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The Cognitive Construal of Motion-Events and Motion-Expressions in English and Japanese

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The Cognitive Construal of Motion-Events and Motion-Expressions in English and Japanese The Cognitive Construal of Motion-Events and Motion-Expressions in English and Japanese 田 中（松 本）瑞 枝 平成 26 年 6 月 博 士 論 文 The Cognitive Construal of Motion-Events and Motion-Expressions in English and Japanese 金沢大学大学院人間社会環境研究科 田 中（松 本）瑞 枝 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... III LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………………….…. VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... VII ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………………….....VIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….1 CHAPTER 2 MOTION-EVENTS AND MOTION-EXPRESSIONS ................................... 5 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Motion Expressions in Typological Studies .................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Talmy’s Typology (1985)……………………………………………………………………..7 2.2.2. Talmy’s Typology (1991)........................................................................................ 12 2.2.3. The Typology of Croft, Barddal, Hollmann, Sotirova, and Taoka (2010) ........... 16 2.3. How to Construe a Path in the Cognitive Approach .................................................. 19 2.3.1. Physical Motion and Non-physical Motion ............................................................ 21 2.3.2. Time and the Path of Physical Motion ................................................................... 24 2.3.3. Cognitive Scheme (Langacker 2008) and Mode of Cognition (Nakamura 2004) 27 CHAPTER 3 MOTION-EXPRESSIONS IN JAPANESE ................................................ 37 3.1. The Scheme of “ni” ....................................................................................................... 38 3.1.1. Previous Studies of “ni” ........................................................................................ 41 3.1.2. The Diachronic View and the Sequence of “ni” ................................................... 46 3.1.2.1. The Nara era (Up to about A.D. 800) .............................................................. 47 3.1.2.2. Extension of the Scheme of the Nara era ....................................................... 57 I 3.1.2.3. The New Ways Seen in the Heian era (From about A.D. 800 to about A.D.1200) ..................................................... 65 3.1.2.4. The New Ways Seen in the Kamakura era (From about A.D. 1200 to about A.D. 1350) .................................................. 69 3.1.2.5. The New Ways Seen in the Muromachi era (From about A.D. 1350 to about A.D. 1570) .................................................. 71 3.1.2.6. The New Ways Seen after the Muromachi era (From A.D. 1570) ................ 73 3.1.3. The Extension and the Integrated Scheme of “ni” .............................................. 76 3.1.4. The Comparison with “o”, “de”, “kara”, and “ni yotte” ........................................ 77 3.1.5. The Cognitive Process of the Motion Expression Using “ni” .............................. 85 3.2. The Scheme of “e” ........................................................................................................ 87 3.3. The Scheme of “made” ................................................................................................. 95 CHAPTER 4 MOTION-EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH ................................................ 103 4.1. The Scheme of “to” ..................................................................................................... 103 4.1.1. Previous Studies of “to” ...................................................................................... 105 4.1.2. The Diachronic View and the Extensin of “to” .................................................. 112 4.1.2.1. The Extension of “to” as a Branch ................................................................. 116 4.1.2.2. The Extension of “to” as the Mainstream ..................................................... 123 4.2. The Motion Expressions Including Satellites Except for “to” ................................. 130 4.2.1. The Motion Expressions with [S MV P Y] Construction ..................................... 131 4.2.2. Destinaitonal Directivity (Ikegami 1981) .......................................................... 139 4.2.3. The Network of [S MV G] Construction ............................................................... 143 4.2.4. Construction-led and Lexical unit-led Forms...................................................... 147 II 4.2.5. The Cognitive Process of [S MV G] construction……………………………………150 CHAPTER 5 THE TENDENCY OF COGNITIVE PROCESS ON MOTION EXPRESSIONS IN JAPANESE AND ENGLISH…………………….……..152 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….158 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………….164 REFERENCE MATERIALS……………………………………………………………………….174 List of Figures FIGURE 2-1: PREPOSITION (LANGACKER 2008) ................................................................. 22 FIGURE 2-2: SCANNING OF INTO AND ENTER (LANGACKER 2008) ............................. 25 FIGURE 2-3 THE CONCEPTUALIZING RELATIONSHIP OF SUBJECT AND OBJECT (LANGACKER 2008) ........................................................................................... 28 FIGURE 2-4 THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE GROUND AND THE ONSTAGE SITUATION (LANGACKER 2008) ..................................................................... 29 FIGURE 2-5 MODE OF COGNITION (NAKAMURA 2004) ................................................... 32 FIGURE 2-6 THE COGNITIVE CONSTRUAL OF THE PLURAL PATHS ............................. 36 FIGURE 3-1 THE CORE SCHEME OF “NI” (OKA 2013)....................................................... 44 FIGURE 3-2 THE STARTING POINT OF EXCHANGE (OKA 2013) .................................... 44 FIGURE 3-3 “NI” EXPRESSING AGENT IN DIRECTIVE PASSIVE (OKA 2013) ............... 46 FIGURE 3-4 THE PREDICTIVE LOGIC OF “MATHER MARY IS VERGIN.” (NAKAMURA 1989) ............................................................................................. 52 FIGURE 3-5 THE SCHEME OF “NI” IN NARA ERA ............................................................... 56 III FIGURE 3-6 “NI” WITH EMOTIONAL VERB IN THE PRESENT ......................................... 61 FIGURE 3-7 “O” WITH EMOTIONAL VERB IN THE PRESENT ........................................... 61 FIGURE 3-8 “NI” OF INTERACTIVE RELATION ................................................................... 62 FIGURE 3-9 IMAGE SCHEMES OF “HITO-NI WAKARU” ................................................... 64 FIGURE 3-10 OPPONENT OF EXCHANGE ............................................................................ 68 FIGURE 3-11 AGENT OF CAUSATION .................................................................................... 71 FIGURE 3-12 PASSIVE OF AGENT .......................................................................................... 73 FIGURE 3-13 ORIGIN OF EXCHANGE ................................................................................... 76 FIGURE 3-14 THE DIACHRONIC MEANING NEXTWORK OF “NI” .................................. 77 FIGURE 3-15 THE INTEGRATED MEANING SCHEME OF “NI” ....................................... 77 FIGURE 3-16 THE COGNITIVE CONSTRUAL OF “NI” ....................................................... 86 FIGURE 3-17 THE CONCEPTION OF “E” ............................................................................. 92 FIGURE 3-18 THE COGNITIVE CONSTRUAL OF “E” (1) ................................................... 93 FIGURE 3-19 THE COGNITIVE CONSTRUAL OF “E” (2) ................................................... 94 FIGURE 3-20 THE DIACHRONIC TRANSITION OF THE COGNITIVE CONSTRUAL OF “E” ......................................................... 95 FIGURE 3-21 THE COGNITIVE CONSTRUAL OF “MADE” ................................................ 99 FIGURE 4-1 THE PROTO-SCENE OF “TO” (TYLER AND EVANS 2003) .......................... 107 FIGURE 4-2 THE PROTO-SCENE OF “TO” (KUNIHIRO 2005) ......................................... 109 FIGURE 4-3 SO-CALLED THE WAY OF “AFFILIATION (KATO, HANASAKI, AND HANASAKI 2014) .................................................. 111 FIGURE 4-4 EARLY EXAMPLES OF USAGE AND MEANINGS OF “TO” AS GIVEN IN THE OED AND HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE MEANING EXTENSION IV OF “TO” .............................................................................................................. 113 FIGURE 4-5 ARRIVAL AND ATTACHMENT .......................................................................... 115 FIGURE 4-6 DIRECTION AND AIM ....................................................................................... 115 FIGURE 4-7 THE WAY TO CONSTRUE A DIRECTIONAL REGION ................................... 117 FIGURE 4-8 LOCATION OF A THING IN A DIRECTION (THE DIRECTION FOR A PARTICULAR AGNENT)............................................................................... 117 FIGURE 4-9 LOCATION OF A THING IN A DIRECTION (THE DIRECTION FOR A CONCEPTUALIZER) ........................................................................................ 119 FIGURE 4-10 PURE LOCATION ............................................................................................. 122 FIGRUE 4-11 ATTACHMENT .................................................................................................. 122 FIGURE 4-12 LIMITATION ....................................................................................................
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