried in this area as created during this research season much as 15. 2 m (50 ft) abaft the exceeded well over 700 separate paddlewheels. The remains in this files, information that is vital to the area, which measure approximately forthcoming comparative analyses 7.6 m (25 ft) transversely across between Anthony Wayne and other the wreck, are buried under 1.1 m steamboats of the mid-19th century. (3.5 ft) of sediment. First, information was found with regard to the building and launching 2010 Research of Anthony Wayne. Certain details, Season such as basic vessel dimensions FIG 3 facing page Since very little is known of Anthony and the original name of the vessel Location of Test Units #1 Wayne aside from its violent (Representative) were discovered and #2 (B. Krueger). sinking, it was necessary to consult during the earlier field seasons. FIG 4 above historical documents to learn details One of the most significant finds Krueger searching through of the steamer’s construction and of this year, however, was a short micro-filmed newspapers at operational history. Utilizing the article published in the Milwaukee Texas A&M University library facilities at Texas A&M Sentinel newspaper that bulleted (B. Krueger). to access 13 years of historical several facts about the steamer. The newspapers from all over the Great article indicated that the entire cost Lakes region, Krueger sought out of the steamer was $70,000, and of newspapers from some of the major that $18,000 was used to purchase cities that Anthony Wayne visited, the original steam engine.3 The same including Buffalo, Cleveland, article also listed scantlings related Sandusky, Toledo, Monroe, Detroit, to the engine, such as its total weight and Milwaukee (Fig. 4). Micro- of 127 t, and the space required on filmed copies of these periodicals deck and in the hold (15.2 m and were sent to College Station 4.9 m respectively). The details through Texas A&M’s inter-library featured in this article aided greatly loan system. For a period of four to understanding the economy months, Krueger spent hundreds of of steamboat construction and hours carefully examining each roll outfitting, as well as the onboard of microfilm. When information spatial requirements needed for on the steamer was encountered, a early steam machinery. high-resolution PDF was made of Most of the material encountered each article and then cataloged by centered on the operational history date. of Anthony Wayne. Arrival and The results of this endeavor departure information posted in proved very successful. In total, newspapers all around the Great over 130 scans were made of articles Lakes traced the shipping routes specifically referencingAnthony serviced by the steamer (Fig. 5). Wayne. Information fell into three While the Toledo-Buffalo line was

www.inadiscover.com 85 Anthony Wayne—L. Erie, USA its most frequent route, research archaeological remains. While many aspects of Anthony showed that Anthony Wayne spent With the archival research Wayne are compelling, the drive several seasons on Lake Michigan concluded, additional investigation system is by far its most notable transporting people and goods consisted of amassing information feature. What is particularly from Buffalo to the far ports of on early North American steam interesting is that its arrangement Milwaukee and Chicago. Over engines, boilers, and drive systems, is standard for an early 19th-century the course of the steamer’s 13-year and examining why these machines western river steamboat. Steamers career, advertisements described occasionally failed. In the case that navigated the waters of the the vessel as “fast,” “splendid” of Anthony Wayne, no official Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri and “a first-class boat” (Fig. 6). determination was made for why rivers were lightly built and shallow One interesting fact was that the its boilers exploded, and although drafted to better avoid sand bars, ship participated in a steamboat these elements were not discovered snags, and fluctuating water levels. monopoly for the first seven years on the wreck site, understanding To this end, horizontal engines were of its career. This monopoly, known this phenomenon is significant for typically utilized, as they were light as the Steamboat Combination, was the study and interpretation of the weight, compact, and simple in a collection of steamboat owners remaining archaeological material. design. This design, which became that sought to maximize profits by It was learned that the most typical starting in the late 1830s, was fixing passenger and cargo rates, and commonly-cited reasons for boiler considered to be very efficient and controlling the number of steamers explosions included insufficient underwent very little change until operating in any given season. The water levels, poor construction after the Civil War. monopoly was very unpopular with or materials, and the engineer’s On the Great Lakes, however, the public, however, and ceased to inexperience or ignorance of the vertical walking beam engines were exist by the late 1840s. engine. Unfortunately, excavations more prominent in similarly styled The third category of information did not uncover the boilers or steamers. These larger, heavier involved details from the sinking of their connecting pipes, thereby engines were thought to better Anthony Wayne. Personal accounts preventing a more detailed analysis. stabilize the deeper drafted vessels, from both passengers and crew told and their low-pressure cylinders the story of the steamer’s untimely 2010 Public Outreach were considered to be significantly demise and efforts by survivors A significant component of the safer than the high-pressure to stay alive in the moments Anthony Wayne Shipwreck Survey varieties found in horizontal following the catastrophe. Through has been public outreach and engines. As widespread as vertical their testimony we learn of the education, a priority of the Great engines were on the Lakes, there damage sustained by the vessel Lakes Historical Society, Texas were advantages to employing a in the explosion, including the A&M, and INA. In 2010, Krueger horizontal engine. Vertical engines destruction of the main cabin, the presented an interim report on extended up through the hurricane bar, and the forward deck. Once the Survey’s progress at the annual deck, where cabins were often it became evident that the vessel conferences of the Society for located, whereas horizontal engines was in peril, individuals threw Historical Archaeology and the were completely housed upon doors, mattresses, and even a coffin Society for American Archaeology. the main deck, allowing for more into the water to serve as flotation Sowden gave a presentation on passenger accommodations on the devices. During the sinking, the Anthony Wayne to the Cleveland upper decks. Secondly, horizontal ship was dismasted and the upper West Shore Delta Gamma Alumnae engines were lighter and took cabins were ripped away from the Group in early May, and featured up less space than their vertical hull, explaining their absence from the site in several of her educational counterparts, meaning steamers the wreck site. Information in this talks on Lake Erie shipwrecks could carry greater amounts of cargo category was especially valuable (Fig. 7). Finally, Krueger produced and thereby increase profits. The as it not only allowed for the two articles that outlined the project regional popularity or prevalence re-creation of events on that fateful and discussed finds from the two of horizontal and vertical engines night, but significantly aided in the field seasons.4 would constitute an interesting case interpretation of Anthony Wayne’s Analysis study for future research.

86 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 86 Regarding Anthony Wayne, the fact that its engine is representative of a style from the late 1830s corresponds to the historical record. The steamer received this engine from an earlier vessel, the steamboat Columbus, during the 1848 refurbishment. Columbus was built in 1835 at Huron, Ohio, and while the particulars of its drive system are not known, it was widely reported that its engine was recovered and placed into Anthony Wayne following its top to bottom foundering in the spring of 1848. FIG 5 The engine uncovered during the Anthony Wayne’s 1838 2009 field season of theAnthony daily schedule (Buffalo Wayne Shipwreck Survey is Commercial Advertiser). believed to be the one originally FIG 6 placed in Columbus and predates Advertisements for Anthony the construction of Anthony Wayne from April 1850 Wayne by two years. Study of this (Toledo Blade). unique maritime relic is incredibly FIG 7 important in that engines are Sowden delivering a usually salvaged following sinking presentation to high school events, leaving archaeologists to students on the shipwrecks rely primarily on historical data of Lake Erie (C. Sowden). for their understanding of early steam engines. The excavation of Anthony Wayne’s engine, from the four complete steam levers to the intact globe-shaped oiler, provided a rare opportunity to observe the physical characteristic of a maritime engine in a remarkable state of preservation, the style of which and the arrangement of the drive system, closely resembles historical descriptions and images of similarly typed vessels. To date, Anthony Wayne’s engine is believed to be one of the oldest remaining steam engines on all the Great Lakes. Conclusions Following the 2010 research season, the Anthony Wayne Shipwreck Survey officially drew to a close. The last remaining aspect to be completed is the final report of

www.inadiscover.com 87 Anthony Wayne—L. Erie, USA archaeological and historical Survey 2009.” The INA Annual findings, the culmination of which 3:74-79. will be Krueger’s M.A. thesis in the Nautical Archaeology Program Krueger, B. 2010: “Steaming at Texas A&M. This project was Through Great Lakes History: The significant on many fronts, from Archaeological Investigations of understanding early steamboat Steamboat Anthony Wayne.” The architecture and machinery to INA Quarterly 37(2&3):18. learning the details of a prominent 19th-century shipping industry. Both Krueger, B. 2010. “Steamboat Krueger and Sowden will continue Archaeology on the Great Lakes: educating the public about Anthony TheAnthony Wayne Shipwreck Wayne, Great Lakes maritime Survey.” Inland Seas Quarterly history, and the importance of Journal 66(2):98-116. submerged cultural heritage. “Steamers vs. Propellers.” Milwaukee Acknowledgments Sentinel, 8 March 1843. Milwaukee, This project would not have been WI. possible without the generous support of the Great Lakes “For Buffalo” (advertisement). Historical Society, the Peachman Toledo Blade, 13 April 1850. Toledo Lake Erie Shipwreck Research Ohio: Toledo Blade Co. Center, the Cleveland Underwater Explorers, the Institute of Nautical “Arrangement for the Season” Archaeology, the Ohio Council (advertisement). Toledo Blade, 27 of Skin & Scuba Divers, and the April 1850. Toledo Ohio: Toledo Center for Maritime Archaeology Blade Co. & Conservation at Texas A&M University. Additional thanks Notes should be paid to Carrie Sowden, 1 Krueger 2009. Chris Gillcrist, Tom Kowalczk, 2 Cleveland Plain Dealer 1991, 1B. Kevin Crisman, Jim Delgado, and 3 Milwaukee Sentinel 1843, 2. several enthusiastic volunteers who 4 Krueger 2010a, 18; Krueger helped make the last three years such 2010b. a success.

References “Perrysburg and Buffalo Daily Line of Steamboats”(advertisement). Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, 1 May 1838. Buffalo, N.Y.: Salisbury, Manchester & Co.

Krueger, B. 2009. “Great Lakes Steamboat Archaeology: TheAnthony Wayne Shipwreck

88 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 88 INA in Sri Lanka

Deborah Carlson Ph.D. President, INA Pearl of the Indian Ocean Two years ago, I was Lanka. Dr. Mehendale told me that seated in an internet café near her collaborators in the Department Çeşme, Turkey with my good of Archaeology had found what friend and INA colleague Sheila appeared to be an ancient shipwreck Matthews, conducting triage on off the southern coast of Sri Lanka dozens of e-mail messages that had at Godavaya (Fig. 1). Intrigued, I accumulated since our last day off read the message aloud to Sheila— from the Kızılburun shipwreck who has traveled extensively in excavation one week before. The and South Asia—and watched as Friday day off was designed to her eyes filled with curiosity at the provide our tired bodies with mention of glass ingots and ceramic a break from the intense and pots that had been dated tentatively potentially dangerous absorption to the third or second century of nitrogen that comes with B.C.E, a date that would make any diving twice per day. clearly-associated ship the oldest But shopping for groceries, camp ever found in the Indian Ocean. and excavation supplies, and fuel Dr. Mehendale’s introductory for the outboard motors in less than e-mail went on to explain that, eight hours leaves precious little in discussions between her and FIG 1 time to actually relax, so 45 minutes her colleagues about choosing Map of Sri Lanka showing in an air-conditioned internet café an institutional partner for their the location of Godavaya on takes on the significance of a spa project, “Texas A&M’s Nautical the south coast. treatment. Archaeology Program and Institute One of the e-mail messages I of Nautical Archaeology were the read that day was from Dr. Sanjyot first that came to mind.” Mehendale, an archaeologist at the Anxious to learn more about University of California at Berkeley the archaeological and logistical who conducts research on the details of the shipwreck, I Road and Buddhism in places like invited Dr. Mehendale and her Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Sri senior colleague, Dr. Osmund

www.inadiscover.com 89 Sri Lanka FIG 2 FIG 3 An inscribed stone quern or bench in the museum A hemispherical glass ingot from the Godavaya at Tissamaharama (R. Muthucumarana and courtesy shipwreck and now in the Maritime Archaeology of the Director General of the Department of Museum in Galle (Director General of the Department Archaeology, Sri Lanka). of Archaeology, Sri Lanka).

Bopearachchi, to visit College inscriptions carved on them can boulders appearing suddenly on Station and tour the INA/NAP be dated paleographically to the top of and around the wrecksite. facilities. Dr. Bopearachchi is a third or second century B.C.E. And of course we spent many hours numismatist specializing in the (Fig. 2). In 2008, divers from the brainstorming about where we could ancient coinage of India and Department of Archaeology and the get the necessary funding to make a Bactria (modern Afghanistan, Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) thorough archaeological exploration Uzbekistan and Tajikistan); he of the Central Cultural Fund (CCF) of the Godavaya underwater site. is a dual citizen of Sri Lanka and conducted a brief exploration In the fall we submitted research France and a Director of Research of the site, taking preliminary funding applications to the at the Centre National de la measurements, capturing some National Oceanic and Atmospheric Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in video footage of the area and raising Administration (NOAA) and Paris. Since Dr. Bopearachchi was artifacts that included ceramic bowls the National Endowment for the serving as a visiting professor in the and a hemispherical blue glass ingot Humanities (NEH), then planned Department of Religious Studies at (Fig. 3). The CCF was established a winter dive trip to tropical Sri Yale University during the spring in 1980 with input from UNESCO Lanka―known as Taprobane to 2010 semester, he and Mehendale for the purpose of restoring and the ancient Greeks and Romans, visited Texas A&M University in preserving religious and cultural Serendib to the Arabs (the source March; during their short stay he monuments on Sri Lanka. of ‘serendipity’), and Ceylon to the also generously agreed to give a The three of us also discussed British (and the rest of the world), public lecture on maritime trade in some of the practical, logistical, until 1972. the Indian Ocean. and safety challenges of working Knowing not only that Sheila At our March meeting I learned under water in Sri Lanka, including Matthews has seen and excavated that the Godavaya wreck had been the absence of a recompression more shipwrecks than I have but discovered in 2003, when a local chamber anywhere on the island, also that she has a genuine fondness fisherman found a small stone and the need for reliable dive for the climate, culture, and cuisine quern or bench and showed it to gear, compressors, and excavation of Southeast Asia, it seemed only officials from the Department of equipment. The construction of a sensible to invite her to be a part Archaeology. Similar stone objects massive port in nearby of my first visit to Sri Lanka. are known from ancient Buddhist lends some urgency to the In the end, our busy schedules temples on the island, and the excavation, with reports of large afforded us only one week to make

90 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 90 FIG 4 FIG 5 Bopearachchi and Carlson enjoy roadside Aerial photo of Galle fort (Wikimedia). refreshments in the form of fresh coconut milk (S. Matthews).

the trip, returning on Christmas (and purchased!) some of the (Fig. 6), in a setting that is pleasantly Eve! Convening in Houston brightly-painted and captivating reminiscent of the Museum on 16 December, Sheila and I wooden masks hand carved from of Underwater Archaeology spent many of our in-flight hours the Strychnine tree (Nux vomica) in Bodrum, Turkey. The Galle discussing how best to utilize our which are a conspicuous feature of maritime museum was established in limited time on the island and on Sinhalese festivals and ceremonial the late 1990s following an intensive the wreck. We arrived in Colombo dances. In Matara we saw the stilt multi-year survey of Galle harbor on 18 December and overnighted fishermen atop their precarious co-directed by long-time INA in nearby Negombo, where we met perches hoping to catch mackerel Research Associate Jeremy Green Dr. Mehendale. Departing the next and other small fish in the shallow of the Western Australia Maritime day, we collected Dr. Bopearachchi reefs below. Amidst all this natural Museum.1 This survey succeeded in at the start of our eight-hour drive beauty were poignant reminders of locating the wrecks of VOC ships southward to Hambantota, the the overwhelming destruction and Avondster (1659) and Hercules largest city near the small fishing loss of life that occurred six years (1661), multiple 19th- century iron village of Godavaya. earlier when a devastating tsunami steamship wrecks, and numerous The route from Colombo to struck this island (and many others) Arab-Indian stone anchors.2 Hambantota is a coastal one, with the day after Christmas. Our stop in Galle gave us the lush tropical forests spilling right About halfway between opportunity to experience the down onto the beach. Our hosts Colombo and Hambantota is Galle museum and its attractive setting, Bopearachchi and Mehendale (Fig. 5), a charming and scenic town tour the modest conservation spent hours answering our endless originally settled by the Portuguese facilities, and examine some of the questions about the Sinhalese but resettled in the 17th century by artifacts raised from the Godavaya way of life, and never missed an the Dutch, who built an enormous shipwreck which are among the opportunity for us to experience fort that still carries the emblem objects on display. We also had the it first-hand, with impromptu of the Dutch East India Trading pleasure of meeting Mr. Sanath roadside stops for a refreshing Company (VOC). Within the walls Karunarathne of the Department drink of coconut milk served of the 130-acre fort are numerous of Archaeology and Mr. Rasika out of the husk and prepared by historic buildings, homes, temples, Muthucumarana of the Maritime a tiny machete-wielding woman shops, a resort hotel, and the Archaeology Unit, both of whom (Fig. 4). In Ambalangoda we saw Maritime Archaeology Museum were closely involved in the earliest

www.inadiscover.com 91 Sri Lanka FIG 6 The entrance to the Museum, with signage in Sinhalese, Tamil, and English (D. Carlson).

FIG 7 Our 2010 research group- back L to R-Kalum Madawa- kindage, N.K. Jayamaha, K.D. Palitha Weerasinghe, A.M.A. Dayananda, Nimal Perera, Deborah Carlson, Sunil Ratnaweerapatabandige and B.G. Preminda-front L to R-Rasika Muthucuma- rana, Osmund Bopearachchi, Sanath Karunaratne, Sanjyot Mehendale, Sheila Matthews, and R.P. Sunil (J. Matthews).

investigations of the site and would by boat from the tiny fishing village flat except for a blanket of marine be our dive buddies in the coming of Godavaya, and that the wind debris caused in large part by the days. Circumstances dictated that and current become so strong in 2004 tsunami. The site as it has our visit to Galle was regrettably the afternoon that they customarily been defined by local archaeologists short, but we scheduled a group dive only in the morning; for our (who have dived on it the most) meeting in Hambantota for the next shortened schedule this meant is situated between several large morning, which brought us one step that we would have only two rocky areas; its most conspicuous closer to diving on the shipwreck we opportunities to dive on the wreck, feature is a central mound that had come a great distance to see. so Sheila and I charged our batteries, is presumed to be the shipwreck Our first meeting with the local prepped our cameras, and sharpened (Fig. 8). Sheila and I observed what archaeologists and divers who knew our pencils! appeared to be numerous flat, thin the Godavaya wreck (and even the In the next 48 hours we pieces of metal interspersed with fisherman responsible for finding safely completed two dives on sections of wood which lacked any it!) was incredibly educational, for it the Godavaya shipwreck, and discernible features that would was from them that we learned the despite snapping copious digital permit their identification as hull logistical specifics and gained a real photographs which we later timbers. Nearby we saw additional sense of what would be required to consulted and contemplated, examples of the glass ingots, stone launch a project involving multiple our time was too short and the benches and ceramic bowls already divers conducting repetitive dives site too complex to allow us to raised from the site, scattered on over many weeks (Fig. 7). We draw informed conclusions about the seabed between the central learned, for example, that the depth the date or nature of the wreck. mound and an outcrop of rocks to of the wreck is approximately 33 m Visibility on the wreck was about the south. While collecting wood (110 ft), that it is some 30 minutes 9 m (30 ft) and the seabed was fairly samples on our second dive, Sheila

92 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 92 FIG 8 A preliminary site plan of the Godavaya wrecksite (R. Muthucumarana and courtesy of the Maritime Archaeology Unit [MAU]).

located what appeared to be a high swells, our captain circled As if sensing our unfamiliarity heavily-concreted section of chain offshore a few times, ostensibly with the landscape, history, and at the edge of the central mound. waiting for the perfect wave. While archaeology of Sri Lanka, our It is difficult to be certain about Sheila and I peppered one another hosts made every effort to ensure the relationship of the material with questions about our dive, that we saw as many meaningful we examined on the seabed, but it he suddenly gunned the engine places as possible in the little time seems probable that either we are and we hurtled forward at warp left to us. In the small museum dealing with two separate shipwreck speed, destined for a shoreline that opposite the incredible restored events (one ancient and one was already clogged with dozens Buddhist stupa at Tissamaharama, historic), or we may be looking at a of beached vessels set cheek by which was the ancient capital of colonial ship that was transporting jowl (Fig. 9). We approached the the Ruhuna kingdom in the third ancient objects―either of which is beach at such a speed and angle century B.C.E., we saw some of the still interesting from the point of that the beach itself wasn’t even comparable inscribed stone benches view of maritime commerce. visible―only the tops of the huts which are associated with the What our new friends failed (or maybe I closed my eyes). After Buddhist , though their to describe in sufficient detail was an abrupt lurching drop, our boat precise function remains unknown. the thrill that awaited us each day slid miraculously right into place Of course we explored the land as we returned to the tiny fishing amongst the others. Breathless, site of ancient Godavaya, where village at Godavaya, where the huts I looked over at Sheila who was excavations were initiated in 1994 come right down onto the beach, busy searching for the underwater under the auspices of the German which is covered with small open camera; I tried to look busy myself Archaeological Institute (DAI) and fishing boats, each about 5 m long but in truth I was searching for my the University of Bonn. To date, and set three deep. Skating atop stomach. those excavations have revealed the

www.inadiscover.com 93 Sri Lanka FIG 9 The crowded beach in the small fishing village of Godavaya (D. Carlson).

remains of a quarry, temple, and luxury goods. To make use of the Godavaya shipwreck excavation monastery dating from the second system of monsoons, the ships that promises to yield the kind of century C.E.3 Smaller diagnostic sailed to India would have left Egypt direct archaeological evidence finds such as imported Persian and in July, utilizing the south-west that can enhance significantly our Chinese pottery, Roman coins, monsoons, to reach the gulf of Aden understanding of Sri Lanka’s role in beads, bangles and stamped bricks and proceed eastward to the western the ancient maritime trade of the attest to the scope and vitality of Indian ports of Barygaza and/or Indian Ocean. Godavaya’s commercial network. Muziris (in Kerala). All the seaports On 23 December we left Underwater exploration during connected to this trading network Hambantota reluctantly for the long the 1990s focused on the remains of are noted in an exceptionally drive back to Colombo to catch the ancient harbor, which include important document known as our midnight flight to the United a jetty of stone pillars and a large the Periplus of the Erythraean States. Returning via a different, medieval stone anchor found Sea, probably written ca. 70 C.E., interior route afforded us additional nearby. a manual for merchants who opportunities to experience this These preliminary finds suggest traded with the East.4 The Roman rich and fascinating island. In that Godavaya served as an author Pliny, who perished in the Udawalawe we paid a visit (and important transshipment point for eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 C.E., an enthusiastic donation) to the eastern goods destined for western reckoned that India absorbed at superb transit home, where markets, such as Chinese silk and least 50 million sesterces in trade as many as 30 orphaned juvenile pottery. In addition, the evidence with Rome.5 The ancient geographer are being prepared for provides valuable insight into long- Strabo alludes to the early use of reintroduction into the wild (of a distance trade in antiquity and the the monsoon winds by westerners nearby national park). We stopped “international” contacts between after an Indian sailor, shipwrecked for lunch in rainy Ratnapura, which Mediterranean and south Asian in 116 B.C.E. off the coast of Egypt, lies at the foot of Adam’s Peak and is traders. As far as the links between is said to have revealed the secret famous for the rubies and sapphires East and West are concerned, use of the monsoon in exchange that are mined there, but we were the organization of trade is well for his return back home.6 Thus, most impressed by the numerous documented from the conquest while the majority of the textual rice paddies and large, lush of Egypt by the Roman emperor and archaeological evidence for plantations dedicated to tea, rubber, Augustus in 30 B.C.E. onwards. maritime trade between East and mango and papaya. As we neared Political control of Egypt gave rise West dates from the beginning the commercial capital of Colombo, to a very profitable use of the Red of the Roman Empire, links the traffic became horrendously bad. Sea to sail to India to procure raw between the two regions must Though not obvious to us at first, materials, spices and fashionable have existed centuries earlier.7 The the heavy traffic was the result of

94 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 94 the same Christmas holiday bustle References and Tarn, W.W. 1951. The Greeks in that was occurring all over the Further Reading Bactria and India. Cambridge. world, which served as a poignant Casson, L. 1989. The Periplus Maris reminder that Sri Lanka is home Erythraei. Princeton. Tomber, R. 2008. Indo-Roman not only to Buddhists and Hindus, Trade: From Pots to Pepper. London. but also Muslims and Christians―a Green, J. and S. Devendra, eds. reflection of the many cultures 1993. Maritime Archaeology in Sri Tripati, S. 2011. “Ancient that have stopped on this unique Lanka: The Galle Harbour Maritime Trade of the Eastern island over the centuries and found Project 1992. Archaeological Indian Littoral.” Current Science it difficult or impossible to leave! Department of Sri Lanka, Central 100(7):1076-1086. And like those before us, INA Cultural Fund, Western archaeologists will be spending Australian Maritime Museum, Post Weerakkoddy, D.P.M. 1994. “Greek Christmas in Sri Lanka for some Graduate Institute of Archaeology, and Roman Notices of Sri Lanka years to come, for armed with the University of Kelinya, Sri Lanka. and their Historical Context,” The financial support of a Collaborative Sri Lanka Journal of the Humanities Research Grant from NEH, we Green, J., S. Devendra, and R. 20(1-2):65-86. intend to return in 2012 to begin Parthesius. 1998. Sri Lanka unraveling the history of the Department of Archaeology Report Notes Godavaya shipwreck. on the Joint Sri Lanka-Australia- 1 Green and Devendra 1993; Green Netherlands Galle Harbour Project et al. 1998. Acknowledgments 1996-1997. Fremantle: Western 2 Souter 1998. This preliminary research Australian Maritime Museum. 3 Kessler, Roth, Recker, and project would not have been Wijeypala 2001. possible without the initiative Kessler, O., H. Roth, U. Recker, and 4 Casson 1989; Seland 2010. and enthusiasm of Drs. Sanjyot W. Wijeypala. 2001. “The Godavaya 5 Pliny. Natural History 6.101. Mehendale and Osmund Harbour Site. Report 6 Strabo. Geography 2.3.4. Bopearachchi, or the financial on the Excavations 1994-1997.” 7 Tarn 1951; Tripati 2011. support of the Institute of Nautical In Ancient Ruhuna: Sri Lankan- Archaeology and the Sara W. & German Archaeological Project in the George O. Yamini Professorship Southern Province, Vol. 1. Edited by in Nautical Archaeology at Texas H.-J. Weisshaar, H. Roth, and W. A&M University. Our thanks Wijeypala, 291-326. to Dr. Senerath Dissanayaka, Director General of Antiquities Ray, H.P. 2003. The Archaeology for permission to examine the of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. wrecksite, and to our colleagues in Cambridge. the Department of Archaeology and Maritime Archaeology Reade, J., ed. 1996. The Indian Unit for their warm hospitality: Ocean in Antiquity. London. Sanath Karunarathne, Rasika Muthucumarana, A.M.A Seland, E.H. 2010. Ports and Dayananda, and K.D. Palitha Political Power in the Periplus: Weerasinghe. Jeremy Green and Complex Societies and Maritime Oliver Kessler were readily available Trade on the Indian Ocean in the to answer questions and provide First Century A.D. Oxford. background information which proved extremely useful, and Sheila Souter, C. 1998. “Stone Anchors Matthews was characteristically Near Black Fort, Galle, Sri Lanka,” delightful and capable as a travel International Journal of Nautical companion and dive buddy. Archaeology 27(4):331-342.

www.inadiscover.com 95 Sri Lanka Donovan Griffin Texas A&M University M.A. Candidate/INA

Ghost

FIG 1 above 3D model made from Multi- Wreck in Beam Data (MMT/Ghost wreck project).

FIG 2 above right ROV view of port side stern section (Deep Sea the Baltic Productions/Ghost wreck project). Surrounded by total at approximately FIG 3 facing darkness, Drawing showing top view of 130 m, the Baltic Sea hides Ghost Ship (N. Eriksson). an intriguing secret, one that Sea archaeologists and oceanographers have been working hard to reveal over the last few years. The almost completely intact Ghost Wreck rests proudly upright on a cold and barren sea floor (Fig. 1&2). Amazingly, after almost four centuries her bow sprit still projects

96 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 96 out from a complete hull, deck Discovery planking is continuous, anchors still The Ghost Wreck was first hang from the rails, and two of the discovered in 2003. A joint masts continue to reach toward the expedition between Deep Sea heavens. This excellent preservation Productions and MMT (Marin is due to the environmental Mätteknik) located an exceptionally conditions found in the Baltic Sea. well preserved shipwreck, about The lack of organisms like 30 nautical miles east of the island Teredo navalis and frigid water of Gotska Sandön while searching arguably make the Baltic Sea the for a downed DC-3 Swedish Importance of the Fluyt best location in the world for the reconnaissance plane. The plane In the same way is and survival and recovery of wooden had been shot down in 1952 by Va s a was a remarkable example ships. Cold temperatures, low the Soviet Union and had been of a 17th-century Dutch salinity, and nominal oxygen unaccounted for ever since. designed warship, the prevent wood boring The wreck was discovered using organisms, the leading cause of Ghost would have been basic 500 kHz side-scan sonar. The completely unremarkable damage or decay of wooden ships processed sonar images showed a during its day. The type and in a salt water environment, from snub-nosed wooden wreck with design was so numerous and attacking the ship. This almost two standing masts, a prominently abundant it filled the ports lifeless environment is an effective pointing bowsprit, and an unusually and sea lanes of the Baltic means of protecting and preserving high stern section. Surveyors knew and beyond. The Fluyt archaeological mysteries like the right away that they had something was the semi-truck of the Ghost Wreck. Ideal preservation special. Design features of the wreck sea. It existed as a reliable, conditions mean many other wrecks suggested it was quite old and of a cheap, and profitable are also lying below almost as they type and size that possibly made it means to transport cargo. sailed these dark waters centuries one of the most important vessels What makes it remarkable ago. The preservation potential of of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. was how successful and the Baltic in combination with its Dr. Johan Rönnby (Södertörn innovative the design was. extensive use as a transportation University) and Dr. John Adams corridor increases the likelihood (University of Southampton) would —Dr. Fred Hocker of finding important wrecks in the later be the first to call it a fluyt. Va s a Museum area. In an effort to retrieve as much INA Research Associate data as possible from the wreck,

www.inadiscover.com 97 Ghost Wreck―Baltic Sea two separate ship-mounted multi- The Dutch Fluyt the Baltic. On the return voyage beam 300-kHz and 90-kHz echo The fluyt was pragmatic and easy the fluyts were loaded with raw sounders were activated to scan to sail. Light on crew, the vessel materials like timber, iron, chalk, the wreck. The bathymetric data was heavy on cargo. It was the and grain. The Ghost Wreck itself gathered proved to be unsatisfactory most important commercial ship was well suited for the of timber for research because the energy of developed by the Dutch toward trade; it has a low loading hatch on the signal was absorbed by both the end of the 16th century. The the stern section of vessel. Low, if the waterlogged wooden ship and fluyt served mainly as a cargo not under the waterline, it enabled the seafloor, making the return mover, but could also be outfitted the crew to load long timbers into data almost impossible to process. for patrol and naval warfare. It the bowels of the ship while in port A closer look and more innovative was inexpensive to build, cheap to by ballasting the ship heavy to the approach were needed if the group operate, of dependable design, and bow. would be able to investigate the very adaptable. These traits not only Shipbuilding is one of the wreck further. made it the most popular ship of its reasons why the Dutch were Assembling the research team, day, but also changed the way ships instrumental in leading the way MMT and Deep Sea revisited the were built. This innovative design in the industrialization of Europe site in 2006, armed with remotely makes having a complete example during the 19th century. At the very operated vehicles (ROVs) and two of this vessel type so important vanguard of this international trade preeminent maritime archaeologists (Figs. 3&4). and communication movement, the and historians of the Baltic, During the 17th century, Dutch- everyday fluyt slowly made its way Drs. Ronnby and Adams. What built fluyts were among the most across the oceans and seas of the they saw was a completely intact valuable tools of a new global Dutch world, spreading Dutch influence th 17 - century ship, a ghost from economy. Trade with East India and and power. the past in a state of preservation the developing New World market that exceeded even . Wooden provided Amsterdam and other 2008 Roundtable sculptures, sea chests, ladders, port cities in the Netherlands with a and blocks littered the sea floor. great amount of wealth and power. and Expedition Elaborate carvings adorned the ship, Baltic trade was also important and In early 2008, MMT and Deep Sea while the rudder stood in place and by the middle of the 17th century, Productions hosted a roundtable anchors were still at the ready. Aided thousands of Dutch merchant ships gathering of archaeologists by international news coverage, what visited the Baltic every year. Ships from Sweden, Great Britain, the they found had ignited keen interest transported and sold manufactured Netherlands, and the United States, in the archaeological community goods from western Europe, spices representatives of the Swedish and prompted the formation of an from East India, dried fish, salt, and Maritime Museum, and the Dutch international research group. cloth to the northern countries of Ministry of Culture.

FIG 4 below Drawing of port side (N. Eriksson).

98 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 98 In late 2008 the first major rings and inundated the lab with the The platform for all of this expedition to the Ghost Wreck set strong smell of pine. technology was a newly-converted out from the Island of Gotland. On The extreme challenges of survey vessel, Icebeam and its state- board MMT’s Franklin, a research working remotely, 130 m above the of-the-art technology, fresh from team prepared to begin the remote wreck site became evident to all. The a job for a trans-Baltic pipeline survey of the Ghost Wreck. ROVs 2008 team was forced to disembark (Fig. 5). For the first few days, were loaded, multi-beam warmed because of a massive storm and head ROVs scoured the wreck with up and steerable side-scan in home with samples in hand. One HD video beamed directly to the place. Most ambitious was a small sample was to go to Holland to be archaeologists on the survey ship so lawnmower-sized ROV which the examined by dendrochronologists, they could monitor and direct the crew and researchers hoped would one to Sweden for chemical analysis survey. Unlike the 2008 expedition, be able to penetrate the wreck. including sulfur contamination, the light rig and ROVs worked in The first order of business and one sample to Texas A&M unison, due to Icebeam’s dynamic was to video survey the ship and University. Dendrochronologists positioning system and experienced surrounding site using the Sub- identified the plank as Scots Pine ROV pilots. The ship was able to Fighter ROV. The dark green from the Island of Gotland and maintain a steady position in space brackish water of the Baltic dated the wood to the middle of the that was measured in sub-meters presented some real challenges for 1630s. Chemical analysis by Yvonne while the ROV pilots maneuvered filming. Extra lighting had to be Fors showed sulfur present in the with pinpoint accuracy (Fig. 6). rigged using three aluminum ladders wood, but at minimal levels. Testing An accurate site boundary and a custom-built cage. This performed by the author showed the was determined and several new structure provided a platform for waterlogged wood to be borderline construction details and artifacts the lights and allowed the rig to be class II (185-400% water) and were located, the largest of which placed directly on top of the wreck. III (185-400% water). All three was the main mast top, complete When it was complete the light separate analyses indicate that the with intact trestle-trees, a first ramp generated 50,000 lumens and wood from the wreck is remarkably for a ship of this age according to night became day under water. stable after having been submerged Dr. Fred Hocker (Vasa Museum). As a result of this video survey, for 400 years. This part of the rigging was isolated the expedition was able to identify some 100 m from the starboard side some amazing details on the Ghost Report of the 2010 of the wreck. Wreck. In one brief moment when Expedition Dr. Hocker also noted the way the cameras on the light rig and In 2010 the research group returned in which the spars and blocks lay large ROV were lined up above to the site of the Ghost Wreck on the deck and seafloor. With the deck, the view into the aft led by Dr. Johan Rönnby’s newly- better video and lighting, the team cabin window from the small ROV founded Maritime Archaeological was able to deduce the location of revealed that the cabin was littered Research Institute at Södertörn most of the spars and Dr. Hocker’s with sea chests, an overturned table, University. MARIS teamed up observation pointed to the crew’s and sleeping bunks. The group with MMT/Deep Sea Productions last moments at sea on the Ghost also retrieved a section of planking to continue the survey with new Wreck. The main and fore yards for analysis just hours before a big technology. Learning from the appear to have been set against storm moved in from the north. hardships of the 2008 expedition, each other in a v-pattern; such an A non-structural piece of the ship the group was determined to record arrangement in sailing terms is called was chosen from the sea floor and the site properly and raise a piece of heaving to. This technique was used the ROV was sent to recover it. sculpture from the sea floor. They to slow a ship’s forward progress and This plank, in excellent condition, came prepared with three ROVs, steady it in strong winds. Because was divided into several sections including a micro-ROV for wreck of the opposing arrangement of the and samples distributed to team penetration, state-of-the-art HD sails, the wind pushes each of them members for independent testing. cameras, custom lifting claw and in separate directions, effectively Stained black by time, the 400 basket, as well as an ROV-mounted bringing the ship to a stop with a year-old samples revealed clear tree multibeam sonar system. slow drift. The crew may have been

www.inadiscover.com 99 Ghost Wreck―Baltic Sea FIG 5 FIG 6 FIG 7 FIG 8 Aboard Icebeam. Icebeam’s ROV and View from Icebeam’s bridge Diving operations to Remote Survey control of diving operations to recover Hoekman. room. secure sculpture.

in trouble and tried to stabilize the of the Ghost Wreck, Dutch-built operators slowly raised the sculpture vessel in order to abandon ship. It ships often had corner figures on to a depth of around 10 m. At this is also possible they were trying to the transom stern. These sculptures point the divers entered the water ride out bad weather. Either way, the often represented important figures and used line with plastic wrap to Ghost Wreck was not under normal from the ship’s country of origin encase the artifact in a protective sail when it sank. Beyond rigging or the shipping company itself. layer which would guard it against details, the visual survey revealed the The wreck had both “Hoekmans” damage at the critical air/water layout of the ship's galley, permitted intact and on the sea floor so Drs. interface. The operation went like a better look into the stern cabin, Rönnby and Hocker chose to raise clockwork and the “Hoekman” saw and divulged one very interesting the sculpture they believed had the the light of day for the first time in greatest chance of being recovered clue as to the name of the vessel. over 350 years. th without damage to the artifact. Ships of the 17 century did Dutch conservators Laura A specially designed hook and not have their name written across Koehler and Gerd Schreurs basket had been built in-house by the stern in large letters. Instead, (Rijksdienst voor Culturel Erfgoed, MMT, based on laser measurements the practice was to have a design on Department of Ship Archaeology, taken during the 2008 expedition. the transom that symbolized the Lelystad), were onboard The plan was to use the claw in Icebeam name of the vessel. The stern of the to receive and prepare the artifact conjunction with the ROVs to grab Ghost Wreck is very elaborate: floral the sculpture and then lower it into for transport (Fig. 9). The final carvings surround the tiller port, the the basket for the final lift topside. destination for the sculpture was tiller is capped with three sculpted It turned out that the basket was Lelystad, Holland but for the time roses. Other decorative sculptures, too small for the sculpture and an being the conservators wrapped as well as the transom itself were alternate plan had to be developed the Hoekman in plastic, secured found all over the sea floor aft of by MMT’s pilots and crew. it in a crate and transported it the vessel, left behind once the iron The main concern was that to a temporary holding tank in fittings which attached them to ship damage could be done to the Stockholm (Fig. 10). corroded. One carving appears to be delicate remnants of the paint on the the body of a large fowl and sits just sculpture. Paintings on Vasa’s mast 3D Imaging off the stern, its position indicating were lost during its removal from of the Wreck it was originally on the transom. the water. The air/water interface One major goal of the expedition Our Ghost Wreck, therefore, may that was to blame with Vasa now was to develop an accurate multi- have been named Swan. threatened the “Hoekman”. Luckily, beam scan of the wreck for future two certified tech divers were analysis. To accomplish this goal, Lifting the “Hoekman” amongst Icebeam’s crew and a plan MMT deployed a single transducer Once the visual survey was was hatched to employ them to Reson 7125 multi-beam echo complete, researchers and crew protect the sculpture from damage sounder mounted under a sub- set about lifting a well-preserved while still in the water (Fig. 7&8). Atlantic Mohican ROV. It recorded sculpture, the “Hoekman,” Dutch After successfully grabbing and over 6 million reference points for “Corner Man.” During the era securing the “Hoekman”, crane to form a 3D model of the wreck

100 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 100 Images courtesy of Deep Sea production/Ghost wreck project.

FIG 9 FIG 10 Dr. Hocker and Dutch Hoekman conservators examining Hoekman.

Initial assessment of the Hoekman was done by Emma Hocker (Texas Vasa (Figs. 11&12). To the technicians’ A&M graduate and conservator); recorded as follows. surprise, the beams penetrated the deck of the Ghost Wreck making Description: The sculpture is in of the hair are still quite crisp in it possible to collect accurate the form of a standing male figure form, and details of the style of measurements of the outer hull, the in a cloak and broad-brimmed clothing are still evident. A pin captain’s quarters, the holds and the hat, about 171 cm long and was pushed into the wood to assess forecastle. ca 45-50 cm thick, and weighing condition. In general, the pin could ca 150-200 kg (Fig. 1). The style be inserted about 2 mm into the The hull is 27 m long with a th maximum breadth of 8 m and is of the clothing suggests mid- 17 surface before the wood resisted, curved lengthwise with the stern century, which is in keeping with suggesting that below this depth the standing about twice as high as the constructional details evident in wood is in reasonable condition. midship deck (Fig. 13). The vessel the wreck. It is of pine and carved There were some areas where the was built using a carvel technique from the centre of a trunk (the tree pin sank between 5-9 mm, but rings can clearly be seen in cross- these were often carved areas sitting with three wales and aft of the section). It was the port cornerpost proud where bacterial decay could midsection there is a chain wale for of the transom, and the figure looks proceed from three directions. In shrouds. Numerous small scuppers inwards towards the centreline. It one place on the torso, the pin was run the length of the ship. is referred to within the project as inserted 20 mm, but as this was The bow is blunt without a beak the “Hoekman,” which is Dutch for also one of the thickest parts of the head, and the bowsprit is in place “corner man.” sculpture, it may be that the wood positioned just starboard of the is sapwood. This was an exception centerline. Both the cat heads are in Condition: The sculpture is covered however. The overall results of place and between them a slightly in a layer of smooth mud and the pin test place the wood into curved timber that is probably part algae, about 1-2 mm thick. As this de Jong’s Class III classification, of a small balustrade, which was also provides protection to the surface, a hard core beneath a thin used as a belaying rail or pin rack. no attempt was made to remove it deteriorated surface layer and a The stern is round with a counter during examination. In the field, likely moisture content of <185% on top. The transom has fallen the Dutch conservators made a very (according to De Jong, 1977). off and this seems to have caused preliminary examination to check Taking core samples to establish the hull sides to bend slightly for pigments but stopped the moment water content is unnecessary. outwards. A tiller port is present traces were suspected, with the The conservation laboratory in in a typical oval shape with floral intention to continue the cleaning Lelystad has extensive experience carved borders and the tiller is still under laboratory conditions. The of waterlogged wood condition attached to the rudder. The top of wood is somewhat eroded probably assessment and conservation, and the rudder is decorated with three from its life in service and from the conservators there can, no flowers arranged in a triangular surface abrasion while exposed to doubt, assess the wood according to pattern. A so-called buss painted by the slight current on the sea bottom. their experience. van de Velde in 1650 has an almost The facial features and figure’s right identical decorative scheme. arm no longer remain, but more To either side of and below the protected areas such as the details

www.inadiscover.com 101 Ghost Wreck―Baltic Sea tiller port, are four openings, two to its starboard side is a hole which of which are cabin windows. These appears to be the remnants of a apertures are all surrounded by floral second pump. carvings. The two closest to the Surrounding the ship is a debris sternpost are hawse holes. Further field which contains many artifacts below on the starboard side are a that presumably fell from the ship larger square and slightly smaller during its sinking or subsequent openings with nailed down hatches. decay. No human remains have yet These were most likely for loading been observed and there has been timber and ballast. no ship’s boat found, leading to The rudder is on the port side theories that the ship’s crew may of the sternpost and there are clear have escaped. traces of the pintle and gudgeon Whatever their fate, the crew assemblies. It appears that the of the Ghost Wreck left behind a rudder was partly lifted when the unique and extraordinary example ship hit bottom, which explains its of 17th-century Dutch shipbuilding. present position to one side of the The research team and crew of sternpost. Icebeam used the synergy of several The ship has three masts: main, disciplines and individuals with a mizzen, and foremast. The bases of high degree of technical expertise the fore and main masts are still in to survey this remarkable ship. place. The mizzen mast had been The Ghost Wreck expedition from top dislodged due to the fact it was not stands at the vanguard of a new FIG 11 stepped as deeply in the hull. On era of maritime archaeology, not Midship cross section the port side of the deck are many in replacing divers, but rather generated from multibeam. parts of the rig, including blocks and extending the range and depth of (MMT/Ghost wreck deadeyes; a large pile of debris likely their abilities, while applying the project). has some sail remains in it. proven methods upon which the There are three hatches on the field was founded. FIG 12 Stern cross-section from main deck, two before the mainmast Multi-Beam data (MMT/ and a smaller one further aft. Acknowledgements Ghost wreck project). Directly aft of the mainmast there The author extends his gratitude to are three knights with sculpted Dr. Shelley Wachsmann, Dr. Jim males (Fig. 14). Two of the knights Delgado and INA, and Dr. Fred are connected by a rider with Hocker for their guidance and belaying pins still in place. One support. Special thanks goes to Dr. more knight further aft has a large Johan Rönnby for including the block fastened to it and sits at a author in this wonderful expedition, slight angle. Near the stern there is a to the excellent MMT/Deep Sea large windlass which runs from one crew for their leadership and to the side of the vessel to the other. National Geographic Society for its Stocked anchors hang on the willingness to tell the story of the port and starboard sides just behind Ghost Wreck. the bow (Fig. 15). The stocks are wooden, the arms are V-shaped and the flukes are triangular. In construction the anchors appear much like those from Vasa. In front of the poop deck is a pump drilled from an unfinished timber; directly

102 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 102 References Adams, J. 2003. Ships and Social Change. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 24. Stockholm: Stockhom University.

Djerw, U. and J. Rönnby. 2003. Treasures of the Baltic Sea. A hidden wealth of culture. Swedish Maritime Museum. Stockholm, Sweden. www. sh.se/maris

Fors, Y. 2008. “Sulfur-Related Conservation Concerns for Marine Archaeological Wood.” Ph.D. diss., Stockholm University. Stockholm, Sweden.

Hocker, E. 2010. Condition Report Sculpture from The Ghost Wreck (Sjöhistoriska museet fnr. 28889). Vasa Museum. Stockholm, Sweden.

Jong, J. de. 1977. “Conservation techniques for old archaeological wood from shipwrecks found in the Netherlands.” In Biodeterioration Investigation Techniques, edited by A.H. Walters, 295-338.

FIG 13 top ROV view of stern section (Deep Sea Productions/ Ghost wreck project).

FIG 14 middle ROV Photo of knight near the mainmast (Deep Sea Productions/Ghost wreck project).

FIG 15 bottom ROV investigating anchor (Deep Sea Productions/ Ghost wreck project).

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104 the INA Annual ~ 2009 Projects the INA Annual 2010 104

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