INTRODUCTION 1. The British and American Vowels 1.1. The English Vowel [i:] 1.2. The English Vowel / I / 1.3. The English Vowel / e / 1.4. The English Vowel / æ / 1.5. The English Vowel / ə / 1.6. The English Vowel / ɜ: / 1.7. The English Vowel / ʌ / 1.8. The English Vowel / ɑ: / 1.9. The English Vowel / ɒ / 10. The English Vowel / ɔ: / 1.11. The English Vowel / u: / 1.12. The English Vowel / υ / 2. The English Diphtongs

2.1. The English Diphthong / eI /

2.2. The English Diphthong / aI /

2.3. The English Diphthong / ɔI /

2.4. The English Diphthong / oυ /

2.5. The English Diphthong / aυ /

2.6. The English Diphthong / eə /

2.7. The English Diphthong / Iə /

2.8. The English Diphthong / υə / 3. The English Triphthongs

3.1. The English Triphthong / eIə /

3.2. The English Triphthong / aIə /

3.3. The English Triphthong / ɔIə /

3.4. The English Triphthong / aυə /

3.5. The English Triphthong / əυə / 4. THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS 4.1. The English Consonant / p / 4.2. The English Consonant / b / 4.3. The English Consonant / t / 4.4. The English Consonant / d / 4.5. The English Consonant / k / 4.6. The English Co nsonant / ց / 4.7. The English Consonant / ʧ / 4.8. The English Consonant / ʤ / 4.9. The English Consonant / s / 4.10. The English Consonant / z /

4.11. The English Consonant / f / 4.12. The English Consonant / v / 4.13. The English Consonant / θ / 4.14. The English Consonant / ð / 4.15. The English Consonant / ∫ / 4.16. The English Consonant / ӡ / 4.17. The English Consonant / r / 4.18. The English Consonant / l / 4.19. The English Consonant / h / 4.20. The English Consonant / m / 4.21. The English Consonant / n / 4.22. The English Consonant / ŋ / 4.23. The English Consonant / w / 4.24. The English Consonant / j / 5. Distinctive Pronunciation Features of General British and American English 5.1. Pronunciation of Words Ending in Suffix ation 5.2. Pronunciation of Words Ending in Suffix –ory 5.3. Other Distinctive Features of English Pronunciation 5.4.Strong and Weak Pronunciations of English Preface

This book is especially intended for the English foreign learners who want to know the details of both the General British and American English speech sounds. These two English dialects are regarded as the most widely used dialects all over the world. The British English is also used in other areas beyond England such as in Australia and some places in America, and the American English is also widely used by the speakers in other regions due to the technological development invented by the American. As a matter of fact since foreign English learners are obviously not much exposed to the native speakers of both dialects, undoubtedly they find it hard to identify, recognize, imitate, and acquire the speech sounds used within the two dialects. It is even worse when they mispronounce the words, and their pronunciations are oddly heard when they mix the pronunciation of the two dialects. This problem can be avoided if they are firstly introduced with the significant differences, which includes the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic features of the two dialects. It is important that before the learners start drills in oral expression they should develop an adequate theory pertaining to the pronunciation of both dialects. Further excercises should then be related to the theory dealing with the lexical features of the two dialects. The subject mater which will be discussed within this book mainly pertains to the segmental and the prosodic features of the British and the American English. The segmental features refer to the types of vowels and consonants; while the prosodic features mainly refer to the stress patterns of words in the two dialects. Special attention is also paid to the pronunciations of the inflections such as the suffix “s” or “es” used in the plural form of nouns and the third person singular present of verbs, and suffix “ed” used in the past tense and past participle of verbs. The other point of discussion is focused on the marked differences within the pronunciations of certain number of words, which are frequently used within the two dialects.

Some written exercises are also provided in order to help the foreign learners acquire the phonetic transcriptions of English words by means of the IPA phonetic symbols. The phonetic symbols used to transcribe the pronunciation of the British English are those invented by Gimson, while the ones used to transcribe the American English are those invented by Pike as drawn in the following charts. An exercise is given by the end of each topic of discussion which is presumably available to measure the theoretical and practical ability of the foreign learners in identifying and transcribing the pronunciations of the General British and American English. INTRODUCTION

This practical guidebook is specifically designed to introduce various aspects of pronunciation in General British and American English. Teaching pronunciation has not always been conducted successfully due to the lack of knowledge on the phonological features of the English speech sounds. Since the foreign learners are rarely exposed to the native speakers, it is important for the teachers to know the English phonological characteristics and the phonological interference that may be resulted from the students’ native language speech sounds in their English. According to Paivio and Begg (1981), the ability of producing the speech sounds is closely related to the ability of perceiving the foreign language speech sounds. Based on this theory it is believed that speaking skill is previously determined by the ability to recognize the speech sounds of the foreign language being learned. Identification and recognition of the speech sounds will certainly help the foreign learners understand continuous stream of speech sounds used in a real communication. In other words, the ability to identify and recognize the quality of the speech sounds will certainly help the students know how the speech sounds are to be uttered. In teaching English pronunciation, a teacher should have a good

1 command of English speech sounds so that the students can learn, imitate, and acquire the English speech sounds well. Furthermore, the teachers should have the ability to explain the nature of the differences and the similarities between the sound systems of the students’ native language and the foreign language they are studying. Factually, at least, there are four difficulties dealing with the pronunciation, they are: recognizing the quality of the speech sounds, producing the speech sounds, acquiring the prosodic features, and using the speech sounds in connected speech. These problems will be indicated, and a comprehensive method will be provided to enable the students to surmount them. The achievement on the English pronunciation can be improved since the pronunciation exercises are presented in contextualized meaningful contrasts. Hopefully this practical guidebook will be beneficial to help the English foreign learners to know more about the nature of the English speech sounds, and to overcome various problems pertaining to the pronunciation system in General British and American English.

2 1. The British and American Vowels The vowels found both in the British and American English, to some extent, may vary from one to the other. The variation between the two dialects may exist especially in the length or duration of the pronunciation of certain vowel sounds. Some vowels such as [i:], [u:], [ɑ:], [ɔ:], and [ɜ:] are all regarded as long vowels in British

English, and each of them is markedly pronounced longer than [I],

[U], [ɒ], and [ə]. The difference of this kind, according to the American linguist, is not a matter of duration or the time required during the pronunciation of the vowels, but it is mostly related to the height of the tongue which is raised during the pronunciation of the vowels, and each of them can possibly be uttered longer than the others. The difference between the general British and American vowel sounds is markedly determined by the type of vowels used in the pronunciation of various English words. For example, a rounded vowel sound such as [ɒ] is used in the pronunciation of words ‘hot’ [hɒt], pot [pɒt] in British English, but unrounded vowel [ɑ] is used instead in American English, and the words are pronounced [hɑt] and [pɑt] respectively. Long low-back vowel [ɑ:] is used in the pronunciation of words such as ‘class’ [klɑ:s], ‘fast’ [fɑ:st] in British

3 English, but low-front vowel [æ] is used in American English, i.e., [klæs] and [fæst]. Semivowel [j] is markedly heard in the pronunciation of words such as ‘new’ [nju:], ‘due’ [dju:], student [stju:dnt] in British English, but it is deleted in American, and the words are therefore pronounced as [nu], [du], and [studnt]. Diphthong [aI] is used in the pronunciation of words

‘democratization’ [dIˌmɒkrətaI'zeI∫n], globalization [ˌցləUbəlaI'zeI∫n] in British English, but pure vowel [I] is used in American English, and they are pronounced [dIˌmɑ:krətI'ze∫n] and [ˌցləUbəlI'zeI∫n]. The vowels within the two dialects can be drawn in the folowing charts. The chart is assumed as the simplification of the resonance chamber within the mouth cavity determined by the height and part of the tongue which is raised highest and the position of the lips. Based on the the height of the tongue which is automatically moved in accordance with the movement of the lower jaw, the vowels can be clasified into closed, half-closed, open, and half-open. According to the part of the tongue which is raised highest, they can be clasified into front, central, and back vowels. While according to the position of the lips, they can be clasified into rounded and unrounded vowels. All these phonetic features can be shown within the following charts. It is importantly noted that some of the vowels in British English are

4 regarded as long vowels which are marked with the colon. Theoretically, the long [i:] is pronounced twice as long as the short vowel [I] sound. There are five long pure vowels in British English, they are [i:], [u:], [ɜ:], [ɔ:], and [ɑ:]. All sorts of vowels are regarded as short vowels in American English, but each of them can possibly be uttered longer than the others. A vowel may be and is usually uttered longer when a word is stressed and given a special attention. The difference between [i] and [I] in American English is not a matter of duration, but the height of the tonge. The [i] sound is uttered with a higher tonge position than the [I] sound. Words used in the exercise provided in this book are all transcribed in accordance with the General British and American English pronunciations. The pronunciation of British English is transcribed by means of the British phonetic symbols such as used in the seventh edition of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary published in 2005, and the third edition of Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary published in 2008; while the American English pronunciation is transcribed by means of American phonetic symbols used in Webster.

5 Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Close i u

Half-Close e o

Half-Open ε ɔ

Open a ɑ Primary Cardinal Vowels

Front Central Back Rounded Unrounded Close y ɯ

Half-Close θ Ɣ

Half-Open œ ʌ

Open ɒ

Secondary Cardinal Vowels

6 Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Close i: u:

I U

Half-Close e o з:

ə Half-Open ε ɔ:

æ ʌ ɒ

Open a ɑ: British English Vowel Chart

Front Central Back Unrounded Rounded Close i u

I U

Half-Close e o

з

Half-Open ε ə ɔ

ʌ Open æ ɑ a American English Vowel Chart

7 1.1. The English Vowel [i:] This vowel sound is defined as a long pure high vowel in General British English, but as a short pure high vowel in General American English and transcribed as vowel / i /. The English vowel /i:/ or /i/, as shown in the following examples, occurs in initial, medial, and final position, and it is regarded as the sound of the vowel letters e, i, ee, ea, ae, ie, ei, ey, ay, and eo. The British vowel /i:/ and the American vowel /i/ are aproximately pronounced in the same way. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of the following words correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the front Height of the tongue : close Position of the lips : spread or neutral

Grapheme British American compete / kəm'pi:t / / kəm'pit / machine / mə'∫i:n / / mə'∫in / breed / 'bri:d / / 'brid / receive / rI'si:v / / rI'siv /

8 field / 'fi:ld / / 'fild / key / 'ki: / / 'ki / people / 'pi:pl / / 'pipl / quay / 'ki: / / 'ki /

Initial Position British American each / 'i:ʧ / / 'iʧ / eager / 'i:ցə / / 'iցər / eagle / 'i:ցl / / 'iցl / ease / 'i:z / / 'iz / east / 'i:st / / 'ist / easter / 'i:stə / / 'istər / eastern / 'i:stən / / 'istərn / easy / 'i:zI / / 'izI / easily / 'i:zəlI / / 'izəlI / eatable / 'i:təbl / / 'itəbl / ether / 'i:θə / / 'iθər / email / 'i:meIl / / 'imel / eve / 'i:v / / 'iv / even / 'i:vn / / 'ivn /

9 evening / 'i:vnIŋ / / 'ivnIŋ / evil / 'i:vl / / 'ivl / ether / 'i:θə / / 'iθər / equal / 'i:kwəl / / 'ikwəl /

Medial Position British American beat / 'bi:t / / 'bit / been / 'bi:n / / 'bin / beach / 'bi:ʧ / / 'biʧ / breathe / 'bri:ð / / 'brið / breeze / 'bri:z / / 'briz / breed / 'bi:d / / 'bid / beef / 'bi:f / / 'bif / crease / 'kri:s / / 'kris / cream / 'kri:m / / 'krim / creature / 'kri:ʧə / / 'kriʧər / creed / 'kri:d / / 'krid / deed / 'di:d / / 'did / feel / 'fi:l / / 'fil / feet / 'fi:t / / 'fit /

10 greed / 'ցri:d / / 'ցrid / green / 'ցri:n / / 'ցrin / greet / 'ցri:t / / 'ցrit / grief / 'ցri:f / / 'ցrif / grieve / 'ցri:v / / 'ցriv / heal / 'hi:l / / 'hil / heap / 'hi:p / / 'hip / heat / 'hi:t / / 'hit / heath / 'hi:θ / / 'hiθ / heave / 'hi:v / / 'hiv / impede / ım'pi:d / / ım'pid / jean / 'ʤi:n / / 'ʤin / jeep / 'ʤi:p / / 'ʤip / keen / 'ki:n / / 'kin / keep / 'ki:p / / 'kip / kneel / 'ni:l / / 'nil / lead / 'li:d / / 'lid / lean / 'li:n / / 'lin / leap / 'li:p / / 'lip /

11 Final Position British American agree / ə'ցri: / / ə'ցri / bee / 'bi: / / 'bi / decree / dI'kri: / / dI'kri / degree / dI'ցri: / / dI'ցri / fee / 'fi: / / 'fi / flea / 'fli: / / 'fli / flee / 'fli: / / 'fli / free / 'fri: / / 'fri / glee / 'ցli: / / 'ցli / key / 'ki: / / 'ki / knee / 'ni: / / 'ni / pea / 'pi: / / 'pi / pee / 'pi: / / 'pi / plea / 'pli: / / 'pli / refugee / refjυ'ʤi: / / rɛfjυ'ʤi / sea / 'si: / / 'si / see / 'si: / / 'si / ski / 'ski: / / 'ski / tea / 'ti: / / 'ti /

12 tree / 'tri: / / 'tri / three / 'θri: / / 'θri / quay / 'ki: / / 'ki /

1.2. The English Vowel / I /

Vowel / I / is regarded as a short pure high vowel both in General

British and American English and transcribed as vowel / I /. The

English vowel / I /, as shown in the following examples, occurs in initial, medial, and final position, and it is represented by various graphemes and regarded as the sound of the vowel letters i, e, and y This vowel is actually pronounced in the same manner both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of the following words correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the front Height of the tongue : close Position of the lips : spread or neutral

13 Graphemes British American bring / 'brIŋ / / 'brIŋ / become / bI'kʌm / / bI'kʌm / city / 'sItI / / 'sItI /

Initial Position British American idiom / 'IdIəm / / 'IdIəm / idiot / 'IdIət / / 'IdIət / ignore / Iց'nɔ: / / Iց'nɔr / ill / 'Il / / 'Il / illegal / I'li:ցl / / I'liցl / illegible / I'leʤəbl / / I'lɛʤəbl / illiberal / I'lIbərəl / / I'lIbərəl / illicit / I'lIsIt / / I'lIsIt / illiterate / I'lItərət / / I'lItərət / illusion / I'lu:ʒn / / I'luʒn / image / 'ImIʤ / / 'ImIʤ / imagine / I'mæʤIn / / I'mæʤIn / imitate / 'ImIteIt / / 'ImItet /

14 immense / I'mens / / I'mɛns / immerse / I'mɜ:s / / I'mɜrs / immune / I'mju:n / / I'mjun / impact / 'Impækt / / 'Impækt / impair / Im'peə / / Im'pɛr / impeach / Im'pi:ʧ / / Im'piʧ / implant / Im'plɑ:nt / / Im'plænt / import / Im'pɔ:t / / Im'pɔrt / improve / Im'pru:v / / Im'pruv / inch / 'Inʧ / / 'Inʧ /

Medial Position British American bid / 'bId / / 'bId / big / 'bIɡ / / 'bIɡ/ bill / 'bIl / / 'bIl / biscuit / 'bIskIt / / 'bIskIt / bridge / 'brIʤ / / 'brIʤ / chilli / 'ʧIlI / / 'ʧIlI / chin / 'ʧIn / / 'ʧIn /

15 click / 'klIk / / 'klIk / clinic / 'klInIk / / 'klInIk / chip / 'ʧIp / / 'ʧIp / descend / dI'send / / dI'sɛnd / dig / 'dIց / / 'dIց / digit / 'dIʤIt / / 'dIʤIt / dim / 'dIm / / 'dIm / dip / 'dIp / / 'dIp / disc / 'dIsk / / 'dIsk / discipline / 'dIsIplIn/ / 'dIsIplIn/ fill / 'fIl / / 'fIl/ fin / 'fIn / / 'fIn / fish / 'fI∫ / / 'fI∫ /

Final Position British American abbey / 'æbI / / 'æbI / activity / æk'tIvətI / / æk'tIvətI / annuity / ə'nju:ətI / / ə'nuətI / any / 'enI / / 'ɛnI /

16 biology / baI'ɒləʤI / / baI'ɒləʤI / binary / 'baInərI / / 'baInərI / bribery / 'braIbərI / / 'braIbərI / busy / 'bIzI / / 'bIzI / bushy / 'bυ∫I / / 'bυ∫I / candy / 'kændI / / 'kændI / city / 'sItI / / 'sItI / continuity / ˌkɒntI'nju:ətI / / ˌkɑntI'nuətI / creamy / 'kri:mI / / 'krimI / credibility / kredI'bIlətI / / krɛdI'bIlətI / creatively / kri:'eItIvlI / / kri'etIvlI / deputy / 'depjυtI / / 'dɛpjυtI / dignity / 'dIցnətI / / 'dIցnətI / dirty / 'dɜ:tI / / 'dɜrtI / discovery / dI'skʌvərI / / dI'skʌvərI / diversity / daI'vɜ:sətI / / daI'vɜrsətI /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / i: / and / I /. Each word is transcribed by means of British

17 phonetic symbols, and it is pronounced aproximately in the same way in British and American English. eat / 'i:t / - it / 'It / ease / 'i:z / - is / 'Iz / each / 'i:ʧ / - itch / 'Iʧ / beat / 'bi:t / - bit / 'bIt / been / 'bi:n / - bin / 'bIn / deed / 'di:d / - did / 'dId / deem / 'di:m / - dim / 'dIm / deep / 'di:p / - dip / 'dIp / feast / 'fi:st / - fist / 'fIst / feel / 'fi:l / - fill / 'fIl / feet / 'fi:t / - fit / 'fIt / greed / 'ցri:d / - grid / 'ցrId / green / 'ցri:n / - grin / 'ցrIn / greet / 'ցri:t / - grit / 'ցrIt / heat / 'hi:t / - hit / 'hIt / heal / 'hi:l / - hill / 'hIl /

18 heap / 'hi:p / - hip / 'hIp / leak / 'li:k / - lick / 'lIk / leap / 'li:p / - lip / 'lIp / least / 'li:st / - list / 'lIst / leave / 'li:v / - live / 'lIv / meal / 'mi:l / - mill / 'mIl / meet / 'mi:t / - mitt / 'mIt / neat / 'ni:t / - knit / 'nIt / peak / 'pi:k / - pick / 'pIk / peach / 'pi:ʧ / - pitch / 'pIʧ / peel / 'pi:l / - pill / 'pIl / reach / 'ri: ʧ / - rich / 'rIʧ / reap / 'ri:p / - rip / 'rIp / scene / 'si:n / - sin / 'sIn / scheme / 'ski:m / - skim / 'skIm / seat / 'si:t / - sit / 'sIt / seek / 'si:k / - sick / 'sIk / seen / 'si:n / - sin / 'sIn / sheep / '∫i:p / - ship / '∫Ip /

19 sleep / 'sli:p / - slip / 'slIp / steel / 'sti:l / - still / 'stIl / week / 'wi:k / - wick / 'wIk /

Most of the words in the following sentences contain vowel / i: / or / I /. The British vowel / i: / is considerably twice as longer than the American vowel / i /. The American vowel / i is articulated with a higher position than vowel / I /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly. The following sentences are all transcribed according to the British pronounciation system, and now you are required to transcribe each of them according to the American.

1. Sit on this steel seat please.

/ 'sIt ɒn ðIs 'sti:l 'si:t 'pli:s / 2. Dip the ship into the deep sea.

/ 'dIp ðə '∫Ip Intυ ðə 'di:p 'si: / 3. Let me see if the milk is still sweet.

/ 'let mI 'si: If ðə 'mIlk Iz 'stIl 'swi:t / 4. The sheep can be seen from this ship.

/ ðə '∫i:p kən bI 'si:n frəm ðIz '∫Ip /

20 5. People in the vilage live peacefully.

/ 'pi:pl In ðə 'vIlIʤ 'lIv 'pi:sfəlI / 6. This meal is mixed with a sleeping pill.

/ ðIs 'mi:l Iz 'mIkst wIð ə 'sli:pIŋ 'pIl / 7. We’ll be given a new scheme this year. / wIl bI 'ցIvn ə 'nju: 'ski:m ðIs 'jIə / 8. We’ll even feel sick to see his behaviour. / wIl 'i:vn 'fi:l 'sIk tə 'si: hIz bI'hævIə / 9. Give me a big pint of milk to drink.

/ 'ցIv mI ə 'bIց 'paInt əv 'mIlk tə 'drIŋk / 10. The big fish is swimming in the deep sea.

/ ðə 'bIց 'fI∫ Iz 'swImIŋ In ðə 'di:p 'si: / 11. Green trees can be seen on the hill peak.

/ 'ցri:n 'tri:z kən bI 'si:n ɒn ðə 'hIl 'pi:k / 12. Jean still steals the steel from the mill.

/ 'ʤi:n 'stIl 'sti:lz ðə 'sti:l frəm ðə 'mIl / 13. He’s eaten all the six fried sweet beets. / hIz 'i:tn 'ɔ:l ðə 'sIks 'fraId 'swi:t 'bi:ts / 14. The scene in the deep sea is prety beautiful. / ðə 'si:n In ðə 'di:p 'si: Iz 'prItI 'bju:tIfl / 15. The field near the hill is filled with green beans.

/ ðə 'fi:ld 'nIə ðə 'hIl Iz 'fIld wIð 'ցri:n 'bi:nz /

21 16. A brige is being built by the beach in the village.

/ ə 'brIʤ Iz bIIŋ 'bi:lt baI ðə 'bi:ʧ In ðə 'vIlIʤ / 17. It seems that the teenager is still six feet tall.

/ It 'si:mz ðæt ðə 'ti:neIʤər Iz 'stIl 'sIks 'fi:t 'tɔ:l/ 18. Chinese people usually eat their meal with chopsticks.

/ ʧaI'nIz 'pi:pl 'ju:ʒυəlI 'i:t ðeə 'mi:l wIð 'ʧɒpstIk / 19. Six people are seeking for a meal in the factory canteen.

/ 'sIks 'pi:pl a: 'si:kIŋ fər ə 'mi:l In ðə 'fæktrI kən'ti:n / 20. The rich faind it easy to fulfill their needs in the big city.

/ ðə 'rIʧ 'faInd It 'i:zI tυ ful'fIl ðeə 'ni:dz In ðə 'bIց 'sItI /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each word, and find out whether it contain vowel / i: / or / I /. Encirle a if it contains / i: / and b if it contains / I /.

1. bean / 'b…n / a b 11. meat / 'm…t / a b 2. bit / 'b...t / a b 12. mid / 'm…d / a b 3. fill / 'f…l / a b 13. pin / 'p…n / a b 4. teal / 't…l / a b 14. chit / 'ʧ...t / a b 5. reed / 'r…d / a b 15. creep / 'kr…p / a b 6. risk / 'r…sk / a b 16. grease / 'ցr…s / a b

22 7. heel / 'h…l / a b 17. grin / 'ցr...n / a b 8. hitch / 'h…ʧ / a b 18. pleach / 'pl…ʧ / a b 9. link / 'l…ŋk / a b 19. skit / 'sk…t / a b 10. leek / 'l…k / a b 20. steep / 'st…p / a b

1.3. The English Vowel / e / The English vowel / e /, in General British English, is regarded as a short pure vowel; but in General American English it is diphthongized and glided to vowel / I /. The vowel / e / in American

English is heard as diphthong / eI /, but yet it is regarded as a pure vowel by most of the American linguists. The American English vowel / ɛ / is pronounced with an opener mouth position than the British English vowel / e /. Either the British vowel / e / or the American vowel / ɛ / never occurs in final position except in initial and medial position, and it is represented by the same graphemes in both dialects and regarded as the sound of the vowel letters e, a, ea, ai, and ie. The following words contain vowel / e / or / ɛ /. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of the following words correctly. A formal description of the manner of forming this vowel is determined by the position of the following speech organs.

23 Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the front Height of the tongue : half open Position of the lips : spread or neutral

Graphemes British American chest / 'ʧest / / 'ʧɛst / many / 'menI / / 'mɛnI / breath / 'breθ / / 'brɛθ / said / 'sed / / 'sɛd / friend / 'frend / / 'frɛnd /

Initial Position British American echo / 'ekəυ / / 'ɛko / edge / 'eʤ / / 'ɛʤ / edible / 'edəbl / / 'ɛdəbl / edify / 'edIfaI / / 'ɛdIfaI / editor / 'edItə / / 'ɛdItər / educate / 'eʤυkeIt / / 'ɛʤυket / effort / 'efət / / 'ɛfət / elbow / 'elbəυ / / 'ɛlbo /

24 elder / 'eldə / / 'ɛldər / elegant / 'elIցənt / / 'ɛlIցənt / element / 'elImənt / / 'ɛlImənt / elephant / 'elIfənt / / 'ɛlIfənt / elevator / 'elIveItə / / 'ɛlIvetər / embassy / 'embəsI / / 'ɛmbəsI / emigrate / 'emIցreIt / / 'ɛmIցret / emperor / 'empərə / / 'ɛmpərər / emphasis / 'emfəsIs / / 'ɛmfəsIs / empty / 'emptI / / 'ɛmptI / enemy / 'enəmI / / 'ɛnəmI / energy / 'enəʤI / / 'ɛnərʤI / end / 'end / / 'ɛnd / estimate / 'estImeIt / / 'ɛstImet /

Medial Position British American friend / 'frend / / 'frɛnd / head / 'hed / / 'hɛd / held / 'held / / 'hɛld /

25 help / 'help / / 'hɛlp / hence / 'hens / / 'hɛns / lend / 'lend / / 'lɛnd / let / 'let / / 'lɛt / met / 'met / / 'mɛt / mend / 'mend / / 'mɛnd / melt / 'melt / / 'mɛlt / neck / 'nek / / 'nɛk / nest / 'nest / / 'nɛst / pets / 'pets / / 'pɛts / press / 'pres / / 'prɛs / red / 'red / / 'rɛd / rest / 'rest / / 'rɛst / sell / 'sel / / 'sɛl / send / 'send / / 'sɛnd / spell / 'spel / / 'spɛl / stretch / 'streʧ / / 'strɛʧ / tell / 'tel / / 'tɛl / tend / 'tend / / 'tɛnd /

26 1.4. The English Vowel / æ / The English vowel / æ / is classified as a short pure vowel, and it has the same quality both in General British and American English. This vowel is represented by a limited number of graphemes in General British English, and it is regarded as the sound of the vowel letters, a, and ai; but in General American English, it is also represented by other graphemes such as a, au, and er, which constitute long low back vowel / ɑ: / in General British English. The English vowel / æ / never occurs in final position, but in initial and medial position. The following words contain vowel /æ/ and are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of the manner of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the front Height of the tongue : between open and half open Position of the lips : spread or neutral

27 Graphemes British American gas / 'ցæs / / 'ցæs / plaid / 'plæd / / 'plæd / plait / 'plæt / / 'plæt / half / 'hɑ:f / / 'hæf / class / 'klɑ:s / / 'klæs / laugh / 'lɑ:f / / 'læf / aunt / 'ɑ:nt / / 'ænt / clerk / 'klɑ:k / / 'klɜrk /

Initial Posistion British American activist / 'æktIvIst / / 'æktIvIst / actor / 'æktə / / 'æktər / activity / æk'tIvətI / / æk'tIvətI / actress / 'æktrIs / / 'æktrIs / actual / 'ækʧυəl / / 'ækʧυəl / adam / 'ædəm / / 'ædəm / additive / 'ædItIv / / 'ædItIv / adequate / 'ædIkwət / / 'ædIkwət / adjective / 'æʤIktIv / / 'æʤIktIv /

28 adjunct / 'æʤʌŋkt / / 'æʤʌŋkt / adult / 'ædʌlt / / 'ædʌlt / adverb / 'ædvɜ:b / / 'ædvɜrb / advertise / 'ædvɜ:taIz / / 'ædvɜrtaIz / advocate / 'ædvəkət / / 'ædvəkət / algebra / 'ælʤIbrə / / 'ælʤIbrə / allergy / 'æləʤI / / 'ælərʤI /

Medial Position British American bad / 'bæd / / 'bæd / ban / 'bæn / / 'bæn / bat / 'bæt / / 'bæt / black / 'blæk / / 'blæk / blank / 'blæŋk / / 'blæŋk / can / 'kæn / / 'kæn / cap / 'kæp / / 'kæp / cash / 'kæ∫ / / 'kæ∫ / cat / 'kæt / / 'kæt / cattle / 'kætl / / 'kætl / chat / 'ʧæt / / 'ʧæt / clap / 'klæp / / 'klæp /

29 clash / 'klæ∫ / / 'klæ∫ / cramp / 'kræmp / / 'kræmp / crack / 'kræk / / 'kræk / crash / 'kræ∫ / / 'kræ∫ / dam / 'dæm / / 'dæm / damp / 'dæmp / / 'dæmp / drag / 'dræց / / 'dræց / fan / 'fæn / / 'fæn / fat / 'fæt / / 'fæt / flash / 'flæ∫ / / 'flæ∫ / flat / 'flæt / / 'flæt /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / e / and / æ /, and each word is transcribed using British phonetic symbols. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. bed / 'bed / - bad / 'bæd / beg / 'beց / - bag / 'bæց / bet / 'bet / - bat / 'bæt /

30 blend / 'blend / - bland / 'blænd / dead / 'ded / - dad / 'dæd / flesh / 'fle∫ / - flash / 'flæ∫ / guess / 'ցes / - gas / 'ցæs / hem / 'hem / - ham / 'hæm / lend / 'lend / - land / 'lænd / leg / 'leց / - lag / 'læց / men / 'men / - man / 'mæn / met / 'met / - mat / 'mæt / net / 'net / - gnat / 'næt / peck / 'pek / - pack / 'pæk / pen / 'pen / - pan / 'pæn / pet / 'pet / - pat / 'pæt / red / 'red / - rat / 'ræt / rep / 'rep / - wrap / 'ræp / send / 'send / - sand / 'send / set / 'set / - sat / 'sæt / said / 'sed / - sad / 'sæd / slept / 'slept / - slapped / 'slæpt / wreck / 'rek / - rack / 'ræk / wrench / 'renʧ / - ranch / 'rænʧ /

31 Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / i: /, / I /, / e / and / æ /. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. bead / 'bi:d /- bid / 'bId / - bed / 'bed / - bad / 'bæd / bean / 'bi:n /- bin / 'bIn / - ben / 'ben / - ban / 'bæn / beak / 'bi:k /- big / 'bIց / - beg / 'beց / - bag / 'bæց / beat / 'bi:t / - bit / 'bIt / - bet / 'bet / - bat / 'bæt / deed / 'di:d /- did / 'dId / - dead / 'ded / - dad / 'dæd / feet / 'fi:t / - fit / 'fIt / - fed / 'fed / - fat / 'fæt / heed / 'hi:d /- hid / 'hId / - head /'hed / - had / 'hæd/ leak / 'li:k / - lick / 'lIk / - leg / 'leց / - lack / 'læk / neat / 'ni:t / - knit / 'nIt / - net / 'net / - gnat / 'næt / peak / 'pi:k /- pick / 'pIk / - peck / 'pek / - pack / 'pæk / peep / 'pi:p /- pip / 'pIp / - pep / 'pep / - pap / 'pæp / reek / 'ri:k / - rick / 'rIk / - wreck / 'rek / - rack / 'ræk / read / 'ri:d / - rid / 'rId / - red / 'red / - rat / 'ræt / reap / 'ri:p / - rip / 'rIp / - rep / 'rep / - wrap / 'ræp /

32 seat / 'si:t / - sit / 'sIt / - set / 'set / - sat / 'sæt / wreak / 'ri:k / - rick / 'rIk / - wreck / 'rek / - rack / 'ræk /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain either vowel / e / or / æ /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of the sentences correctly. The following sentences are all transcribed according to the British pronounciation system. Now you are required to transcribe each of them according to the American.

1. They all sat on the sand.

/ ðeI 'ɔ:l 'sæt ɒn ðə 'sænd / 2. They went there yesterday.

/ ðeI 'went 'ðeə 'jestədeI / 3. Edward has learned french well. / 'edwəd həz 'lɜ:nd 'frenʧ 'wel / 4. The black man has ten red hats. / ðə 'blæk 'mæn 'hæz 'ten 'red 'hæts / 5. Ellen met her friend near the fence.

/ 'elən 'met hɜ: 'frendz 'nIə ðə 'fens /

33 6. Ted sat alone on the the wet bench.

/ 'ted 'sæt ə'ləυn ɒn ðə 'wet 'benʧ / 7. Ten tanks were trapped in the desert.

/ 'ten 'tæŋks weə 'træpt In ðə 'dezət / 8. Esra helped herself to get the red map.

/ 'ezrə 'helpt hɜ:'self tυ 'ցet ðə 'red 'mæp / 9. Ben wears a red dress and a black hat. / 'ben 'weəz ə 'red 'dres ənd ə 'blæk 'hæt / 10. Anne laid a pen and a check on the desk.

/ æn 'leId ə 'pen ənd ə 'ʧek ɒn ðə 'desk / 11. The wet mat was spread on the sand. / ðə 'wet 'mæt wəz 'spred ɒn ðə 'sænd / 12. The cap sent the message to the headquarters.

/ ðə 'kæp 'sent ðə 'mesIz tυ ðə hed'kwɔ:təz / 13. The black cat was afraid of the fat rat.

/ ðə 'blæk 'kæt wəz ə'freId əv ðə 'fæt 'ræt / 14. The mad man carried a big black bag on his back.

/ ðə 'mæd 'mæn 'kærId ə 'bIց 'blæk 'bæց ɒn Iz 'bæk /

15. They ran to get ten bags of sand into the tent.

/ ðeI 'ræn tυ 'ցet 'ten 'bæցz əv 'sænd Intυ ðə 'tent /

34 16. The man prefers the red hat rather than the black mat.

/ ðə 'mæn prI'fɜ:z ðə 'red 'hæt 'rɑ:ðə ðən ðə 'blæk 'mæt / 17. Many of them donated their blood in the red cross center.

/ 'menI əv ðəm 'dəυneItId ðeə 'blʌd In ðə 'red 'krɔ:s 'sentə / 18. The colonel will be sent to the battle field next Wednesday.

/ ðə 'kɜ:nl wIl bI 'sent tυ ðə 'bætl 'fi:ld 'neks 'wenzdeI / 19. The reporter said that ten tanks tanks were trapped and fired.

/ ðə rI'pɔ:tə 'sed ðæt 'ten 'tæŋks weə 'træpt ənd 'faIəd / 20. The general got angry when the captain was arrested.

/ðə 'ʤenrəl'ցɒt 'æŋrI wen ðə 'kæptn wəz ə'restId baI ðI 'enəmIz /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains vowel / e / or / æ /. Encirle a if it contains / e /, and b if it contains / æ /.

1. tell / t…l / a b 11. error / '…rə / a b 2. bet / b…t / a b 12. said / 's…d / a b 3. bat / 'b…t / a b 13. head / 'h…d / a b 4. set / 's…t / a b 14. manual / 'm…njυəl / a b 5. sat / 's…t / a b 15. plaid / 'pl…d / a b 6. bell / 'b…l / a b 16. sand / 's…nd / a b 7. elk / '…lk / a b 17. rest / 'r…st / a b

35 8. else / '…ls / a b 18. rack / 'r…k / a b 9. enter / '…ntə / a b 19. trap / 'tr…p / a b 10. apple / '…pl / a b 20. value / 'v…lju: / a b

1.5. The English Vowel / ə / The English vowel / ə / has the same quality in both General British and American English, but it is sifted to retroflexed / ə / in American English when it is followed by sound / r /. In other words, the retroflexed / ə / is the same with vowel / ə / which is directly followed by sound / r /. The retroflexed / ə / is pronounced by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little backwards while pronouncing the vowel / ə /. This phoneme is represented by various numbers of graphemes, and it is regarded as the sound of the vowel letters a, ar, e, er, i, o, or, oar, u, and sometimes ou in both dialects. The following words contain vowel /ə/ and are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the centre Height of the tongue : half open Position of the lips : spread or neutral

36 Graphemes British American along / ə'lɒŋ / / ə'lɔŋ / particular / pə'tIkjυlə / / pə'tIkjυlər / pavement / 'peIvmənt / / 'pevmənt / concert / 'kɒnsət / / 'kɑnsərt / horrible / 'hɒrəbl / / 'hɔrəbl / lemon / 'lemən / / 'lɛmən / cupboard / 'kʌbəd / / 'kʌbərd / chorus / 'kɔ:rəs / / 'kɔrəs / famous / 'feIməs / / 'feməs /

Initial Position British American ability / ə'bIlətI / / ə'bIlətI / about / ə'baυt / / ə'baυt / above / ə'bʌv / / ə'bʌv / abroad / ə'brɔ:d / / ə'brɔd / abundant / ə'bʌndənt / / ə'bʌndənt / accept / ək'sept / / ək'sɛpt / acclaim / ə'kleIm / / ə'klem / accompany / ə 'kʌmpənI / / ə'kʌmpənI /

37 accomplish / ə'kʌmplI∫ / / ə'kʌmplI∫ / account / ə'kaυnt / / ə'kaυnt / achieve / ə'ʧi:v / / ə'ʧiv / acquire / ə'kwaIə / / ə'kwaIr / addict / ə'dIkt / / ə'dIkt / address / ə'dres / / ə'drɛs/ admit / əd'mIt / / əd'mIt /

Medial Position British American commend / kə'mend / / kə'mɛnd / commission / kə'mI∫n / / kə'mI∫n / common / 'kɒmən / / 'kɑmən / commune / kə'mju:n / / kə'mjun / communicate / kə'mju:nIkeIt / / kə'mjunIket / companion / kəm'pænIən / / kəm'pænIən / compare / kəm'peə / / kəm'pɛr / compete / kəm'pi:t / / kəm'pit / complain / kəm'pleIn / / kəm'plen / complete / kəm'pli:t / / kəm'plit / comply / kəm'plaI / / kəm'plaI /

38 component / kəm'pəυnənt / / kəm'ponənt / compose / kəm'pəυz / / kəm'poz / compound / kəm'paυnd / / kəm'paυnd / compress / kəm'pres / / kəm'prɛs / compulsory / kəm'pʌlsərI / / kəm'pʌlsərI / concern / kən'sɜ:n / / kən'sɜrn / concert / 'kɒnsət / / 'kɑnsərt / conclude / kən'klu:d / / kən'klud / condemn / kən'dem / / kən'dɛm / condense / kən'dens / / kən'dɛns / condition / kən'dI∫n / / kən'dI∫n /

Final Position British American actor / 'æktə / / 'æktər / after / 'ɑ:ftə / / 'æftər / beggar / 'bæցə / / 'bæցər / baker / 'beIkə / / 'bekər / better / 'betə / / 'bɛtər / border / 'bɔ:də / / 'bɔrdər / brother / 'brʌðə / / 'brʌðər /

39 butter / 'bʌtə / / 'bʌtər / chapter / 'ʧæptə / / 'ʧæptər / cinema / 'sInəmə / / 'sInəmə / cidar / 'saIdə / / 'saIdər / clever / 'klevə / / 'klɛvər / cluster / 'klʌstə / / 'klʌstər / colour / 'kʌlə / / 'kʌlər / collar / 'kɒlə / / 'kɑlər / consumer / kən'sju:mə / / kən'sumər / corner / 'kɔ:nə / / 'kɔrnər / counter / 'kaυntə / / 'kaυntər / creature / 'kri:ʧə / / 'kriʧər / creator / kri:'eItə / / kri'etər / faster / 'fɑ:stə / / 'fæstər / father / 'fɑ:ðə / / 'fɑðər /

1.6. The English Vowel / ɜ: / The English vowel / ɜ: / has the same quality in both General British and American English, but when it is followed by consonant

40 / r /, it is sifted to retroflexed / ɜ: / in American English. The retroflexed / ɜ: / is pronounced by curling the tip of the tongue while pronouncing the vowel / ɜ: /. This vowel sound is represented by various numbers of graphemes, and it is regarded as the sound of the vowel letters er, ir, ur, ear, our, o, or, and yr. The following words contain vowel / ɜ: / or / ɜr /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the centre Height of the tongue : half close Position of the lips : spread or neutral

Graphemes British American term / 'tɜ:m / / 'tɜrm / turn / 'tɜ:n / / 'tɜrn / bird / 'bɜ:d / / 'bɜrd / word / 'wɜ:d / / 'wɜrd / heard / 'hɜ:d / / 'hɜrd /

41 journey / 'ʤɜ:nI / / 'ʤɜrnI / myrtle / 'mɜ:tl / / 'mɜrtl / colonel / 'kɜ:nl / / 'kɜnl /

Initial Position British Amrican earl / 'ɜ:l / / 'ɜrl / early / 'ɜ:lI / / 'ɜrlI / earn / 'ɜ:n / / 'ɜrn / earth / 'ɜ:θ / / 'ɜrθ / earthly / 'ɜ:θlI / / 'ɜrθlI / earthquake / 'ɜ:θkweIk / / 'ɜrθkwek / earthy / 'ɜ:θI / / 'ɜrθI / irk / 'ɜ:k / / 'ɜrk / irksome / 'ɜ:ksəm / / 'ɜrksəm / urban / 'ɜ:bən / / 'ɜrbən / urbane / 'ɜ:beIn / / 'ɜrben / urbanize / 'ɜ:bənaIz / / 'ɜrbənaIz / urchin / 'ɜ:ʧIn / / 'ɜrʧIn / urge / 'ɜ:ʤ / / 'ɜrʤ /

42 urgent / 'ɜ:ʤənt / / 'ɜrʤənt / urgency / 'ɜ:ʤənsI / / 'ɜrʤənsI /

Medial Position British American adjourn / ə'ʤɜ:n / / ə'ʤɜrn / bird / 'bɜ:d / / 'bɜrd / burden / 'bɜ:dn / / 'bɜrdn / burger / 'bɜ:ցə / / 'bɜrցər / burglar / 'bɜ:ցlə / / 'bɜrցlər / burn / 'bɜ:n / / 'bɜrn / burst / 'bɜ:st / / 'bɜrst / courteous / 'kɜ:tIəs / / 'kɜrtIəs / courtesy / 'kɜ:tIsI / / 'kɜrtIsI / curb / 'kɜ:b / / 'kɜrb / curly / 'kɜ:lI / / 'kɜrlI / curse / 'kɜ:s / / 'kɜrs / curtain / 'kɜ:tn / / 'kɜrtn / dessert / dI'zɜ:t / / dI'zɜrt / dirty / 'dɜ:tI / / 'dɜrtI / fern / 'fɜ:n / / 'fɜrn /

43 fertile / 'fɜ:taIl / / 'fɜrtaIl / firm / 'fɜ:m / / 'fɜrm / first / 'fɜ:st / / 'fɜrst / furl / 'fɜ:l / / 'fɜrl / furnish / 'fɜ:nI∫ / / 'fɜrnI∫ /

Final Position British American blur / 'blɜ: / / 'blɜr / burr / 'bɜ: / / 'bɜr / cur / 'kɜ: / / 'kɜr / err / 'ɜ: / / 'ɜr / fir / 'fɜ: / / 'fɜr / fur / 'fɜ: / / 'fɜr / her / 'hɜ: / / 'hɜr / myrrh / 'mɜ: / / 'mɜr / occur / ə'kɜ: / / ə'kɜr / per / 'pɜ: / / 'pɜr / sir / 'sɜ: / / 'sɜr / slur / 'slɜ: / / 'slɜr / stir / 'stɜ: / / 'stɜr /

44 spur / 'spɜ: / / 'spɜr / were / 'wɜ: / / 'wɜr /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / ə / and / ɜ: /, and they are all transcribed according to British English. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. an / 'ən / - earn / 'ɜ:n / but / 'bət / - bird / 'bɜ:d / could / 'kəd / - curd / 'kɜ:d / for / 'fə(r) / - fur / 'fɜ:(r) / had / 'həd / - heard / 'hɜ:d / should / ∫əd / - shirt / '∫ɜ:t / would / 'wəd / - word / 'wɜ:d /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain either vowel / ə / or / ɜ: /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

45 1. The dirty skirt is hers.

/ δə 'dɜ:tI 'skɜ:t Iz `hɜ:z / 2. The girl has curly hair.

/ δə 'ցɜ:l əz 'kɜ:lI `heə(r) / 3. Ten girls were served first. / δə 'ցɜ:lz wɜ: 'sɜ:vd `fɜ:st / 4. The nurse wears a pearl. / δə 'nɜ:s weəz ə `pɜ:l / 5. The nurses were all busy then.

/ δə 'nɜ:sIz wɜ:r 'ɔ:l 'bIzI `δən / 6. They’ve burned the girl’s shirt. / δeIv 'bɜ:nd δə 'ցɜ:lz `∫ɜ:t / 7. The birds were all in the cage.

/ δə 'bɜ:dz wɜ:r 'ɔ:l In δə `keIʤ / 8. The girl has her hat in her hand.

/ δə 'ցɜ:l həz ɜ: 'hæt In ɜ: `hænd / 9. The large black bear stares at her. / δə 'lɑ:ʤ 'blæk 'beə `steəz ət ɜ: / 10. The bomb will burst out upstairs.

/ δə 'bɒm wIl 'bɜ:st aυt ʌp`steəz /

46 11. The mayor stares at her furiously.

/ δə 'meə 'steəz ət ɜ: `fjυrIəslI / 12. The colonel’s fired the girl’s friend. / δə 'kɜ:nlz 'faIəd δə 'ցɜ:lz `frend / 13. We were all searching for the red purse.

/ wI wɜ:r 'ɔ:l 'sɜ:ʧIŋ fə δə 'red `pɜ:s / 14. The nearest restaurant is over there.

/ δə 'nIərəst 'restrənt Iz 'əυvə `δeə / 15. We’ve learned how to persuade the girl. / wIv 'lɜ:nd 'haυ tə pə'sweId δə `ցɜ:l / 16. The tanks were all turned to the nearest station.

/ δə 'tæŋks wɜ:r 'ɔ:l 'tɜ:nd tə δə 'nIərəst `steI∫n / 17. The nest of the bird’s already been burned. / δə 'nest əv δə 'bɜ:dz 'ɔ:lredI bIn `bɜ:nd / 18. The black mad man has long curly hair.

/ δə 'blæk 'mæd 'mæn əz 'lɔ:ŋ 'kɜ:lI `heə(r) / 19. The young girl wears a white shirt and dark skirt.

/ δə 'jʌŋ 'ցɜ:l 'weəz ə 'waIt '∫ɜ:t ən ə 'dɑ:k `skɜ:t / 20. The professor has conducted a research at the suburb.

/ δə pre'fesər əz kən'dʌktId ə rI'sɜ:ʧ ət δə `sʌbɜ:b /

47 Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains vowel / ə / or / ɜ: /. Encirle a if it contains / ə /, and b if it contains / ɜ: /.

1. above / ...'bʌv / a b 11. error / 'er… / a b 2. burn / 'b…n / a b 12. sir / 's… / a b 3. bird / 'b…t / a b 13. heard / 'h…d / a b 4. search / 's… ʧ / a b 14. burn / 'b...n / a b 5. sir / 's… / a b 15. purse / 'p…s / a b 6. burst / 'b…st / a b 16. learn / 'l…n / a b 7. earn / '…n / a b 17. return / 'rit…n/ a b 8. enter / 'ent… / a b 18. girl / 'ց…l / a b 9. urge / '… ʤ / a b 19. chuch / 'ʧ… ʧ / a b 10. better / 'bet… / a b 20. dirty / 'd…tI / a b

1.7. The English Vowel / ʌ /

The vowel sound / ʌ / is regarded as a short pure low vowel both in General British and American English. The English vowel / ʌ / is the representation of the graphemes or the sound of the vowel letters u, o, oo, and ou. This vowel sound simply occurs initially and medially, and it never occurs in final position.

48 The following words contain vowel / ʌ / and are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the centre Height of the tongue : between open and half open Position of the lips : spread or neutral

Graphemes British American cut / 'kʌt / / 'kʌt / son / 'sʌn / / 'sʌn / blood / 'blʌd / / 'blʌd / couple / 'kʌpl / / 'kʌpl /

Initial Position British American onion / 'ʌnjən / / 'ʌnjən / ugly / 'ʌցlI / / 'ʌցlI / ulcer / 'ʌlsə / / 'ʌlsə / ultimate / 'ʌltImət / / 'ʌltImət /

49 ultimatum / ˌʌltI'meItəm / / ˌʌltI'metəm / ultra / 'ʌltrə / / 'ʌltrə / umbrella / ʌm'brelə / / ʌm'brelə / unable / ʌn'eIbl / / ʌn'ebl / uncle / 'ʌŋkl / / 'ʌŋkl / under / 'ʌndə / / 'ʌndər / understand / ˌʌndə'stænd / / ˌʌndə'stænd / unacceptable / ˌʌnək'septəbl / / ˌʌnək'sɛptəbl / unaffraid / ˌʌnə'freId / / ˌʌnə'fred / anaware / ˌʌnə'weə / / ˌʌnə'wɛr / update / ˌʌp'deIt / / ˌʌp'det / upgrade / ˌʌp'ցreId / / ˌʌp'ցred / uphold / ʌp'həυld / / ʌp'hold / upland / 'ʌplænd / / 'ʌplænd / upload / ˌʌp'ləυd / / ˌʌp'lod / upper / 'ʌpə / / 'ʌpə /

Medial Position: British American above / ə'bʌv / / ə'bʌv / adult / ə'dʌlt / / ə'dʌlt /

50 blood / 'blʌd / / 'blʌd / borough / 'bʌrə / / 'bʌrə / bubble / 'bʌbl / / 'bʌbl / buck / 'bʌk / / 'bʌk / bud / 'bʌd / / 'bʌd / budge / 'bʌʤ / / 'bʌʤ / budget / 'bʌʤIt / / 'bʌʤIt / buffalo / 'bʌfələυ / / 'bʌfəlo / buffer / 'bʌfə / / 'bʌfər / bug / 'bʌց / / 'bʌց / bugger / 'bʌցə / / 'bʌցər / bulb / 'bʌlb / / 'bʌlb / bulk / 'bʌlk / / 'bʌlk / bum / 'bʌm / / 'bʌm / bumbag / 'bʌmbæց / / 'bʌmbæց / bump / 'bʌmp / / 'bʌmp / bunch / 'bʌnʧ / / 'bʌnʧ / bus / 'bʌs / / 'bʌs / but / 'bʌt / / 'bʌt / butter / 'bʌtə / / 'bʌtər /

51 come / 'kʌm / / 'kʌm / courage / 'kʌrIIʤ / / 'kʌrIʤ / cup / 'kʌp / / 'kʌp /

1.8. The English Vowel / ɑ: / The vowel sound / ɑ: / is regarded as a long pure low back vowel and represented by graphemes such as a, ar, au, er, ear, and uar in General British English. This vowel is also known as the sound of the vowel letters o in American English, e.g. hot / hɑt /. The British vowel / ɑ: / is sometimes pronounced either as vowel / æ / or diphthong / ɑr / in American English, e.g. raft /'ræft/, part /'pɑrt/. The / r / sound in the American diphthong / ɑr / is pronounced by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little backwards. One of the most noticeable differences between the British and American English deals with the pronunciation of words containing / ɑ: / sound. This sound is pronounced in the same way when the words do not have letter r in their spellings such as calm / kɑ:m /, balm / bɑ:m /, and palm / kɑ:m /. But when the words contain letter r in their spellings, they are pronounced / ɑ: / in British English and / ɑr / in American English, e.g., car / kɑ: / - / kɑr /, bark / bɑ:k / - /

52 bɑrk /, and dark / bɑ:k / - / bɑrk /. The British English / ɑ: / sound, as a general rule, is pronounced / æ / in American English when it is followed by sounds such as f, v, s, st, sp, sk, θ, nd ,and nt, e.g., staff / 'stɑ:f / - / 'stæf /, calve / 'kɑ:f / - / 'kæf /, class / 'klɑ:s / - / 'klæs /, fast / 'fɑ:st / - / 'fæst /, clasp / 'klɑ:sp / - / 'klæsp /, mask /

'mɑ:sk / - / 'mæsk /, bath / 'bɑ:θ / - / 'bæθ /, command / kə'mɑ:nd / - / kə'mænd /, and plant / 'plɑ:nt / - / 'plænt /. The following words contain vowel / ɑ: / or / ɑ / and are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the back Height of the tongue : open Position of the lips : spread or neutral

Graphemes British American aunt / 'ɑ:nt / / 'ænt / card / 'kɑ:d / / 'kɑrd / class / 'klɑ:s / / 'klæs /

53 clerk / 'klɑ:k / / 'klɜrk / heart / 'hɑ:t / / 'hɑrt / guard / 'ցɑ:d / / 'ցɑrd /

Initial Position British American after / 'ɑ:ftə / / 'æftər / aftercare / 'ɑ:ftəkeə / / 'æftərkɛr / afterlife / 'ɑ:ftəlaIf / / 'æftərlaIf / afternoon / ɑ:ftə'nu:n / / æftər'nun / aftertaste / 'ɑ:ftəteIst / / 'æftərtest / afterwards / 'ɑ:ftəwədz / / 'æftərwərdz / afterthought / 'ɑ:ftəθɔ:t / / 'æftərθɔt / arbitrary / 'ɑ:bItrərI / / 'ɑrbItrərI / arbour / 'ɑ:bə / / 'ɑrbər / arch / 'ɑ:ʧ / / 'ɑrʧ / archaeology / ˌɑ:kI'ɒləʤI / / ˌɑrkI'ɑləʤI / archipelago / ˌɑ:kI'peləցəυ / / ˌɑrkI'pɛləցo / architect / 'ɑ:kItekt / / 'ɑrkItɛkt / architecture / 'ɑ:kItekʧə / / 'ɑrkItɛkʧər /

54 argue / 'ɑ:ցju: / / 'ɑrցju / argument / 'ɑ:ցjυmənt / / 'ɑrցjυmənt / ark / 'ɑ:k / / 'ɑrk / arm / 'ɑ:m / / 'ɑrm / armada / ɑ:'mɑ:də / / ɑr'mɑdə / armament / 'ɑ:məmənt / / 'ɑrməmənt / armchair / 'ɑ:mʧeə / / 'ɑrmʧɛr / armour / 'ɑ:mə / / 'ɑrmə / army / 'ɑ:mI / / 'ɑrmI / art / 'ɑ:t / / 'ɑrt / artery / 'ɑ:tərI / / 'ɑrtərI / article / 'ɑ:tIkl / / 'ɑrtIkl / artist / 'ɑ:tIst / / 'ɑrtIst /

Medial Position British American fast / 'fɑ:st / / 'fæst / fasten / 'fɑ:sn / / 'fæsn / father / 'fɑ:ðə / / 'fɑðər / garden / 'ցɑ:dn / / 'ցɑrdn / glass / 'ցlɑ:s / / 'ցlæs /

55 glance / 'ցlɑ:ns / / 'ցlæns / grant / 'ցrɑ:nt / / 'ցrænt / guard / 'ցɑ:d / / 'ցɑrd / half / 'hɑ:f / / 'hæf / harbour / 'hɑ:bə / / 'hɑrbər / harm / 'hɑ:m / / 'hɑrm / last / 'lɑ:st / / 'læst / mark / 'mɑ:k / / 'mɑrk / mask / 'mɑ:sk / / 'mæsk / park / 'pɑ:k / / 'pɑrk / part / 'pɑ:t / / 'pɑrt / past / 'pɑ:st / / 'pæst / rather / 'rɑ:ðə / / 'ræðər / staff / 'stɑ:f / / 'stæf / tomato / tə'mɑ:təυ / / tə'meto / vase / 'vɑ:z / / 'ves /

Final Position British American afar / ə'fɑ: / / ə'fɑr / agar / 'eIցɑ: / / 'eցɑr /

56 ajar / ə'ʤɑ: / / ə'ʤɑr / avatar / 'ævətɑ: / / 'ævətɑr / bar / 'bɑ: / / 'bɑr / bazaar / bə'zɑ: / / bə'zɑr / bra / 'brɑ: / / 'brɑ / car / 'kɑ: / / 'kɑr / char / 'ʧɑ: / / 'ʧɑr / cigar / sI'ցɑ: / / sI'ցɑr / debar / dI'bɑ: / / dI'bɑr / far / 'fɑ: / / 'fɑr / guitar / ցI'tɑ: / / ցI'tɑr / jar / 'ʤɑ: / / 'ʤɑr / ma / 'mɑ: / / 'mɑ / mar / 'mɑ: / / 'mɑr / par / 'pɑ: / / 'pɑr / scar / 'skɑ: / / 'skɑr / spa / 'spɑ: / / 'spɑ /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / ʌ / and / ɑ: /. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced,

57 and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. buck / 'bʌk / - bark / 'bɑ:k / bun / 'bʌn / - barn / 'bɑ:n / but / 'bʌt / - bart / 'bɑ:t / come / 'kʌm / - calm / 'kɑ:m / cup / 'kʌp / - carp / 'kɑ:p / cut / 'kʌt / - cart / 'kɑ:t / done / 'dʌn / - darn / 'dɑ:n / duck / 'dʌk / - dark / 'dɑ:k / huff / 'hʌf / - half / 'hɑ:f / hum / 'hʌm / - harm / 'hɑ:m / hut / 'hʌt / - heart / 'hɑ:t / grunt / ցrʌnt / - grant / 'ցra:nt / love / 'lʌf / - laugh / 'lɑ:f / luck / 'lʌk / - lark / 'lɑ:k / lust / 'lʌst / - last / 'lɑ:st / much / 'mʌʧ / - march / 'mɑ:ʧ / muck / 'mʌk / - mark / 'mɑ:k / stuff / 'stʌf / - staff / 'stɑ:f /

58 Most of the words within the following sentences contain either vowel / ʌ / or / ɑ: /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Mark’s father is a clerk. / 'mɑ:ks 'fɑ:ðər Iz ə `klɑ:k / 2. It’s hard to cut the bark.

/ Its 'hɑ:d tə 'kʌt ðə `bɑ:k / 3. It’s a hard task to answer. / Its ə 'hɑ:d 'tɑ:sk tυ `ɑ:nsə / 4. Half of the park is dark.

/ 'hɑ:f əv ðə 'pɑ:k Iz `dɑ:k / 5. Cut the card into two parts.

/ 'kʌt ðə 'kɑ:d Intυ 'tu: `pɑ:ts / 6. The sun runs above the hut.

/ ðə 'sʌn 'rʌnz ə'bʌv ðə `hʌt / 7. They all run across the garden.

/ ðeI 'ɔ:l 'rʌn ə'krɒs ðə `ցɑ:dn / 8. The bomb will burst out upstairs.

/ ðə 'bɒm wIl 'bɜ:st aυt ʌp`steəz /

59 9. The car is parked near the marsh.

/ ðə 'kɑ:r Iz 'pɑ:kt 'nIə ðə `mɑ:∫ / 10. A young man drives his car very fast.

/ ə 'jʌŋ 'mæn 'draIvz Iz 'kɑ: 'verI `fɑ:st / 11. They dance and laugh in the dark park.

/ ðeI 'dɑ:ns ənd 'lɑ:f In ðə 'dɑ:k `pɑ:k / 12. The carpenter parked his cart near the bar.

/ ðə 'kɑ:pəntə 'pɑ:kt Iz 'kɑ:t 'nIə ðə `bɑ: / 13. Her brother won a cup for the broad jump.

/ hər 'brʌðə 'wɒn ə kʌp fə ðə `brɔ:d ʤʌmp / 14. The usher hurriedly opened up his umbrella.

/ ðI 'ʌ∫ə 'hʌrIdlI 'əυpənd ʌp Iz ʌm`brelə / 15. The large park is in front of the bungalow.

/ ðə 'lɑ:ʤ 'pɑ:k Iz In 'frʌnt əv ðə `bʌŋցələυ / 16. The branch office is led by a young accountant.

/ ðə 'brʌnʧ 'ɒfIs Iz 'led baI ə 'jʌŋ ə`kaυntənt / 17. A young cap and his son are hunting a large shark.

/ ə 'jʌŋ 'kæp ən Iz 'sʌn ɑ: 'hʌntIŋ ə 'lɑ:ʤ `∫ɑ:k / 18. Students in the class are all required to do their tasks.

/ 'stju:dnts In ðə 'klɑ:s ɑ:r 'ɔ:l 'rIkwaIəd tυ dυ ðeə `tɑ:sks /

60 19. The monkeys run fast and climb up to the branch of the tree.

/ ðə 'mʌŋkIz 'rʌn 'fɑ:st ənd 'klaIm ʌp tə ðə 'brɑ:nʧ əv ðə `tri: / 20. My uncle in the country harvest the honey during luch time .

/ maI 'ʌŋkl In ðə 'kʌntrI 'hɑ:vəst ðə 'hʌnI 'djυərIŋ `lʌnʧ taIm /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains vowel / ʌ / or / ɑ:

/. Encirle a if it contains / ʌ / and b if it contains / ɑ: /.

1. above / ə'b…v / a b 11. trust / 'tr…st / a b 2. bunch / 'b…nʧ / a b 12. bark / 'b…k / a b 3. darn / 'd…n / a b 13. hard / 'h…d / a b 4. sharp / '∫…p / a b 14. much / 'm.. ʧ / a b 5. among / ə 'm…ŋ / a b 15. punch / 'p…nʧ / a b 6. lucky / 'l…kI / a b 16. palm / 'p…m / a b 7. cast / 'k…st / a b 17. thumb / 'θ…m / a b

8. large / 'l… ʤ / a b 18. gutter / 'ց…tə / a b 9. honey / 'h…nI / a b 19. charge / 'ʧ… ʤ / a b 10. utter / '….tə / a b 20. raft / 'r…ft / a b

61 1.9. The English Vowel / ɒ / The vowel sound / ɒ / is regarded as a short pure low vowel in General British English, but it is either pronounced as vowel / ɑ / or

/ ɔ / in American English, e.g., hot / hɒt / - / hɑt /, long / lɒŋ / - / lɔŋ /. Vowel / ɒ / is the sound or the representation of the vowel letters o, and a in British English. This vowel simply occurs in initial and medial position. The following words contain vowel / ɒ / in British English, which is pronounced either as vowel / ɑ / or / ɔ / in American English. The American vowel / ɑ / is pronounced in the same way as the British vowel / ɑ: /, while the American vowel / ɔ / is pronounced in the same way as the British vowel / ɔ: /. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the back Height of the tongue : between open and half open Position of the lips : rounded

62 Graphemes British American cot / 'kɒt / / 'kɑt / long / 'lɒŋ / / 'lɔŋ / wrong / 'rɒŋ / / 'rɔŋ / want / 'wɒnt / / 'wɑnt /

Initial Position British American object / 'ɒbʤIkt / / 'ɑbʤəkt / obligation / 'ɒblIցeI∫n / / 'ɑblIցe∫n / obstacle / 'ɒbstəkl / / 'ɑbstəkl / obvious / 'ɒbvIəs / / 'ɑbvIəs / occupation / 'ɒkjupeI∫n / / 'ɑkjupe∫n / occupy / 'ɒkjupaI / / 'ɑkjupaI / october / 'ɒktəυbə / / 'ɑktobər / oculist / 'ɒkjulIst / / 'ɑkjulIst / odd / 'ɒd / / 'ɑd / offer / 'ɒfə / / 'ɔfər / office / 'ɒfIs / / 'ɔfIs / offside / 'ɒfsaId / / 'ɔfsaId / often / 'ɒfn / / 'ɔfn /

63 onset / 'ɒnset / / 'ɑnsɛt / operate / 'ɒpəreIt / / 'ɑpəret / opposite / 'ɒpəzIt / / 'ɑpəzət / optimize / 'ɒptImaIz / / 'ɑptImaIz / optimistic / 'ɒptImIstIk / / 'ɑptImIstIk / option / 'ɒp∫n / / 'ɑp∫n / optimum / 'ɒptIməm / / 'ɑptIməm / orange / 'ɒrInʤ / / 'ɔrInʤ / oratory / 'ɒrətrI / / 'ɔrətɔrI / ovulate / 'ɒvjuleIt / / 'ɑvjulet / oxygen / 'ɒksIʤən / / 'ɑksIʤən / oxidize / 'ɒksIdaIz / / 'ɑksIdaIz /

Medial Position: British American concentrate / 'kɒnsəntreIt / / 'kɑnsəntret / concert / 'kɒnsət / / 'kɑnsərt / conference / 'kɒnfərəns / / 'kɑnfərəns / confidence / 'kɒnfIdəns / / 'kɑnfIdəns / congress / 'kɒŋցres / / 'kɑŋցrəs / constitution / kɒnstI'tju:∫n / / kɑnstə'tu∫n /

64 contact / 'kɒntækt / / 'kɑntækt / contest / 'kɒntest / / 'kɑntest / context / 'kɒntekst / / 'kɑntekst / continent / 'kɒntInənt / / 'kɑntInənt / contour / 'kɒntυər / / 'kɑntυr / contract / 'kɒntrækt / / 'kɑntrækt / contrast / 'kɒntrɑ:st / / 'kɑntræst / cop / 'kɒp / / 'kɑp / copy / 'kɒpI / / 'kɑpI / cost / 'kɒst / / 'kɔst / cottage / 'kɒtIʤ / / 'kɑtIʤ / cotton / 'kɒtn / / 'kɑtn / cough / 'kɒf / / 'kɔf / crop / 'krɒp / / 'krɑp / cross / 'krɒs / / 'krɔs /

10. The English Vowel / ɔ: /

The English vowel / ɔ: / is regarded as a long pure mid back vowel in General British, but as a short pure back vowel in American English. This vowel is aproximately pronounced in the same manner

65 in both dialects, except when it is followed by retroflexed / r / sound, and it is therefore regarded as diphthong / ɔr / in American English.

The English vowel / ɔ: / is the sound of the vowel letters a, au, aw, or, ore, ou, and oar. This vowel sound occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain vowel / ɔ: / and are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English except when it is followed by retroflexed / r / sound. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the back Height of the tongue : half open Position of the lips : rounded

Graphemes British American ball / 'bɔ:l / / 'bɔl / board / 'bɔ:d / / 'bɔrd / born / 'bɔ:n / / 'bɔrn / brought / 'brɔ:t / / 'brɔt /

66 corn / 'kɔ:n / / 'kɔrn / course / 'kɔ:s / / 'kɔrs / dawn / 'dɔ:n / / 'dɔn / more / 'mɔ: / / 'mɔr /

Initial Position British American all / 'ɔ:l / / 'ɔl / also / 'ɔ:lsəυ / / 'ɔlso / already / 'ɔ:lredI / / 'ɔlrɛdI / auction / 'ɔ:k∫n / / 'ɔk∫n / audible / 'ɔ:dəbl / / 'ɔdəbl / audience / 'ɔ:dIəns / / 'ɔdIəns / audit / 'ɔ:dIt / / 'ɔdIt / auditor / 'ɔ:dItə / / 'ɔdItər / auditory / 'ɔ:dətrI / / 'ɔdətɔrI / august / 'ɔ:ցəst / / 'ɔցəst / authentic / ɔ:'θəntIk / / ɔ'θəntIk / author / ɔ:'θə / / ɔ'θər / authority / ɔ:'θɒrətI / / ɔ'θɔrətI /

67 automatic / ˌɔ:tə'mætIk / / ˌɔtə'mætIk / autumn / 'ɔ:təm / / 'ɔtəm /

Medial Position British American ball / 'bɔ:l / / 'bɔl / bored / 'bɔ:d / / 'bɔrd / board / 'bɔ:d / / 'bɔrd / boarder / 'bɔ:də / / 'bɔrdər / born / 'bɔ:n / / 'bɔrn / bought / 'bɔ:t / / 'bɔt / broad / 'brɔ:d / / 'brɔd / bradcast / 'brɔ:dkɑ:st / / 'brɔdkæst / broaden / 'brɔ:dn / / 'brɔdn / call / 'kɔ:l / / 'kɔl / caught / 'kɔ:t / / 'kɔt / cause / 'kɔ:z / / 'kɔz / caution / 'kɔ:∫n / / 'kɔ∫n / chalk / 'ʧɔ:k / / 'ʧɔk / corn / 'kɔ:n / / 'kɔrn / course / 'kɔ:s / / 'kɔrs /

68 dormitory / 'dɔ:mətrI / / 'dɔrmətɔrI / dawn / 'dɔ:n / / 'dɔn / fall / 'fɔ:l / / 'fɔl / false / 'fɔ:ls / / 'fɔls / force / 'fɔ:s / / 'fɔrs / fork / 'fɔ:k / / 'fɔrk /

Final Position British American bore / 'bɔ: / / 'bɔr / core / 'kɔ: / / 'kɔr / door / 'dɔ: / / 'dɔr / draw / 'drɔ: / / 'drɔ / for / 'fɔ: / / 'fɔr / gnaw / 'nɔ: / / 'nɔ / ignore / Iց'nɔ: / / Iց'nɔr / jaw / 'ʤɔ: / / 'ʤɔ / law / 'lɔ: / / 'lɔ / more / 'mɔ: / / 'mɔr / nor / 'nɔ: / / 'nɔr / paw / 'pɔ: / / 'pɔ /

69 pour / 'pɔ: / / 'pɔr / raw / 'rɔ: / / 'rɔ / saw / 'sɔ: / / 'sɔ / sore / 'sɔ: / / 'sɔr / score / 'sɔ:s / / 'sɔrs / shore / '∫ɔ: / / '∫ɔr / snore / 'snɔ: / / 'snɔr / store / 'stɔ: / / 'stɔr / tore / 'tɔ: / / 'tɔr / war / 'wɔ: / / 'wɔr /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / ɒ / and / ɔ: /. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly.

box / 'bɒks / - balks / 'bɔ:ks / chock / 'ʧɒk / - chalk / 'ʧɔ:k / cock / 'kɒk / - cork / 'kɔ:k / don / 'dɒn / - dawn / 'dɔ:n /

70 fox / 'fɒks / - forks / 'fɔ:ks / hock / 'hɒk / - hawk / 'hɔ:k / not / 'nɒt / - naught / 'nɔ:t / spot / 'spɒt / - sport / 'spɔ:t / stock / 'stɒk / - stork / 'stɔ:k / swan / 'swɒn / - sworn / 'swɔ:n / ton / 'tɒn / - torn / 'tɔ:n / tot / 'tɒt / - taught / 'tɔ:t / odd / 'ɒd / - awed / 'ɔ:d / pod / 'pɒd / - poured / 'pɔ:d / pot / 'pɒt / - port / 'pɔ:t / won / 'wɒn / - worn / 'wɔ:n / Most of the words within the following sentences contain either vowel / ɒ / or / ɔ: /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly. 1. It’s not a hot dog. / Its 'nɒt ə `hɒt dɒց / 2. Lock the door slowly.

/ 'lɒk ðə 'dɔ: `sləυlI /

71 3. The store was bombed at dawn. / ðə 'stɔ: wɒz bɒmd ət `dɔ:n / 4. The lawyer got lost at the seashore.

/ ðə 'lɔ:jə 'ցɒt 'lɒst ət ðə `si:∫ɔ: / 5. They all walked across the resort.

/ ðeI 'ɔ:l 'wɔ:kt ə'krɒs ðə rI`zɔ:t / 6. The hot dog was poured with salt.

/ ðə 'hɒt dɒց wɒz 'pɔ:d wIð `sɔ:lt / 7. Four balls were bought this morning.

/ 'fɔ: 'bɔ:lz wɜ: 'bɔ:t ðIs `mɔ:nIŋ / 8. The hot spot is always on at the office.

/ ðə 'hɒt spɒt Iz 'ɔ:lweIz ɒn ət ðI `ɒfIs / 9. Neither Tom nor Paul got good score.

/ 'naIðə 'tɒm nɔ: 'pɔ:l 'ցɒt 'ցυd `skɔ: / 10. The hostess was brought to the hostle.

/ ðə 'həυstəs wɒz 'brɔ:t tυ ðə `hɒstl / 11. We’ve got to go to the hall tomorrow. / 'wIv 'ցɒt tə 'ցəυ tə ðə 'hɔ:l tə`mɒrəυ / 12. The hot pot was dropped to the floor. / ðə 'hɒt 'pɒt wɒz 'drɒpt tə ðə `flɔ: /

72 13. John saw Norman and Paul at the store.

/ 'ʤɒn 'sɔ: 'nɔ:mən ənd 'pɔ:l ət ðə `stɔ: / 14. A lot of soldiers were caught in the war.

/ ə 'lɒt əv 'səυlʤəz wɜ: 'kɔ:t In ðə `wɔ: / 15. A lot of people were shocked by the storm.

/ ə 'lɒt ɒv 'pi:pl wɜ: '∫ɒkt baI ðə `stɔ:m / 16. The conference was started at four o’clock. / ðə 'kɒnfərəns wɒz 'stɑ:tId ət 'fɔ: ə`klɒk / 17. Four boxes of corn were stocked on the lorry.

/ 'fɔ: 'bɒksIz əv 'kɔ:n wɜ: 'stɒkt ɒn ðə `lɒrI / 18. The soldier brought a long sword in the war.

/ ðə 'səυlʤə 'brɔ:t ə 'lɒŋ 'swɔ:d In ðə `wɔ: / 19. Four bottles of water are put on top of the box.

/ 'fɔ: 'bɒtlz əv 'wɔ:tə ɑ: 'pυt ɒn 'tɒp əv ðə `bɒks / 20. The knowledge is more important than the sword.

/ ðə 'nɒlIʤ Iz 'mɔ:r Im'pɔ:tnt ðən ðə `swɔ:d /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains vowel / ɒ / or / ɔ: /. Encirle a if it contains / ɒ /, and b if it contains / ɔ: /.

73 1. bought / 'b...t / a b 11. block / 'bl...k / a b 2. dot / 'd...t / a b 12. drop / 'dr...p / a b 3. dawn / 'd…n / a b 13. horn / 'h…n / a b 4. shop / '∫…p / a b 14. mock / 'm…k / a b 5. song / 's…ŋ / a b 15. porn / 'p…n / a b 6. lock / 'l…ki / a b 16. pawn / 'p…n / a b 7. cost / 'k…st / a b 17. thought / 'θ…t / a b 8. store / 'st… / a b 18. got / 'ց…t / a b 9. hostle / 'h…stl / a b 19. chop / 'ʧ… p / a b 10. norm / '….tə / a b 20. rock / 'r…k / a b

1.11. The English Vowel / u: / The vowel sound / u: / is regarded as a long pure high back vowel in General British, but it is regarded as a short pure back vowel in American English. Vowel / u: / is the sound or the representation of the vowel letters o, oo, u, ue, ou, oe, eu, ui, and ew. The British vowel / u: / is pronounced approximately the same as the American vowel / u /, and it occurs in initial, medial, and final position. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of the following words correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs.

74 Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the back Height of the tongue : close Position of the lips : rounded

Graphemes British American do / 'du: / / 'du / food / 'fu:d / / 'fud / rule / 'ru:l / / 'rul / soup / 'su:p / / 'sup / new / 'nju: / / 'nu / suit / 'sju:t / / 'sut / shoe / '∫u: / / '∫u / feud / 'fju:d / / 'fjud /

Initial Position British American oodles / 'u:dlz / / 'udlz / oof / 'u:f / / 'uf / oolong / 'u:lɒŋ / / 'ulɒŋ / ooze / 'u:z / / 'uz / ouzo / 'u:zəυ / / 'uzo /

Medial Position: British American

75 bloom / 'blu:m / / 'blum / boot / 'bu:t / / 'but / cool / 'ku:l / / 'kul / crude / 'kru:d / / 'krud / duty / 'dju:tI / / 'dutI / fool / 'fu:l / / 'ful / foot / 'fu:t / / 'fut / groom / 'ցru:m / / 'ցrum / group / 'ցru:p / / 'ցrup / june / 'ʤu:n / / 'ʤun / loose / 'lu:s / / 'lus / moose / 'mu:s / / 'mus / moon / 'mu:n / / 'mun / move / 'mu:v / / 'muv / mute / 'mju:t / 'mjut / noon / 'nu:n/ / 'nun / nuclear / 'nju:klIə / / 'nuklIər / nucleus / 'nju:klIəs / / 'nuklIəs / nude / 'nju:d / / 'nud / numerous / 'nju:mərəs / / 'numərəs /

76 pool / 'pu:l / / 'pul / prove / 'pru:v / / 'pruv /

Final Position: British American blue / 'blu: / / ' blu / boo / 'bu: / / 'bu / canoe / kə'nu: / / kə'nu / clue / 'klu: / / 'klu / coo / 'ku: / / 'ku / coup / 'ku: / / 'ku / due / 'dju: / / 'du / flew / 'flu: / / 'flu / flu / 'flu: / / 'flu / glue / 'ցlu: / / 'ցlu / gnu / 'nu: / / 'nu / grew / 'ցru: / / 'ցru / knew / 'nju: / / 'nu / loo / 'lu: / / 'lu / moo / 'mu: / / 'mu / new / 'nju: / / 'nu / rue / 'ru: / / 'ru /

77 shoe / '∫u: / / '∫u / threw / 'θru: / / 'θru / through / 'θru: / / 'θru / too / 'tu: / / 'tu / two / 'tu: / / 'tu / who / 'hu: / / 'hu /

1.12. The English Vowel / υ /

The English vowel / υ / is regarded as a short pure high back vowel both in General British and American English. This vowel is actually pronounced in the same way in both dialects. The English vowel / υ / is the sound of the vowel letters such as u, o, oo, and ou, and occurs simply in medial position.

The following words contain vowel / υ / and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. A formal description of forming this vowel is determined by the position or manner of the following speech organs. Part of the tongue which is raised highest : the back Height of the tongue : half close Position of the lips : rounded

78 Graphemes British American put / 'pυt / / 'pυt / book / 'bυk / / 'bυk / could / 'kυd / / 'kυd / woman / 'wυmən / / 'wυmən /

Medial Position British American book / bυk / / 'bυk / brook / brυk / / 'brυk / bull / 'bυl / / 'bυl / bush / 'bυ∫ / / 'bυ∫ / cook / 'kυk / / 'kυk / could / 'kυd / / 'kυd / crook / 'krυk / / 'krυk / foot / 'fυt / / 'fυt / football / 'fυtbɔ:l / / 'fυtbɑl / footnote / 'fυtnəυt / / 'fυtnot / full / 'fυl / / 'fυl / good / 'gυd / / 'gυd / hood / 'hυd / / 'hυd / hook / 'hυk / / 'hυk /

79 look / 'lυk / / 'lυk / nook / 'nυk / / 'nυk / pull / 'pυl / / 'pυl / push / 'pυ∫ / / 'pυ∫ / put / 'pυt / / 'pυt / rook / 'rυk / / 'rυk / should / '∫υd / / '∫υd / shook / '∫υk / / '∫υk / stood / 'stυd / / 'stυd / took / 'tυk / / 'tυk / wood / 'wυd / / 'wυd / would / 'wυd / / 'wυd /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / υ / and / u: /. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. could / 'kυd / - cooed / 'ku:d / full / 'fυl / - fool / 'fu:l / pull / 'pυl / - pool / 'pu:l /

80 should / '∫υd / - shoot / '∫u:t / hood / 'hυd / - who’d / 'hu:d /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain either vowel / υ / or / u: /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The shoes suit his foot.

/ ðə '∫u:z 'su:t hIz `fu:t / 2. You’ve got two new books.

/ jυv 'ցɒt 'tu: 'nju: `bυk / 3. Push the fool into the pool.

/ 'pυt ðə 'fu:l Intυ ðə `pu:l / 4. He chews the food too soon.

/ hI 'ʧu:z ðə 'fυd 'tu: `su:n / 5. Pull out the root of your tooth

/ 'pυl aυt ðə 'ru:t əv jər `tu:θ / 6. Put the to blue books on the stool.

/ 'pυt ðə 'blu: 'bυks ɒn ðə `stu:l /

81 7. It’s a good to learn in the new room. / Its 'ցυd tυ 'lɜ:n In ðə 'nju: `ru:m / 8. The bulls would eat up all the roots.

/ ðə 'bυlz wυd 'i:t ʌp 'ɔ:l ðə `ru:ts / 9. The two students go the new school.

/ ðə 'tu: 'stju:dnts 'ցəυ tυ ðə 'nju: `sku:l / 10. The water in the new pool looks blue.

/ ðə 'wɔ:tər In ðə 'nju: 'pu:l 'lυks `blu: / 11. You shuold pull the hook out of the root.

/ jυ ∫υd 'pυl ðə 'hυk 'aυt əv ðə `ru:ts / 12. The flowers in the wood are all beautiful.

/ ðə 'flaυəz In ðə 'wu:d ɑ:r 'ɔ:l `bju:tIfl / 13. The cook could cook the food in the new room.

/ ðə 'kυk kυd 'kυk ðə 'fυd In ðə nju: `ru:m / 14. The moose stood by the wood looking for food.

/ ðə 'mu:s 'stu:d 'baI ðə 'wu:d 'lυkIŋ fə `fυd / 15. The blue cacatoo really amuzed all the tourists.

/ ðə 'blu: 'kekətu: 'rIəlI ə'mju:zd 'ɔ:l ðə `tυərIsts / 16. The poor are hunting for a moose in the moor.

/ ðə 'pυər ɑ: 'hʌntIŋ fər ə 'mu:s In ðə `mυə /

82 17. The nurses usually use spoon to serve the food.

/ ðə 'nɜ:sIz 'ju:ӡυəlI 'ju:z 'spu:n tə 'sɜ:v ðə `fυd / 18. The bulls usualy look for their food in the moor.

/ ðə 'bυlz ɑ: 'ju:ӡυəlI lυk fər ðeə 'fυd In ðə `mυə / 19. You would be allowed to take a bath in the new pool.

/ jυ 'wυd bI ə'laυd tυ teIk ə 'bɑ:θ In ðə nju: `pυl / 20. Two of the students would go camping during the full moon.

/ 'tu: əv ðə 'stju:dnts wυd 'ցəυ kæmpIŋ djυrIŋ ðə 'fυl `mu:n /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains vowel / υ / or / u: /. Each word is aproximately pronounced in the same way in British and American English. Encirle a if it contains / υ / and b if it contains / u: /. 1. book / 'b...k / a b 11. look / 'l...k / a b 2. would / 'w...d / a b 12. roof / 'r...f / a b 3. cool / 'k…l / a b 13. whose / 'h…z / a b 4. shoe / '∫… / a b 14. moon / 'm…n / a b 5. soon / 's…n / a b 15. pool / 'p…l / a b 6. put / 'p…t / a b 16. push / 'p…∫ / a b 7. could / 'k…d / a b 17. tooth / 't…θ / a b

83 8. stool / 'st…l / a b 18. good / 'ց…d / a b 9. hook / 'h…k / a b 19. bull / 'b…l / a b 10. noon / 'n….n / a b 20. room / 'r…m / a b

2. The English Diphtongs There are two types of English diphthongs, they are the rising and the centring diphthongs. The rising diphthongs are those ending in high vowel such as / I / and / υ /. The English rising diphthongs are / eI /, / aI /, / ɔI /, / aυ /, and / oυ /; and the centring diphthongs are those ending in / ə / such as /

ɛə /, / Iə /, and / υə /. The detail of each diphthong will be discussed below.

2.1. The English Diphthong / eI /

The British English diphthong / eI / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / e / and / I /. In other words, it starts at about the vowel / e / and moves in the direction of vowel / I /. This diphthong is regarded as a monophthong / e / in American English, but it is yet

84 pronounced a bit diphthongized and ended in / I / like sound.

The British diphthong / eI /, which is known as a monophthong / e / in Ameican English, is regarded as the long sound of letters a, ai, ay, ei, and ea.

Graphemes British American came / 'keIm / / 'kem / great / 'ցreIt / / 'ցret / plain / 'pleIn / / 'plen / say / 'seI / / 'se / veil / 'veIl / / 'vel /

The following words contain diphthong / eI / and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English, but the / I / sound is a bit faded in American English . Listen carefully and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. This diphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

Initial Position British American

85 able / 'eIbl / / 'ebl / ace / 'eIs / / 'es / ache / 'eIk / / 'ek / acre / 'eIkə / / 'ekər / age / 'eIʤ / / 'eʤ / agency / 'eIʤənsI / / 'eʤənsI / agent / 'eIʤənt / / 'eʤənt / aid / 'eId / / 'ed / ail / 'eIl / / 'el / aileron / 'eIlərɒn / / 'elərɑn / aim / 'eIm / / 'em / ain’t / 'eInt / / 'ent / aimless / 'eImləs / / 'emləs / alias / 'eIlIəs / / 'elIəs / alien / 'eIlIən / / 'elIən / alianate / 'eIlIəneIt / / 'elIənet / ancient / 'eIn∫ənt / / 'en∫ənt / ape / 'eIp / / 'ep / apex / 'eIpeks / / 'epɛks /

86 april / 'eIprəl / / 'eprəl / apron / 'eIprən / / 'eprən / ate / 'eIt / / 'et / eight / 'eIt / / 'et / elite / eI'li:t / / e'lit /

Medial Position British American baby / 'beIbI / / 'bebI / bake / 'beIk / / 'bek / base / 'beIs / / 'bes / blame / 'bleIm / / 'blem / brain / 'breIn / / 'bren / brake / 'breIk / / 'brek / blaze / 'bleIz / / 'blez / cake / 'keIk / / 'kek / came / 'keIm / / 'kem / case / 'keIs / / 'kes / claim / 'kleIm / / 'klem /

87 date / 'deIt / / 'det / drake / 'dreIk / / 'drek / face / 'feIs / / 'fes / fail / 'feIl / / 'fel / faim / 'feIm / / 'fem / faith / 'feIθ / / 'feθ / flame / 'fleIm / / 'flem /

Final Position British American away / ə'weI / / ə'we / applique / ə'pli:keI / / ˌæplə'ke / bay / 'beI / / 'be / ballet / bæ'leI / / bæ'le / beret / 'bereI / / bə're / blasé / 'blɑ:zeI / / blɑ'ze / bouquet / bυ'keI / / bυ'ke / buffet / bυ'feI / / bə'fe / cabaret / 'kæbəreI / / ˌkæbə're /

88 café / 'kæfeI / / kæ'fe / canape / 'kænəpeI / / ˌkænə'pe / clay / 'kleI / / 'kle / cliché / 'kli:∫eI / / kli'∫e / day / 'deI / / 'de / delay / dI'leI / / dI'le / essay / e'seI / / ɛ'se / gay / 'ցeI / / 'ցe / grey / 'ցreI / / 'ցre /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain diphthong / eI /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. No gain without pain.

/ 'nəυ 'ցeIn wI'ðaυt ‛peIn / 2. They’ll pray for the game. / ðeIl 'preI fə ðə ‛ցeIm / 3. He’s a great football player.

89 / hIz ə 'ցreIt 'fυtbɔ:l ‛pleIə / 4. A great snake laid by the lake.

/ ə 'ցreIt 'sneIk 'leId 'baI ðə ‛leIk / 5. They have to stay in that place.

/ ðeI hæv tə 'steI In 'ðæt ‛pleIs / 6. The race will take place in May.

/ ðə 'reIs wIl 'teIk 'pleIs In ‛meI / 7. The train will leave staight away.

/ ðə 'treIn wIl 'li:v 'streIt ə‛weI / 8. The game will last for eight days.

/ ðə 'ցeIm wIl 'lɑ:st fər 'eIt ‛deIz / 9. The gay has been sent into the jail.

/ ðə 'ցeI həz bIn 'sent Intə ðə ‛ʤeIl / 10. They all obayed to pay for the game.

/ ðeI 'ɔ:l ə'beId tə 'peI fə ðə ‛ցeIm / 11. The airplain was crashed near the lake.

/ ðI 'eəpleIn wəz 'kræst 'nIə ðə ‛leIk / 12. They take the examination early today.

/ ðeI 'teIk ðI ˌIցʤemI'neI∫n 'ɜ:lI tə‛deI / 13. The sailors will sail away from the bay.

90 / ðə 'seIlə wIl 'seIl ə'weI frəm ðə ‛beI / 14. We had to stay there when the rain came.

/ wI həd tə 'steI 'ðeə 'wen ðə 'reIn ‛keIm / 15. The flight will be delayed for a few days.

/ ðə 'flaIt wIl bI dI'leId fər ə 'fju: ‛deIz / 16. The players had to stay out late yesterday.

/ ðə 'pleIəz həd tə 'steI 'aυt 'leIt ‛jestədeI / 17. They’re all afraid to make the same mistake. / ðeI ər 'ɔ:l ə'freId tə 'meIk ðə 'seIm mIs‛teIk / 18. The trader went away when the game was over.

/ ðə 'treIdə 'went ə'weI 'wen ðə 'ցeIm wəz ‛əυvə / 19. All the people ran away when the earthquake happened.

/ 'ɔ:l ðə 'pi:pl 'ræn ə'weI 'wen ðI 'ɜ:θkweIk ‛hæpənd / 20. They will set a campaign against ageism in the workplace.

/ ðeI wIl 'set ə kəm'peIn ə'ցeInst ðI 'eIʤIzəm In ðə ‛wɜ:kpleIs /

2.2. The English Diphthong / aI /

The English diphthong / aI / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / a / and / I /. In other words,

91 it starts at about the vowel / a / and moves in the direction of vowel / I /. The English diphthong / aI / is regarded as the long sound of letters i, y, ie, ei, uy, ai, and eye.

Graphemes British American time / 'taIm / / 'taIm / my / 'maI / / 'maI / tie / 'taI / / 'taI / height / 'haIt / / 'haIt / buy / 'baI / / 'baI / aisle / 'aIl / / 'aIl / eye / 'aI / / 'aI /

The following words contain diphthong / aI /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Listen carefully and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. This diphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

92 Initial Position British American eyes / 'aIz / / 'aIz / ice / 'aIs / / 'aIs / icon / 'aIkɒn / / 'aIkɑn / idea / aI'dIə / / aI'dIə / ideal / aI'dIəl / / aI'dIəl / ideally / aI'dIəlI / / aI'dIəlI / idealism / aI'dIəlIzəm / / aI'dIəlIzəm / idealist / aI'dIəlIst / / aI'dIəlIst / idealistic / ˌaIdIə'lIstIk / / ˌaIdIə'lIstIk / idealistically / ˌaIdIə'lIstIklI / / ˌaIdIə'lIstIklI / idealize / aI'dIəlaIz / / aI'dIəlaIz / identical / aI'dentIkl / / aI'dɛntIkl / identify / aI'dentIfaI / / aI'dɛntIfaI / identity / aI'dentətI / / aI'dɛntətI / ideology / ˌaIdI'ɒləʤI / / ˌaIdI'ɑləʤI / idle / 'aIdl / / 'aIdl / idol / 'aIdl / / 'aIdl /

93 island / 'aIlənd / / 'aIlənd / isle / 'aIl / / 'aIl / item / 'aItəm / / 'aItəm /

Medial Position British American bike / 'baIk / / 'baIk / bind / 'baInd / / 'baInd / biology / baI'ɒləʤI / / baI'ɑləʤI / bite / 'baIt / / 'baIt / blind / 'blaInd / / 'blaInd / bright / 'braIt / / 'braIt / climate / 'klaImət / / 'klaImət / climb / 'klaIm / / 'klaIm / device / dI'vaIs / / dI'vaIs / dine / 'daIn / / 'daIn / drive / 'draIv / / 'draIv / find / 'faInd / / 'faInd / fine / 'faIn / / 'faIn /

94 fight / 'faIt / / 'faIt / flight / 'flaIt / / 'flaIt / hide / 'haId / / 'haId / kind / 'kaInd / / 'kaInd / life / 'laIf / / 'laIf / light / 'laIt / / 'laIt /

Final Position British American buy / 'baI / / 'baI / by / 'baI / / 'baI / cry / 'kraI / / 'kraI / die / 'daI / / 'daI / deny / dI'naI / / dI'naI / dry / 'draI / / 'draI / fly / 'flaI / / 'flaI / fry / 'fraI / / 'fraI / guy / 'ցaI / / 'ցaI / high / 'haI / / 'haI /

95 lie / 'laI / / 'laI / my / 'maI / / 'maI / pie / 'paI / / 'paI / shy / '∫aI / / '∫aI / sky / 'staI / / 'staI / sty / 'skaI / / 'sktaI / tie / 'taI / / 'taI / try / 'traI / / 'traI / why / 'waI / / 'waI / vie / 'vaI / / 'vaI / Most of the words within the following sentences contain diphthong / aI /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The ice cream is realy nice. / ðI 'aIs kri:m Iz 'rIəlI ‛naIs / 2. I’ll try to fry the pie tonight. / aIl 'traI tə 'fraI ðə 'paI tə‛naIt / 3. The child likes flying a kite.

96 / ðə 'ʧaIld 'laIks 'flaIIŋ ə ‛kaIt / 4. The spy was fired last night. / ðə 'spaI wəz 'faIəd 'lɑ:st ‛naIt / 5. Five pigs are lying by the sty. / 'faIv 'pIցz ɑ: 'laIIŋ baI ðə ‛staI / 6. I’ll find the spy myself tonight. / aIl 'faInd ðə 'spaI maIsəlf tə‛naIt / 7. The liar tried to deny the client. / ðə 'laIə 'traId tə dI'naI ðə ‛klaIənt / 8. Try to find the child right now. / 'traI tə 'faInd ðə 'ʧaIld 'raIt ‛naυ /

9. The child cried along the ningt. / ðə 'ʧaIld 'kraId ə'lɒŋ ðə ‛naIt / 10. The spy arived at the right time. / ðə 'spaI ə'raIvd ət ðə 'raIt ‛taIm / 11. The tired miner lighted his pipe. / ðə 'taIəd 'maInə 'laItId hIz ‛paIp / 12. I’ll try to keep an eye on the spy. / aIl 'traI tə 'ki:p ən 'aI ɒn ðə ‛spaI / 13. The tiny child likes lying by the sty.

97 / ðə 'taInI 'ʧaIld 'laIks 'laIIŋ baI ðə ‛staI / 14. The child was born in a quite night. / ðə 'ʧaIld 'wəz 'bɔ:n In ə 'kwaIət ‛naIt / 15. The pilot tried to fly high in the sky. / ðə 'paIlət 'traId tə 'flaI 'haI In ðə ‛skaI / 16. We spied the writer in the dining car. / wI 'spaId ðə 'raItə In ðə 'daInIŋ ‛kɑ: / 17. The pilot died at five oclock last night. / ðə 'paIlət 'daId ət faIv ə'klɒk lɑ:st ‛naIt / 18. Nine is the right divisor for ninety nine. / 'naIn Iz ðə 'raIt dI'vaIsə fə 'naIntI ‛naIn /

19. The young guys like driving motor bikes.

/ ðə 'jʌŋ 'ցaIz 'laIk 'draIvIŋ ‛məυtəbaIks / 20. Five pine apples are tied behind the farmer’s bike. / 'faIv 'paIn 'æplz ɑ: 'taIt bI'haInd ðə 'fɑ:məz ‛baIk /

2.3. The English Diphthong / ɔI /

The English diphthong / ɔI / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / ɔ / and / I /. In other words, it starts at about the vowel / ɔ / and moves in the direction of

98 vowel / I /. The English diphthong / ɔI / is regarded as the long sound of letters oi and oy. This diphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

The following words contain diphthong / ɔI / and are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American coin / 'kɔIn / / 'kɔIn / boy / 'bɔI / / 'bɔI /

Initial Position British American oil / 'ɔIl / / 'ɔIl / oilcan / 'ɔIlkæn / / 'ɔIlkæn / oilfield / 'ɔIlfi:ld / / 'ɔIlfild / oilman / 'ɔIlmæn / / 'ɔIlmæn / oilrig / 'ɔIlrIց / / 'ɔIlrIց / ointment / 'ɔInmənt / / 'ɔInmənt / oyster / 'ɔIstə / / 'ɔIstə /

99 Medial Position British American annoyed / ə'nɔId / / ə'nɔId / avoid / ə'vɔId / / ə'vɔId / boil / 'bɔIl / / 'bɔIl / broil / 'brɔIl / / 'brɔIl / coil / 'kɔIl / / 'kɔIl / coin / 'kɔIn / / 'kɔIn / foil / 'fɔIl / / 'fɔIl / join / 'ʤɔIn / / 'ʤɔIn / moisture / 'mɔIsʧə / / 'mɔIsʧər / noise / 'nɔIz / / 'nɔIz / noisy / 'nɔIzI / / 'nɔIzI / point / 'pɔInt / / 'pɔInt / soil / 'sɔIl / / 'sɔIl / spoil / 'spɔIl / / 'spɔIl / toil / 'tɔIl / / 'tɔIl / toilet / 'tɔIlət / / 'tɔIlət / voice / 'vɔIs / / 'vɔIs /

100 Final Position British American annoy / ə'nɔI / / ə'nɔI / boy / 'bɔI / / 'bɔI / coy / 'kɔI / / 'kɔI / deploy / dI'plɔI / / dI'plɔI / destroy / dI'strɔI / / dI'strɔI / employ / Im'plɔI / / Im'plɔI / enjoy / In'ʤɔI / / In'ʤɔI / joy / 'ʤɔI / / 'ʤɔI / toy / 'kɔI / / 'kɔI /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain diphthong / ɔI /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Stop annoying the boy.

/ stɒp ə'nɔIŋ ðə ‛bɔI / 2. We do enjoy the oysterz.

101 / wI 'dυ 'InʤɔI ðI ‛ɔIstəz / 3. The boy really enjoys his toys.

/ ðə 'bɔI 'rIəlI In'ʤɔIz 'hIz ‛tɔIz / 4. Nobody enjoys the boy’s voice. / 'nəυbʌdI In'ʤɔIz ðə 'bɔIz ‛vɔIs / 5. Put the soy sauce on the broiled oyster.

/ 'pυt ðə 'sɔI 'sɔ:s ɒn ðə 'brɔIld ‛ɔIstə / 6. The noisy voice annoyed the boy.

/ ðə 'nɔIzI 'vɔIz ə'nɔId ðə ‛bɔI / 7. The broiled oyster has been spoiled.

/ ðə 'brɔIld 'ɔIstər əz bIn ‛spɔIld / 8. The boy pointed at the right choice.

/ ðə 'bɔI 'pɔIntId ət ðə 'raIt ‛ʧɔIs / 9. Don’t let the boy spoil your choice. / 'dəυnt let ðə 'bɔI 'spɔIl jə ‛ʧɔIs / 10. The boy put the coin into the oil.

/ ðə 'bɔI 'pυt ðə 'kɔIn Intυ ðI ‛ɔIl / 11. The water has been boiled by the boy.

/ ðə 'wɔ:tər əz bIn ‛bɔIld baI ðə 'bɔI / 12. The boy’s pointing at the tiny toys.

102 / ðə 'bɔIz 'pɔIntIŋ ət ðə 'taInI ‛tɔIz / 13. We couldn’t avoid the boy’s choice. / wI 'kυdnt ə'vɔId ðə 'bɔIz ‛ʧɔIz / 14. The boy’s toys have been destroyed. / ðə 'bɔIz 'tɔIz həv bIn dI‛strɔId / 15. The boy enjoys playing on the soil.

/ ðə 'bɔIz 'InʤɔIz 'pleIŋ ɒn ðə ‛sɔIl / 16. The office boy has been employed.

/ ðI 'ɒfIs 'bɔI həz bIn Im‛plɔId / 17. Her constant joking really annoys the boy.

/ hə 'kɒnstənt 'ʤəυkIŋ 'rIəlI ə'nɔIz ðə ‛bɔI / 18. The boy enjoys pouring water in the toilet.

/ ðə 'bɔI In'ʤɔIz 'pɔ:rIŋ wɔ:tə In ðə ‛tɔIlət / 19. The loyal employees have joined the club.

/ ðə 'lɔIəl Im'plɔIi:z həv 'ʤɔInd ðə ‛klʌb / 20. The soil has been distroyed by the chemical.

/ ðə 'sɔIl həz bIn dI'strɔId baI ðə ‛kemIkl /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing diphthongs / eI /, / aI /, or / ɔI /. Listen carefully how the words are

103 pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. bay / 'beI / - buy / 'baI / - boy / 'bɔI / bail / 'beIl / - bile / 'baIl / - boil / 'bɔIl / base / 'beIs / - buys / 'baIz / - boys / 'bɔIz / cane / 'keIn / - kind / 'kaInd / - coin / 'kɔIn / fail / 'feIl / - file / 'faIl / - foil / 'fɔIl / grain / 'ցreIn / - grind / 'ցraInd / - groin / 'ցrɔIn / mace / 'meIs / - mice / 'maIs / - moist / 'mɔIst / say / 'seI / - sigh / 'saI / - soy / 'sɔI / tale / 'teIl / - tile / 'taIl / - toil / 'tɔIl / vase / 'veIs / - vice / 'vaIs / - voice / 'vɔIs / Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains diphthong / eI /, / aI /, or / ɔI /. Encirle a if it contains diphthong / eI /, b if it contains diphthong / aI /, and c if it contains diphthong / ɔI /.

1. break / 'b...k / a b c 11. lake / 'l...k / a b c 2. wind / 'w...d / a b c 12. boil / 'b...l / a b c

104 3. joy / ' ʤ… / a b c 13. while / 'h…z / a b c 4. shine / '∫…n / a b c 14. nice / 'n…s / a b c 5. sale / 's…l / a b c 15. point / 'p…nt / a b c 6. soil / 's…l / a b c 16. pride / 'pr…d / a b c 7. case / 'k…s / a b c 17. take / 't…k / a b c 8. style / 'st…l / a b c 18. gale / 'ց…l / a b c 9. high / 'h… / a b c 19. bright / 'br…t / a b c 10. main / 'm….n / a b c 20. noise / 'r…s / a b c

2.4. The English Diphthong / oυ /

The British English diphthong / oυ / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / o / and / υ /. In other words, it starts at about the vowel / o / and moves in the direction of vowel / υ /. This diphthong is regarded as a monophthong / o / in American English, but it is yet pronounced a bit diphthongized and ended in / υ / like sound.

The British English diphthong / oυ / has a weak form known as

/ əυ /. The British diphthong / oυ /, which is known as a monophthong / o / in American English, is regarded as the

105 long sound of letters o, oa, ow, ou, and ew. This diphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

The following words contain diphthong / əυ /, / oυ /, or / o /. The weak form / əυ / is commonly pronounced in General British, and the American English monophthong / o / is heard more likely as the strong British diphthong / oυ /. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American boat / 'bəυt / / 'bot / coal / 'kəυl / / 'kol / gold / 'ցəυld / / 'ցold / home / 'həυm / / 'hom / know / 'nəυ / / 'no / sould / 'səυld / / 'sold / sew / 'səυ / / 'so /

Initial Position British American oak / 'əυk / / 'ok / oat / 'əυt / / 'əυt / oath / 'əυθ / / 'oθ /

106 old / 'əυld / / 'old / only / 'əυnlI / / 'onlI / open / 'əυpən / / 'opən / over / 'əυvə / / 'ovər / overact / ˌəυvə'ækt / / ˌovə'ækt / overage / ˌəυvə'reIʤ / / ˌovə'reʤ / overcome / ˌəυvə'kʌm / / ˌovə'kʌm / overdo / ˌəυvə'du: / / ˌovə'du / overnight / ˌəυvə'naIt / / ˌovə'naIt / owner / 'əυnə / / 'onər / Medial Position British American bold / 'bəυld / / 'bold / bone / 'bəυn / / 'bon / bowl / 'bəυl / / 'bol / code / 'kəυd / / 'kod / cold / 'kəυld / / 'kold / comb / 'kəυm / / 'kom / fold / 'fəυld / / 'fold / globe / 'ցləυb / / 'ցlob /

107 gold / 'ցəυld / / 'ցold / grown / 'ցrəυn / / 'ցron / holy / 'həυlI / / 'holI / home / 'həυm / / 'hom / hope / 'həυp / / 'hop / host / 'həυst / / 'host / hotel / həυ'tel / / ho'tel / known / 'nəυn / / 'non / note / 'nəυt / / 'not / phone / 'fəυn / / 'fon /

Final Position British American below / bI'ləυ / / bI'lo / blow / 'bləυ / / 'blo / borrow / 'bɒrəυ / / 'bɑro / crow / 'krəυ / / 'kro / flow / 'fləυ / / 'flo / fold / 'fəυld / / 'fold / follow / 'fɒləυ / / 'fɑlo /

108 go / 'ցəυ / / 'ցo / grow / 'ցrəυ / / 'ցro / hollow / 'hɒləυ / / 'hɑlo / know / 'nəυ / / 'no / low / 'ləυ / / 'lo / mow / 'məυ / / 'mo / no / 'nəυ / / 'no / so / 'səυ / / 'so / row / 'rəυ / / 'ro / show / '∫əυ / / '∫o / throw / 'θrəυ / / 'θro /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain diphthong / oυ /. It can perceivably be notified that the British English tends to use the weak form such as / əυ /, but the American generally use the strong form such as / oυ /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Throw all the old soap.

109 / 'θrəυ 'ɔ:l ðI 'əυld ‛səυp / 2. The old boat won’t float. / ðI 'əυld 'bəυt 'wəυnt ‛fləυt / 3. It’s not a joke, you know? / Its 'nɒt ə 'ʤəυk jυ ‛nəυ / 4. Don’t go home alone Joan.

/ 'dəυnt 'ցəυ 'həυm ə'ləυn ‛ʤəυn / 5. I’ll show them the old notes. / aIl '∫əυ 'ðəm ðI 'əυld ‛nəυts / 6. Joe has thrown the old bones.

/ 'ʤəυ əz 'θrəυn ðI 'əυld ‛bəυnz / 7. Close the window slowly Joe.

/ 'kləυz ðə 'wIndəυ 'səυlI ‛ʤəυ / 8. They have been told the old joke.

/ ðeI həv bIn 'təυlt ðI 'əυld ‛ʤəυk / 9. The old party won’t get the vote. / ðI 'əυld 'pɑ:tI 'wəυnt 'ցet ðə ‛vəυt / 10. The two old bowls have been broken.

/ ðə 'tu: 'əυld 'bəυlz 'həv bIn ‛brəυkn / 11. No one knows who wrote the note.

110 / 'nəυ 'wʌn 'nəυz υ 'rəυt ðə ‛nəυt / 12. We’ll go home in an old motor boat. / wIl 'ցəυ 'həυm In ən 'əυld ‛bəυt / 13. Follow the road and go slowly home.

/ 'fɒləυ ðə 'rəυd ənd 'ցəυ 'sləυlI ‛həυm / 14. The goats are wondering along the road.

/ ðə 'ցəυts ɑ: 'wʌndərIŋ ə'lɒŋ ðə ‛rəυd / 15. Rosa chose a roast potato for her breakfast.

/ 'rəυzə 'ʧəυz ə 'rəυst pə'teItəυ fər hə ‛brekfəst / 16. The old boxer gets a heavy blow on his nose.

/ ðI 'əυld 'bɒksə 'ցets ə 'hevI 'bləυ ɒn Iz ‛nəυz / 17. Potatoes and tomatoes are grown by the road.

/ pə'teItəυz ənd tə'meItəυz ɑ: 'ցrəυn baI ðə ‛rəυd / 18. Both shoulders of the old souldier are broken.

/ 'bəυθ '∫əυldəz əv ðI 'əυld 'səυlʤəz ɑ: ‛brəυkn / 19. The old tow boat has been rowed to the seashore.

/ ðI 'əυld 'təυIŋ 'bəυt əz bIn 'rəυd tə ðə ‛si:∫ɔ: / 20. I won’t post the note you wrote a few moment ago. / aI 'wəυnt 'pəυst ðə 'nəυt jυ 'rəυt ə 'fju: 'məυmənt ə‛ցəυ /

111 2.5. The English Diphthong / aυ /

The British English diphthong / aυ / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / a / and / υ /. In other words, it starts at about the vowel / a / and moves in the direction of vowel / υ /. The British English diphthong / aυ / is regarded as the long sound of letters ou, and ow. This diphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain diphthong / aυ / and are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American house / 'haυs / / 'haυs / how / 'haυ / / 'haυ /

Initial Position British American out / 'aυt / / 'aυt / oust / 'aυst / / 'aυst / ounce / 'aυns / / 'aυns /

112 owl / 'aυl / / 'aυl /

Medial Position British American about / ə'baυt / / ə'baυt / brown / 'braυn / / 'braυn / count / 'kaυnt / / 'kaυnt / country / 'kaυntrI / / 'kaυntrI / crowd / 'kraυd / / 'kraυd / crown / 'kraυn / / 'kraυn / doubt / 'daυt / / 'daυt / drought / 'draυt / / 'draυt / house / 'haυs / / 'haυs / loud / 'laυd / / 'laυd / mount / 'maυnt / / 'maυnt / mouth / 'maυθ / / 'maυθ / mouse / 'maυs / / 'maυs / noun / 'naυn / / 'naυn / pound / 'paυnd / / 'paυnd / powder / 'paυdə / / 'paυdər /

113 proud / 'praυd / / 'praυd / round / 'raυnd / / 'raυnd /

Final Position British American allow / ə'laυ / / ə'laυ / bough / 'baυ / / 'baυ / bow / 'baυ / / 'baυ / brow / 'braυ / / 'braυ / cow / 'kaυ / / 'kaυ / how / 'haυ / / 'haυ / now / 'naυ / / 'naυ / plough / 'plaυ / / 'plaυ / prow / 'praυ / / 'praυ / sow / 'saυ / / 'saυ / vow / 'vaυ / / 'vaυ / Most of the words within the following sentences contain diphthong / aυ /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The house is painted brown.

114 / ðə 'haυs Iz 'peIntId ‛braυn / 2. The owl is on the tower now.

/ ðI 'aυl Iz ɒn ðə 'taυ ‛naυ / 3. Mr. Brown is counting his cows.

/ 'mIstə 'braυn Iz 'kaυntIŋ Iz ‛kaυz / 4. The crown is found in the house.

/ ðə 'kraυn Iz 'faυnd In ðə ‛haυs / 5. The clown groaned on the ground.

/ ðə 'klaυn 'ցrəυnd ɒn ðə ‛ցraυnd / 6. The tower is located near the town.

/ ðə 'taυər Iz ləυ'keItId 'nIə ðə ‛taυn / 7. The crowd surrounded the house now.

/ ðə 'kraυd sə'raυndId ðə 'haυs ‛naυ / 8. The colour of the trousers is dark brown.

/ ðə 'kʌlər əv ðə 'traυzəz Iz 'dɑ:k ‛braυn / 9. The crowd have been shouted for hour.

/ ðə 'kraυd əv bIn '∫aυtId fər ‛aυəz / 10. Four pounds of flour have turned brown.

/ fɔ: 'paυndz əv 'flaυər əv 'tɜ:nd ‛braυn / 11. The founders are talking in the white house.

115 / ðə 'faυndəz ɑ: 'tɔ:kIŋ In ðə ‛waIthaυs / 12. The town is filled with various loud sounds.

/ ðə 'taυn Iz 'fIld wIð 'værIəs 'laυd ‛saυndz / 13. The brown cow was found behind the house.

/ ðə 'braυn kaυ wəz faυnd bI'haInd ðə ‛haυs / 14. The flowers turned brown during the drought.

/ ðə 'flaυəz 'tɜ:nd 'braυn 'djυərIŋ ðə ‛draυt / 15. The mountain is in the southern part of the town.

/ ðə 'maυntIn Iz In ðə 'sʌðən 'pɑ:t əv ðə ‛taυn / 16. The sow and the hound are found near the house.

/ ðə 'saυ ənd ðə 'haυnd ɑ: 'faυnd 'nIə ðə ‛haυs / 17. The powder is usually used after having a shower.

/ ðə 'paυdər Iz ju:ӡυəlI ju:st ɑ:ftə 'hævIŋ ə ‛∫aυə / 18. The five-pound notes have been counted for hours.

/ ðə 'faIv 'paυnd 'nəυts əv bIn 'kaʧntId fər ‛aυəz / 19. One’s power is closely related with one’s account. / 'wʌnz paυər Iz kləυzlI rIleItId wIð wʌnz ə‛kaυnt / 20. The staff in the front counter is allowed to check the account.

/ ðə 'stɑ:f In ðə 'frʌnt 'kaυntər Iz ə'laυd tə 'ʧek ðI ə‛kaυnt /

116 Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing diphthongs / aυ / or / əυ /. Each word is simply transcribed according to British English. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. coach / 'kəυʧ / - couch / 'kaυʧ / clone / 'kləυn / - clown / 'klaυn / crone / 'krəυn / - crown / 'kraυn / drone / 'drəυn / - drown / 'draυn / float / 'fləυt / - flout / 'flaυt / groaned / 'ցrəυnd / - ground / 'ցraυnd / know / 'nəυ / - now / 'naυ / known / 'nəυn / - noun / 'naυn / hole / 'həυl / - howl / 'haυl / hose / 'həυz / - house / 'haυs / load / 'ləυd / - loud / 'laυd / no / 'nəυ / - now / 'naυ / phoned / 'fəυnd / - found / 'faυnd / poach / 'pəυʧ / - pouch / 'paυʧ / rose / 'rəυz / - rouse / 'raυz /

117 sew / 'səυ / - sow / 'saυ / tone / 'təυn / - town / 'taυn / wrote / 'rəυt / - rout / 'raυt /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains diphthong / aυ / or / əυ /. Encirle a if it contains diphthong / aυ /, and b if it contains diphthong / əυ /.

1. bound / 'b...nd / a b 11. loud / 'l...d / a b 2. won’t / 'w...nt / a b 12. bone / 'b...n / a b 3. joke / 'ʤ…k / a b 13. hope / 'h…p / a b 4. shown / '∫…n / a b 14. noun / 'n…n / a b 5. sound / 's…nd / a b 15. pound / 'p…nd / a b 6. proud / 'pr…d / a b 16. post / 'p…st / a b 7. count / 'k…nt / a b 17. town / 't…n / a b 8. tone / 't…n / a b 18. goal / 'ց…l / a b 9. loud / 'l…d / a b 19. brown / 'br…n / a b 10. mouse / 'n….n / a b 20. note / 'r…s / a b 2.6. The English Diphthong / eə / The British English diphthong / eə / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / e / and / ə /. In

118 other words, it starts at about the vowel / e / and moves in the direction of vowel / ə /. The British English diphthong / eə / has an allophone / ɛə /, and it is pronounced / ɛr / in American English. The / r / sound in the American diphthong / ɛr / is pronounced by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little bit backwards while pronouncing / ə / sound. The English diphthong / eə / or / ɛr / is regarded as the long sound of letters air, ear, are, and aer. This diphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain diphthong / eə / or / ɛr /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. In fact, the / r / sound is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American hair / 'heə / / 'hɛr / bear / 'beə / / 'bɛr /

119 care / 'keə / / 'kɛr / aeroplane / 'eərəpleIn / / 'ɛrəplen /

Initial Position British American aerial / 'eərIəl / / 'ɛrIəl / aerobics / eə'rəυbIks / / ɛr'robIks / aerobatics / ˌeərəυ'bætIks / / ˌɛro'bætIks / aeronautics / ˌeərə'nɔ:tIks / / ˌɛrə'nɑtIks / aeroplane / 'eərəpleIn / / 'ɛrəplen / aerodrome / 'eərədrəυm / / 'ɛrədrom / aeronaut / 'eərənɔ:t / / 'ɛrənɔt / airbag / 'eərbæց / / 'ɛrbæց / airbase / 'eəbeIs / / 'ɛrbes / aircraft / 'eəkrɑ:ft / / 'ɛrkræft / aircrew / 'eəkru: / / 'ɛrkru / airfare / 'eəfeə / / 'ɛrfɛr / airfield / 'eəfi:ld / / 'ɛrfild / airgun / 'eərցʌn / / 'ɛrցʌn / airhead / 'eəhed / / 'ɛrhɛd /

120 airlift / 'eəlIft / / 'ɛrlIft / airline / 'eəlaIn / / 'ɛrlaIn / airliner / 'eəlaInə / / 'ɛrlaInər / airmail / 'eəmeIl / / 'ɛrmel / airplane / 'eəpleIn / / 'ɛrplen / airport / 'eəpɔ:t / / 'ɛrpɔrt / airshow / 'eə∫əυ / / 'ɛr∫o / airsick / 'eəsIk / / 'ɛrsIk / airtight / 'eətaIt / / 'ɛrtaIt / airtime / 'eətaIm / / 'ɛrtaIm / airstream / 'eəstri:m / / 'ɛrstrim /

Medial Position British American barely / 'beəlI / / 'bɛrlI / barium / 'beərIəm / / 'bɛrIəm / blared / 'bleəd / / 'blɛrd / cared / 'keəd / / 'kɛrd / dare / 'deə / / 'dɛr /

121 daring / 'deərIŋ / / 'dɛrIŋ / fairly / 'feəlI / / 'fɛrlI / fairway / 'feəweI / / 'fɛrwe / farewell / ˌfeə'wel / / ˌfɛr'wel / flared / 'fleəd / / 'flɛrd / glared / 'ցleəd / / 'ցlɛrd / haircut / 'heəkʌt / / 'hɛrkʌt / hairnet / 'heənet / / 'hɛrnɛt / hairy / 'heərI / / 'hɛrI / prepared / prI'peəd / / prI'pɛrd / scared / 'skeəd / / 'skɛrd / stairs / 'steəz / / 'stɛrz / vary / 'veərI / / 'vɛrI /

Final Position British American bear / 'beə / / 'bɛr / care / 'keə / / 'kɛr / chair / 'ʧeə / / 'ʧɛr / dare / 'deə / / 'dɛr /

122 fair / 'feə / / 'fɛr / hare / 'heə / / 'hɛr / hair / 'heə / / 'hɛr / pair / 'peə / / 'pɛr / prepare / prI'peə / / prI'pɛr / repair / rI'peə / / rI'pɛr / scare / 'skeə / / 'skɛr / share / '∫eə / / '∫ɛr / spare / 'speə / / 'spɛr / stair / 'steə / / 'stɛr / stare / 'steə / / 'stɛr / swear / 'sweə / / 'swɛr / there / 'ðeə / / 'ðɛr / wear / 'weə / / 'wɛr / Most of the words within the following sentences contain diphthong / eə / or / ɛr /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly. 1. Beware of the black bear.

123 / bI'weər əv ðə 'blæk ‛beə / 2. Put the red chairs upstairs.

/ 'pυt ðə 'red 'ʧeəz ʌp‛steəz / 3. They all stare at her red hair.

/ ðeI 'ɔ:l 'steər ət ə 'red ‛heə / 4. She wears a pair of red hairpins.

/ ∫I 'weəz ə 'peər əv 'red ‛heəpInz / 5. The mayor kept staring at her.

/ ðə 'meə 'kept ‛steərIŋ ət ə / 6. The hare is afraid of the mare.

/ ðə 'heər Iz ə'freId əv ðə ‛meə / 7. The mayor’s office is upstairs. / ðə 'meəz 'ɒfIs Iz ʌp‛steəz / 8. Where is the hair for the mare?

/ 'weər Iz ðə 'heə fə ðə ‛meə / 9. She takes great care of her hair.

/ ∫I 'teIks 'ցreIt 'keər əv hə ‛heə / 10. The nightmare really scared her.

/ ðə 'naItmeə 'rIəlI ‛skeəd hə / 11. The aeroplanes all blare in the air.

124 / ðI 'eərəpleInz 'ɔ:l 'bleər In ðI ‛eə / 12. Every one will care about the share.

/ 'evrIwʌn wIl 'keər ə'baυt ðə ‛∫eə / 13. They repair the airplane at the airport.

/ ðeI 'rIpeə ðI 'eəpleIn ət ðI ‛eəpɔ:t / 14. The pilot will take care of the airplane.

/ ðə 'paIlət wIl 'teIk keər əv ðI ‛eəpleIn / 15. A fair share price was offered yesterday.

/ ə 'feə '∫eə 'praIs wəz 'ɒfəd ‛jestədeI / 16. Spareparts are prepared for the airplanes there.

/ 'speəpɑ:ts ɑ: prI'peəd fə ðI 'eəpleInz ‛ðeə / 17. The mayor swears that he will never leave her.

/ ðə 'meəz 'sweəz ðæt hI wIl 'nevə ‛li:v hə / 18. Some chairs are prepared at the mayor’s office.

/ 'sʌm 'ʧeəz ɑ: prI'peəd ət ðə 'meəz ‛ɒfIs / 19. They were all scared when the trumpets blared.

/ ðeI weər 'ɔ:l 'skeəd wen ðə 'trʌmpIts ‛bleəd / 20. Will you prepare a pair of fair chairs for the mayor?

/ 'wIl ju: prI'peər ə 'peər əv 'feə 'ʧeəz fə ðə ‛meə /

125 2.7. The English Diphthong / Iə /

The British English diphthong / Iə / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / I / and / ə /. In other words, it starts at about the vowel / I / and moves in the direction of vowel / ə /. The British English diphthong / Iə / is pronounced / Ir / in American English. The / r / sound in the

American diphthong / Ir / is pronounced by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little bit backwards while pronouncing / ə / sound. But the sound / ə / is not retroflexed and the diphthong / Ir / is pronounced as the British / Iə / when the words do not contain letter r in their spellings, e.g., idea /aI'dIə/, real /'rIəl/. As a matter of fact, the / r / sound is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. The

English diphthong / Iə / or / Ir / is regarded as the long sound of letters eer, ear, ere, eir, ier, ea, and ia. This diphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain diphthong / Iə / or / Ir /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General

126 British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American deer / 'dIə / / 'dIr / beard / 'bIəd / / 'bIrd / here / 'hIə / / 'hIr / weird / 'wIəd / / 'wIrd / pierce / 'pIəs / / 'pIrs / idea / aI'dIə / / aI'dIə /

Indonesian / ˌIndə'ni:zIən / / ˌIndə'nizIən /

Initial Position British American earache / 'IəreIk / / 'Irek / eardrops / 'Iədrɒps / / 'Irdrɑps / eardrum / 'Iədrʌm / / 'Irdrʌm / earful / 'Iəfυl / / 'Irfυl / earmuffs / 'Iəmʌfs / / 'Irmʌfs / earpiece / 'Iəpi:s / / 'Irpis / earshot / 'Iə∫ɒt / / 'Ir∫ɑt /

127 earplug / 'Iəplʌց / / 'Irplʌց / earset / 'Iəset / / 'Irsɛt / earring / 'IərIŋ / / 'IrIŋ / earmark / 'Iərmɑ:k / / 'Irmɑrk / Medial Position British American beard / 'bIəd / / ' bIrd / cheers / 'ʧIəz / / 'ʧIrz / cheerful / 'ʧIəfl / / 'ʧIrfl / cheerless / 'ʧIələs / / 'ʧIrləs / cheery / 'ʧIərI / / 'ʧIrI / clearance / 'klIərəns / / 'klIrəns / clearly / 'klIəlI / / 'klIrlI / dearly / 'dIəlI / / 'dIrlI / fearful / 'fIəfl / / 'fIrfl / hearing / 'hIərIŋ / / 'hIrIŋ / hearsay / 'hIəseI / / 'hIrse / meerly / 'mIəlI / / 'mIrlI / nearly / 'nIəlI / / 'nIrlI /

128 pierce / 'pIəs / / 'pIrs / real / 'rIəl / / 'rIəl / realize / 'rIəlaIz / / 'rIəlaIz / stiring / 'stIərIŋ / / 'stIrIŋ / tears / 'tIəz / / 'tIrz / veered / 'vIəd / / 'vIrd /

Final Position British American appear / ə'pIə / / ə'pIr / beer / 'bIə / / ' bIr / bier / 'bIə / / ' bIr / cheer / 'ʧIə / / 'ʧIr / clear / 'klIə / / 'klIr / dear / 'dIə / / 'dIr / fear / 'fIə / / 'fIr / gear / 'ցIə / / 'ցIr / hear / 'hIə / / 'hIr / jeer / 'ʤIə / / 'ʤIr /

129 leer / 'lIə / / 'lIr / meer / 'mIə / / 'mIr / near / 'nIə / / 'nIr / peer / 'pIə / / 'pIr / rear / 'rIə / / 'rIr / shear / '∫Iə / / '∫Ir / tear / 'tIə / / 'tIr / we’re / 'wIə / / 'wIr / zero / 'zIərəυ / / 'zIro /

Most of the words within the following sentences conta in diphthong / Iə / or / Ir /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly. 1. The theatre is near here.

/ ðə 'θIətər Iz 'nIə ‛hIə / 2. It’s meerely a clear idea. / Its 'mIəlI ə 'klIər aI‛dIə / 3. It’s my fear to see his beard. / Its maI 'fIə tə 'si: hIz ‛bIəd /

130 4. I can hear the deer from here.

/ aI kən 'hIə ðə 'dIə frəm ‛hIə / 5. The engineer has a clear idea.

/ ðI 'enʤInIə həz ə 'klIər aI‛dIə / 6. He’s really a cheerful engineer. / hIz 'rIəlI ə 'ʧIəfl ‛enʤInIə(r) / 7. She felt sad and burst into tears.

/ ∫I 'felt 'sæd ənd 'bɜ:st Intυ ‛tIəz / 8. I can hear you’re crying in tears. / aI 'kən 'hIə jυə 'kraIIŋ In ‛tIəz / 9. It’s a bad idea to sleep near the bier. / Its ə 'bæd a'dIə tə 'sli:p 'nIə ðə ‛bIə / 10. The kid’s afraid to sit near the bier. / ðə 'kIdz ə'freId tə 'sIt 'nIə ðə ‛bIə / 11. The deer is playing near the theatre.

/ ðə 'dIə Iz 'pleIIŋ 'nIə ðə ‛θIətə / 12. The hunter peers at the deer fiercely.

/ ðə 'hʌntə 'pIəz ət ðə 'dIə ‛fIəslI / 13. The deer is tied up to rear of the truck.

/ ðə 'dIə Iz 'taId ʌp tə ðə 'rIər əv ðə ‛trʌk /

131 14. The driver meerely drank a bottle of beer.

/ ðə 'draIvə 'mIəlI 'dræŋk ə 'bɒtl əv ‛bIə / 15. They all cheer up while drinking the beer.

/ ðeI 'ɔ:l 'ʧIər ʌp waIl 'drIŋkIŋ ðə ‛bIə / 16. The serious engineer is working cheerfully.

/ ðə 'sIrIəs 'enʤInIər Iz 'wɜ:kIŋ ‛ʧIəfəlI / 17. The engineer is repairing the gear of his car.

/ ðI 'enʤInIər Iz rI'peərIŋ ðə ‛ցIə əv hIz ‛kɑ:(r) / 18. It’s clearer to read near here than in the theatre. / Its 'klIərə tə 'ri:d 'nIə 'hIə ðən In ðə ‛θIətə(r) / 19. We’re meerely doing peer teaching in this school. / wIə 'mIəlI 'dυIŋ 'pIə 'ti:ʧIŋ In ðIz ‛sku:l / 20. The man with the long beard is wearing an earring.

/ ðə 'mæn wIð ðə 'lɒŋ 'bIəd Iz 'weərIŋ ən ‛IərIŋ /

2.8. The English Diphthong / υə /

The British English diphthong / υə / is formed by a successive combination of the English vowel / υ / and / ə /. It starts at about the vowel / υ / and moves in the direction of vowel / ə /. The British English diphthong / υə / is pronounced

132 / υr / in American English. The / r / sound in the American diphthong / υr / is pronounced as a retroflexed / ə / that is formed by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little bit backwards while pronouncing / ə / sound. But the American diphthong / υr / is pronounced as the British / υə / when the words do not contain letter r in their spellings, e.g., truant / 'trυənt /, fluent /

'flυənt /. This diphthong never occurs in initial position, but in medial and final position. The English diphthong / υə / or / υr / is regarded as the long sound of letters ure, our, ua, ue, ewe, and oor. This diphthong simply occurs in medial and final position.

The following words contain diphthong / υə / or / υr /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. As a matter of fact the / r / sound is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American sure / '∫υə / / '∫υr / poor / 'pυə / / 'pυr / tour / 'tυə / / 'tυr /

133 truant / 'trυənt / / 'trυənt / fluent / 'flυənt / / 'flυənt / jewel / 'ʤυəl / / 'ʤυəl /

Medial Position British American bureau / 'bjυərəυ / / 'bjυro / bureaucracy / bjυə'rɒkrəsI / / bjυ'rɑkrəsI / curing / 'kjυərIŋ / / 'kjυrIŋ / curious / 'kjυərIəs / / 'kjυrIəs / curiously / 'kjυərIəslI / / 'kjυrIəslI / curiousity / ˌkjυərI'ɒsItI / / ˌkjυrI'ɑsətI / durable / 'djυərəbl / / 'dυrəbl / during / 'djυərIŋ / / 'dυrIŋ / fury / 'fjυərI / / 'fjυrI / furious / 'fjυərIəs / / 'fjυrIəs / furiously / 'fjυərIəslI / / 'fjυrIəslI / toirsm / 'tυərIsm / / 'tυrIsm /

134 tourist / 'tυərIst / / 'tυrIst /

Final Position British American boor / 'bυə / / 'bυr / cure / 'kjυə / / 'kjυr / endure / In'djυə / / In'djυr / fewer / 'fjυə / / 'fjυr / moor / 'mυə / / 'mυr / poor / 'pυə / / 'pυr / pure / 'pjυə / / 'pjυr / sure / '∫υə / / '∫υr / spoor / 'spυə / / 'spυr / tour / 'tυə / / 'tυr / you’re / 'jυə / / 'jυr /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain diphthong / υə / or / υr /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The tourist toured in the moor.

/ ðə 'tυərIst 'tυəd In ðə ‛mυə /

135 2. The poor tourist is still in the moor.

/ ðə 'pυə 'tυərIst Iz 'stIl In ðə ‛mυə / 3. Make sure that the touring is secure.

/ 'meIk '∫υə ðæt ðə 'tυərIŋ Iz sə‛kjυə / 4. Touring is surely an insecure sport.

/ 'tυərIŋ Iz '∫υəlI ən sə'kjυə ‛spɔ:t / 5. Fewer tourists join the insecure tour.

/ 'fjυər 'tυərIsts 'ʤɔIn ðI Insə'kjυə ‛tυə / 6. A life assurance will make us feel secure.

/ ə 'laIf ə'∫υərəns wIl meIk əs fi:l sə‛kjυə / 7. The poor tourist was surely left in the moors.

/ ðə 'pυə 'tυərIst wəz '∫υərlI 'left In ðə ‛mυəz / 8. Are you sure about the new route in the tour?

/ 'ɑ: jυ '∫υə ə'baυt ðə 'nju: 'ru:t In ðə ‛tυə / 9. Insecurity is surely a hard condition to endure.

/ InsI'kjυərətI Iz '∫υəlI ə 'hɑ:d kən'dI∫n tυ In‛djυə(r) / 10. The tourists are provided with a life assurance.

/ ðə 'tυərIsts ɑ: prə'vaIdId wIð ə 'laIf ə‛∫υərəns / 11. Your curiousity surely makes me feel insecure.

/ jɔ: ˌkjυərI'ɒsətI '∫υəlI 'meIks mI 'fi:l InsI‛kjυə(r) /

136 12. Be sure to assure all the tourists to join the tour.

/ bI '∫υə tυ ə'∫υər 'ɔ:l ðə 'tυərIsts tυ 'ʤɔIn ðə ‛tυə(r) / 13. The pure puritan will surely cure your curiosity.

/ ðə 'pjυə 'pjυərItən wIl '∫υəlI 'kjυə jɔ: ˌkjυərI‛ɒsətI / 14. The poor usually endure a lot of health problems.

/ ðə 'pυə 'ju:ӡυəlI In'djυər ə lɒt əv 'helθ ‛prɒbləm / 15. We have to be sure that the poor will be well cured.

/ wI hæv tə bI '∫υə ðæt ðə 'pυə wIl bI 'wel ‛kjυəd / 16. Insecurity will surely fly the poor into furious anger.

/ InsI‛kjυərətI wIl '∫υəlI 'flaI ðə 'pυər Intə 'fjυərIəs ‛æŋցə(r) / 17. The tourist drove off at a furious pace during the tour.

/ ðə 'tυərIst 'drəυv əv ət ə 'fjυərIəs peIs djuərIŋ ðə ‛tυə(r) / 18. The modern bureaucracy makes the poor feel insecure.

/ ðə 'mɒdən bjυə'rɒkrəsI 'meIks ðə 'pυə 'fi:l InsI‛kjυə(r) / 19. A durable peace is surely expected mainly by the poor.

/ ə 'djυərəbl pi:s Iz '∫υəlI Ik'spektId meInlI baI ðə ‛pυə(r) / 20. The tour will surely test your physical and mental endurance.

/ ðə 'tυə wIl '∫υəlI 'test jɔ: 'fIzIkl ənd 'mentl In‛djuərəns /

137 Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing diphthongs / Iə /, / eə /, or / υə /. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. beer / 'bIə / - bear / 'beə / - boor / 'bυə / deer / 'dIə / - dare / 'deə / - doer / 'dυə / leer / 'lIə / - lair / 'leə / - lure / 'lυə / meer / 'hIə / - mare / 'meə / - moor / 'mυə / peer / 'pIə / - pair / 'peə / - poor / 'pυə / sheer / '∫Iə / - share / '∫eə / - sure / '∫υə / tear / 'tIə / - tare / 'teə / - tour / 'tυə /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains diphthong / Iə /, / eə /, or / υə /. Encirle a if it contains diphthong / Iə /, b if it contains diphthong / eə /, and c if it contains diphthong / υə /.

1. bear / 'b... / a b c 11. dare / 'd... / a b c 2. here / 'h… / a b c 12. beer / 'b... / a b c 3. boor / 'b… / a b c 13. we’re / 'w… / a b c

138 4. wear / 'w... / a b c 14. real / 'r… / a b c 5. dear / 'd… / a b c 15. pier / 'p… / a b c 6. sure / '∫… / a b c 16. you’re / 'j… / a b c 7. there / 'ð… / a b c 17. care / 'k… / a b c 8. near / 'n… / a b c 18. pair / 'p… / a b c 9. stare / 'st… / a b c 19. pure / 'pj… / a b c 10. cure / 'kj.../ a b c 20. fury / 'f…rI / a b c 3. The English Triphthongs Triphthong is a typical speech sound produced by a successive combination of three different vowel sounds within a syllable uttered in the same tone unit. The English triphthongs are formed by the addition of a schwa / ə / to the rising diphthongs, i.e., / eIə /, / aIə /, / ɔIə /, / aυə /, and / əυə /. The details of the English triphthongs will be discussed in the following subtopics.

3.1. The English Triphthong / eIə /

The British English triphthong / eIə / is formed by a successive combination of the English diphthong / eI / and the

139 English schwa / ə / in a syllable, which is uttered in the same tone unit. In other words, it starts at about the diphthong / eI / and moves in the direction of the English schwa / ə /. The

British English triphthong / eIə / is pronounced / er / in American English where the / r / sound is pronounced as a retroflexed / ə / that is formed by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little bit backwards while pronouncing / ə / sound. But the schwa / ə /, in American English, is not retroflexed when the words do not have letter r in their spellings. The English triphthong / eIə / or / er / is regarded as the long sound of letters ayer, and eyer.

The following words contain triphthong / eIə / or / er /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English except that the / r / sound in this triphthong is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. This triphthong simply occurs in medial and final position. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American

140 greyer / 'ցreIə / / 'ցrer / player / 'pleIə / / 'pler /

Medial Position British Americanl conveyance / kən'veIəns / / kən'veəns / layers / 'leIəz / / 'lerz / payers / 'peIəz / / 'perz / players / 'pleIəz / / 'plerz / surveyors / sə'veIəz / / 'sə'verz / stayers / 'steIəz / / 'sterz /

Final Position British American conveyor / kən'veIə / / kən'ver / gayer / 'ցeIə / / 'ցer / layer / 'leIə / / 'ler / payer / 'peIə / / 'per / player / 'pleIə / / 'pler / surveyor / sə'veIə / / 'sə'ver /

141 3.2. The English Triphthong / aIə /

The British English triphthong / aIə / is formed by a successive combination of the English diphthong / aI / and the

English schwa / ə / in a syllable, which is uttered in the same tone unit. In other words, it starts at about the diphthong / aI

/ and moves in the direction of the English schwa / ə /. The

British English triphthong / aIə / is pronounced / aIr / in American English. The / r / sound in the American triphthong / aIr / is pronounced as a retroflexed / ə / that is formed by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little bit backwards while pronouncing / ə / sound, but the schwa / ə /, in American English, is not retroflexed when the words do not have letter r in their spellings. The English triphthong / aIə / or / aIr / is regarded as the long sound of letters iro, io, uie, iar, and ire. This triphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

The following words contain triphthong / aIə / or / aIr /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. As a matter

142 of fact the / r / sound in this triphthong is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. Graphemes British American iron / 'aIən / / 'aIrn / liar / 'laIə / / 'laIr / lion / 'laIən / / 'laIən / quiet / 'kwaIət / / 'kwaIət / wire / 'waIə / / 'waIr /

Initial Position British American iron / 'aIən / / 'aIrn / ironstone / 'aIənstəυn / / 'aIrnston / ironwork / 'aIənwɜ:k / / 'aIrnwɜk / iodide / 'aIədaId / / 'aIədaId / iodine / 'aIədi:n / / 'aIədin / ion / 'aIən / / 'aIən /

143 ionize / 'aIənaIz / / 'aIənaIz / ionizer / 'aIənaIzə / / 'aIənaIzər /

Medial Position British American bias / 'baIəs / / 'baIəs / client / 'klaIənt / / 'klaIənt / dial / 'daIəl / / 'daIəl / diabetes / ˌdaIə'bi:ti:z / / ˌdaIə'bitiz / diabetic /ˌdaIə'betIk / /ˌdaIə'bєtIk / diet / 'daIət / / 'daIət / lion / 'laIən / / 'laIən / quiet / 'kwaIət / / 'kwaIət / required / rI'kwaIəd / / rI'kwaIrd / retired / rI'taIəd / / rI'taIrd / riot / 'raIət / / 'raIət / trial / 'traIəl / / 'traIəl /

Final Position British American

144 admire / əd'maIə / / əd'maIr / buyer / 'baIə / / 'baIr / biological / baIə'lɒʤIkl / / baIə'lɒʤIkl / desire / dI'zaIə / / dI'zaIr / drier / 'draIə / / 'draIr / fire / 'faIə / / 'faIr / friar / 'fraIə / / 'fraIr / fryer / 'fraIə / / 'fraIr / higher / 'haIə / / 'haIr/ inspire / In'spaIə / / In'spaIr / liar / 'laIə / / 'laIr / mire / 'maIə / / 'maIr / retire / rI'taIə / / rI'taIr / require / rI'kwaIə / / rI'kwaIr / wire / 'waIə / / 'waIr /

3.3. The English Triphthong / ɔIə /

145 The British English triphthong / ɔIə / is formed by a successive combination of the English diphthong / ɔI / and the

English schwa / ə / in a syllable, which is uttered in the same tone unit. In other words, it starts at about the diphthong / ɔI / and moves in the direction of the English schwa / ə /. The

British English triphthong / ɔIə / is pronounced / ɔIr / in American English. The / r / sound in the American triphthong /

ɔIr / is pronounced as a retroflexed / ə / that is formed by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little bit backwards while pronouncing / ə / sound, but the schwa / ə /, in American

English, is not retroflexed when the / ɔI / is not followed by letter r in their spellings. The English triphthong / ɔIə / or / ɔIr / is regarded as the long sound of letters oya, and oyer.

The following words contain triphthong / ɔIə / or / ɔIr /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. As a matter of fact the / r / sound in this triphthong is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. This triphthong simply occurs in medial and final position. Listen carefully and manage your

146 vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American loyal / 'lɔIəl / / 'lɔIəl / destroyer / dI'strɔIə / / dI'strɔIr /

Medial Position British American annoyance / ə'nɔIəns / / ə'nɔIəns / joyous / 'ʤɔIəs / / 'ʤɔIəs / loyal / 'lɔIəl / / 'lɔIəl / loyalist / 'lɔIəlIst / / 'lɔIəlIst / loyalty / 'lɔIəltI / / 'lɔIəltI /

Final Position British American destroyer / dI'strɔIə / / dI'strɔIr / employer / Im'plɔIə / / Im'plɔIr / foyer / 'fɔIeI / / 'fɔIr / soya / 'sɔIə / / 'sɔIə /

147 3.4. The English Triphthong / aυə /

The British English triphthong / aυə / is formed by a successive production of the English diphthong / aυ / and the

English schwa / ə /. In other words, it starts at about the diphthong / aυ / and moves in the direction of the English schwa / ə /. The British English triphthong / aυə / is pronounced / aυr / in American English. The / r / sound in the

American triphthong / aυr / is pronounced as a retroflexed / ə / that is formed by curling the tip of the tongue upwards or a little bit backwards while pronouncing / ə / sound, but the schwa / ə /, in American English, is not retroflexed when the diphthong / aυ / is not followed by letter r in their spellings.

The English triphthong / aυə / or / aυr / is regarded as the long sound of letters owe, ower, and our. This triphthong occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

148 The following words contain triphthong / aυə / or / aυr /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. As a matter of fact the / r / sound in this triphthong is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American bowel / 'baυəl / / 'baυəl / flower / 'flaυə / / 'flaυr / hour / 'aυə / / 'aυr /

Initial Position British American hours / 'aυəz / / 'aυrz / hourly / 'aυəlI / / 'aυrlI / hour glass / 'aυəցlɑ:s / / 'aυrցlæs / ours / 'aυəz / / 'aυrz /

Medial Position British American bowel / 'baυəl / / 'baυəl / coward / 'kaυəd / / 'kaυrd / flowery / 'flaυərI / / 'flaυrI /

149 flowers / 'flaυəz / / 'flaυrz / towers / 'taυəz / / 'taυrz / vowel / 'vaυəl / / 'vaυəl / Final Position British American bower / 'baυə / / 'baυr / cower / 'kaυə / / 'kaυr / flower / 'flaυə / / 'flaυr / power / 'paυə / / 'paυr / shower / '∫aυə / / '∫aυr / sour / 'saυə / / 'saυr / tower / 'taυə / / 'taυr /

3.5. The English Triphthong / əυə /

The British English triphthong / əυə / is formed by a successive production of the English diphthong / əυ / and the English schwa / ə /. In other words, it starts at about the diphthong / əυ / and moves in the direction of the English schwa / ə /. The British English triphthong / əυə / is pronounced / or / in American English. This triphthong occurs in initial, medial and final position. The English triphthong /

150 əυə / or / or / is regarded as the long sound of letters ower. This triphthong simply occurs in medial and final position. The following words contain triphthong / əυə / or / or /, and they are pronounced aproximately in the same way both in General British and American English. As a matter of fact the / r / sound in this triphthong is rarely pronounced in British English, but it is commonly pronounced in American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American lower / 'ləυə / / 'lor /

Medial Position British American blowers / 'bləυəz / / 'blorz / borrowers / 'bɒrəυəz / / 'bɒrorz / followers / 'fɒləυəz / / 'fɑlorz / growers / 'ցrəυəz / / 'ցrorz /

Final Position British American blower / 'bləυə / / 'blor / borrower / 'bɒrəυə / / 'bɒror /

151 follower / 'fɒləυə / / 'fɒlor / grower / 'ցrəυə / / 'ցror / lower / 'ləυə / / 'loər / widower / 'wIdəυə / / 'wIdor /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain triphthongs / eIə /, / aIə /, / ɔIə /, / aυə /, and / oυə /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The sour flour is not ours.

/ ðə 'saυə 'flaυər Iz nɒt ‛aυəz / 2. The flower on the tower is ours.

/ ðə 'flaυər ɒn ðə 'taυər Iz ‛aυəz / 3. The trial has tried to fire the big liar.

/ ðə 'traIəl əz 'traId tə 'faIə ðə 'bIց ‛laIə / 4. The liar was afraid to attend the trial.

/ ðə 'laIə wəz ə'freId tυ ə'tend ðə ‛traIəl / 5. The flower is grown in the lower layer.

/ ðə 'flaυər Iz 'ցrəυn In ðə 'ləυə ‛leIə /

152 6. The retired lawyer really admire the trial.

/ ðə rI'taIəd 'lɔ:jə 'rIəlI əd'maIə ðə ‛traIəl / 7. The loyal lawyer has dialed his client quietly.

/ ðə 'lɔIəl 'lɔ:jər əz 'daIəld hIz 'klaIənt ‛kwaIətlI / 8. The tower has been out of power for five hours.

/ ðə 'taυər əz bIn 'aυt əv 'paυə fə 'faIv ‛aυəz / 9. The morning prayer was attended by all players.

/ ðə 'mɔ:nIŋ 'preIə wəz ə'tendId baI 'ɔ:l ‛pleIəz / 10. The fire is resulted from the burning electic wire.

/ ðə 'faIə Iz 'rIzʌltId frəm ðə 'bɜ:nIŋ I'lektrIk ‛waIə / 11. The liar is going to be accused in the trial next week.

/ ðə 'laIər Iz 'ցrəυIŋ tυ ə'kjυzd In ðə traIəl 'nekst ‛wi:k / 12. The widower’s land is getting narower and narrower. / ðə 'wIdəυəz 'lænd Iz 'ցetIŋ 'nærəυər ənd ‛ nærəυə / 13. A diabetic diet is surely required by the retired friar.

/ ə 'daIəbetIk daIət Iz '∫υəlI rI'kwaIəd baI ðə rI'taIəd ‛fraIə / 14. Less effort is required to pronounce the higher vowels.

/ 'les 'efət Iz rI'kwaIəd tə prə'naυns ðə 'haIə ‛vaυəlz / 15. The liar has dialed the phone number of the retired friar.

/ ðə 'laIər əz 'daIəld ðə 'fəυn 'nʌmbər əv ðə rI'taIəd ‛fraIə /

153 16. The flower under the tower is poured with the sour flour.

/ ðə 'flaυər 'ʌndə ðə 'taυər Iz 'pɔ:d wIð ðə 'saυə ‛ flaυə / 17. The retired lawyer is inspired to acquire the new technology.

/ ðə rI'taIəd 'lɔ:jər Iz In'spaIəd tə ə'kwaIə ðə nju: tek‛nɒləʤI / 18. The surveyor was interested in the soil layers near the bower.

/ ðə sə'veIə wəz 'IntrestId In ðə 'sɔIl 'leIəz 'nIə ðə ‛baυə / 19. A higher voltage wireless radio is really required in the tower.

/ ə 'haIə 'vəυltIʤ 'waIələs 'reIdIəυ Iz rI'kwaIəd In ðə ‛taυə / 20. The upper soil layer is required by most of the flower growers.

/ ðI 'ʌpə 'sɔIl 'leIər Iz rI'kwaIəd baI 'məυst əv ðə 'flaυə ‛ցrəυəz /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing triphthongs / eIə /, / aIə /, / ɔIə /, / əυə /, or / aυə /. Listen carefully how the words are pronounced, and manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so as to pronounce each word correctly. ayah / 'aIə / - hour / 'aυə / bayer / 'baIə / - bower / 'baυə / drier / 'draIə / - drower / 'draυə / dial / 'daIəl / - dowel / 'daυəl /

154 flyer / 'flaIə / - flower / 'flaυə / sire / 'saIə / - sour / 'saυə / tire / 'taIə / - tower / 'taυə / trial / 'traIəl / - trowel / 'traυəl / fire / 'faIə / - foyer / 'fɔIə / liar / 'laIə / - lower / 'ləυə / mire / 'maIə / - mower / 'məυə / soya / 'sɔIə / - sower / 'səυə / grayer / 'ցreIə / - grower / 'ցrəυə / payer / 'peIə / - power / 'paυə /

Pay a close attention to the pronunciation of each of the following words, and find out whether it contains triphthong / eIə /, / aIə /, / ɔIə /, / əυə /, or / aυə /. Encirle a if it contains diphthong / eIə /, b if it contains triphthong / aIə /, c if it contains triphthong / ɔIə /, d if it contains triphthong / əυə /, and e if it contains triphthong / aυə /.

1. buyer / 'b... / a b c d e 11. bowl / 'b...l / a b c d e 2. hour / 'h… / a b c d e 12. borrower / 'bɒr. / a b c d e

155 3. hire / 'h… / a b c d e 13. loyal / 'l…l / a b c d e 4. liar / 'l... / a b c d e 14. rower / 'r… / a b c d e 5. lower / 'l… / a b c d e 15. power / 'p… / a b c d e 6. soya / 's… / a b c d e 16. player / 'pl… / a b c d e 7. mower / 'm…/ a b c d e 17. sour / 's… / a b c d e 8. wire / 'w…/ a b c d e 18. layer / 'l… / a b c d e 9. stayer / 'st…/ a b c d e 19. lion / 'l…n / a b c d e 10. ion / '...n / a b c d e 20. prayer / 'pr… / a b c d e

4. THE ENGLISH CONSONANTS

Based on the articulatory phonetics, a consonant is regarded as a typical speech sound that is articulated either with complete or partial closure of the air stream in the mouth cavity by means of certain speech organs. As a matter of fact, the number of English consonants is more than the number of consonant letters of the Latin alphabes. The features of consonants can be determined by three main aspects, they are:

156 a. Place of Articulation Place or point of the articulation deals with the speech organs involved in the production of the consonants. Based on this category, the consonants can be classified into bilabial (articulated by the lower and the upper lips), labiodental (articulated by the lower lip and the upper teeth), dental (articulated by the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth), alveolar (articulated by the tip of the tongue and the teeth ridge), post alveolar (articulated by the tip of the tongue and the back part of the teeth ridge), palato alveolar (articulated by the blade of the tongue and the teeth ridge), palatal (articulated by the front of the tongue and the hard palate), velar (articulated by the back of the tongue and the soft palate), and glottal (articulated in the glottis). b. Manner of the Articulation Manner of the articulation deals with the way how the speech organs are moved in the production of the consonants. Based on the movement of the speech organs or how the air stream is blocked by the speech organs, the consonants can be classified into: plosive (the air stream is completely blocked and suddenly released and produces a plosion), affricate (the airstream is completely blocked and slowly released, and produces a hissing sound), nasal (the air stream in the mouth cavity is completely blocked and released through the nose), lateral (the airstream is released through either or both sides of the tongue), fricative (the airstream is released through a narrow passage formed by the articulators and produced a hissing sound), and semi

157 vowel (the speech organs are moved or glided from a weakly articulated vowel position to the other position). c. Vibration of the Vocal Cords The vocal cords may be held wide apart or closed completely. Besides, they may be held loosely together so that they vibrate when the air passes between them. During the production of the consonants, there might be more or less vibration of the vocal cords. When a stronger vibration is made during its production, the consonant is then classified as a voiced consonant, but if the vocal cords make less vibration, the sound produced is classified as voiceless consonant. When the vocal cords are tightly closed so that no air can escape at all, and they are then suddenly opened, a glottal stop [?] will be heard. The quality of the English consonants may also be changed by a simultaneous narrowing at the pharyngeal cavity (pharyngealisation), or by changing the position of the tongue tip towards the hard palate (palatalisation). Based on the airstream mechanism, the English consonants are all pronounced egressively, i.e., the air is compressed out through the mouth or nasal cavity. The small letters of some of the Latin alphabets are used to denote the English consonants. There are 24 consonants in English, and they are all transcribed by means of the International Phonetic Alphabets, i.e., the phonetic symbols used to show the pronunciation of words in any language. Based on the above determinants, the English consonants can be drawn as in the following chart. The lables used in the classification

158 of the consonants are based on the place (point) of the articulation, manner of articulation, and the vibration of the vocal cords.

Place (point) of B L D A P P P V G Articulation i a e l o a a e l l b n v s l l l o a i t e t a a a t b o a o a t t r t i d l l l o a a a e a v a l l l n r e l t o v a l e Manner l a o of r l Articulation a r Plosive vl p t k ? vd b d ց Affricate vl ʧ vd ʤ Nasal vl vd m n ŋ Lateral vl vd l Fricative vl f θ s ∫ h vd v ð z r ӡ Semi vl Vowel vd w j

The English Consonant Chart

159 4.1. The English Consonant / p / The English / p / sound is defined as a voiceless bilabial plosive consonant. This consonant is articulated by the upper lip and lower lip. This is the way how the sound is produced--the air stream is completely blocked by the the upper lip and the lower lip; the two lips are then suddenly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth. The escaping air produces an explosive sound, and the vocal cords are not made to vibrate during the production of this sound. The English / p / sound is aspirated when it occurs initially and followed by a stressed vowel. The aspiration is a noticeable puff of breath like [h] sound that is produced after the explosion of the consonant / p / and before the vowel, e.g. car / kʰɑ:(r) /. The aspiration is less strong when it is preceded by s sound or followed by a short or unstressed vowel, e.g. spider / spaIdə /; picked / pIkt /; upper / 'ʌpə /. The aspiration is also less strong when it occurs in medial or final position, and it is not necessary to indicate the aspiration in its practical phonetic transcription since that sound is regarded as the submember of the same phoneme (Jones, 1979:138). This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes p, pp, and gh.

160 The following words contain consonant / p /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Remember that the / p / sound is aspirated when it occurs in initial position and followed by stressed vowel. The aspiraton is less strong when it occurs in medial or final position; the plosion during the production of / p / in final position is even very weak and often not audible. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American pie / 'paI / / 'paI / happy / 'hæpI / / 'hæpI / hiccough / 'hIkʌp / / 'hIkʌp /

Initial Position British American pace / 'peIs / / 'pes / pack / 'pæk / / 'pæk / page / 'peIʤ / / 'peʤ / paid / 'peId / / 'ped / pain / 'peIn / / 'pen /

161 paint / 'peInt / / 'pent / pair / 'peə / / 'pɛr / pale / 'peIl / / 'pel / palm / 'pɑ:m / / 'pɑm / paper / 'peIpə / / 'pepər / parent / 'peərənt / / 'pɛrənt / park / 'pɑ:k / / 'pɑrk /

Medial Position British American space / 'speIs / / 'spes / spade / 'speId / / 'sped / spare / 'speər / / 'spɛr / speak / 'spi:k / / 'spik / special / 'spe∫l / / 'spɛ∫l / speech / 'spi:ʧ / / 'spiʧ / speed / 'spi:d / / 'spid / spell / 'spel / / 'spɛl / spend / 'spend / / 'spɛnd / spider / 'spaIdə / / 'spaIdər / spin / 'spIn / / 'spIn /

162 spirit / 'spIrIt / / 'spIrIt / spoil / 'spɔIl / / 'spɔIl / spoon / 'pu:n / / 'spun / sport / 'spɔ:t / / 'spɔrt / spot / 'spɒt / / 'spɑt / spread / 'spred / / 'sprɛd / spring / 'sprIŋ / / 'sprIŋ / square / 'skweə / / 'skwɛr / staple / 'steIpl / / 'stepl / staff / 'stɑ:f / / 'stæf /

Final Position British American chop / 'ʧɒp / / 'ʧɑp / clap / 'klæp / / 'klæp / clasp / 'klɑ:sp / / 'klæsp / cop / 'kɒp / / 'kɑp / cope / 'kəυp / / 'kop / crop / 'krɒp / / 'krɑp / deep / 'di:p / / 'dip / dip / 'dIp / / 'dIp /

163 drop / 'krɒp / / 'krɑp / envelope / 'envələυp / / 'ɛnvəlop / grasp / 'ցrɑ:sp / / 'ցræsp / grip / 'ցrIp / / 'ցrIp / gulp / 'ցʌlp / / 'ցʌlp / help / 'help / / 'hɛlp / hope / 'həυp / / 'hop / jeep / 'ʤIp / / 'ʤIp / keep / 'ki:p / / 'kip / leap / 'li:p / / 'lip / lip / 'lIp / / 'lIp / pipe / 'paIp / / 'paIp / rape / 'reIp / / 'rep /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / p /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way to pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

164 1. The pie is put in the frying pan.

/ ðə 'paI Iz 'pυt In ðə 'fraIIŋ ‛ pæn / 2. The cop put his pistol in his pocket.

/ ðə 'kɒp 'pυt Iz 'pIstl In Iz ‛pɒkIt / 3. Playing football is the top sport of all.

/ 'pleIIŋ 'fυtbɔ:l Iz ðə 'tɒp 'spɔ:t əv ‛ɔ:l / 4. A pasport is prepared for each player.

/ ə 'pɑ:spɔ:t Iz 'prIpeəd fər 'i:ʧ ‛pleIə(r) / 5. Palm tress are planted around the park.

/ 'pɑ:m 'tri:z ɑ: 'plɑ:ntId ə'raυnd ðə ‛pɑ:k / 6. The postcard I purchased has been posted.

/ ðə 'pəυstkɑ:d aI 'pɜ:ʧəst əz bIn ‛pəυstId / 7. The price of the pink paper is five pounds.

/ ðə 'praIs əv ðə 'pInk 'peIpər Iz 'faIv ‛paυndz / 8. A plain plastic pipe is prepared in the park.

/ ə 'pleIn 'plæstIk 'paIp Iz prI'peəd In ðə ‛pɑ:k / 9. The pope spoke on behalf of the preachers.

/ ðə 'pəυp 'spəυk ɒn bI'hɑ:f əv ðə ‛pri:ʧərz / 10. The people in the country sleep peacefully.

/ ðə 'pi:pl In ðə 'kʌntrI 'sli:p ‛pi:sfəlI /

165 11. He put a piece of paper on the plastic table.

/ hI 'pυt ə 'pi:s əv 'peIpər ɒn ðə 'plæstIk ‛teIbl / 12. The ripe fine apple is kept in the refrigerator.

/ ðə 'raIp 'faIn 'æpl Iz 'kept In ðə rI‛frIʤəreItə(r) / 13. The people have lost their patience with the politics.

/ ðə 'pi:pl həv 'lɒst ðeə 'peI∫ns wIð ðə ‛pɒlItIks / 14. Price is the priority before purchasing a product.

/ 'praIs Iz ðə praI'ɒrətI bI'fɔ: 'pɜ:ʧəsIŋ ə ‛prɒdʌkt / 15. The pattern of the fotball players is well prepared.

/ ðə 'pætn əv ðə 'fυtbɔ:l 'pleIər Iz 'wel ‛prIpeəd / 16. The person is suffering from a post power syndrome.

/ ðə 'pɜ:sn Iz 'sʌfərIŋ frəm ə 'pəυst 'paυə ‛sIndrəυm / 17. Several people were passing but nobody offered to help.

/ 'sevrəl 'pi:pl weə 'pɑ:sIŋ bət 'nəυbədI 'əυfəd tə ‛help / 18. The point of the lesson is to compare the two procedures.

/ ðə 'pɔInt əv ðə lesn Iz tə kəm'peə ðə 'tu: prə‛si:ʤəz / 19. The preachers have been prepared for the passover festival.

/ ðə 'pri:ʧəz əv bIn 'prIpeəd fə ðə 'pɑ:səυvə ‛festIvl / 20. The party is particularly prepared to enhance the partnership.

/ ðə 'pɑ:tI Iz pə'tIkjələlI prI'peəd tə In'hɑ:ns ðə ‛pɑ:tnə∫Ip /

166 4.2. The English Consonant / b / The English / b / sound is defined as a voiced bilabial plosive consonant. This consonant is articulated by the upper lip and the lower lip. This sound is produced by blocking the air stream compressed from the lungs by means of the upper lip and the lower lip; the two lips are then suddenly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth. The escaping air produces no explosive sound, and the vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This sound is not aspirated in English, and it is regarded as the representation of graphemes b, and bb. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / b /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Remember that the / b / sound is not aspirated. The plosion during the production of / b / in final position is even very weak and often not audible. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American

167 buy / 'baI / / 'baI / lobby / 'lɒbI / / 'lɑbI /

Initial Position British American base / 'beIs / / 'bes / back / 'bæk / / 'bæk / bark / 'bɑ:k / / 'bɑrk / bath / 'bɑ:θ / / 'bæθ / bed / 'bed / / 'bɛd / beg / 'beց / / 'bɛց / belt / 'belt / / 'bɛlt / bench / 'benʧ / / 'bɛnʧ / bend / 'bend / / 'bɛnd / bid / 'bId / / 'bId / big / 'bIց / / 'bIց / body / 'bɒdI / / 'bɑdI / boil / 'bɔIl / / 'bɔIl / bold / 'bəυld / / 'bold / bone / 'bəυn / / 'bon / bound / 'baυnd / / 'baυnd /

168 bowl / 'bəυl / / 'bol / brain / 'breIn / / 'bren / brand / 'brænd / / 'brænd / bread / 'bred / / 'brɛd / break / 'breIk / / 'brek /

Medial Position British American ability / ə'bIlətI / / ə'bIlətI / about / ə'baυt / / ə'baυt / above / ə'bʌv / / ə'bʌv / abroad / ə'brɔ:d / / ə'brɔd / absent / æb'sənt / / æb'sənt / absorb / əb'sɔ:b / / əb'sɔrb / absolute / 'æbsəlu:t / / 'æbsəlut / abstract / æb'strækt / / æb'strækt / bible / 'baIbl / / 'baIbl / cabin / 'kæbIn / / 'kæbIn / carbon / 'kɑ:bən / / 'kɑrbən / debate / dI'beIt / / dI'bet / fiber / 'faIbə / / 'faIbər /

169 gambling / 'ցæmblIŋ / / 'ցæmblIŋ / global / 'ցləυbl / / 'ցlobl / habit / 'hæbIt / / 'hæbIt / labour / 'leIbə / / 'lebər / mobile / 'məυbaIl / / 'mobaIl / rabbit / 'ræbIt / / 'ræbIt / stable / 'steIbl / / 'stebl / table / 'teIbl / / 'tebl /

Final Position British American babe / 'beIb / / 'beb / bribe / 'braIb / / 'braIb / bulb / 'bʌlb / / 'bʌlb / club / 'klʌb / / 'klʌb / crab / 'kræb / / 'kræb / curb / 'kɜ:b / / 'kɜrb / dab / 'dæb / / 'dæb / describe / dI'skraIb / / dI'skraIb / grab / 'ցræb / / 'ցræb /

170 globe / 'ցləυb / / 'ցlob / job / 'ʤɒb / / 'ʤɑb / lab / 'læb / / 'læb / mob / 'mɒb / / 'mɑb / probe / 'prəυb / / 'prob / rib / 'rIb / / 'rIb / rob / 'rɒb / / 'rɑb / slab / 'slæb / / 'slæb / tab / 'tæb / / 'tæb / tribe / 'traIb / / 'traIb / web / 'web / / 'wɛb /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / b /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The bar is built by the bay.

171 / ðə 'bɑ:r Iz 'bIlt baI ðə ‛beI / 2. The big basket is full of bulbs.

/ ðə 'bIց 'bɑ:skIt Iz 'fυl əv ‛bʌlbz / 3. The big black boy is the boss in the bar.

/ ðə 'bIց 'blæk 'bɔI z ðə 'bɒs In ðə ‛bɑ:(r) / 4. They built a cabin behind the bus station.

/ ðeI 'bIlt ə 'kæbIn bI'haInd ðə 'bʌs ‛steI∫n / 5. We bought a bucket of lobsters and crabs.

/ wI 'bɔ:t ə 'bʌkIt əv 'lɒbstəz ənd ‛kræbz / 6. The boy was born in Brisbane in February.

/ ðə 'bɔI wəz 'bɔ:n In 'brIsbən In ‛febrυərI / 7. His brother bought him a black leather belt.

/ hIz 'brʌðə 'bɔ:t Im ə 'blæk 'leðə ‛belt / 8. The farmers grow sweet beed by the beach.

/ ðə 'fɑ:məz 'ցrəυ 'swi:t 'bi:d baI ðə ‛bi:ʧ / 9. Ben bought a blue book from the bookstore.

/ 'ben 'bɔ:t ə 'blu: 'bυk frəm ðə ‛bυkstɔ: / 10. Brisbane is an old busy city built by the bay.

/ 'brIsbən Iz ən 'əυld 'bIzI 'sItI 'bIlt baI ðə ‛beI / 11. The big black dog is barking behind the barn.

172 / ðə 'bIց 'blæk 'dɒց Iz 'bɑ:kIŋ bI'haInd ðə ‛bɑ:n / 12. The bar was built before Ben bought the house.

/ ðə 'bɑ: wəz 'bIlt bI'fɔ: 'ben 'bɔ:t ðə ‛haυs / 13. The bottle was put in the cabin behind the barn.

/ ðə 'bɒtl wəz 'pυt In ðə 'kæbIn bI'haInd ðə ‛bɑ:n / 14. The beggar brought a big black bag on his back.

/ ðə 'beցə 'brɔ:t ə 'bIց 'blæk 'bæց ɒn Iz ‛bæk / 15. The ribs and the back bone of the boy are broken.

/ ðə 'rIbz ənd ðə 'bæk 'bəυn əv ðə 'bɔI ɑ: ‛brəυkn / 16. The big blue basket was full of empty beer bottles.

/ ðə 'bIց 'blu: 'bɑ:skıt wəz 'fυl əv 'emptI 'bIə ‛bɒtlz / 17. The bold man sat at the bench and ate a piece of bread.

/ ðə 'bəυld 'mæn 'sæt ət ðə 'benʧ ənd 'eIt ə 'pi:s əv ‛bred / 18. The bride is waiting for the bridegroom in the basement.

/ ðə 'braId Iz 'weItIŋ fə ðə 'braItցru:m In ðə ‛beIsmənt / 19. The big black bad boy’s begging for a basket of black berries / ðə 'bIց 'blæk 'bæd 'bɔIz 'beցIŋ fər ə 'bɑ:skIt əv ‛blækberIz / 20. The bachelor bought a bottle of beer and carried into the bar.

/ ðə 'beʧələ 'bɔ:t ə 'bɒtl əv 'bıə ənd 'kærId Intə ðə ‛bɑ: /

173 Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / p / and / b /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English. ample / 'æmpl / - amble / 'æmbl / crumple / 'krʌmpl / - crumble / 'krʌmbl / pace / 'peIs / - base / 'beIs / park / 'pɑ:k / - bark / 'pɑrk / peach / 'pi:ʧ / - beach / 'bi:ʧ / pie / 'paI / - buy / 'baI / plank / 'plæŋk / - blank / 'blæŋk / poor / 'pυə / - boor / 'pυər / pride / 'praId / - bride / 'braId / staple / 'steIpl / - stable / 'stebl / rope / 'rəυp / - robe / 'rəυb / tripe / 'traIp / - tribe / 'traIb /

4.3. The English Consonant / t / The English / t / sound is defined as a voiceless alveolar plosive consonant. This consonant is articulated by the tongue tip against the teeth ridge. This is the way how the sound is

174 produced--the air stream is completely blocked by the tongue tip and the teeth ridge; the blockage is then suddenly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth. The escaping air produces an explosive sound, and the vocal cords are not made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This sound is aspirated when it occurs initially and followed by a stressed vowel. The aspiration is a noticeable puff of breath like [h] sound that is produced after the explosion of the consonant / t / and before the vowel, e.g. time / tʰaIm /. The aspiration is less strong when it is preceded by s sound or followed by a short or unstressed vowel, e.g. stop / stɒp /; tip / tIp /; utter / 'ʌtə /. The aspiration is also less strong when it occurs in medial or final position, and it is not necessary to indicate the aspiration in its practical phonetic transcription since that sound is regarded as the submember of the same phoneme. The plosion during the production of / t / in final position is even very weak and often not audible (Jones, 1979:141). This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of

175 graphemes t and tt. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / t /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Remember that the / t / sound is aspirated when it occurs in initial position and followed by a stressed vowel; the plosion during the production of / t / in final position is even very weak and often not audible. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American tie / 'taI / / 'taI / better / 'betə / / 'bɛtər /

Initial Position British American table / 'teIbl / / 'tebl / tablet / 'tæblət / / 'tæblət / tabulate / 'tæbjυleIt / / 'tæbjυlet / talk / 'tɔ:k / / 'tɔk / tall / 'tɔ:l / / 'tɔl / take / 'teIk / / 'tek /

176 talent / 'tælənt / / 'tælənt / tanks / 'tæŋks / / 'tæŋks / tape / 'teIp / / 'tep / task / 'tɑ:sk / / 'tæsk / taste / 'teIst / / 'test / tasty / 'teIstI / / 'testI / taught / 'tɔ:t / / 'tɔt / tea / 'ti: / / 'ti / teach / 'ti:ʧ / / 'tiʧ / team / 'ti:m / / 'tim / teas / 'ti:z / / 'tiz / tell / 'tel / / 'tɛl / ten / 'ten / / 'tɛn / tend / 'tend / / 'tɛnd / test / 'test / / 'tɛst / text / 'tekst / / 'tɛkst / ticket / 'tIkIt / / 'tIkIt / tiny / 'taInI / / 'taInI / tip / 'tIp / / 'tIp / toast / 'təυst / / 'tost /

177 took / 'tυk / / 'tυk / top / 'tɒp / / 'tɑp / toy / 'tɔI / / 'tɔI / type / 'taIp / / 'taIp / track / 'træk / / 'træk / trap / 'træp / / 'træp / trip / 'trIp / / 'trIp / truck / 'trʌk / / 'trʌk / true / 'tru: / / 'tru /

Medial Position British American stable / 'steIbl / / 'stebl / standard / 'stændəd / / 'stændəd / staple / 'steIpl / / 'stepl / start / 'stɑ:t / / 'stɑrt / steak / 'steIk / / 'stek / step / 'step / / 'stɛp / stick / 'stIk / / 'stIk / stiff / 'stIf / / 'stIf /

178 stop / 'stɒp / / 'stɑp / strech / 'streʧ / / 'strɛʧ / straight / 'streIt / / 'stret / string / 'strIŋ / / 'strIŋ / strong / 'strɒŋ / / 'strɔŋ / better / 'betə / / 'bɛtər / cutter / 'kʌtə / / 'kʌtər / daughter / 'dɔ:tə / / 'dɔtər / heater / 'hi:tə / / 'hitər / later / 'leItə / / 'letər / letter / 'letə / / 'lɛtər / lettuce / 'letIs / / 'lɛtIs / matter / 'mætə / / 'mætər /

Final Position British American eat / 'i:t / / 'it / bet / 'bet / / 'bɛt / beat / 'bi:t / / 'bit / boat / 'bəυt / / 'bot / boot / 'bu:t / / 'but /

179 coat / 'kəυt / / 'kot / coast / 'kəυst / / 'kost / credit / 'kredIt / / 'krɛdIt / debt / 'det / / 'dɛt / fat / 'fæt / / 'fæt / feet / 'fi:t / / 'fit / foot / 'fυt / / 'fυt / get / 'ցet / / 'ցɛt / great / 'ցreIt / / 'ցret / guest / 'ցest / / 'ցɛst / hat / 'hæt / / 'hæt / heat / 'hi:t / / 'hit / hot / 'hɒt / / 'hɑt / jot / 'ʤɒt / / 'ʤɑt / knit / 'nIt / / 'nIt / knot / 'nɒt / / 'nɑt / light / 'laIt / / 'laIt /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / t /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out

180 how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Put this tool at the table.

/ 'pυt ðə 'tu:l ət ðə ‛teIbl / 2. Two times ten is twenty.

/ 'tu: 'taImz 'ten Iz ‛twentI / 3. Can’t you help me tie my tie? / 'kɑ:nt jυ 'help mI 'taI maI ‛taI / 4. The cat has caught the fat rat. / ðə 'kæt əz 'kɔ:t ðə 'fæt ‛ræt / 5. Take the tablet two times a day.

/ 'teık ðə 'tæblət 'tu: 'taImz ə ‛deI / 6. The textbook is put on the table.

/ ðə 'teksbυk Iz 'pυt ɒn ðə ‛teIbl / 7. The roast meat is too tough to eat.

/ ðə 'rəυst 'mi:t Iz 'tu: 'tʌf tə ‛i:t / 8. Tom will take a trip to Tokyo tomorrow.

/ 'tɒm wIl 'teIk ə 'trIp tə 'tɒkjɒ tə‛mɒrəυ /

181 9. The two travellers are trapped in the forest.

/ ðə 'tu: 'trevələz ɑ: 'træpt In ðə ‛fɒrIst / 10. Toronto is a crowded city in the United States.

/ 'tɒrɒntəυ Iz 'kraυdId 'sItI In ðə ‛jυnaItId steIts / 11. Two tenths of the total population are tenants.

/ 'tu: 'tenθs əv ðə 'təυtl 'pɒpjυleI∫n ɑ: ‛tænənts / 12. Two tug boats are trying to pull the tanker ashore.

/ 'tu: 'tʌց 'bəυts ɑ: 'traIIŋ tə 'pυl ðə 'tæŋkər ə‛∫ɔ:(r) / 13. Two way ticket is usually asked by most travellers.

/ 'tu: 'weI 'tIkIt Iz 'ju:ӡυəlI 'ɑ:skt baI 'məυst ‛træveləz / 14. The teacher always tries his best to teach his students.

/ ðə 'ti:ʧər 'ɔ:lweIz 'traIz Iz 'best tə 'ti:ʧ Iz ‛stju:dnts / 15. Tutorial is a fruitful strategy to get the teaching target.

/ tju:'tɔ:rIəl Iz ə 'fru:tfl 'strætəʤI tə 'ցet ðə 'ti:ʧIŋ ‛tɑ:ցIt / 16. Two top stories are broadcasted in the local TV station.

/ 'tu: 'tɒp 'stɔ:rIz ɑ: 'brɔ:dkɑ:stId In ðə 'ləυkl ˌti: 'vi: ‛steI∫n / 17. An interesting teaching technique will give a good result.

/ ən 'IntrəstIŋ 'ti:ʧIŋ tek'ni:k 'wIl 'ցIv ə 'ցυd rI‛zʌlt /

182 18. Most of the university students are interested in travelling.

/ 'məυst əv ðə ˌju:nI'vɜ:sətI 'stju:dnts ɑ:r 'IntrəstId In ‛trævlIŋ / 19. The football supporters are trying to attack their opponents.

/ ðə 'fυtbɔ:l sə'pɔ:təz ɑ: 'traIIŋ tə ə'tæk ðeər ə‛pəυnənts / 20. Practicing the tongue twisters ten times is not yet enough.

/ 'præktIsIŋ ðə 'tʌŋ 'twIstəz 'ten 'taImz Iz 'nɒt I‛nʌf /

4.4. The English Consonant / d / The English / d / sound is defined as a voiced alveolar plosive consonant. This consonant is articulated by the tongue tip and the teeth ridge. This sound is produced by blocking the air stream compressed from the lungs by means of the tongue tip and the teeth ridge; the blockage is then suddenly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth. The escaping air produces no explosive sound, and the vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This sound is not aspirated in English, and it is regarded as the representation of graphemes d, and dd. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

183 The following words contain consonant / d /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Remember that the / d / sound is not aspirated. The plosion during the production of / d / in final position is even very weak and often not audible. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American day / 'deI / / 'de / add / 'æd / / 'æd /

Initial Position British American date / 'deIt / / 'det / daily / 'deIlI / / 'delI / daddy / 'dædI / / 'dædI / damage / 'dæmIʤ / / 'dæmIʤ / danger / 'deInʤə / / 'denʤər / dark / 'dɑ:k / / 'dɑrk / date / 'deIt / / 'det / daughter / 'dɔ:tə / / 'dɔtər /

184 deaf / 'def / / 'dɛf / deal / 'di:l / / 'dil / decade / 'dekeId / / 'dɛked / decide / dI'saId / / dI'saId / decision / dI'sIӡn / / dI'sIӡn / declare / dI'kleə / / dI'klɛr / decline / dI'klaIn / / dI'klaIn / decorate / 'dekəreId / / 'dɛkəred / decrease / dI'kri:s / / dI'kris / defeat / dI'fi:t / / dI'fit / defend / dI'fend / / dI'fɛnd / define / dI'faIn / / dI'faIn /

Medial Position British American adapt / ə'dæpt / / ə'dæpt / addition / ə'dI∫n / / ə'dI∫n / address / ə'dres / / ə'drɛs / admire / əd'maIə / / əd'maIr / admit / əd'mIt / / əd'mIt /

185 advance / əd'vɑ:ns / / əd'væns / advice / əd'vaIs / / əd'vaIs / cuddle / 'kʌdl / / 'kʌdl / dedicate / 'dedIkeIt / / 'dedIket / deduct / dI'dʌkt / / dI'dʌkt / handy / 'hændI / / 'hændI / holiday / 'hɒlədeI / / 'hɑləde / idea / aI'dIə / / aI'dIə / ideal / aI'dIəl / / aI'dIəl / identify / aI'dentIfaI / / aI'dɛntIfaI / model / 'mɒdl / / 'mɑdl / modern / 'mɒdn / / 'mɑdərn / noodle / 'nu:dl / / 'nudl / ready / 'redI / / 'rɛdI / wedding / 'wedIŋ / / 'wɛdIŋ /

Final Position British American bed / 'bed / / 'bɛd / beed / 'bi:d / / 'bid /

186 breed / 'bri:d / / 'brid / creed / 'kri:d / / 'krid / deed / 'di:d / / 'did / feed / 'fi:d / / 'fid / glide / 'ցlaId / / 'ցlaId / gold / 'ցəυld / / 'ցold / hide / 'haId / / 'haId / hold / 'həυld / / 'hold / lead / 'li:d / / 'lid / load / 'ləυd / / 'lod / mad / 'mæd / / 'mæd / made / 'meId / / 'med / mode / 'məυd / / 'mod / need / 'ni:d / / 'nid / nod / 'nɒd / / 'nɑd / odd / 'ɒd / / 'ɑd / paid / 'peId / / 'ped / read / 'ri:d / / 'rid / seed / 'si:d / / 'sid / wide / 'waId / / 'waId /

187 Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / d /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Nobody denied the decision.

/ 'nəυbədI dI'naId ðə dI‛sIӡn / 2. The debate is held on Wednesday.

/ ðə dI'beIt Iz 'held ɒn ‛wenzdeI / 3. Daddy was invited to the wedding.

/ 'dædI wəz In'vaItId tə ðə ‛wedIŋ / 4. The driver is paid ten dollars a day.

/ ðə 'draIvər Iz 'peId 'ten 'dɒləz ə ‛deI / 5. The old blond lady drives dangerously.

/ ðI 'əυld 'blɒnd 'leIdI 'draIvz ‛deInʤərəslI / 6. The ditch needs to be dug a bit deeper.

/ ðə 'dIʧ 'ni:dz tə bI 'dʌց ə 'bIt ‛dIpə (r) / 7. The price is reduced two dollars today.

/ ðə 'praIz Iz rI'dju:st 'tu: 'dɒləz tə‛deI /

188 8. The data are always apdated every day.

/ ðə 'deItə ɑ:r 'ɔ:lweIz ʌp'deItId 'evrI ‛deI / 9. The old document is kept in the drawer.

/ ðI 'əυld 'dɒkjυmənt Iz 'kept In ðə ‛drɔ: / 10. The doctor visits the patients every day.

/ ðə 'dɒktə 'vIzIt ðə 'peI∫nts 'evrI ‛deI / 11. The dead bodies were burried in the desert.

/ ðə 'ded 'bɒdIz weər 'berId In ðə ‛dezət / 12. Every body is allowed to do a good decision.

/ 'evrI 'bɒdI Iz ə'laυd tə 'dυ ə 'ցυd dI‛sIӡn / 13. The door is not opened during the discussion.

/ ðə 'dɔ:r Iz 'nɒt 'əυpənd 'djυərIŋ ðə dI‛skʌ∫n / 14. The dean didn’t attend the discussion yesterday. / ðə 'di:n 'dIdnt ə'tend ðə dI'skʌ∫n ‛jestədeI / 15. The director is indicated as a dangerous dictator.

/ ðə dI'rektə Iz 'IndIkeItId əz ə 'deInʤərəs dIk‛teItə / 16. The old devices are all avoided by the sky divers.

/ ðI 'əυld dI'vasIz ɑ:r 'ɔ:l ə'vɔIdId baI ðə 'skaI ‛daIvəz / 17. The damaged old document has been recovered today.

/ ðə dæmIʤ 'əυld 'dɒkjυmənt həz bIn rI'kʌvəd tə‛deI /

189 18. The audience denied the decision made by the director.

/ ðI 'ɔ:dIəns dI'naId ðə dI'sIӡn 'meId baI ðə dI‛rektə / 19. The doctor believed that the aids is a dangerous disease.

/ ðə 'dɒktə bI'li:vd ðət ðI 'eIdz Iz ə 'deInʤərəs dI‛si:z / 20. His daughter denied to be the leader in the demonstration.

/ hIz 'dɔ:tə dI'naId tə bI ðə 'li:dər In ðə ˌdemən‛streI∫n /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / t / and / d /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English. tank / 'tæŋk /` - dank / 'dæŋk / tie / 'taI / - die / 'daI / tip / 'tIp / - dip / 'dIp / team / 'ti:m / - deem / 'di:m / tale / 'teıl / - dale / 'deIl / tame / 'teIm / - dame / 'deIm / tear / 'tIə / - dear / 'dIə / tore / 'tɔ: / - door / 'dɔr / torn / 'tɔ:n / - dawn / 'dɔ:n /

190 tour / 'tυə / - doer / 'dυə / town / 'taυn / - down / daυn / tug / 'tʌց / - dug / 'dʌց / train / 'treIn / - drain / 'dreIn / trip / 'trIp / - drip / 'drIp / try / 'traI / - dry / 'draI / metal / 'metl / - medal / 'medl / ate / 'eIt / - aid / 'eId / bit / 'bIt / - bid / 'bId / bitter / 'bItə / - bidder / 'bIdə / latter / 'lætə / - ladder / 'lædə / putting / 'pυtIŋ / - pudding / 'pυdIŋ / traitor / 'treItə / - trader / 'treIdə / whiter / 'waItə / - wider / 'waIdə / writer / 'raItə / - rider / 'raIdə / bright / 'braIt / - bride / 'braId / coat / 'kəυt / - code / 'kəυd / foot / 'fu:t / - food / 'fu:d / hat / 'hæt / - had / 'hæd /

191 height / 'haIt / - hide / 'haId / hit / 'hIt / - hid / 'hId / mat / 'mæt / - mad / 'mæd / right / 'raIt / - ride / 'raId / sat / 'sæt / - sad / 'sæd / seet / 'si:t / - seed / 'si:d / speat / 'spi:t / - speed / 'spi:d / white / 'waIt / - wide / 'waId /

4.5. The English Consonant / k / The English / k / sound is defined as a voiceless velar plosive consonant. This consonant is articulated by the back of the tongue against the fore part of the soft palate. This is the way how the sound is produced--the air stream is completely blocked by the back of the tongue and the fore part of the soft palate; the blockage is then suddenly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth. The escaping air produces an explosive sound, and the vocal cords are not made to vibrate during the production of this sound.. This sound is aspirated when it occurs initially and followed by a stressed vowel. The

192 aspiration is a noticeable puff of breath like [h] sound that is produced after the explosion of the consonant / k / and before the vowel, e.g. come / kʰʌm /. The aspiration is less strong when it is preceded by s sound or followed by unstressed vowel, e.g. sky /skaI /; baker / 'beıkə /. The aspiration is also less strong when it occurs in final position, or when it is followed by other plosives, e.g., fact /fækt /. The variation of the / k / sound is not necessary indicated in its practical phonetic transcription since that sound is regarded as the submember of the same phoneme. The plosion during the production of / k / in final position is even very weak and often not audible (Roach, 2002:35). This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes k, c, ck, ch, and q. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / k /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Remember that the / k / sound is aspirated when it occurs in initial position and followed by a stressed vowel; the plosion during the production of / k / in final position is even very weak and often not audible, especially when it is followed by other plosives. Manage

193 your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American kiss / 'kIs / / 'kIs / cut / 'kʌt / / 'kʌt / lick / 'lIk / / 'lIk / character / 'kærəktə / / 'kærəktər / liquor / 'lIkə / / 'lIkər /

Initial Position British American cable / 'keIbl / / 'kebl / cake / 'keIk / / 'kek / call / 'kɔ:l / / 'kɔl / camera / 'kæmərə / / 'kæmərə / can / 'kæn / / 'kæn / cancel / 'kænsl / / 'kænsl / calm / 'kɑ:m / / 'kɑm / can’t / 'kɑ:nt / / 'kænt / cancer / 'kænsə / / 'kænsə /

194 cap / 'kæp / / 'kæp / captain / 'kæptIn / / 'kæptIn / capture / 'kæpʧə / / 'kæpʧər / car / 'kɑ:r / / 'kɑr / cart / 'kɑ:t / / 'kɑrt / careful / 'keəfl / / 'kɛrfl / cast / 'kɑ:st / / 'kæst / cool / 'ku:l / / 'kul / comb / 'kəυm / / 'kom / come / 'kʌm / / 'kʌm / cop / 'kɒp / / 'kɑp / cost / 'kɒst / / 'kɑst / keep / 'ki:p / / 'kip / key / 'ki: / / 'ki / kick / 'kIk / / 'kIk / kind / 'kaInd / / 'kaInd /

Medial Position British American scale / 'skeIl / / 'skel /

195 scan / 'skæn / / 'skæn / scar / 'skɑ:r / / 'skɑr / scared / 'skeəd / / 'skɛrd / scheme / 'ski:m / / 'skim / school / 'sku:l / / 'skul / section / 'sek∫ən / / 'sɛk∫ən / second / 'sekənd / / 'sɛkənd / secrete / 'sIkrIt / / 'sIkrIt / secretary / 'sekrətrI / / 'sɛkrətrI / skate / 'skeIt / / 'sket / ski / 'ski: / / 'ski / skim / 'skIm / / 'skIm / skin / 'skIn / / 'skIn / skip / 'skIp / / 'skIp / skirt / 'skɜ:t / / 'skɜrt / sky / 'skaI / / 'skaI / scratch / 'skræʧ / / 'skræʧ / screw / 'skru: / / 'skru / scream / 'skri:m / / 'skrim / screen / 'skri:n / / 'skrin /

196 Final Position British American bake / 'beIk / / 'bek / block / 'blɒk / / 'blɑk / break / 'breIk / / 'brek / cake / 'keIk / / 'kek / check / 'ʧek / / 'ʧɛk / cheek / 'ʧi:k / / 'ʧik / clerk / 'klɑ:k / / 'klɜrk / click / 'klIk / / 'klIk / clock / 'klɒk / / 'klɑk / dark / 'dɑ:k / / 'dɑrk / dock / 'dɒk / / 'dɑk / hike / 'haIk / / 'haIk / joke / 'ʤəυk / / 'ʤok / lake / 'leIk / / 'lek / like / 'laIk / / 'laIk / make / 'meIk / / 'mek / take / 'teIk / / 'tek /

197 took / 'tυk / / 'tυk / topic / 'tɒpIk / / 'tɑpIk / peak / 'pi:k / / 'pik / weak / 'wi:k / / 'wik /

4.6. The English Consonant / ց /

The English / ց / sound is defined as a voiced velar plosive consonant. This consonant is articulated by the back of the tongue and the fore part of the soft palate. The air stream compressed from the lungs is blocked by the articulated speech organs; the blockage is then suddenly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth. The escaping air produces no explosive sound, and the vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This sound is not aspirated in English, and it is regarded as the representation of graphemes g, and gg. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / ց /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Remember that the / ց / sound is not aspirated. The plosion

198 during the production of / ց / in final position is even very weak and often not audible. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American get / 'ցet / / 'ցɛt / begged / 'beցd / / 'bɛցd /

Initial Position British American glide / 'ցlaId / / 'ցlaId / glue / 'ցlu: / / 'ցlu / goal / 'ցəυl / / 'ցol / gold / 'ցəυld / / 'ցold / golf / 'ցɒlf / / 'ցɑlf / goods / 'ցυdz / / 'ցυdz / govern / 'ցʌvən / / 'ցʌvərn / grab / 'ցræb / / 'ցræb / grade / 'ցreId / / 'ցred / grain / 'ցreIn / / 'ցren / grant / 'ցrænt / / 'ցrænt /

199 grasp / 'ցrɑ:sp / / 'ցræsp / great / 'ցreIt / / 'ցret / grey / 'ցreI / / 'ցre / grind / 'ցraInd / / 'ցraInd / ground / 'ցraυnd / / 'ցraυnd / group / 'ցru:p / / 'ցrup / guard / 'ցɑ:d / / 'ցɑrd / guess / 'ցes / / 'ցɛs / guide / 'ցaId / / 'ցaId / guilty / 'ցIltI / / 'ցIltI /

Medial Position British American beggar / 'beցə / / 'bɛցər / eager / 'i:ցə / / 'iցə / eagle / 'i:ցl / / 'iցl / figure / 'fıցə / / 'fıցər / foggy / 'fɒցI / / 'fɔցI / fragrant / 'freIցrənt / / 'freցrənt / haggard / 'hæցəd / / 'hæցəd /

200 haggle / 'hæցl / / 'hæցl / jogging / 'ʤɒցIŋ / / 'ʤɑցIŋ / legalize / 'li:ցəlaIz / / 'liցəlaIz / magazine / ˌmæցə'zi:n / / ˌmæցə'zin / magnify / 'mæցnIfaI / / 'mæցnIfaI / negative / 'neցətIv / / 'nɛցətIv / neglect / nI'ցlekt / / nI'ցlɛkt / negotiate / nI'ցəυ∫IeIt / / nI'ցo∫Iet / pragmatics / præց'mætIks / / præց'mætIks / program / 'prəυցræm / / 'proցræm / progress / 'prəυցres / / 'proցrɛs / regard / rI'ցɑ:d / / rI'ցɑrd / regret / rI'ցret / / rI'ցrɛt /

Final Position British American bag / 'bæց / / 'bæց / beg / 'beց / / 'bɛց /

201 big / 'bIց / / 'bIց / blog / 'blɒց / / 'blɑց / bug / 'bυց / / 'bυց / dig / 'bIց / / 'bIց / dog / 'dɒց / / 'dɔց / egg / 'eց / / 'ɛց / fog / 'fɒց / / 'fɔց / hug / 'hʌց / / 'hʌց / jog / 'ʤɒց / / 'ʤɑց / league / 'li:ց / / 'liց / leg / 'leց / / 'lɛց / log / 'lɒց / / 'lɔց / mug / 'mʌց / / 'mʌց / pig / 'pIց / / 'pIց / rag / 'ræց / / 'ræց / rug / 'rʌց / / 'rʌց / sag / 'sæց / / 'sæց / tug / 'tʌց / / 'tʌց / wag / 'wæց / / 'wæց /

202 Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / k / and / ց /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English. call / 'kɔ:l /` - gall / 'ցɔ:l / cap / 'kæp /` - gap / 'ցæp / came / 'keIm / - game / 'ցeIm / cane / 'keIn / - gain / 'ցeIn / card / 'kɑ:d / - guard / 'ցɑ:d / coast / 'kəυst / - ghost / 'ցəυst / come / 'kʌm / - gum / 'ցʌm / curl / 'kɜ:l / - girl / 'ցɜ:l / clue / 'klu: / - glue / 'ցlu: / crab / 'kræb / - grab / 'ցræb / crew / 'kru: / - grew / 'ցru: / kill / 'kIl / - gill / 'ցIl / back / 'bæk /` - bag / 'bæց / duck / 'dʌk /` - dug / 'dʌց / leak / 'lIk /` - league / 'lIց /

203 pick / 'pIk /` - pig / 'pIց / wick / 'wIk /` - wig / 'wIց /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / k / and / ց /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The captain took a command in the coup.

/ ðə 'kæptIn 'tυk ə kə'mɑ:nd In ðə ‛ku: / 2. The young couple stay calm at the corner.

/ ðə 'jʌŋ 'kʌpl 'steI 'kɑ:m ət ðə ‛kɔ:nə / 3. The chemical is to be kept in the cool case.

/ ðə 'kemIkl Iz tə bI 'kept In ðə 'ku:l ‛keIs / 4. The cook cooks a pan cake in the kitchen.

/ ðə 'kυk 'kυks ə 'pæn 'keIk In ðə ‛kIʧIn / 5. The electic cable in the cabin has been cut.

/ ðə I'lektrIk 'keIbl In ðə 'kæbIn həz bIn ‛kʌt / 6. The workers are walking around the company.

204 / ðə 'wɜ:kəz ɑ: 'wɔ:kIŋ ə'raυnd ðə ‛kʌmpənI / 7. The strike and the coup took place last October.

/ ðə 'straIk ənd ðə 'ku: 'tυk 'pleIs 'lɑ:st ɒk‛təυbə / 8. The schools occasionally upgrade their curriculum.

/ ðə 'sku:lz ə'keIӡənəlI ʌp'ցreId ðeə kə‛rIkjυləm / 9. The grand new motorcycle is crashed into the creek.

/ ðə 'ցrænd 'nju: 'məυtə 'saIkl Iz 'kræst Intə ðə ‛kri:k / 10. The company gradually keeps its waste in a container.

/ ðə 'kʌmpənI 'ցræʤυəlI 'ki:ps Its 'weIst In ə kən‛teInə / 11. Green grapes are grown in the garden.

/ 'ցri:n 'ցreIps ɑ: 'ցrəυn In ðə ‛ցɑ:dn / 12. The guests all given legal guide books.

/ ðə 'ցests 'ɔ:l 'ցIvn 'lIցl 'ցaId ‛bυks / 13. They gave a vague guess about the game.

/ ðeI 'ցeIv ə 'veIց 'ցes ə'baυt ðə ‛ցeIm / 14. The good guide book is given to the guest.

/ ðə 'ցυd 'ցaId 'bυk Iz 'ցIvn tə ðə ‛ցest / 15. Gambling is legally allowed in the bungalow.

/ 'ցæmblIŋ Iz 'lIցəlI ə'laυd In ðə ‛bʌŋցələυ / 16. The big grey dog eagerly grabbed the burglar.

205 / ðə 'bIց 'ցreI 'dɒց 'i:ցəlI 'ցræbd ðə ‛bɜ:ցlə / 17. A group of six girls stayed in the guess house.

/ ə 'ցru:p əv 'sIks 'ցɜ:lz 'steId In ðə ‛ցes haυs / 18. My grandpa grows kinds of manggoes in his garden.

/ maI 'ցrændpɑ: 'ցrəυz 'kaIndz əv 'mæŋցəυz In Iz ‛ցɑ:dn / 19. The guy put some eggs and a bunch of grapes in his bag.

/ ðə 'ցaI 'pυts 'sʌm 'eցz ənd ə 'bʌnʧ əv 'ցreIps In Iz ‛bæց / 20. The dog eagerly digs holes in the ground near the garden.

/ ðə 'dɒց 'i:ցəlI 'dIցz 'həυlz In ðə 'ցraυnd 'nIə ðə ‛ցɑ:dn/

4.7. The English Consonant / ʧ / The English / ʧ / sound is defined as a voiceless palato- alveolar affricate consonant. This consonant is articulated by the tongue tip or the fore part of the tongue against the back part of the teeth ridge. This consonant is produced by blocking the air stream compressed from the lungs; the blockage is then slowly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are not made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of

206 graphemes t, ch, and tch. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / ʧ /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American nature / 'neIʧə / / 'neʧər / teach / 'ti:ʧ / / 'tiʧ / watch / 'wɒʧ / / 'wɑʧ /

Initial Position British American chair / 'ʧeə / / 'ʧɛr / chalk / 'ʧɔ:k / / 'ʧɔk / chance / 'ʧɑ:ns / / 'ʧæns / change / 'ʧeInʤ / / 'ʧenʤ / chapel / 'ʧæpl / / 'ʧæpl / chapter / 'ʧæptə / / 'ʧæptər / charge / 'ʧɑ:ʤ / / 'ʧɑrʤ /

207 chat / 'ʧæt / / 'ʧæt / cheap / 'ʧi:p / / 'ʧip / cheat / 'ʧi:t / / 'ʧit / cheek / 'ʧi:k / / 'ʧik / cheer / 'ʧIə / / 'ʧIr / cheese / 'ʧi:z / / 'ʧiz / chief / 'ʧi:f / / 'ʧif / chest / 'ʧest / / 'ʧɛst / child / 'ʧaIld / / 'ʧaIld / chin / 'ʧIn / / 'ʧIn / chip / 'ʧIp / / 'ʧIp / choice / 'ʧɔIs / / 'ʧɔIs / choose / 'ʧu:z / / 'ʧuz / chop / 'ʧɒp / / 'ʧɑp /

Medial Position British American achieve / ə'ʧi:v / / ə'ʧiv / archer / 'ɑ:ʧə / / 'ɑrʧər / bachelor / 'bæʧələ / / 'bæʧələr /

208 butcher / 'bυʧə / / 'bυʧər / capture / 'kæpʧə / / 'kæpʧər / christian / 'krIsʧən / / 'krIsʧən / chopstick / 'ʧɒpstIk / / 'ʧɑpstIk / creature / 'kri:ʧə / / 'kriʧər / departure / dI'pɑ:ʧə / / dI'pɑrʧər / furniture / 'fɜ:nIʧə / / 'fɜrnIʧər / future / 'fju:ʧə / / 'fjuʧər / gesture / 'ʤesʧə / / 'ʤɛsʧər / juncture / 'ʤʌŋʧə / / 'ʤʌŋʧər / kitchen / 'kIʧIn / / 'kIʧIn / lecture / 'lekʧə / / 'lɛkʧər / moisture / 'mɔIsʧə / / 'mɔIsʧər / nature / 'neIʧə / / 'neʧər / orchard / 'ɔ:ʧəd / / 'ɔrʧərd / picture / 'pIkʧə / / 'pIkʧər / question / 'kwesʧən / / 'kwɛsʧən / structure / 'strʌkʧə / / 'strʌkʧər /

209 Final Position British American beach / 'bi:ʧ / / 'biʧ / bench / 'benʧ / / 'bɛnʧ / bitch / 'bIʧ / / 'bIʧ / broach / 'brəυʧ / / 'broʧ / bunch / 'bʌnʧ / / 'bʌnʧ / catch / 'kæʧ / / 'kæʧ / coach / 'kəυʧ / / 'koʧ / ditch / 'dIʧ / / 'dIʧ / each / 'i:ʧ / / 'iʧ / fetch / 'feʧ / / 'fɛʧ / inch / 'Inʧ / / 'Inʧ / itch / 'Iʧ / / 'Iʧ / much / 'mʌʧ / / 'mʌʧ / pitch / 'pIʧ / / 'pIʧ / porch / 'pɔ:ʧ / / 'pɔrʧ / preach / 'pri:ʧ / / 'priʧ / punch / 'pʌnʧ / / 'pʌnʧ / ranch / 'rænʧ / / 'rænʧ / reach / 'ri:ʧ / / 'riʧ /

210 rich / 'rIʧ / / 'rIʧ / search / 'sɜ:ʧ / / 'sɜrʧ /

4.8. The English Consonant / ʤ /

The English / ʤ / sound is defined as a voiced palato- alveolar affricate consonant. This consonant is articulated by the tongue tip or the fore part of the tongue against the back part of the teeth ridge. This consonant is produced by blocking the air stream compressed from the lungs; the blockage is then slowly opened so that the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes j, g, d, and dg. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / ʤ /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

211 Graphemes British American jump / 'ʤʌmp / / 'ʤʌmp / germ / 'ʤɜ:m / / 'ʤɜrm / soldier / 'səυlʤə / / 'solʤər / edge / 'eʤ / / 'ɛʤ /

Initial Position British American jacket / 'ʤækIt / / 'ʤækIt / jade / 'ʤeId / / 'ʤed / jam / 'ʤæm / / 'ʤæm / january / 'ʤænjυərI / / 'ʤænjυrI / jar / 'ʤɑ: / / 'ʤɑr / jaw / 'ʤɔ: / / 'ʤɔ / jealous / 'ʤeləs / / 'ʤɛləs / jog / 'ʤɒց / / 'ʤɑց / joint / 'ʤɔInt / / 'ʤɔInt / joke / 'ʤəυk / / 'ʤok / jot / 'ʤɒt / / 'ʤɑt / joy / 'ʤɔI / / 'ʤɔI / judge / 'ʤʌʤ / / 'ʤʌʤ /

212 jump / 'ʤʌmp / / 'ʤʌmp / junior / 'ʤu:nIə / / 'ʤunIr / justice / 'ʤʌstIs / / 'ʤʌstIs / general / 'ʤænərl / / 'ʤænərl / generous / 'ʤenərəs / / 'ʤɛnərəs / genius / 'ʤInIəs / / 'ʤInIəs / gentle / 'ʤentl / / 'ʤɛntl / geograpgy / ʤI'ɒցrəfI / / ʤI'ɑցrəfI /

Medial Position British American ageless / 'eIʤləs / / 'eʤləs / agent / 'eIʤənt / / 'eʤənt / agency / 'eIʤənsI / / 'eʤənsI / agenda / ə'ʤendə / / ə'ʤɛndə / adjacent / ə'ʤeIsənt / / ə'ʤesənt / adjective / 'æʤIktIv / / 'æʤIktIv / adjoin / ə'ʤɔInt / / ə'ʤɔInt / adjourn / ə'ʤɜ:n / / ə'ʤɜrn / adjudge / ə'ʤʌʤ / / ə'ʤʌʤ /

213 adjudicate / ə'ʤu:dIkeIt / / ə'ʤudIket / adjunct / ə'ʤʌŋkt / / ə'ʤʌŋkt / adjure / ə'ʤυə / / ə'ʤυr / adjust / ə'ʤʌst / / ə'ʤʌst / adjustment / ə'ʤʌstmənt / / ə'ʤʌstmənt / algebra / 'ælʤIbrə / / 'ælʤIbrə / allergy / 'æləʤI / / 'æləʤI / biology / baI'ɒləʤI / / baI'ɑləʤI / budget / 'bʌʤət / / 'bʌʤət / emergency / I'mɜ:ʤənsI / / I'mɜrʤənsI / engagement / In'ցeIʤmənt / / In'ցeʤmənt / logic / 'lɒʤIk / / 'lɑʤIk /

Final Position British American age / 'eIʤ / / 'eʤ / badge / 'bæʤ / / 'bæʤ / baggage / 'bæցIʤ / / 'bæցIʤ / bandage / 'bændIʤ / / 'bændIʤ /

214 bridge / 'brIʤ / / 'brIʤ / budge / 'bʌʤ / / 'bʌʤ / cabbage / 'kæbIʤ / / 'kæbIʤ / cage / 'keIʤ / / 'keʤ / carriage / 'kærIʤ / / 'kærIʤ / cartridge / 'kɑ:trIʤ / / 'kɑrtrIʤ / dodge / 'dɒʤ / / 'dɑʤ / edge / 'eʤ / / 'ɛʤ / engage / In'ցeIʤ / / In'ցeʤ / garage / 'ցærɑ:ʤ / / ցə'rɑʤ / garbage / 'ցɑ:bIʤ / / 'ցɑrbIʤ / gauge / 'ցeIʤ / / 'ցeʤ / huge / 'hju:ʤ / / 'hjuʤ / large / 'lɑ:ʤ / / 'lɑrʤ / lodge / 'lɒʤ / / 'lɑʤ / revenge / rI'venʤ / / rI'vɛnʤ / urge / 'ɜ:ʤ / / 'ɜrʤ /

215 Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / ʧ / and / ʤ /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English.

cheap / 'ʧi:p / - jeep / 'ʤip / chin / 'ʧIn / - gin / 'ʤIn / chest / 'ʧest / - jest / 'ʤɛst / chain / 'ʧeIn / - jane / 'ʤen / cheer / 'ʧIə / - geer / 'ʤIr / chill / 'ʧIl / - gill / 'ʤIl / choke / 'ʧəυk / - joke / 'ʤəυk / batch / 'bæʧ / - badge / 'bæʤ / etch / 'eʧ / - edge / 'ɛʤ / larch / 'lɑ:ʧ / - large / 'lɑ:ʤ / rich / 'rIʧ / - ridge / 'rIʤ / search / 'sɜ:ʧ / - surge / 'sɜ:ʤ / Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonants / ʧ / and / ʤ /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal

216 apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The children like chatting so much.

/ ðə 'ʧIldrən 'laIk 'ʧætIŋ 'səυ ‛mʌʧ / 2. The teacher does his research cheefully.

/ ðə 'ti:ʧə 'dʌz Iz rI'sɜ:ʧ ‛ʧIəfəlI / 3. Teachers often use chalk when they teach.

/ 'ti:ʧəz 'ɒfn 'ju:s 'ʧɔ:k 'wən ðeI ‛ti:ʧ / 4. The champion is now watching the match.

/ ðə 'ʧæmpIən Iz 'naυ 'wɔ:ʧIŋ ðə ‛mæʧ / 5. The child often chases the bitch to the ditch.

/ ðə 'ʧaIld 'ɒfn 'ʧeIsIz ðə 'bIʧ tə ðə ‛dIʧ / 6. Teachers believe that teaching is not cheating.

/ 'ti:ʧəz bI'li:v ðæt 'ti:ʧIŋ Iz 'nɒt ‛ʧi:tIŋ / 7. The cook is chopping the cabbage in the kitchen.

/ ðə 'kυk Iz 'ʧɒpIŋ ðə 'kæbIʤ In ðə ‛kIʧIn / 8. Christian priests usually preache in a church or chapple.

/ 'krIsʧən 'pri:sts 'ju:ӡυəlI 'pri:ʧ In ə 'ʧɜ:ʧ ɔ:r ‛ʧæpl / 9. The researcher is challanged to check the sketch map.

217 / ðə rI'sɜ:ʧər Iz 'ʧælənʤd tə 'ʧek ðə ‛skeʧ mæp / 10. The chairman has a chance to make an achievable change.

/ ðə 'ʧeərmən həz ə 'ʧɑ:ns tə 'meIk ən ə'ʧi:vəbl ‛ʧeInʤ / 11. The junior adjutant is trapped in the traffic jam.

/ ðə 'ʤu:nIər 'æʤυtənt Iz 'træpt In ðə 'træfIk ‛ʤæm / 12. The adjutant’s chosen to wear a chocolate jacket. / ðI 'æʤυtənts 'ʧəυzn tə 'weər ə 'ʧɒklət ‛ʤækIt / 13. John gave Jack a stong jab at the chin and the jaw.

/ 'ʤɒn 'ցeıv 'ʤæk ə 'strɒŋ 'ʤæb ət ðə 'ʧın ən ðə ‛ʤɔ: / 14. Jane has a beautiful jade and a bunch of jasmine.

/ 'ʤeIn həz ə 'bju:tIfl 'ʤeId ənd ə 'bʌnʧ əv ‛ʤæsmIn / 15. The judge is urgently urged to make an adjudication.

/ ðə 'ʤʌʤ Iz 'ɜ:ʤəntlI 'ɜ:ʤd tə meIk ən əˌʤu:dI‛keI∫n / 16. The adjacent words can be joined by an adjevtive.

/ ðI ə'ʤeIsnt 'wɜ:dz kən bI 'ʤɔInd baI ən ‛æʤIktIv / 17. The engagement of John and Jane is adjourned to June.

/ ðI In'ցeIʤmənt əv 'ʤɒn ən 'ʤeIn Iz ə'ʤɜ:nd tə ‛ʤu:n / 18. Jack Jone is jealous of the engagement of John and Jane.

/ 'ʤæk 'ʤəυn Iz 'ʤeləs əv ðI In'ցeIʤmənt əv 'ʤɒn ən ‛ʤeIn / 19. Joe dodges his jeep and jeers at the man wearing the jeans.

218 / 'ʤəυ 'dɒʤIz Iz 'ʤi:p ən 'ʤIəz ət ðə 'mæn 'weərIŋ ðə ‛ʤi:n / 20. The judge declared that the trial is adjourned until lunch time.

/ ðə 'ʤʌʤ dI'kleəd ðət ðə 'traIəl Iz əˌʤɜ:nd ʌntIl ‛lʌnʧ taIm /

4.9. The English Consonant / s / The English / s / sound is defined as a voiceless alveolar fricative consonant. This consonant is articulated by the tongue tip against the teeth ridge. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are not made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes s, ss, se, sc, c, and ce. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / s /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. The letter s is always pronounced / s / when it occurs initially, but it is sometimes pronounced either as / s / or / z / in other positions. The letter s denoting the plural nouns or verbs of the third singular person is also pronounced / s / when it is preceded by a voiceless consonant, but it is pronounced / z / when it is preceded by a voiced sounds.

219 Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American set / 'set / / 'sɛt / class / 'klɑ:s / / 'klæs / dense / 'dens / / 'dɛns / scissors / 'si:zəz / / 'sizərz / cell / 'sel / / 'sɛl / since / 'sIns / / 'sIns /

Initial Position British American century / 'senʧərI / / 'sɛnʧərI / central / 'sentrəl / / 'sɛntrəl / sack / 'sæk / / 'sæk / sad / 'sæd / / 'sæd / same / 'seIm / / 'sem / sand / 'sænd / / 'sænd / sat / 'sæt / / 'sæt / saviour / 'seIvjə / / 'sevjər /

220 search / 'sɜ:ʧ / / 'sɜrʧ / seat / 'si:t / / 'sit / seek / 'si:k / / 'sik / sell / 'sel / / 'sɛl / send / 'send / / 'sɛnd / senior / 'sInIə / / 'sInIr / sense / 'sens / / 'sɛns / set / 'set / / 'sɛt / silk / 'sIlk / / 'sIlk / sin / 'sIn / / 'sIn / sing / 'sIŋ / / 'sIŋ / scene / 'si:n / / 'sin / song / 'sɒŋ / / 'sɑŋ /

Medial Position British American ask / 'ɑ:sk / / 'æsk / assume / ə'sju:m / / ə'sum / bask / 'bɑ:sk / / 'bæsk /

221 cast / 'kɑ:st / / 'kæst / desk / 'desk / / 'dɛsk / disk / 'dIsk / / 'dIsk / dust / 'dʌst / / 'dʌst / fast / 'fɑ:st / / 'fæst / fasten / 'fɑ:sn / / 'fæsn / frost / 'frɒst / / 'frɔst / ghost / 'ցəυst / / 'ցost / host / 'həυst / / 'host / just / 'ʤʌst / / 'ʤʌst / last / 'lɑ:st / / 'læst / list / 'lIst / / 'lIst / loose / 'lu:s / / 'lus / lost / 'lɒst / / 'lɔst / master / 'mɑ:stə / / 'mæstər / most / 'məυst / / 'most / must / 'mʌst / / 'mʌst / past / 'pɑ:st / / 'pæst / west / 'west / / 'wɛst /

222 Final Position British American ass / 'æs / / 'æs / base / 'beIs / / 'bes / boss / 'bɒs / / 'bɔs / bus / 'bʌs / / 'bʌs / gas / 'ցæs / / 'ցæs / glass / 'ցlæs / / 'ցlæs / grace / 'ցreIs / / 'ցres / grass / 'ցræs / / 'ցræs / horse / 'hɔ:s / / 'hɔrs / house / 'haυs / / 'haυs / juice / 'ʤu:s / / 'ʤus / justice / 'ʤʌstIs / / 'ʤʌstIs / less / 'les / / 'lɛs / mass / 'mæs / / 'mæs / miss / 'mIs / / 'mIs / mix / 'mIks / / 'mIks / nice / 'naIs / / 'naIs / niece / 'ni:s / / 'nis / pass / 'pɑ:s / / 'pæs /

223 press / 'pres / / 'prɛs / rice / 'raIs / / 'raIs /

4.10. The English Consonant / z / The English / z / sound is defined as a voiced alveolar fricative consonant. This consonant is articulated by the tongue tip against the teeth ridge. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes s, ss, z, and zz. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / z /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. The letter s is always pronounced / z / when it denotes the plural nouns or verbs of the third singular person especially when it is preceded by a voiced sounds. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

224 Graphemes British American beds / 'bedz / / 'bɛdz / posses / pə'zez / / pə'zɛz / zoo / 'zu: / / 'zu / dizzy / 'dIzI / / 'dIzI /

Initial Position British American zany / 'zeInI / / 'zenI / zap / 'zæp / / 'zæp / zeal / 'zi:l / / 'zil / zealot / 'zelət / / 'zɛlət / zealous / 'zeləs / / 'zɛləs / zebra / 'zebrə / / 'zɛbrə / zen / 'zen / / 'zɛn / zenith / 'zenIθ / / 'zɛnIθ / zero / 'zIrəυ / / 'zIro / zest / 'zest / / 'zɛst / zigzag / 'zIցzæց / / 'zIցzæց / zinc / 'zIŋk / / 'zIŋk / zing / 'zIŋ / / 'zIŋ /

225 zip / 'zIp / / 'zIp / zipper / 'zIpə / / 'zIpər / zit / 'zIt / / 'zIt / zodiac / 'zəυdIæk / / 'zodIæk / zone / 'zəυn / / 'zon / zoo / 'zu: / / 'zu / zoom / 'zu:m / / 'zum / zygote / 'zaIցəυt / / 'zaIցot /

Medial Position British American bazaar / bə'zɑ: / / bə'zɑr / blazer / 'bleIzə / / 'blezər / bulldozer / 'bυldəυzə / / 'bυldozər / busy / 'bIzI / / 'bIzI / buzzer / 'bʌzə / / 'bʌzər / cozy / 'kəυzI / / 'kozI / crazy / 'kreIzI / / 'krezI / dozen / 'dʌzn / / 'dʌzn / drizzle / 'drIzl / / 'drIzl /

226 exact / Iց'zækt / / Iց'zækt / exaggerate / Iց'zæʤəreIt / / Iց'zæʤəret / examine / Iց'zæmIn / / Iց'zæmIn / example / Iց'zɑ:mpl / / Iց'zæmpl / drizzle / 'drIzl / / 'drIzl / freezer / 'fri:zə / / 'frizər / frozen / 'frəυzn / / 'frozn / gazes / 'ցeIzIz / / 'ցezIz / hazard / 'hæzəd / / 'hæzərd / puzzle / 'pʌzl / / 'pʌzl / razor / 'reIzə / / 'rezər / scissors / 'sIzəz / / 'sIzəz /

Final Position British American blaze / 'bleIz / / 'blez / breeze / 'bri:z / / 'briz / bulldoze / 'bυldəυz / / 'bυldoz / buzz / 'bʌz / / 'bʌz / craze / 'kreIz / / 'krez /

227 doze / 'dəυz / / 'doz / freez / 'fri:z / / 'friz / gaze / 'ցeIz / / 'ցez / has / 'həz / / 'həz / haze / 'heIz / / 'hez / jazz / 'ʤæz / / 'ʤæz / maize / 'meIz / / 'mez / maximize / 'mæksImaIz / / 'mæksImaIz / nose / 'nəυz / / 'noz / organize / 'ɔ:ցənaIz / / 'ɔrցənaIz / praise / 'preIz / / 'prez / raise / 'reIz / / 'rez / realize / 'rIəlaIz / / 'rIəlaIz / seize / 'si:z / / 'siz / size / 'si:z / / 'siz / sociolize / 'səυ∫əlaIz / / 'so∫əlaIz /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing consonants / s / and / z /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English.

228 seal / 'si:l /` - zeal / 'zi:l / sing / 'sIŋ /` - zing / 'zIŋ / sink / 'sIŋk /` - zinc / 'zIŋk / sip / 'sIp /` - zip / 'zIp / sit / 'sIt /` - zit / 'zIt / sewm / 'səυn / - zone / 'zəυn / bus / 'bʌs / - buzz / 'bʌz / grace / 'ցreIs / - graze / 'ցreIz / hence / 'hens / - hens / 'henz / hiss / 'hIs / - his / 'hIz / niece / 'ni:s / - knees / 'ni:z / pace / 'peIs / - pays / 'peIz / race / 'reIs /` - raze / 'reIz / rice / 'raIs /` - rize / 'raIz / since / 'sIns / - sins / 'sInz / source / 'sɔ:s / - sores / 'sɔ:z /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / s / and / z /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme,

229 and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The sailors sell shells by the seashore.

/ ðə 'seIləz 'sel '∫elz baI ðə ‛si:∫ɔ: / 2. The hostess served all the guests nicely.

/ ðə 'həυstəz 'sɜ:vd 'ɔ:l ðə 'ցests ‛naIslI / 3. Some sellers sell their stocks in a low price.

/ 'sʌm 'seləz 'sel ðeə 'stɒks In ə 'ləυ ‛praIs / 4. The spy studies various sorts of cases secretly.

/ ðə 'spaI 'stʌdIz 'veərIəs 'sɔ:ts əv 'keIsIz ‛si:krətlI /

5. Six students in the class are studying seriously.

/ 'sIks 'stju:dnts In ðə 'klɑ:s ɑ: 'stʌdIŋ ‛sıərIəslI / 6. Various sorts of shirts are sold in the new store.

/ 'veərIəs 'sɔ:ts əv '∫ɜ:ts ɑ: 'səυld In ðə 'nju: ‛stɔ: / 7. Susan still seeks and studies the cancer cell seriously.

/ 'su:zn 'stIl 'si:ks ənd 'stʌdIz ðə 'kænsə 'sel ‛sIərIəslI / 8. Special attention is to be given on the scientific sector.

230 / 'spe∫l ə'ten∫n Iz tə bI 'ցIvn ɒn ðə ˌsaIən'tIfIk ‛sektə / 9. A systematic study on the social issue is sincerely socialized.

/ ə ˌsIstə'mætIk 'stʌdI ɒn ðə 'səυ∫l 'I∫u: Iz sIn'sIəlI ‛səυ∫laIzd / 10. Social science is to be seriously studied since the early years.

/ 'səυ∫l 'saIəns Iz tə bI 'sıərIəslI 'stʌdId 'sIns ðI 'ɜ:lI ‛jIəz / 11. We’re all amazed to see the zoomed zygote. / wIər 'ɔ:l ə'meIzd tə 'si: ðə 'zu:md ‛zaIցəυt / 12. Razors and scissors are available at the bazaar.

/ 'reIzəz ənd 'sIzəz ɑ:r ə'veIləbl ət ðə bə‛zɑ: / 13. The pedestrian walks hazily across the zebra cross.

/ ðə pə'destrIən 'wɔ:ks heIzIlI ə'krɒs ðə ‛zebrəkrɒs / 14. The villagers all gazed at the zebra raised in the zoo.

/ ðə 'vIlIʤəz 'ɔ:l 'ցeIzd ət ðə 'zebrə 'reIzd In ðə ‛zu: / 15. A dozen bottles of beer are frozen in the refrigerator.

/ ə 'dʌzn 'bɒtlz əv 'bIər ɑ: 'frəυzn In ðə rI‛frIʤəreItə / 16. Guns and roses is a tytle of a popular song nowadays.

/ 'ցʌnz ənd 'rəυzIz Iz ə taItl əv ə pɒpjələ sɒŋ ‛naυədeIz / 17. The mayor needs the zip code of the new militay zone.

/ ðə 'meə 'ni:dz ðə 'zIp 'kəυd əv ðə 'nju: 'mIlətrI ‛zəυn / 18. Lots of buildings have been bulldozed by the soldiers.

231 / 'lɒts əv 'bIldIŋz həv bIn 'bυldəυzd baI ðə ‛səυlʤəz / 19. Some scientific articles are published in the new magazine.

/ 'sʌm ˌsaIən'tIfIk 'ɑ:tIklz ɑ: 'pʌblI∫t In ðə 'nju: ˌmæցə‛zi:n / 20. Gaza has been determined as a military zone for a few years.

/ 'ցʌzʌ həz bIn dI'tɜ:mInd əz ə 'mIlətrI 'zəυn fər ə 'fju: ‛jIəz /

4.11. The English Consonant / f / The English / f / sound is known as a voiceless labiodental fricative consonant. This consonant is articulated by the lower lip against the upper teeth. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are not made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes f, ff, gh, and ph. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / f /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

232 Graphemes British American fine / 'faIn / / 'faIn / staff / 'stɑ:f / / 'stæf / laugh / 'lɑ:f / / 'læf / phrase / 'freIs / / 'fres /

Initial Position British American face / 'feIs / / 'fes / fact / 'fækt / / 'fækt / fade / 'feId / / 'fed / fail / 'feIl / / 'fel / fair / 'feə / / 'fɛr / faith / 'feIθ / / 'feθ / fall / 'fɔ:l / / 'fɔl / false / 'fɔ:ls / / 'fɔls / fame / 'feIm / / 'fem / famous / 'feIməs / / 'feməs / fancy / 'fænsI / / 'fænsI / far / 'fɑ: / / 'fɑr /

233 fast / 'fɑ:st / / 'fæst / fasten / 'fɑ:sn / / 'fæsn / fat / 'fæt / / 'fæt / feel / 'fi:l / / 'fil / fence / 'fens / / 'fɛns / fill / 'fIl / / 'fIl / fish / 'fI∫ / / 'fI∫ / fresh / 'fre∫ / / 'frɛ∫ / fund / 'fлnd / / 'fлnd /

Medial Position British American coffe / 'kɒfI / / 'kɑfI / confess / kən'fes / / kən'fɛs / confirm / kən'fɜ:m / / kən'fɜrm / craft / 'krɑ:ft / / 'kræft / defeat / dI'fi:t / / dI'fit / defend / dI'fend / / dI'fɛnd / definite / 'defInət / / 'dɛfInət /

234 different / 'dIfrənt / / 'dIfrənt / difficult / 'dIfIkəlt / / 'dIfIkəlt / effect / I'fekt / / I'fɛkt / efficient / I'fI∫nt / / I'fI∫nt / effort / 'efət / / 'ɛfərt / gifth / 'ցIft / / 'ցIft / helpful / 'helpfl / / 'hɛlpfl / laughter / 'lɑ:ftə / / 'læftər / offend / ə'fend / / ə'fɛnd / offer / 'ɒfə / / 'ɔfər / office / 'ɒfIs / / 'ɔfIs / often / 'ɒfən / / 'ɔfən / profession / prə'fe∫n / / prə'fɛ∫n / profit / 'prɒfIt / / 'prɔfIt /

Final Position British American beef / 'bi:f / / 'bif / brief / 'bri:f / / 'brif / belief / bI'li:f / / bI'lif /

235 calf / 'kɑ:f / / 'kæf / cliff / 'klIf / / 'klIf / cough / 'kɒf / / 'kɔf / enough / I'nʌf / / I'nʌf / golf / 'ցɒlf / / 'ցɑlf / half / 'hɑ:f / / 'hæf / knife / 'naIf / / 'naIf / laugh / 'lɑ:f / / 'læf / life / 'laIf / / 'laIf / loaf / 'ləυf / / 'lof / proof / 'pru:f / / 'pruf / rough / 'rʌf / / 'rʌf / safe / 'seIf / / 'sef / stiff / 'stIf / / 'stIf / staff / 'stɑ:f / / 'stæf / stuff / 'stʌf / / 'stʌf / thief / 'θi:f / / 'θif / tough / 'tʌf / / 'tʌf /

4.12. The English Consonant / v /

236 The English / v / sound is defined as a voiced labiodental fricative consonant. This consonant is articulated by the lower lip against the upper teeth. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes v and ph. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / v /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American van / 'væn / / 'væn / nephew / 'nevju: / / 'nevju /

Initial Position British American vase / 'vɑ:s / / 'ves / vacation / və'keI∫n / / və'ke∫n / vaccinate / 'væksIneIt / / 'væksInet / vaccine / 'væksi:n / / væk'sin /

237 vacuum / 'vækju:m / / 'vækjum / vague / 'veIց / / 'veց / valid / 'vælId / / 'vælId / valley / 'vælI / / 'vælI / value / 'vælju: / / 'vælju / van / 'væn / / 'væn / variable / 'veərIəbl / / 'vɛrIəbl / variation / ˌveərI'eI∫n / / ˌvɛrI'e∫n / variety / və'raIətI / / və'raIətI / vary / 'veərI / / 'vɛrI / vast / 'vɑ:st / / 'væst / vegetable / 'veʤtəbl / / 'vɛʤtəbl / vehicle / 'vi:Ikl / / 'viIkl / vein / 'veIn / / 'ven / verify / 'verIfaI / / 'vɛrIfaI / verse / 'vɜ:s / / 'vɜrs / version / 'vɜ:∫n / / 'vɜr∫n / vertical / 'vɜ:tIkl / / 'vɜrtIkl / very / 'verI / / 'vɛrI /

238 victim / 'vIktIm / / 'vIktIm / vice / 'vaIs / / 'vaIs / vote / 'vəυt / / 'vot /

Medial Position British American advance / əd'vɑ:ns / / əd'væns / advantage / əd'vɑ:ntIʤ / / əd'væntIʤ / adventure / əd'venʧə / / əd'vɛnʧər / advertise / 'ædvətaIz / / 'ædvərtaIz / advise / əd'vaIz / / əd'vaIz / civil / 'sIvl / / 'sIvl / clever / 'klevə / / 'klɛvər / cover / 'kʌvə / / 'kʌvər / develop / dI'veləp / / dI'vɛləp / device / dI'vaIs / / dI'vaIs / devote / dI'vəυt / / dI'vot / even / 'i:vn / / 'ivn / evening / 'i:vnIŋ / / 'ivnIŋ / event / I'vent / / I'vɛnt /

239 ever / 'evə / / 'ɛvər / every / 'evrI / / 'ɛvrI / evidence / 'evIdns / / 'ɛvIdns / evil / 'i:vl / / 'ivl / favour / 'feIvə / / 'fevər / fever / 'fi:və / / 'fivər / govern / 'ցʌvən / / 'ցʌvərn /

Final Position British American achieve / ə'ʧi:v / / ə'ʧiv / arrive / ə'raIv / / ə'raIv / brave / 'breIv / / 'brev / carve / 'kɑ:v / / 'kɑrv / cave / 'keIv / / 'kev / clove / 'kləυv / / 'klov / dive / 'daIv / / 'daIv / dove / 'dəυv / / 'dov /

240 drive / 'draIv / / 'draIv / drove / 'drəυv / / 'drov / five / 'faIv / / 'faIv / give / 'ցIv / / 'ցIv / gave / 'ցeIv / / 'ցev / grieve / 'ցri:v / / 'ցriv / have / 'həv / / 'həv / involve / In'vɒlv / / In'vɑlv / live / 'lIv / / 'lIv / leave / 'li:v / / 'liv / love / 'lʌv / / 'lʌv / move / 'mu:v / / 'muv / prove / 'pru:v / / 'pruv /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / f / and / v /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English. fan / 'fæn /` - van / 'væn / fail / 'feıl /` - veil / 'veıl /

241 fast / 'fɑ:st / - vast / 'vɑ:st / fat / 'fæt /` - vat / 'væt / feel / 'fi:l /` - veal / 'vi:l / fine / 'faIn /` - vine / 'vaIn / define / dI'faIn / - divine / dI'vaIn / infest / In'fest / - invest / In'vest / belief / bI'li:f / - believe / bI'li:v / calf / 'kɑ:f /` - calve / 'kɑ:v / grief / 'ցri:f / - grieve / 'ցri:v / refuse / rı'fju:z / - reviews / rı'vju:z /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / f / and / v /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Five of the staffs are laughing freely.

/ 'faIv əv ðə 'stɑ:fs ɑ: 'lɑ:fIŋ ‛fri:lI / 2. Fresh soft drink is available in the cafe.

242 / 'fre∫ 'sɒft 'drIŋk Iz ə'veIləbl In ðə ‛kæfeI / 3. Ralph loves rafting in the stiff fast river.

/ 'rælf 'lʌvz 'rɑ:ftIŋ In ðə 'stIf 'fɑ:st ‛rIvə / 4. The foreign staff is suffering from bird flu.

/ ðə 'fɒrən 'stɑ:f Iz 'sʌfərIŋ frəm 'bɜ:d ‛flu: / 5. The fish kept in the refrigerator is still fresh.

/ ðə 'fI∫ kept In ðə rI'frIʤəreItə Iz stIl ‛fre∫ / 6. The unforgiven fighter is finally fined by the refree.

/ ðI ʌnfə'ցIvn 'faItər Iz 'faInəlI 'faInd baI ðə ˌrefə‛ri: / 7. The furniture in the front room is furnished beautifully.

/ ðə 'fɜ:nIʧə In ðə 'frʌnt 'ru:m Iz 'fɜ:nI∫t ‛bju:tIfəlI / 8. Phonetics and phonemics are subdivisions of phonology.

/ fə'netIks ənd fə'nemIks ɑ: sʌbdI'vIӡnz əv fə‛nɒləʤI / 9. The staff will be fired if he fails to fill the form correctly.

/ ðə 'stɑ:f wIl bI 'faIəd If hI 'feIlz tə 'fIl ðə 'fɔ:m kə‛reklI / 10. The foreigners frequently take fresh fruit from the garden.

/ ðə 'fɒrInəz 'frIkwəntlI 'teIk 'fre∫ 'fru:t frəm ðə ‛ցɑ:dn / 11. The veterants live in the seventh avenue.

/ ðə 'vetərən 'lIv In ðə 'sevnθ ‛ævənju: / 12. Good vines frequently produce fine wine.

243 / 'ցυd vaIn 'frIkwəntlI prə'dju:s faIn ‛waIn / 13. The village produces kinds of vegetable.

/ ðə 'vIlIʤ prə'dju:sIz 'kaIndz əv ‛veʤtəbl / 14. The visitors travelled acrossed the stiff valley.

/ ðə 'vIzItə 'trævld ə'krɒs ðə 'stIf ‛vælI / 15. The navigator successfully controlled the voyage.

/ ðə 'nævIցeItə sək'sesfəlI kən'trəυld ðə ‛vɔIʤ / 16. Fishing in the river is not allowed by the villagers.

/ 'fI∫Iŋ In ðə 'rIvə Iz 'nɒt ə'laυd baI ðə ‛vIlIʤəz / 17. The fishing boat successfully avoided the rough sea.

/ ðə 'fI∫Iŋ 'bəυt sək'sesfəlI ə'vɔIdId ðə 'rɑ:f ‛si: / 18. Various kinds of vases are available in the craft fair.

/ 'veərIəs 'kaIndz əv vɑ:sIz ɑ:r ə'veIləbl In ðə krɑ:ft ‛feə(r) / 19. The survivors were successfully saved by the rescue team.

/ ðə sə'vaIvəz wɜ: sək'sesfəlI 'seIvd baI ðə 'reskju: ‛ti:m / 20. The silver vast was discovered in the river near the village.

/ ðə 'sIlvə 'vɑ:z wəz dI'skʌvəd In ðə 'rIvə 'nIə ðə ‛vIlIʤ /

4.13. The English Consonant / θ /

244 The English / θ / sound is defined as a voiceless dental fricative consonant that is articulated by the tongue tip against the upper teeth. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are not made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is also regarded as the representation of graphemes th. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / θ /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. Graphemes British American thin / 'θIn / / 'θIn /

Initial Position British American thanks / 'θæŋks / / 'θæŋks / thausand / 'θaυzənd / / 'θaυzənd / theatre / 'θIətə / / 'θIrtər /

245 theme / 'θi:m / / 'θim / theology / θI'ɒləʤI / / θI'ɑləʤI / theory / 'θIərI / / 'θIrI / therapy / 'θerəpI / / 'θɛrəpI / thesis / 'θIsIs / / 'θIsIs / thick / 'θIk / / 'θIk / thief / 'θi:f / / 'θif / thin / 'θIn / / 'θIn / thing / 'θIŋ / / 'θIŋ / think / 'θIŋks / / 'θIŋks / third / 'θɜ:d / / 'θɜrd / thirsty / 'θɜ:stI / / 'θɜrstI / thong / 'θɒŋ / / 'θɔŋ / thorn / 'θɔ:n / / 'θɔrn / thought / 'θɔ:t / / 'θɔt / thread / 'θred / / 'θrɛd / threat / 'θret / / 'θrɛt / three / 'θri: / / 'θri / thrill / 'θrIl / / 'θrIl /

246 throat / 'θrəυt / / 'θrot / thorough / 'θʌrə / / 'θʌrə / through / 'θru: / / 'θru / throw / 'θrəυ / / 'θro / throne / 'θrəυn / / 'θron / thrust / 'θrʌst / / 'θrʌst / thumb / 'θʌm / / 'θʌm / thunder / 'θʌndə / / 'θʌndər / thusday / 'θɜ:sdeI / / 'θɜrsde /

Medial Position British American anthem / 'ænθəm / / 'ænθəm / athlete / 'æθli:t / / 'æθlit / author / 'ɔ:θə / / 'ɔθər / authority / ɔ:'θɒrItI / / ə'θɔrItI / authentic / ɔ:'θentIk / / ɑ'θɛntIk / bathtub / 'bɑ:θtʌb / / 'bæθtʌb / brothel / 'brɒθl / / 'brɑθl / cathedral / kə'θi:drəl / / kə'θidrəl / catheter / 'kæθItə / / 'kæθItər /

247 cathode / 'kæθəυd / / 'kæθod / catholic / 'kæθlIk / / 'kæθlIk / dethrone / ˌdi:'θrəυn / / ˌdi'θron / ether / 'i:θə / / 'iθər / ethic / 'eθIk / / 'ɛθIk / ethnic / 'eθnIk / / 'ɛθnIk / ethnology / eθ'nɒləʤI / / ɛθ'nɑləʤI / healthy / 'helθI / / 'hɛlθI / mathematics / mæθə'mætIks / / mæθə'mætIks / methode / 'meθəd / / 'mɛθəd / mythical / 'mIθIkl / / 'mIθIkl / nothing / 'nʌθIŋ / / 'nʌθIŋ / Final Position British American bath / 'bɑ:θ / / 'bæθ / beneath / bI'ni:θ / / bI'niθ / berth / 'bɜ:θ / / 'bɜrθ / birth / 'bɜ:θ / / 'bɜrθ / both / 'bəυθ / / 'boθ / breath / 'breθ / / 'brɛθ /

248 broth / 'brɒθ / / 'brɔθ / cloth / 'klɒθ / / 'klɔθ / death / 'deθ / / 'dɛθ / depth / 'depθ / / 'dɛpθ / earth / 'ɜ:θ / / 'ɜrθ / forth / 'fɔ:θ / / 'fɔrθ / growth / 'ցrəυθ / / 'ցroθ / health / 'helθ / / 'hɛlθ / lath / 'lɑ:θ / / 'læθ / length / 'leŋθ / / 'lɛŋθ / month / 'mʌnθ / / 'mʌnθ / myth / 'mIθ / / 'mIθ / north / 'nɔ:θ / / 'nɔrθ / path / 'pɑ:θ / / 'pæθ / south / 'saυθ / / 'saυθ / teeth / 'ti:θ / / 'tiθ /

4.14. The English Consonant / ð /

The English / ð / sound is defined as a voiced dental fricative consonant that is articulated by the tongue tip against

249 the upper teeth. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is also regarded as the representation of graphemes th. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / ð /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American this / 'ðIs / / 'ðIs /

Initial Position British American than / 'ðən / / 'ðən / that / 'ðæt / / 'ðæt / thee / 'ði: / / 'ði /

250 their / 'ðeə / / 'ðɛr / theirs / 'ðeəz / / 'ðɛrz / them / 'ðəm / / 'ðəm / then / 'ðən / / 'ðən / there / 'ðeə / / 'ðɛr / thereabouts / 'ðeərəbaυts / / 'ðɛrəbaυts / thereafter / 'ðeərɑ:ftə / / 'ðɛræftər / thereby / 'ðeəbaI / / 'ðɛrbaI / therefore / 'ðeəfɔ: / / 'ðɛrfɔr / therein / 'ðeərIn / / 'ðɛrIn / thereof / 'ðeərɒv / / 'ðɛrɑv / these / 'ði:z / / 'ðiz / they / 'ðeI / / 'ðe / this / 'ðIs / / 'ðIs / thou / 'ðaυ / / 'ðaυ / though / 'ðəυ / / 'ðo / those / 'ðəυ z / / 'ðoz / thus / 'ðʌs / / 'ðʌs / thy / 'ðaI / / 'ðaI /

251 Medial Position British American another / ə'nʌðə / / ə'nʌðər / bathed / 'beIðd / / 'beðd / bather / 'beIðə / / 'beðər / blather / 'blæðə / / 'blæðər / bother / 'bɒðə / / 'bɑðər / brother / 'brʌðə / / 'brʌðər / clothier / 'kləυðIə / / 'kloðIr / either / 'aIðə / / 'iðər / father / 'fɑ:ðə / / 'fɑðər / feather / 'feðə / / 'fɛðər / further / 'fɜ:ðə / / 'fɜrðər / gather / 'ցæðə / / 'ցæðər / lather / 'lɑ:ðə / / 'læðər / leather / 'leðə / / 'lɛðər / mother / 'mʌðə / / 'mʌðər / neither / 'naIðə / / 'niðər / rather / 'rɑ:ðə / / 'ræðər /

252 together / tə'ցeðə / / tə'ցɛðər /

Final Position British American bathe / 'beIð / / 'beð / booth / 'bu:ð / / 'buð / blithe / 'blaIð / / 'blaIð / breathe / 'bri:ð / / 'brið / clothe / 'kləυð / / 'kloð / forthwith / ˌfɔ:θ'wIð / / ˌfɔrθ'wIð / lathe / 'leIð / / 'leð / scythe / 'saIð / / 'saIð / smooth / 'smu:ð / / 'smuð / with / 'wIð / / 'wIð / wreathe / 'ri:ð / / 'rið /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / θ / and / ð /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English.

253 ether / 'i:θə / - either / 'i:ðə / loath / 'ləυθ / - loathe / 'ləυð / sheath / 'si:θ / - sheathe / 'si:ð / sooth / 'su:θ / - soothe / 'su:ð / teeth / 'ti:θ / - teethe / 'ti:ð / wreath / 'ri:θ / - wreathe / 'ri:ð /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / θ / and / ð /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Both Ruth and Edith are so thin.

/ 'bəυθ 'rυθ ənd 'i:dIθ ɑ: 'səυ ‛θIn / 2. Keep on thinking to find the truth.

/ 'ki:p ɒn 'θIŋkIŋ tə 'faInd ðə‛θru:θ / 3. He threw thousands of thin things.

/ hI 'θru: 'θaυzəndz əv 'θIn ‛θIŋz / 4. The thief was caught in the thorny bush.

254 / ðə 'θi:f wəz 'kɔ:t In ðə 'θɔ:nI ‛bυ∫ / 5. The youth thought that they were the third.

/ ðə 'ju:θ 'θɔ:t ðæt ðeI wɜ:r ðə ‛θɜ:d / 6. They thought that they’d finished the tenth. / ðeI 'θɔ:t ðæt ðeId 'fInI∫t ðə ‛θenθ / 7. The author chose an old myth for his theme.

/ ðI 'ɔ:θə 'ʧəυz ən 'əυld 'mIθ fər Iz ‛θi:m / 8. Smith’s fifth birthday is on the fifth of May. / 'smIθs 'fIfθ 'bɜ:θdeI Iz ɒn ðə 'fIfθ əv ‛meI / 9. They laid a wreath to honour the death of the mythical heroes.

/ ðeI 'leId ə 'ri:θ tə 'ɒnə ðə 'deθ əv ðə 'mIθIkl ‛hIərəυz / 10. Thousands of people are living in the south and north poles.

/ 'θaυzəndz əv 'pi:pl ɑ: 'lIvIŋ In ðə 'saυθ ənd 'nɔ:θ ‛pəυlz / 11. Father and mother will go together.

/ 'fɑ:ðər ənd mɑ:ðə wIl 'ցəυ tə‛ցeðə / 12. They went together with their brothers. / ðeI 'went tə'ցeðə wIð ðeə ‛brʌðəz / 13. They gathered the feathers rather quickly. / ðeI 'ցæðəd ðə 'feðəz 'rɑ:ðə ‛kwIklI / 14. I’ll do this alone without other’s help.

255 / aIl 'du: ðIs ə'ləυn wI'ðaυt 'ʌðəz ‛help / 15. The thief was thrown into the thick thorny bush. / ðə 'θi:f wəz 'θrəυn Intə ðə 'θIk 'θɔ:nI ‛bυ∫ / 16. They all put off their clothes and went bathing. / ðeI 'ɔ:l 'pυt əf ðeə 'kləυθs ənd 'went ‛beIðIŋ / 17. The weather in the south and north poles is very cold. / ðə 'weðər In ðə 'saυθ ənd 'nɔ:θ pəυlz Iz verI ‛kəυld/ 18. They’d rather take a bath at home than swim in the river. / ðeId 'rɑ:ðə teIk ə bɑ:θ ət həυm ðən swImIŋ In ðə ‛rIvə / 19. Niethier my father nor my mother want to use leather shoes. / 'naIðə maI 'fɑ:ðər nɔ: maI 'mɑ:ðə 'wɒnt tə 'ju:s 'leðə ‛∫u:z / 20. The antheme was sung when the third king was on the throne. / ðI 'ænθəm wəz 'sʌŋ 'wen ðə 'θɜ:d 'kIŋ wəz ɒn ðə ‛θrəυn /

4.15. The English Consonant / ∫ / The English / ∫ / sound is defined as a voiceless palato-alveolar fricative consonant that is articulated by raising the front part of the tongue closely to the back or hinder part of the teeth ridge. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are not made to vibrate, and the lips are protruded during the production of this sound. This

256 consonant is also regarded as the representation of graphemes s, ss, sh, t, c, and ch. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / ∫ /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American pansion / 'pen∫n / / 'pɛn∫n / mission / 'mI∫n / / 'mI∫n / ship / '∫Ip / / '∫Ip / station / 'steI∫n / / 'ste∫n / social / 'səυ∫l / / 'so∫l / machine / mə'∫i:n / / mə'∫in / Initial Position British American shabby / '∫æbI / / '∫æbI / shade / '∫eId / / '∫ed / shadow / '∫ædəυ / / '∫ædo / shake / '∫eIk / / '∫ek / shallow / '∫æləυ / / '∫ælo / shame / '∫eIm / / '∫em /

257 shape / '∫eIp / / '∫ep / share / '∫eə / / '∫ɛr / sharp / '∫ɑ:p / / '∫ɑrp / shave / '∫eIv / / '∫ev / sheep / '∫i:p / / '∫ip / sheet / '∫i:t / / '∫it / shell / '∫el / / '∫ɛl / shelter / '∫eltə / / '∫ɛltər / shift / '∫Ift / / '∫Ift / shop / '∫ɒp / / '∫ɑp / short / '∫ɔ:t / / '∫ɔrt / shine / '∫aIn / / '∫aIn / shirt / '∫ɜ:t / / '∫ɜrt / shock / '∫ɒk / / '∫ɑk / shoot / '∫u:t / / '∫ut /

Medial Position British American ashame / ə'∫eIm / / ə'∫em / assure / ə'∫υə / / ə'∫υr / bishop / 'bI∫əp / / 'bI∫əp /

258 bushy / 'bυ∫I / / 'bυ∫I / cashier / kæ'∫Iə / / kæ'∫Ir / commission / kə'mI∫n / / kə'mI∫n / cushion / 'kυ∫n / / 'kυ∫n / decoration / dekə'reI∫n / / dɛkə're∫n / delicious / dI'lI∫əs / / dI'lI∫əs / devotion / dI'vəυ∫n / / dI'vo∫n / emotion / I'məυ∫n / / I'mo∫n / fisherman / 'fI∫əmæn / / 'fI∫ərmæn / freshen / 'fre∫n / / 'frɛ∫n / mushroom / 'mʌ∫rυm / / 'mʌ∫rυm / machine / mə'∫i:n / / mə'∫in / nation / 'neI∫n / / 'ne∫n / patient / 'peI∫nt / / 'pe∫nt / permission / pə'mI∫n / / pər'mI∫n / pushy / 'pυ∫I / / 'pυ∫I / usher / 'ʌ∫ə / / 'ʌ∫ər / washer / 'wɒ∫ə / / 'wɔ∫ər /

259 Final Position British American ash / 'æ∫ / / 'æ∫ / bush / 'bυ∫ / / 'bυ∫ / brush / 'brʌ∫ / / 'brʌ∫ / cash / 'kæ∫ / / 'kæ∫ / crash / 'kræ∫ / / 'kræ∫ / crush / 'krʌ∫ / / 'krʌ∫ / dash / 'dæ∫ / / 'dæ∫ / dish / 'dI∫ / / 'dI∫ / fish / 'f I∫ / / 'f I∫ / flash / 'flæ∫ / / 'flæ∫ / fresh / 'fre∫ / / 'frɛ∫ / gash / 'ցæ∫ / / 'ցæ∫ / harsh / 'hɑ:∫ / / 'hɑr∫ / publish / 'pʌbl I∫ / / 'pʌblI∫ / push / 'pυ∫ / / 'pυ∫ / rush / 'rʌ∫ / / 'rʌ∫ / slash / 'slæ∫ / / 'slæ∫ / smash / 'smæ∫ / / 'smæ∫ / splash / 'splæ∫ / / 'splæ∫ /

260 wash / 'wɒ∫ / / 'wɔ∫ / wish / 'wI∫ / / 'wI∫ /

4.16. The English Consonant / ӡ / The English / ӡ / sound is defined as a voiced palato- alveolar fricative consonant that is articulated by raising the front part of the tongue closely to the back part of the teeth ridge. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant is also regarded as the representation of graphemes s, z, and g. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / ӡ /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American

261 devision / dI'vIӡn / / dI'vIӡn / azure / 'æӡə / / 'æӡər / genre / 'ӡɒnrə / / 'ӡɑnrə /

Initial Position British American genre / 'ӡɒnrə / / 'ӡɑnrə / gendarme / 'ӡɒndɑ:m / / 'ӡɑndɑrm / gigolo / 'ӡIցələυ / / 'ӡIցəlo /

Medial Position British American casual / 'kæӡυəl / / 'kæӡυəl / collision / kə'lIӡn / / kə'lIӡn / collusion / kə'lu:ӡn / / kə'luӡn / composer / kəm'pəυӡə / / kəm'poӡər / confusion / kən'fju:ӡn / / kən'fjuӡn / enclosure / In'kləυӡə / / In'kloӡər / explosion / Ik'spləυӡn / / Ik'sploӡn / leasure / 'leӡə / / 'liӡər / massage / 'mæsɑ:ӡ / / 'mæsɑӡ / measure / 'meӡə / / 'mɛӡər /

262 occasion / ə'keIӡn / / ə'keӡn / pleasure / 'pleӡə / / 'plɛӡər / provision / prə'vIӡn / / prə'vIӡn / revision / rI'vIӡn / / rI'vIӡn / transition / træn'sIӡn / / træn'sIӡn / treasure / 'treӡə / / 'trɛӡər /

Final Position British American barrage / 'bærɑ:ӡ / / bə'rɑӡ / camouflage / 'kæməflɑ:ӡ / / 'kæməflɑӡ / collage / 'kɒlɑ:ӡ / / kə'lɑӡ / garage / 'ցærɑ:ӡ / / ցə'rɑӡ / massage / 'mæsɑ:ӡ / / mə'sɑӡ / mirage / 'mIrɑ:ӡ / / mə'rɑӡ / prestige / pre'sti:ӡ / / pre'stiӡ / rouge / 'ru:ӡ / / 'ruӡ /

Pronounce each of the following minimal pairs containing vowel / ∫ / and / ӡ /. Each word is pronounced aproximately in the same way both in the General British and American English.

263 confucian / kən'fju:∫ən / - confusion / kən'fju:ӡn / dilution / daI'lu:∫n / - delusion / dI'lu:ӡn / glacier / 'ցleI∫ər / - glazier / 'ցleӡər / ruche / 'ru:∫ / - rouge / 'ru:ӡ /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / ∫ / and / ӡ /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The bishop likes fish and shrimp.

/ ðə 'bI∫əp 'laks 'fI∫ ənd ‛∫rImp/ 2. She sells shellfish bay the seashore.

/ ∫I 'selz '∫elfI∫ baI ðə ‛ si:∫ɔ: / 3. She’s ashamed of showing her shoes. / ∫Iz ə'∫eImd əv '∫əυIŋ ə ‛∫u:z / 4. The shirts are in the washing machine.

/ ðə '∫ɜ:ts ɑ:r In ðə 'wɒ∫Iŋ mə‛∫i:n / 5. Various shoes are available in the shop.

264 / 'veərIəs '∫u:z ɑ:r ə'veIləbl In ðə '∫ɒp / 6. She puts the fried fish in a shallow dish.

/ ∫I 'pυts ðə 'fraId 'fI∫ In ə '∫æləυ ‛ dI∫ / 7. The sheet’s surely too short for the bed. / ðə '∫i:ts '∫ɔ:lI 'tu: '∫ɔ:t fə ðə ‛bed / 8. She washed her shiny hair with shampoo.

/ ∫I 'wɒ∫t ə '∫aInI 'heə wIð ‛∫æm‛pu: / 9. They all rushed to see the fish near the bush.

/ ðeI 'ɔ:l 'rʌ∫t tə 'si: ðə 'fI∫ 'nIə ðə ‛bυ∫ / 10. The fisherman has a large freshwater fishery.

/ ðə 'fI∫əmən həz ə 'lɑ:ʤ 'fre∫ 'wɔ:tə ‛fI∫ərI / 11. The shepherd is shouting loudly to call his sheep.

/ ðə '∫epəd Iz '∫aυtIŋ 'laυdlI tə 'kɔ:l Iz ‛∫i:p / 12. The explosion in the garage is visually frightening.

/ ðI Ik'spləυӡn In ðə ցə'rɑ:ʤ Iz 'vIӡυəlI ‛fraItənIŋ / 13. During their leasure time the pirates found the treasure.

/ 'djυərIŋ ðeə 'leӡə taIm ðə 'paIrət 'faυnd ðə ‛treӡə / 14. The shark swims in the shallow water by the sandy shore.

/ ðə '∫ɑ:k 'swImz In ðə '∫æləυ 'wɔ:tə baI ðə 'sændI ‛∫ɔ: / 15. The soldiers surely had an occasion to make an invasion.

265 / ðə 'səυlʤə '∫ɔ:lI həd ən ə'keIӡn tə 'meIk ən In‛veIӡn / 16. The revision with the decision makes a serious confusion.

/ ðə rI'vIӡn wIð ðə dI'sIӡn 'meIks ə 'sIərIəs kən‛fju:ӡn / 17. Achieving a higher prestige is the vision of this university.

/ ə'ʧi:vIŋ ə 'haIə pres'ti:ӡ Iz ðə 'vIӡn əv ðIs ˌju:nI‛vɜ:sItI / 18. We all casually have an occasion to spend our leisure time.

/ wI 'ɔ:l 'kæӡυəlI həv ən ə'keIӡn tə 'spend aυə 'leӡə ‛taIm / 19. The soldiers had the pleasure of drinking glasses of shandy.

/ ðə 'səυlʤəz həd ðə 'pleӡər əv 'drIŋkIŋ 'ցlɑ:sIz əv ‛∫ændI / 20. She casually uses rouge for pleasure during the leasure time.

/ ∫I 'kæӡυəlI 'ju:sIz 'ru:ӡ fə 'pleӡə 'djuərIŋ ðə 'leӡə ‛taIm /

4.17. The English Consonant / r / The English / r / sound is defined as a voiced post- alveolar fricative consonant that is articulated by raising the tip of the tongue closely to the back part of the teeth ridge. The tip of the tongue is actually a bit curved upwards, but it doesn’t touch the alveolar area. This consonant is usually pronounced as fricative or approximant that is produced by

266 forming a narrow air passage between the two articulators; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a slight hissing sound. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound, but the vibration of the vocal cords is less when it is preceded by voiceless consonants, e.g., prove / pru:v /, crowd / kraυd /. This sound is sometimes pronounced as rolled / r /, which is produced by a vibration of the tongue tip, i.e., a series of rapid taps against the teeth ridge. This sound is the same as that heard in Indonesian / r /. This sound is pronounced by speakers in Scotland and in the Northern of England, especially when it occurs initially. The / r / sound is sometimes flapped when it occurs in unstressed intervocalic position as in very / verI /. Flapped / r / is produced by a single tap of the tongue tip against the back part of the teeth ridge. Consonant / r / is sometimes pronounced with a certain amount of lip-protrusion especially in a stressed position. This consonant is also regarded as the representation of graphemes r and rr. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

267 The following words contain consonant / r /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. The / r / sound, in British English, is commonly not pronounced when it occurs finally, but it is pronounced as retroflexed / r / in American English. The retroflexed / r / sound is produced by curling the tongue tip a little backwards or upwards while pronouncing the English schwa / ə /. The final / r / is silent when it is followed by a pause or consonant, but it is sounded when it is followed by a vowel called as linking / r /. The / r / is even pronounced when a word ending in schwa is directly followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound, e.g., the idea of it / ðI 'aIdIər əv It /. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American right / 'raIt / / 'raIt / carry / 'kærI / / 'kærI /

Initial Position British American rack / 'ræk / / 'ræk / race / 'reIs / / 'res /

268 raise / 'reIs / / 'res / ran / 'ræn / / 'ræn / rank / 'rænk / / 'rænk / ranch / 'rɑ:nʧ / / 'rænʧ / rat / 'ræt / / 'ræt / reach / 'ri:ʧ / / 'riʧ / read / 'ri:d / / 'rid / ready / 'redI / / 'rɛdI / real / 'rIəl / / 'rIəl / realize / 'rIəlaIz / / 'rIəlaIz / red / 'red / / 'rɛd / rest / 'rest / / 'rɛst / review / rI'vju: / / rI'vju / ribs / 'rIbz / / 'rIbz / rich / 'rIʧ / / 'rIʧ / ring / 'rIŋ / / 'rIŋ / risk / 'rIsk / / 'rIsk / role / 'rəυl / / 'rol / rose / 'rəυz / / 'roz /

269 rook / 'rυk / / 'rυk / rope / 'rəυp / / 'rop / run / 'rлn / / 'rлn / rush / 'rл∫ / / 'rл∫ / write / 'raIt / / 'raIt /

Medial Position British American arrange / ə'reInʤ / / ə'renʤ / arrest / ə'rest / / ə'rɛst / arrive / ə'raIv / / ə'raIv / arrow / 'ærəυ / / 'æro / boring / 'bɔ:rIŋ / / 'bɔrIŋ / borrow / 'bɒrəυ / / 'bɑro / break / 'breIk / / 'brek / breed / 'bri:d / / 'brid / brief / 'bri:f / / 'brif / bright / 'braIt / / 'braIt / broad / 'brɔ:d / / 'brɔd / brush / 'brʌ∫ / / 'brʌ∫ / crash / 'kræ∫ / / 'kræ∫ /

270 cream / 'kri:m / / 'krim / create / krI'eIt / / krI'et / creed / 'kri:d / / 'krid / crisp / 'krIsp / / 'krIsp / crop / 'krɒp / / 'krɑp / cry / 'kraI / / 'kraI / dream / 'dri:m / / 'drim / dress / 'dres / / 'drɛs /

Final Position British American bar / 'bɑ:(r) / / 'bɑr / beer / 'bIə(r) / / 'bIr / boor / 'bυə(r) / / 'bυr / car / 'kɑ:(r) / / 'kɑr / clear / 'klIə(r) / / 'klIr / core / 'kɔ:(r) / / 'kɔr / dare / 'deə(r) / / 'dɛr / deer / 'dIə(r) / / 'dIr / door / 'dɔ:(r) / / 'dɔr / fair / 'feə(r) / / 'fɛr /

271 far / 'fɑ:(r) / / 'fɑr / fare / 'feə(r) / / 'fɛr / floor / 'flɔ:(r) / / 'flɔr / gear / 'ցIə(r) / / 'ցIr / hear / 'hIə(r) / / 'hIr / here / 'hIə(r) / / 'hIr / jar / 'ʤɑ:(r) / / 'ʤɑr / liar / 'laIə(r) / / 'laIr / moor / 'mυə(r) / / 'mυr / more / 'mɔ:(r) / / 'mɔr / near / 'nIə(r) / / 'nIr /

4.18. The English Consonant / l / The English / l / sound is defined as a voiced alveolar lateral consonant. This consonant is articulated by the tongue tip against the teeth ridge. This consonant is produced by putting the tongue tip against the teeth ridge; the air is completely blocked in the middle of the mouth, but it is

272 released out either from one or both sides of the tongue. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. When this sound occurs before vowel or / j /, the front part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate, and it is called as clear / l /. When this sound occurs before consonant or finally, the back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate, and it is called as dark / l /. This consonant is regarded as the representation of graphemes l and ll. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / l /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly. Graphemes British American let / 'let / / 'lɛt / bill / 'bIl / / 'bIl /

Initial Position British American label / 'leIbl / / 'lebl / labour / 'leIbə / / 'lebər /

273 lack / 'læk / / 'læk / lady / 'leIdI / / 'ledI / lamp / 'læmp / / 'læmp / land / 'lænd / / 'lænd / large / 'lɑ:ʤ / / 'lɑʤ / last / 'lɑ:st / / 'læst / later / 'leItə / / 'letər / laugh / 'lɑ:f / / 'læf / leader / 'li:də / / 'lidər / league / 'li:ց / / 'liց / learn / 'lɜ:n / / 'lɜrn / least / 'li:st / / 'list / light / 'laIt / / 'laIt / link / 'lIŋk / / 'lIŋk / list / 'lIst / / 'lIst /

Medial Position British American blade / 'bleId / / 'bled / blank / 'blæŋk / / 'blæŋk / blood / 'blʌd / / 'blʌd /

274 clean / 'kli:n / / 'klin / clear / 'klIə / / 'klIər / clever / 'klevə / / 'klɛvər / client / 'klaIənt / / 'klaIənt / climate / 'klaImət / / 'klaImət / climb / 'klaIm / / 'klaIm / close / 'kləυz / / 'kloz / cloud / 'klaυd / / 'klaυd / place / 'pleIs / / 'ples / plain / 'pleIn / / 'plen / plane / 'pleIn / / 'plen / plate / 'pleIt / / 'plet / player / 'pleIə / / 'pler / please / 'pli:z / / 'pliz / plot / 'plɒt / / 'plɑt / plug / 'plgʌց / / 'plʌց / glad / 'ցlæd / / 'ցlæd / glass / 'ցlɑ:s / / 'ցlæs /

275 Final Position British American ball / 'bɔ:l / / 'bɔl / bell / 'bel / / 'bɛl / bull / 'bυl / / 'bυl / call / 'kɔ:l / / 'kɔl / cell / 'sel / / 'sɛl / deal / 'di:l / / 'dil / dial / 'daIəl / / 'daIəl / dull / 'dʌl / / 'dʌl / fall / 'fɔ:l / / 'fɔl / feel / 'fi:l / / 'fil / fill / 'fIl / / 'fIl / full / 'fυl / / 'fυl / fool / 'fu:l / / 'ful / goal / 'ցəυl / / 'ցol / grill / 'ցrIl / / 'ցrIl / hall / 'hɔ:l / / 'hɔl / heal / 'hi:l / / 'hil / hill / 'hIl / / 'hIl / jail / 'ʤeIl / / 'ʤel /

276 mail / 'meIl / / 'mel / meal / 'mi:l / / 'mil /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / r / and / l /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. The red light flashed before we turned right.

/ ðə 'red 'laIt 'flæst bI'fɔ: wI 'tɜ:nd ‛raIt / 2. They left me alone in the loby all day long.

/ ðeI 'left mI ə'ləυn In ðə 'lɒbI 'ɔ:l 'deI ‛lɒŋ / 3. The survivors were all rescued by the red cross team. / ðə sə'vaIvəz wɜ:r 'ɔ:l 'reskju:d baI ðə 'red krɒs ‛ti:m / 4. The rivolver is usually used by the private investigator. / ðə rI'vɒlvər Iz 'ju:ӡυəlI 'ju:st baI ðə 'praIvət In‛vestIցeItə / 5. Red roses are grown in front of the room. / red 'rυəzIz ɑ: 'ցrəυn In 'frʌnt əv ðə ‛ru:m / 6. Green trees are planted along the road. / 'ցri:n 'tri:z ɑ: 'plɑ:ntId ə'lɒŋ ðə ‛rəυd / 7. A rocket was recently launched from the desert.

277 / ə 'rɒkIt wəz 'rIsəntlI 'lɔ:nʧt frəm ðə ‛dezət / 8. Remember to read the red note at the entrance. / rI'membə tə 'ri:d ðə 'red 'nəυt ət ðI ‛entrəns / 9. The roman catholic cathedral was renovated recently. / ðə 'rυəmən 'kæθlIk kə'θi:drəl wəz 'renəveItId ‛ri:səntlI / 10. The rebellions were arrested by the green beret members. / ðə rI'belIən wɜ:r ə'restId baI ðə 'ցri:n 'bereI ‛membəz / 11. A political revolution is necessarily required in this country.

/ ə pə'lItIkl revə'lu:∫n Iz 'nesəserIlI rI'kwaIəd In ðIs ‛kʌntrI / 12. Let all the pupil learn about the legal law.

/ 'let 'ɔ:l ðə 'pi:pl 'lɜ:n ə'baυt ðə 'li:ցl ‛lɔ: / 13. Let me love you, or leave me alone.

/ 'let mI 'lʌv jυ ɔ: 'li:v mI ə‛ləυn / 14. Illegal loging is legally not allowed in the island.

/ I'li:ցl 'lɒցIŋ Iz 'li:ցlI 'nɒt ə'laυd In ðI ‛aIlənd / 15. The lieutenant let the local people live in the lodge.

/ ðə lef'tenənt 'let ðə 'ləυkl 'pi:pl 'lIv In ðə ‛lɒʤ / 16. The local people always let them learn their culture.

/ ðə 'ləυkl 'pi:pl 'ɔ:lweIz 'let ðəm 'lɜ:n ðeə ‛kʌlʧə / 17. The foreign learners will learn the local language easily.

/ ðə 'fɒrən 'lɜ:nəz wIl 'lɜ:n ðə 'ləυkl 'læŋցwIʤ ‛i:zIlI/

278 18. We’re likely not allowed to follow the lawyer. / wIə 'laIklI 'nɒt ə'laυd tə 'fɒləυ ðə ‛lɔIə / 19. A lot of people were killed in the battlefield.

/ ə 'lɒt əv 'pi:pl weə 'kIld In ðə ‛bætlˌfi:ld / 20. It was really a miracle when the lame could suddenly leap.

/ It wəz 'rIəlI ə 'mIrIkl wen ðə 'leIm kυd 'sʌdənlI ‛li:p /

4.19. The English Consonant / h / The English / h / sound is defined as a breathed voiceless glottal fricative consonant that is articulated in the glottis. This consonant is produced by forming a narrow air passage between the vocal cords; the air is released out through the mouth and produces a hissing sound. The vocal cords are not made to vibrate. This consonant, in English, is also regarded as the representation of graphemes h, and wh. This consonant simply occurs in initial and medial position. The following words contain consonant / h /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

279 Graphemes British American hold / 'həυld / / 'hold / who / 'hu: / / 'hu /

Initial Position British American habit / 'hæbIt / / 'hæbIt / hair / 'heə / / 'hɛr / half / 'hɑ:f / / 'hæf / hall / 'hɔ:l / / 'hɔl / halt / 'hɒlt / / 'hɑlt / hand / 'hænd / / 'hænd / hang / 'hæŋ / / 'hæŋ / happen / 'hæpn / / 'hæpn / harm / 'hɑ:m / / 'hɑrm / harbour / 'hɑ:bə / / 'hɑrbər / hate / 'heIt / / 'het / haze / 'heIz / / 'hez / heal / 'hi:l / / 'hil / help / 'help / / 'hɛlp /

280 high / 'haI / / 'haI / hill / 'hIl / / 'hIl / hold / 'həυld / / 'hold / home / 'həυm / / 'hom / hope / 'həυp / / 'hop / horn / 'hɔ:n / / 'hɔrn / horse / 'hɔ:s / / 'hɔrs / host / 'həυst / / 'host / hug / 'hлց / / 'hлց / huge / 'hju:ʤ / / 'hjuʤ / hunter / 'hлntə / / 'hлntər / hurry / 'hлrI / / 'hɜrI /

Medial Position British American adhere / əd'hIə / / əd'hIr / behalf / bI'hɑ:f / / bI'hæf / behave / bI'heIv / / bI'hev / behaviour / bI'heIvjə / / bI'hevjər / behind / bI'haInd / / bI'haInd / behold / bI'həυld / / bI'hold /

281 cohere / kəυ'hIə / / kəυ'hIr / cohesion / kəυ'hi:ӡn / / ko'hiӡn / dehydrate / dI'haIdreIt / / dI'haIdret / fahrenheit / 'færənhaIt / / 'færənhaIt / handhold / 'hændhəυld / / 'hændhold / household / 'haυshəυld / / 'haυshold / inhabit / In'hæbIt / / In'hæbIt / inhale / In'heIl / / In'hel / inhere / In'hIə / / In'hIr / inherent / In'hIərənt / / In'hIrənt / inhibit / In'hIbIt / / In'hIbIt / inhouse / In'haυs / / In'haυs / inhuman / In'hju:mən / / In'hjumən / mishear / mIs'hIə / / mIs'hIr /

4.20. The English Consonant / m / The English consonant / m / is defined as a voiced bilabial nasal consonant. This consonant is produced by blocking the air stream compressed from the lungs by means of the upper

282 lip and lower lip, but it is released out through the nose. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant is regarded as the representation of graphemes m and mm. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position. The following words contain consonant / m /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American met / 'met / / 'mɛt / swimming / 'swImIŋ / / 'swImIŋ /

Initial Position British American machine / mə'si:n / / mə'sin / mail / 'meIl / / 'mel / main / 'meIn / / 'men / major / 'meIʤə / / 'meʤər / make / 'meIk / / 'mek /

283 male / 'meIl / / 'mel / manage / 'menIʤ / / 'mɛnIʤ / manager / 'menIʤə / / 'mɛnIʤər / manner / 'mænə / / 'mænər / many / 'menI / / 'mɛnI / march / 'mɑ:ʧ / / 'mɑrʧ / mark / 'mɑ:k / / 'mɑrk / market / 'mɑ:kIt / / 'mɑrkIt / marry / 'mærI / / 'mærI / mass / 'mæs / / 'mæs / master / 'mɑ:stə / / 'mæstər / match / 'mæʧ / / 'mæʧ / mate / 'meIt / / 'met / matter / 'mætə / / 'mætər / mature / 'məʧυə / / 'məʧυər / meal / 'mi:l / / 'mil / mean / 'mi:n / / 'min / measure / 'meӡə / / 'mɛӡər / meat / 'mi:t / / 'mit /

284 media / 'mi:dIə / / 'midIə / milk / 'mIlk / / 'mIlk /

Medial Position British American amen / eI'men / / e'mɛn / amaze / ə'meIz / / ə'mez / ambiton / æm'bI∫n / / æm'bI∫n / ambulance / 'æmbjələns / / 'æmbjələns / amend / ə'mend / / ə'mɛnd / among / ə'mʌŋ / / ə'mʌŋ / amount / ə'maυnt / / ə'maυnt / amuse / ə'mju:z / / ə'mjuz / camera / 'kæmərə / / 'kæmərə / campaigne / kæm'peIn / / kæm'pen / damage / 'dæmIʤ / / 'dæmIʤ / demand / dI'mɑ:nd / / dI'mænd / famous / 'feIməs / / 'feməs / female / 'fi:meıl / / 'fimel / human / 'hju:mən / / 'hjumən /

285 humble / 'hʌmbl / / 'hʌmbl / humor / 'hju:mə / / 'hjumər / immediate / I'mi:dIət/ / I'midIət/ immoral / I'mɒrəl/ / I'mɔrəl/ impact / 'Impækt/ / 'Impækt/ moment / 'məυmənt / / 'momənt /

Final Position British American aim / 'eIm / / 'em / arm / 'ɑ:m / / 'ɑrm / calm / 'kɑ:m / / 'kɑm / claim / 'kleIm / / 'klem / come / 'kʌm / / 'kʌm / cream / 'kri:m / / 'krim / dream / 'dri:m / / 'drim / fame / 'feIm / / 'fem / farm / 'fɑ:m / / 'fɑrm / frame / 'freIm / / 'frem / game / 'ցeIm / / 'ցem / home / 'həυm / / 'hom /

286 hymn / 'hIm / / 'hIm / jam / 'ʤæm / / 'ʤæm / lamb / 'læm / / 'læm / lame / 'leIm / / 'lem / name / 'neIm / / 'nem / palm / 'pɑ:m / / 'pɑm / room / 'ru:m / / 'rum / same / 'seIm / / 'sem / some / 'sʌm / / 'sʌm /

4.21. The English Consonant / n / The English / n / sound is defined as a voiced alveolar nasal consonant. This consonant is produced by blocking the air stream compressed from the lungs by means of the tongue tip and the teeth ridge, but it is released out through the nose. The vocal cords are made to vibrate during the production of this sound. This consonant, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes n and nn. This consonant occurs in initial, medial, and final position.

287 The following words contain consonant / n /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American net / 'net / / 'nɛt / running / 'rʌnIŋ / / 'rʌnIŋ /

Initial Position British American nail / 'neIl / / 'nel / name / 'neIm / / 'nem / narrow / 'nærəυ / / 'næro / nation / 'neI∫n / / 'ne∫n / natural / 'næʧrəl / / 'næʧrəl / near / 'nIə / / 'nIr / need / 'ni:d / / 'nid / negative / 'neցətIv / / 'nɛցətIv / neighbour / 'neIbə / / 'nebər / neither / 'naIðə / / 'niðər /

288 nephew / 'nefju: / / 'nɛfju / nerve / 'nɜ:v / / 'nɜrv / nervous / 'nɜ:vəs / / 'nɜrvəs / nest / 'nest / / 'nɛst / new / 'nju: / / 'nu / next / 'nekst / / 'nɛkst / nice / 'naIs / / 'naIs / night / 'naIt / / 'naIt / nine / 'naIn / / 'naIn / noise / 'nɔIz / / 'nɔIz / normal / 'nɔ:ml / / 'nɔrml / north / 'nɔ:θ / / 'nɔrθ / nose / 'nəυz / / 'noz / notice / 'nəυtIs / / 'notIs / nuclear / 'nju:klIə / / 'nuklIr / number / 'nʌmbə / / 'nʌmbər /

Medial Position British American animal / 'ænIml / / 'ænIml /

289 annually / 'ænjυəlI / / 'ænjυəlI / announce / ə'naυns / / ə'naυns / annoy / ə'nɔI / / ə'nɔI / another / ə'nʌðə / / ə'nʌðər / anticipate / æn'tIsIpeIt / / æn'tIsIpet / bandage / 'bændIʤ / / 'bændIʤ / banner / 'bænə / / 'bænər / blend / 'blend / / 'blɛnd / blind / 'blaInd / / 'blaInd / cancel / 'kænsl / / 'kænsl / cancer / 'kænsə / / 'kænsər / candidate / 'kændIdət / / 'kændIdət / candy / 'kændI / / 'kændI / concentrate / 'kɒnsntreIt / / 'kɑnsntret / concept / 'kɒnsept / / 'kɑnsɛpt / concern / kən'sɜ:n / / kən'sɜrn / concert / 'kɒnsət / / 'kɑnsərt / conclude / kən'klu:d / / kən'klud / conclusion / kən'klu:ӡn / / kən'kluӡn /

290 condition / kən'dI∫n / / kən'dI∫n /

Final Position British American ban / 'bæn / / 'bæn / barn / 'bɑ:n / / 'bɑrn / born / 'bɔ:n / / 'bɔrn / clan / 'klæn / / 'klæn / clean / 'kli:n / / 'klin / clone / 'kləυn / / 'klon / dean / 'di:n / / 'din / fine / 'faIn / / 'faIn / gain / 'ցeIn / / 'ցen / gone / 'ցɒn / / 'ցɔn / line / 'laIn / / 'laIn / main / 'meIn / / 'men / nine / 'naIn / / 'naIn / pain / 'peIn / / 'pen / plain / 'pleIn / / 'plen / rain / 'reIn / / 'ren /

291 run / 'rʌn / / 'rʌn / sun / 'sʌn / / 'sʌn / sin / 'sIn / / 'sIn / win / 'wIn / / 'wIn / wine / 'waIn / / 'waIn /

4.22. The English Consonant / ŋ / The English / ŋ / sound is defined as a voiced velar nasal consonant. In the production of this consonant the air compressed from the lungs is blocked by means of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, but it is released out through the nose, and the vocal cords are made to vibrate. This consonant is regarded as the representation of graphemes n, and ng. This consonant simply occurs in medial and final position. The following words contain consonant / ŋ /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American

292 link / 'lIŋk / / 'lIŋk / sing / 'sIŋ / / 'sIŋ /

Medial Position British American anger / 'æŋցə / / 'æŋցər / angry / 'æŋցrI / / 'æŋցrI / angel / 'æŋցl / / 'æŋցl / ankle / 'æŋkl / / 'æŋkl / bank / 'bæŋk / / 'bæŋk / banquet / 'bæŋkwIt / / 'bæŋkwIt / blink / 'blIŋk / / 'blIŋk / blank / 'blæŋk / / 'blæŋk / clink / 'klIŋk / / 'klIŋk / conquer / 'kɒŋkə / / 'kɑŋkə / conqueror / 'kɒŋkərə / / 'kɒŋkərər / conquest / 'kɒŋkwest / / 'kɒŋkwɛst / drink / 'drIŋk / / 'drIŋk / drank / 'dræŋk / / 'dræŋk / drunk / 'drʌŋk / / 'drʌŋk /

293 finger / 'fIŋցə / / 'fIŋցər / frankly / 'fræŋklI / / 'fræŋklI / link / 'lIŋk / / 'lIŋk / monk / 'mʌŋk / / 'mʌŋk / pink / 'pIŋk / / 'pIŋk / rank / 'ræŋk / / 'ræŋk / sink / 'sIŋk / / 'sIŋk / sank / 'sæŋk / / 'sæŋk / tank / 'tæŋk / / 'tæŋk / thank / 'θæŋk / / 'θæŋk / think / 'θIŋk / / 'θIŋk / Final Position British American bang / 'bæŋ / / 'bæŋ / bring / 'brIŋ / / 'brIŋ / ceiling / 'si:lIŋ / / 'silIŋ / cling / 'klIŋ / / 'klIŋ / cunning / 'kʌnIŋ / / 'kʌnIŋ / darling / 'dɑ:lIŋ / / 'dɑrlIŋ / ding / 'dIŋ / / 'dIŋ /

294 fling / 'flIŋ / / 'flIŋ / gang / 'ցæŋ / / 'ցæŋ / hang / 'hæŋ / / 'hæŋ / hung / 'hʌŋ / / 'hʌŋ / king / 'kIŋ / / 'kIŋ / long / 'lɒŋ / / 'lɔŋ / rang / 'ræŋ / / 'ræŋ / ring / 'rIŋ / / 'rIŋ / rung / 'rʌŋ / / 'rʌŋ / sing / 'sIŋ / / 'sIŋ / sang / 'sæŋ / / 'sæŋ / song / 'sɒŋ / / 'sɔŋ / sung / 'sʌŋ / / 'sʌŋ / swing / 'swIŋ / / 'swIŋ /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / m /, / n /, and / ŋ /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

295 1. The lion is the king of the jungle.

/ ðə 'laIən Iz ðə 'kIŋ əv ðə ‛ʤʌŋցl / 2. The king is coming riding a donkey.

/ ðə 'kIŋ Iz 'kʌmIŋ 'raIdIŋ ə ‛dɒŋkI / 3. A song is sung for the king and the monk.

/ ə 'sɒŋ Iz 'sʌŋ fə ðə 'kIŋ ənd ðə ‛mɒŋk / 4. The people all sing as soon as the bell rings.

/ ðə 'pi:pl 'ɔ:l 'sIŋ əz 'su:n əz ðə 'bel ‛rIŋz / 5. The woman may have made up her mind.

/ ðə 'wυmən meI həv 'meId ʌp hɜ: ‛maInd / 6. We may have jam or marmalade this morning.

/ wI meI həv 'ʤæm ɔ: 'mɑ:məleId ðIs ‛mɔ:nIŋ / 7. The man merely earns a little amount of money.

/ ðə 'mæn 'mIəlI 'ɜ:nz ə 'lItl ə'maυnt əv ‛mʌnI / 8. The man will get married with Mery next month.

/ ðə 'mæn wIl 'ցet 'mærId wIð 'merI 'nekst ‛mʌnθ / 9. Many of them are still in the room at the moment.

/ 'menI əv ðəm ɑ: 'stIl In ðə 'ru:m ət ðə ‛məυmənt / 10. Do they need much money for the new monument?

296 / 'du: ðeI 'ni:d 'mʌʧ 'mʌnI fə ðə 'nju: ‛mɒnjυmənt / 11. Nine nurses are still working in the intensive care unit.

/ 'naIn 'nɜ:sIz ɑ: 'stIl 'wɜ:kIŋ In ðə In'tensIv 'keə ‛ju:nIt / 12. The majority of the women work in the nursing profession.

/ ðə mə'ʤɒrətI əv ðə 'wυmən 'wɜ:k In ðə 'nɜ:sIŋ prə‛fe∫n / 13. The new method may help them memorize the material.

/ ðə 'nju: 'meθəd meI 'help ðəm 'meməraIz ðə mə‛tIərIəl / 14. The bomb made a massive explosion in the new market.

/ ðə 'bɒm 'meId ə 'mæsIv Ik'spləυӡn In ðə 'nju: ‛mɑ:kIt / 15. None of them will be invited to the meeting next month.

/ 'nʌn əv ðəm wIl bI In'vaItId tə ðə 'mi:tIŋ 'nekst ‛mʌnθ / 16. The new manager needs a young man and a young woman.

/ ðə 'nju: 'mænIʤə 'ni:dz ə 'jʌŋ 'mæn ənd ə 'jʌŋ ‛wυmən / 17. The amount of money spent last month was about a million.

/ ðI ə'maυnt əv 'mʌnI 'spent 'lɑ:st 'mʌnθ wəz ə'baυt ə ‛mIlIən / 18. An advance in modern medicine is the invention of vitamine.

/ ən əd'vɑ:ns In 'mɒdn 'medIsən Iz ðI In'ven∫n əv ‛vItəmIn / 19. The young generation don’t care about their national identity.

/ ðə 'jʌŋ ˌʤænə'reI∫n 'dəυnt 'keər ə'baυt ðeə 'næ∫nl aI‛dentItI / 20. The new president can possibly handle the national need soon.

297 / ðə 'nju: 'prezIdnt kən 'pɒsIblI 'hændl ðə 'næ∫nl ni:d ‛su:n /

4.23. The English Consonant / w / The English / w / sound is defined as a voiced bilabial semivowel. This sound has both the vowel and consonant features. This sound is produced by starting the vowel / υ /, but the tongue is moved or glided to the position of the following vowel sound. In the production of this sound, the lips are firstly rounded, but they are made in the neutral position as soon as the other vowel follows that sound. Besides, the vocal cords are made to vibrate. Semivowel / w /, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes w and u. This consonant simply occurs in initial and medial position. The following words contain semivowel / w /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American well / 'wel / / 'wɛl / quite / 'kwaIt / / 'kwaIt /

Initial Position British American

298 wage / 'weIʤ / / 'weʤ / waist / 'weIst / / 'west / wait / 'weIt / / 'wet / wake / 'weIk / / 'wek / walk / 'wɔ:k / / 'wɔk / wall / 'wɔ:l / / 'wɔl / wander / 'wɒndə / / 'wɑndər / want / 'wɒnt / / 'wɑnt / war / 'wɔ: / / 'wɔr / warm / 'wɔ:m / / 'wɔrm / warn / 'wɔ:n / / 'wɔrn / wash / 'wɒ∫ / / 'wɑ∫ / waste / 'weIst / / 'west / watch / 'wɒʧ / / 'wɑʧ / water / 'wɔ:tə / / 'wɑtər / wavy / 'weIvI / / 'wevI / weak / 'wi:k / / 'wik / wealth / 'welθ / / 'wɛlθ / weapon / 'wepən / / 'wɛpən /

299 wear / 'weə / / 'wɛr / weather / 'weðə / / 'wɛðər / website / 'websaIt / / 'wɛbsaIt / weekly / 'wi:klI / / 'wiklI / went / 'went / / 'wɛnt / west / 'west / / 'wɛst / wish / 'wI∫ / / 'wI∫ /

Medial Position British American dwell / 'dwel / / 'dwɛl / enquiry / In'kwaIərI / / 'InkwərI / equal / 'i:kwəl / / 'ikwəl / equipment / I'kwIpmənt / / I'kwIpmənt / equivalent / I'kwIvələnt / / I'kwIvələnt / quake / 'kweIk / / 'kwek / quaker / 'kweIkə / / 'kwekər / qualification / ˌkwɒlIfI'keI∫n / / ˌkwɑlIfI'ke∫n / qualify / 'kwɒlIfaI / / 'kwɑlIfaI / quality / 'kwɒlətI / / 'kwɑlətI /

300 quantity / 'kwɒntətI / / 'kwɑntətI / quarrel / 'kwɒrəl / / 'kwɔrəl / quarter / 'kwɔ:tə / / 'kwɔrtər / queen / 'kwi:n / / 'kwin / question / 'kwesʧən / / 'kwɛsʧən / quick / 'kwIk / / 'kwIk / quiet / 'kwaIət / / 'kwaIət / quite / 'kwaIt / / 'kwaIt / quit / 'kwIt / / 'kwIt / quiz / 'kwIz / / 'kwIz /

4.24. The English Consonant / j / The English / j / sound is defined as a voiced palatal semivowel. This sound has both the vowel and consonant features. This sound is produced by starting the vowel / I /, but the tongue is moved or glided to the position of the following vowel sound. In the production of this sound, the vocal cords are made to vibrate. Semivowel / j /, in English, is regarded as the representation of graphemes y, i, and e. Besides, it also occurs before vowel / u: / in words spelt with u, ue, ew, and ui. This semivowel simply occurs in initial and medial position.

301 The following words contain semivowel / j /, and it is pronounced in the same way both in General British and American English. In some words this sound is pronounced in British English, but it is omitted in American English especially when it is preceded by alveolar sounds such as / s, t, d, and n /. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to be able to pronounce each of them correctly.

Graphemes British American yes / 'jes / / 'jɛs / onion / 'ʌnjən / / 'ʌnjən / simultaneous / sIməl'teInjəs / / sIməl'tenjəs / uniform / 'ju:nIfɔ:m / / 'junIfɔrm / due / 'dju: / / 'du / few / 'fju: / / 'fju / suit / 'sju:t / / 'sjut /

Initial Position British American union / 'ju:nIən / / 'junIən / unite / jυ'naIt / / jυ'naIt / unity / 'ju:nətI / / 'junətI /

302 universe / 'ju:nIvɜ:s / / 'junIvɜrs / useful / 'ju:sfl / / 'jusfl / useless / 'ju:sləs / / 'jusləs / usual / 'ju:ӡυəl / / 'juӡυəl / yacht / 'jɒt / / 'jɑt / yard / 'jɑ:d / / 'jɑrd / yawn / 'jɔ:n / / 'jɔn / year / 'jIə / / 'jIər / yell / 'jel / / 'jɛl / yellow / 'jeləυ / / 'jelo / yes / 'jes / / 'jɛs / yet / 'jet / / 'jɛt / yield / 'ji:ld / / 'jild / youth / 'ju:θ / / 'juθ /

Medial Position British American abuse / ə'bju:s / / ə'bjus / acute / ə'kju:t / / ə'kjut / accurate / 'ækjərət / / 'ækjərət / accuse / ə'kju:z / / ə'kjuz /

303 amuse / ə'mju:z / / ə'mjuz / beautiful / 'bju:tIfl / / 'bjutIfl / cute / 'kju:t / / 'kjut / excuse / Ik'skju:s / / Ik'skjus / few / 'fju: / / 'fju / fuel / 'fju:əl / / 'fjuəl / fuse / 'fju:s / / 'fjus / huge / 'hju:ʤ / / 'hjuʤ / human / 'hju:mən / / 'hjumən / humid / 'hju:mId / / 'hjumId / humour / 'hju:mə / / 'hjumər / knew / 'nju: / / 'nu / immune / I'mju:n / / I'mjun / mew / 'mju: / / 'mju / music / 'mju:zIk / / 'mjuzIk / mute / 'mju:t / / 'mjut / mutual / 'mju:ʧυəl / / 'mjuʧυəl / nude / 'nju:d / / 'nud / new / 'nju: / / 'nu / pure / 'pjυə / / 'pjυr /

304 purify / 'pjυərIfaI / / 'pjυrIfaI / suitable / 'sju:təbl / / 'sutəbl /

Most of the words within the following sentences contain consonant / w / and / j /. Pay a close attention to each grapheme, and find out how it is phonetically transcribed. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way so that you can pronounce each of the sentences correctly.

1. Why won’t you wait for the waiter? / 'waI 'wəυnt jυ weIt fə ðə ‛weItə / 2. Where ill you wait for the woman?

/ 'weə wIl jυ 'weIt fə ðə ‛wυmən / 3. We wonder why they walk so slowly.

/ wI 'wʌndə 'waI ðeI 'wɔ:k 'səυ ‛sləυlI / 4. When will the workers start their work?

/ 'wen wIl ðə 'wɜ:kəz 'stɑ:t ðeə ‛wɜ:k / 5. We want to watch how the workers work.

/ wI 'wɒnt tə 'wɒʧ 'haυ ðə 'wɜ:kəz ‛wɜ:k / 6. We wonder when we will start the work again.

/ wI 'wʌndə 'wen wI wIl 'stɑ:t ðə 'wɜ:k ə‛ցeIn /

305 7. Wise woman will always wake up early.

/ 'waIz 'wυmən wIl 'ɔ:lweIz 'weIk ʌp ‛ɜ:lI / 8. We don’t know why they did’t wait for us. / wI 'dəυnt 'nəυ 'waI ðeI 'dIdnt ‛weIt fər əs / 9. How many women are working in your factory?

/ 'haυ 'menI 'wυmən ɑ: 'wɜ:kIŋ In jə ‛fæktrI / 10. The workers were all busy harvesting the wheat.

/ ðə 'wɜ:kəz wɜ:r 'ɔ:l 'bIzI 'hɑ:vIstIŋ ðə ‛wi:t / 11. The cute cat usually mews softly.

/ ðə 'kju:t 'kæt 'ju:ӡυəlI 'mju:z ‛sɒftlI / 12. A young yankee is yowning in his yacht.

/ ə 'jʌŋ 'jæŋkI Iz 'jɔ:nIŋ In Iz ‛jɒt / 13. You are acused of selling the new document.

/ 'jυ ɑ:r ə'kju:zd əv 'selIŋ ðə 'nju: ‛dɒkjυmənt / 14. The news has been read by the new students.

/ ðə 'nju:z əz bIn 'red baI ðə 'nju: ‛stju:dnts / 15. The new regulation will be actually radical.

/ ðə 'nju: rI'lIʤən wIl bI 'ækʧυəlI ‛rædIkl / 16. Few people can play various musical instruments.

/ 'fju: 'pi:pl kən 'pleI 'veərIəs 'mju:zIkl ‛Instrəmənts /

306 17. The new factory produces a huge amount of fuel.

/ ðə 'nju: 'fæktrI prə'dju:sIz ə 'hju:ʤ ə'maυnt əv ‛fju:əl/ 18. The new data show that the weather is very humid.

/ ðə 'nju: 'deItə '∫əυ ðæt ðə 'weðər Iz 'verI ‛hju:mId / 19. Reducing the polutant will surely secure the universe.

/ rI'dju:sIŋ ðə pə'lu:tənt wIl '∫υəlI sI'kjυə ðə ‛ju:nIvɜ:s / 20. The new fuel is produced from biochemical substance.

/ ðə 'nju: 'fju:əl Iz prə'dju:st frəm ˌbaIəυ'kemIkl ‛sʌbstəns /

5. Distinctive Pronunciation Features of General British and American English

5.1. Pronunciation of Words Ending in Suffix ation The pronunciation of words ended with suffix -ation is pronounced differently in British and American English. The word such as authorization is pronounced / ˌɔ:θəraı'zeı∫n / in Bitish

English, but it is pronounced / ˌɔθərı'ze∫n / in American English. It is

307 perceivable that the vowel /a/ is commonly pronounced in British English, but it is omited in American English. A number of words containing suffix ation are given below. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to pronounce each of the words correctly.

Words British American capitalization /ˌkæpItəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌkæpItəlI'ze∫n / carbonization /ˌkɑ:bənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌkɑrbənI'ze∫n / civilization /ˌsIvəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌsIvəlI'ze∫n / colonization /ˌkɒlənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌkɑlənI'ze∫n / decentralization /ˌdi:ˌsentrəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌdiˌsɛntrəlI'ze∫n / decimalization /ˌdesIməlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌdɛsIməlI'ze∫n / decolonization /ˌdi:ˌkɒlənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌdiˌkɑlənI'ze∫n / demobilization /dIˌməυbəlaI'zeI∫n / /dIˌmobəlI'ze∫n / democratization /dIˌmɒkrətaI'zeI∫n / /dIˌmɑkrətI'ze∫n / demoralization /dIˌmɒrəlaI'zeI∫n / /dIˌmɑrəlI'ze∫n / denationalization /dIˌnæ∫nəlaI'zeI∫n / /dIˌnæ∫nəlI'ze∫n /

308 disorganization /ˌdIsɔ:ցənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌdIsɔrցənI'ze∫n / dramatization /ˌdræmətaI'zeI∫n / /ˌdræmətI'ze∫n / fertilization /ˌfɜ:təlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌfɜrtəlI'ze∫n / glamorization /ˌցlæməraI'zeI∫n / /ˌցlæmərI'ze∫n / harmonization /ˌhɑ:mənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌhɑrmənI'ze∫n / hospitalization /ˌhɒspItəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌhɑspItəlI'ze∫n / idealization /aIˌdIəlaI'zeI∫n / /aIˌdIəlI'ze∫n / immobilization /IˌməυbəlaI'zeI∫n / /IˌmobəlI'ze∫n / immunization /ˌImjυnaI'zeI∫n / /ˌImjυnI'ze∫n / ionization /ˌaIənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌaIənI'ze∫n / legalization /ˌlIցəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌlIցəlI'ze∫n / liberalization /ˌlIbrəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌlIbrəlI'ze∫n / localization /ˌləυkəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌlokəlI'ze∫n / maximization /ˌmæksImaI'zeI∫n / /ˌmæksImI'ze∫n / modernization /ˌmɒdənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌmɑdərnI'ze∫n / naturalization /ˌnæʧrəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌnæʧrəlI'ze∫n / normalization /ˌnɔ:məlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌnɔrməlI'ze∫n /

309 organization /ˌɔ:ցənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌɔrցənI'ze∫n / realization /ˌrIəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌrIəlI'ze∫n / regularization /ˌreցjələraI'zeI∫n / /ˌreցjələrI'ze∫n / socialization /ˌsəυ∫əlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌso∫əlI'ze∫n / stabilization /ˌsteIbəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌstebəlI'ze∫n / standardization /ˌstændədaI'zeI∫n / /ˌstændərdI'ze∫n / synchronization /ˌsIŋkrənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌsIŋkrənI'ze∫n / systemitization /ˌsIstəmətaI'zeI∫n / /ˌsIstəmətI'ze∫n / urbanization /ˌɜ:bənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌɜrbənI'ze∫n / utilization /ˌju:təlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌjutəlI'ze∫n / vaporization /ˌveIpəraI'zeI∫n / /ˌvepərI'ze∫n / visualization /ˌvIӡυəlaI'zeI∫n / /ˌvIӡυəlI'ze∫n / westernization /ˌwestənaI'zeI∫n / /ˌwɛstənI'ze∫n /

5.2. Pronunciation of Words Ending in Suffix –ory Words ending with suffix–ory are pronounced differently in British and American English. It seems that this suffix is sometimes pronounced as / ərI / or / rI / in British English, but it is always

310 pronounced / ɔrı / in American English, e.g., auditory is pronounced

/ 'ɔ:dıtrI / in British English, but it is pronounced / 'ɔdıtɔrI / in American English. Word such as congratulatory is pronounced / kən'ցræʧυlətərI / in British English, but it is pronounced / kən'ցræʧυlətɔrI / in American English. It is obviously seen that the pronunciation of words of this type, especially for the foreign learners, is a bit more complicated in British English than those in American English. Students are therefore required to have more exercises in order to acquire the pronunciation of words of this type well. The suffix –ory in the following words is pronounced with / rI / in British English and / ɔrI / in American English.

Words British American admonitory / əd'mɒnItrI / / əd'mɑnItɔrI / auditory / 'ɔ:dItrI / / 'ɔdItɔrI / category / 'kætIցrI / / 'kætIցɔrI / conservatory / kən'sɜ:vətrI / / kən'sɜrvətɔrI / contributory / kən'trIbjυtrI / / kən'trIbjυtɔrI / defamatory / dI'fæmətrI / / dI'fæmətɔrI /

311 depository / dI'pɒzItrI / / dI'pɑzətɔrI / derogatory / dI'rɒցətrI / / dI'rɑցətɔrI / desultory / 'desəltrI / / 'dɛsəltɔrI / dormitory / 'dɔ:mItrI / / 'dɔrmItɔrI / explanatory / Ik'splænətrI / / Ik'splænətɔrI / exploratory / Ik'splɒrətrI / / Ik'splɑrətɔrI / inhibitory / In'hIbItrI / / In'hIbItɔrI / interrogatory / ˌIntə'rɒցətrI / / ˌIntə'rɑցətɔrI / inventory / 'InvəntrI / / 'InvəntɔrI / lavatory / 'lævətrI / / 'lævətɔrI / observatory / əb'zɜ:vətrI / / əb'zɜrvətɔrI / offertory / 'ɒfətrI / / 'ɔfərtɔrI / oratory / 'ɒrətrI / / 'ɔrətɔrI / preparatory / prI'pærətrI / / prI'pærətɔrI / reformatory / rI'fɔ:mətrI / / rI'fɔrmətɔrI / signatory / 'sIցnətrI / / 'sIցnətɔrI /

312 The suffix ory in the following words is pronounced / ərI /, in

British English, but it is pronounced / ɔrI / in American English. It seems that the pronunciation of words of this type in British English is obviously a bit more complicated than those of the American English. In order to acquire the pronunciation of the words, since there is no available rule at all, students are required to memorize them in both dialects.

Words British American amatory / 'æmətərI / / 'æmətɔrI / conciliatory / kən'sIlIətərI / / kən'sIlIətɔrI / congratulatory / kən'ցræʧυlətərI / / kən'ցræʧυlətɔrI / consolatory / kən'sɒlətərI / / kən'sɑlətɔrI / crematory / 'kræmətərI / / 'kræmətɔrI / declamatory / dI'klæmətərI / / dI'klæmətɔrI / depreciatory / dI'pri:∫ətərI / / dI'pri∫ətɔrI / dilatory / 'dIlətərI / / 'dIlətɔrI / laudatory / 'lɔ:dətərI / / 'lɔdətɔrI / mandatory / 'mændətərI / / 'mændətɔrI /

313 minatory / 'mInətərI / / 'mInətɔrI / nugatory / 'nju:ցətərI / / 'nuցətɔrI / regulatory / 'reցjələtərI / / 'rɛցjələtɔrI /

5.3. Other Distinctive Features of English Pronunciation

Some words containing / djυ / in British English is altered to / ʤə / in American English. Students are required to pay a close attention in order to master the differences in both dialects.

Words British American adulation / ˌædjυ'leI∫n / / ˌæʤə'le∫n / adulatory / ˌædjυ'leItərI / / 'æʤələtɔrI / glandular / 'ցlændjυlə / / 'ցlænʤələr / module / 'mɒdju:l / / 'mɑʤul / modular / 'mɒdjυlə / / 'mɑʤələr / modulate / 'mɒdjυleIt / / 'mɑʤəlet / modulation / ˌmɒdjυ'leI∫n / / ˌmɒʤə'le∫n / pendulous / 'pendjυləs / / 'pɛnʤələs / pendulum / 'pendjυləm / / 'pɛnʤələm / residual / rI'zIdjυəl / / rI'zIʤυəl /

314 The following words are all pronounced differently in British and American English, and the difference is resulted from the vowel change and sift of the word stress. Unfortunately, the difference is not regularly ordered, and students are therefore required to master each of them correctly.

Words British American

Amen / ˌɑ:'men / / ˌe'mɛn / address / ə'dres / / 'ædres / aluminium / ˌæljə'mInIəm / / ə'lumInəm / advertisement / əd'vɜ:tIsmənt / / ˌædvər'taIzmənt / falcon / 'fɔ:lkən / / 'fælkən / flourish / 'flʌrI∫ / / 'flɜrI∫ / gala / 'ցɑ:lə / / 'ցelə / garage / 'ցærɑ:ӡ / / ցə'rɑӡ / inquiry / In'kwaIərI / / 'InkwərI / junta / 'ʤʌntə / / 'hυntə / lever / 'li:və / / 'lɛvər / magazine / ˌmæցə'zi:n / / 'mæցəzin /

315 schedule / '∫edju:l / / 'skɛʤul / sure / '∫ɔ: / / '∫υr / vase / 'vɑ:z / / 'vez / vitamin / 'vItəmIn / / 'vaItəmIn / wont / 'wəυnt / / 'wont / your / 'jɔ: / / 'jυr / zebra / 'zebrə / / 'zibrə /

5.4. Strong and Weak Pronunciations of English One of the most striking features of the English pronunciation is related to occurance of the weak forms. Some words have both the weak and strong pronunciations. The strong form usually occurs in a stressed word, but a weak form usually occurs when a word is not stressed. A weak form is distinguishably determined by the presence of the English schwa / ə / that is used to replace the regular vowel sound of the strong form, or the absence of a certain sound (vowel or consonant). Foreign learners will consequently find it more difficult, or even fail to comprehend the spoken English especially when the native speakers speak fast and smoothly using the weak forms. The following words have both the strong and weak pronunciations. Each of them is frequently used in daily communication. The weak form is generally pronounced in the same

316 way both in British and American English. The details of the weak forms will be listed below.

Words Strong Form Weak Form a / eI / / ə / am / æm / / əm, m / an / æn / / ən / and / ænd / / ənd / are / ɑ:(r) / / ə(r) / as / æz / / əz / at / æt / / ət / be / bi: / / bI / been / bi:n / / bIn / but / bʌt / / bət / by / baI / / bə / can / kæn / / kən / could / kυd / / kəd / do / du: / / də / does / dʌz / / dəz / for / fɔ:(r) / / fə(r) / from / frɒm / / frəm /

317 had / hæd / / həd, əd, d / has / hæz / / həz, əz, z, s / have / hæv / / həv, əv, v / he / hi: / / hI / her / hɜ: / / hɜr / him / hIm / / Im / his / hIz / / Iz / is / Iz / / z, s / ma’am / mæm / / məm / me / mi: / / mI / must / mʌst / / məst, məs / not / nɒt / / nt, n / of / ɒv / / əv / or / ɔ:(r) / / ə(r) / per / pɜ:(r) / / pə(r) / saint / seInt / / sənt, sən, sn / shall / ∫æl / / ∫əl, ∫l, l / she / ∫i: / / ∫I / should / ∫υd / / ∫əd / sir / sɜ:(r) / / sə(r) /

318 some / sʌm / / səm, sm / such / sʌʧ / / səʧ / than / ðæn / / ðən, ðn / that / ðæt / / ðət / the / ði: / / ðə / them / ðem / / ðəm / there / ðeə(r) / / ðə(r) / till / tIl / / tl / to / tu: / / tυ, tə / upon / ə'pɒn / / əpən / us / ʌs / / əs / was / wɒz / / wəz / we / wi: / / wI / were / wɜ:(r) / / wə(r) / who / hu: / / u:, hυ, υ / will / wIl / / l / would / wυd / / wəd, əd, d / you / ju: / / jυ, jə / your / jɔ:(r) / / jə(r) /

319 Read the following examples, and pay a close attention to the weak pronunciations of words that have already been mentioned above. Manage your vocal apparatus in such a way in order to pronounce each of the sentences well.

1. I’m coming. / aIm ‛kʌmIŋ / 2. It’s all right. / Its ɔ:l ‛raIt / 3. He’s at home. / hIz ət ‛həυm / 4. I’ve got an egg. / aIv 'ցɒt ən ‛eց /

5. I did it for fun.

/ aI 'dId It fə ‛fʌn / 6. Give her a ring!

/ 'ցIv ər ə ‛rIŋ / 7. I must go now.

/ 'aI məs ցəυ ‛naυ / 8. Take them away.

320 / 'teIk ðəm ə‛weI / 9. The boys are here.

/ ðə bɔIz ə ‛hIə / 10. I’ll get it as well. / aIl 'ցet It əz ‛wel / 11. It would be a pity. / It əd bI ə ‛pItI / 12. The train had gone.

/ ðə 'treIn əd ‛ցɒn / 13. I’ve bought a book. / aIv 'bɔ:t ə ‛bυk / 14. Give him his coat.

/ 'ցIv Im Iz ‛kəυt / 15. What does it matter?

/ 'wɒt dəz It ‛mætə / 16. The fire has gone out.

/ ðə 'faIə z ‛ցɒn aυt / 17. What have you done?

/ 'wɒt əv jυ ‛dʌn / 18. Shall I go with you?

321 / ∫əl aI 'ցəυ wIð ‛jυ / 19. Make up your mind.

/ meIk ʌp jə ‛maInd / 20. There is no one there.

/ ðeə z nəυ wʌn ‛ðeə / 21. They were very kind

/ ðeI wə 'verI ‛kaInd / 22. Some do some don’t.

/ səm 'dυ səm ‛dəυnt / 23. It doesn’t really matter. / It 'dʌzn 'rIəlI ‛mætə / 24. I’d like to meet you too. / aId 'laIk tə 'mi:t jυ ‛tu: / 25. Where shall we go now?

/ 'weə ∫əl wI 'ցəυ ‛naυ / 26. I need one or two more.

/ aI 'ni:d 'wʌn ə 'tu: ‛mɔ: / 27. The book has dissapeared.

/ ðə 'bυk əz dIsə‛pIəd / 28. It’s a long way from here.

322 / Its ə 'lɒŋ 'weI frəm ‛hIə / 29. I’ve ever met him before. / aIv 'evə met Im bI‛fɔ: / 30. We took bread and butter.

/ wI 'tυk 'bred ən ‛bʌtə / 31. I found that I was wrong.

/ aI 'faυnd ðət aI wəz ‛rɔ:ŋ / 32. It’s more than that actually. / Its 'mɔ: ðən ðət ‛ækʧυəlI / 33. We know the one who did it.

/ wI 'nəυ ðə 'wʌn υ ‛dId It / 34. We’re all tired but successful. / wIər 'ɔ:l 'taIəd bət sək‛sesfl / 35. I should have called her then.

/ aI ∫əd əv 'kɔ:ld ə ‛ðen / 36. I’m staying here till next week. / aIm 'steIIŋ 'hIə tIl 'neks ‛wi:k / 37. You can get it and do it yourself.

/ jυ kəŋ 'ցet It ən 'du: It jə‛self / 38. He could have told them the news.

323 / hI kəd əv təld ðəm ðə ‛nju:z / 39. I drank a cup of tea this morning.

/ aI 'dræŋk ə 'kʌp əv 'ti: ðIs ‛mɔ:nIŋ / 40. The interest is five percent per annum.

/ ðI 'Intrəst s 'faIv pə'sent pər ‛ænəm /

Transcribe each of the following sentences either using the British or the American phonetic symbols, and find out where the weak form is possibly pronounced.

1. How do you do? 2. Give her her hat. 3. I have got to do it. 4. Do you know her? 5. Do you know him? 6. Show him his book. 7. I will be there soon. 8. It’s been very good. 9. Why do they go there? 10. Where have you been? 11. Be sure to come today. 12. The shops are all shut.

324 13. Give him a cup of tea. 14. It is sold by the pound. 15. Here is your new book. 16. I will see you tomorrow. 17. Where are you going to? 18. They were all very kind. 19. She wants to be a teacher. 20. They went out for a walk. 21. He has got to come today. 22. It’s a long way from here. 23. She is full of bright ideas. 24. The boys are all over there. 25. What have you done so far? 26. I never heard of such a thing. 27. It must be a wonderful thing. 28. I think you will surely be late. 29. She’s not a painter, but a writer. 30. We are staying there till Tuesday. 31. I was shocked by how old he looked. 32. The staff are not very happy about it. 33. I have boiled some potatoes for dinner. 34. I have already known him for a long time.

325 35. In an ideal world no one would go hungry. 36. One of the riders was thrown off his horse. 37. I am too old to be out clubbing every night. 38. There was lots of food and drink at the party. 39. Education is back at the top of the political agenda. 40. She has written articles for several women’s magazines.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, Stannard. W. 1973. Living English Speech. London: Longman Group Limited. Brazil, David, et al, 1980, Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching, Singapore: Huntsmen Offset Printing Pte Ltd. Cox, Carole, 1999, Teaching Language Arts, USA: California State University, Long Beach

326 Gleason, H.A. 1961, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Gleason and Ratner. 1998. Psycholinguistics. USA: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Henry, Patricia et al. 1994. Foundation for Language Teaching. Victoria: Deakin University. Hocket, Charles F., 1958, A Course in Modern Linguistics, Mack Milan Publishing Co. Inc Hornby, A.S., 2005, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary-Seventh Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, Daniel, 1979, An Outline of English Phonetics, New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. Ladd, D. Robert, 1996, Intonational Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mackey, William Francis, 1967, Language Teaching Analysis, Bloomington: Indiana Universities Press. Paivio and Begg. 1981. Psychology of Language. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall. Rivers, Wilga M.1971. Teaching Foreign Language Skills. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

327 Robinson, Peter 2002. Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Salzmann, Zdenek. 2004. Language, Culture, and Society. Colorado: Westview Press. Wilkins, D.A, 1983, Linguistics in Language Teaching, Cambridge: The English Language Book Society and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.

328 REFERENCES

Allen, Stannard. W. 1973. Living English Speech. London: Longman Group Limited. Brazil, David, et al, 1980, Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching, Singapore: Huntsmen Offset Printing Pte Ltd. Cox, Carole, 1999, Teaching Language Arts, USA: California State University, Long Beach Gleason, H.A. 1961, An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Gleason and Ratner. 1998. Psycholinguistics. USA: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Henry, Patricia et al. 1994. Foundation for Language Teaching. Victoria: Deakin University. Hocket, Charles F., 1958, A Course in Modern Linguistics, Mack Milan Publishing Co. Inc Hornby, A.S., 2005, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary-Seventh Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, Daniel, 1979, An Outline of English Phonetics, New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. Ladd, D. Robert, 1996, Intonational Phonology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mackey, William Francis, 1967, Language Teaching Analysis, Bloomington: Indiana Universities Press. Paivio and Begg. 1981. Psychology of Language. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall. Rivers, Wilga M.1971. Teaching Foreign Language Skills. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Robinson, Peter 2002. Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Salzmann, Zdenek. 2004. Language, Culture, and Society. Colorado: Westview Press. Wilkins, D.A, 1983, Linguistics in Language Teaching, Cambridge: The English Language Book Society and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.