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Participation in the California Vowel Shift by Korean Americans

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Participation in the California Vowel Shift by Korean Americans languages ArticleArticleArticleArticle (Divergent)(Divergent)(Divergent)(Divergent) ParticipationParticipationParticipation Participation ininin inthethethe the CaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia California VowelVowelVowel Vowel ShiftShiftShiftShift bybyby by KoreanKoreanKorean Korean AmericansAmericansAmericans Americans ininin inSouthernSouthernSouthern Southern CaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia California 1, 2 JiJiJi Young YoungYoungJi Young Kim KimKim Kim 1, 1,1,1,*** and andand* Nicole NicoleNicoleand NicoleWong WongWong 2 22Wong2 1 Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 111 1 DepartmentDepartmentDepartmentDepartment of ofofof Spanish SpanishSpanishSpanish and andandand Portuguese, Portuguese,Portuguese,Portuguese, Univer UniverUniverUniversitysitysity of ofof California, California,California, Los LosLos Angeles, Angeles,Angeles, CA CACA 90095, 90095,90095, USA USAUSA 2 Independent Scholar, Santa Clara, CA 95050, USA; [email protected] 222 2 IndependentIndependentIndependentIndependent Scholar, Scholar,Scholar,Scholar, Santa SantaSantaSanta Clara, Clara,Clara,Clara, CA CACA 95050, 95050,95050, USA; USA;USA; [email protected] [email protected]@gmail.com * Correspondence: [email protected] *** Correspondence:Correspondence:Correspondence:Correspondence: [email protected] [email protected]@[email protected] Received:Received:Received:Received: 24 2424 September SeptemberSeptember 24 September 2020; 2020;2020; 2020;Accepted: Accepted:Accepted: Accepted: 2 22 November NovemberNovember 2 November 2020; 2020;2020; Published:2020; Published:Published: Published: 6 66 November NovemberNovember 6 November 2020 20202020 2020 Abstract:Abstract:Abstract:Abstract: ThisThisThisThis studystudystudy study investigatesinvestigatesinvestigates investigates thethethe the participationparticipationparticipation inininin the thethethe California CaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia Vowel VowelVowelVowel Shift ShiftShiftShift by Korean bybyby KoreanKoreanKorean Americans AmericansAmericansAmericansin Los in inin Angeles. Los LosLos Angeles. Angeles.Angeles. Five Five FiveFive groups groups groupsgroups of of ofof subjects subjects subjectssubjects participated participated participatedparticipated in inin a a picture picturepicture picture narrative narrativenarrative narrative task: task:task: task: first-, first-,first-, first-, 1.5- 1.5-1.5- 1.5-, ,,, , andandandandand second-generation second-generationsecond-generationsecond-generation second-generation KoreanKoreanKoreanKorean Korean Americans,Americans,Americans,Americans, Americans, Anglo- Anglo-Anglo-Anglo- Anglo-Californians,Californians,Californians,Californians, and andand (non-immigrant)and(non-immigrant)(non-immigrant) (non-immigrant) KoreanKoreanKorean Korean latelatelate late learnerslearnerslearnerslearnerslearners ofofofof English.English.English.English. of English. ResultsResultsResultsResults Results showedshowedshowedshowed showed aaaa clearclearclearclear a clear distinctiondistinctiondistinctiondistinction distinction betweenbetweenbetweenbetween between earlyearlyearlyearly early vs.vs.vs.vs. latelatelatelate vs. bilinguals;bilinguals;bilinguals; latebilinguals; bilinguals; whilewhilewhilewhile while thethethethe the first-generationfirst-generationfirst-generationfirst-generation Korean KoreanKorean Korean Americans AmericansAmericans Americans and andand the the andthe late latelate the lear learlear latenersnersners learners showed showedshowed showed apparent apparentapparent apparent signs signssigns signs of ofof Korean KoreanKorean of Korean influence, influence,influence, influence, thethethe 1.5- 1.5-1.5-the and andand 1.5- the thethe and second-generation second-generationsecond-generation the second-generation Korean KoreanKorean Korean Americans AmericansAmericans Americans participated participatedparticipated participated in inin most mostmost in most patterns patternspatterns patterns of ofof the thethe of California CaliforniaCalifornia the California VowelVowelVowelVowel Shift.Shift.Shift. Shift. However,However,However, However, divergencedivergencedivergence divergence fromfromfrom from thethethe Anglo-CaliforniansAnglo-CaliforniansAnglo-Californians the Anglo-Californians waswaswas observedobserved wasobserved observed ininin earlyearlyearly in early bilinguals’bilinguals’bilinguals’ bilinguals’ speech.speech.speech.speech. Similar SimilarSimilar Similar to toto the thethe to late latelate the bilinguals, bilinguals,bilinguals, late bilinguals, the thethe 1.5-generation 1.5-generation1.5-generation the 1.5-generation speakers speakersspeakers speakers did diddid not notnot did systematically systematicallysystematically not systematically distinguish distinguishdistinguish distinguish prenasalprenasalprenasalprenasal andandand andnon-prenasalnon-prenasalnon-prenasal non-prenasal /æ/./æ/./æ/. / æTheTheThe/. The second-genersecond-genersecond-gener second-generationationationation speakersspeakersspeakers speakers demonstrateddemonstrateddemonstrated demonstrated aaa split-/æ/ asplit-/æ/split-/æ/ split-/æ system,/system,system,system, but butbutbut ititit was waswas less lessless pronouncedpronouncedpronouncedpronounced than thanthanthan for forforfor the thethethe Anglo-Californians. Anglo-Californians.Anglo-Californians.Anglo-Californians. These TheseTheseThese findings findingsfindingsfindings suggest suggestsuggestsuggest that thatthatthat age ageageage of of arrivalofof arrivalarrivalarrivalhas has hashas a strong a aa strong strongstrong eff ecteffect effecteffect on on immigrantonon immigrant immigrantimmigrant minority minority minorityminority speakers’ speakers’ speakers’speakers’ participation participation participationparticipation in local in inin local locallocal sound sound soundsound change. change. change.change. In the In InIn case thethethe case casecaseof the of ofof the the second-generationthe second-generation second-generationsecond-generation Korean Korean KoreanKorean Americans, American AmericanAmerican certains,s,s, certain certaincertain patterns patterns patternspatterns of of ofof the the thethe California California CaliforniaCalifornia Vowel Vowel VowelVowel Shift Shift ShiftShiftwere werewerewereeven eveneveneven more moremoremore pronounced pronouncedpronouncedpronounced than thanthanthan for forforfor the thethethe Anglo-Californians Anglo-CaliforniansAnglo-CaliforniansAnglo-Californians (i.e.,(i.e.,(i.e., ///ɪɪɪ/-lowering,ɪ//-lowering,/-lowering,-lowering, ////ɑɑɑ/-//-//-//-/ɔɔɔ/// merger,merger,merger, ///ʊʊʊ/-/-//-- and andandand ///ʌʌʌ/-fronting).//-fronting)./-fronting).-fronting). Moreover, Moreover,Moreover,Moreover, the thethethe entire entireentireentire vowel vowelvowelvowel space spacespacespace of the ofofof the second-generationthethe second-generationsecond-generationsecond-generation Korean KoreanKoreanKorean Americans, Americans,Americans,Americans, especially especiallyespeciallyespeciallyfemale femalefemalefemale speakers, speakers,speakers,speakers, was more waswaswas fronted moremoremore frontedfrontedfronted than that thanthanthan of that thethatthatthat Anglo-Californians. ofofofof thethethethe Anglo-Californians.Anglo-Californians.Anglo-Californians.Anglo-Californians. These findings TheseTheseTheseThese findingsfindingsfindingsfindings suggest that suggestsuggestsuggestsecond-generation thatthatthat second-generationsecond-generationsecond-generation Korean Americans KoreanKoreanKorean Americans mayAmericansAmericans be in a may moremaymay be advancedbebe ininin aaa moremoremore stage advancedadvancedadvanced of the California stagestagestage Vowelofofof thethethe Shift CaliforniaCaliforniaCaliforniathan Anglo-Californians VowelVowelVowel ShiftShiftShift thanthanthan Anglo-Californians orAnglo-CaliforniansAnglo-Californians the California Vowel ororor thethethe Shift CaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia is on a di ffVowelVowelVowelerent trajectory ShiftShiftShift isisis ononon for aaa these differentdifferentdifferent speakers. trajectorytrajectorytrajectoryPossible forforfor explanations thesethesethese speakers.speakers.speakers. in relation PossiblePossiblePossible to second-generation explanatexplanatexplanationsionsionsions inininin Korean relationrelationrelationrelation Americans’ totototo second-generationsecond-generationsecond-generationsecond-generation intersecting gender, KoreanKoreanKoreanKorean ethnic, Americans’Americans’Americans’and racial intersecting intersectingintersecting identities, gender, gender,gender, and suggestions ethnic, ethnic,ethnic, and andand for racial racialracial future identities,identities, identities,identities, research andand andand are suggestions suggestionssuggestions discussed.suggestions forfor forfor future futurefuturefuture research researchresearchresearch are areareare discussed.discussed.discussed. Keywords: Korean Americans; California Vowel Shift; second language phonology; bilingualism; Keywords:Keywords:Keywords:immigrant KoreanKoreanKorean minority Americans;Americans;Americans; speakers; CaliforniaCaliforniaCalifornia sound change VowelVowelVowel Shift;Shift;Shift; secondsecondsecond languagelanguagelanguage phonology;phonology;phonology; bilingualism;bilingualism;bilingualism; immigrantimmigrantimmigrantimmigrant minority minorityminorityminority speakers; speakers;speakers;speakers; sound soundsoundsound change changechangechange 1. Introduction 1.1.1. Introduction IntroductionIntroduction 1.1. Introduction IntroductionOver the past few decades,
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