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Encyclopedia of Japanese History version 0.3.2 compiled by Chris Spackman January 21, 2003 2 Contents 1 Frontmatter 5 2 Main Entries: Abe—Zeami 19 A Chronological List of Emperors 349 B Prime Ministers, 1885 to Present 353 C Alphabetical List of the Prefectures 357 D Provinces and Corresponding Prefectures 359 E Chronological List of Nengo 363 F List of the Shogun¯ 371 G GNU Free Documentation License 373 Bibliography 383 Index 385 3 Chapter 1 Frontmatter Copyright Notice Copyright c 2002 Chris Spackman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is in- cluded in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.” 5 6 CHAPTER 1. FRONTMATTER Credits The following people have contributed to this encyclopedia: Carl F. Kelley Seige of Kozuki entry W. G. Sheftall (sheftall AT ia.inf.shizuoka.ac.jp) Imperial Way Faction entry February 26th Revolt entry History This encyclopedia started as a web site back in 1998. As I added more and more pages, the limitations of html for a large project began to show, so in late 2000 I switched everything over to LATEX. This work was originally published under the Open Content License but I repub- lished it under the GNU Free Documentation License in March 2001. Please see the copyright section and the GNU License at the back of the book for more de- tails. 0.3.2 This encyclopedia now has three entries, provided by two new contributors. Yeah! Tremendous thanks to Carl F. Kelley and W. G. Sheftall. See the Credits section for more info. I’ve added basic info on all of the old provinces and dates for a lot of entries, especially many of the emperors. Lots of other good stuff. See the section Changes on page 11 for a complete list of all the files that have changed between 0.3.1 and 0.3.2. 0.3.1 There are several new appendices, one of which is the list of emperors that used to be included in the emperor entry. Also, the encyclopedia now includes English versions of both of the Japanese constitutions. HISTORY 7 This version adopted a totally new system for managing the files. Each entry is now an individual file. Each entry should now have at least one mention in the index and they should all also have labels. I found a few emperors and a few nengo that I had missed before. Also added the names of provinces, although no info for them yet. See the section Changes on page 11 for a complete list of all the files that have changed between the previous version and this version. About Please direct questions, bug reports (factual mistakes in the text, for example), or suggestions concerning this work to Chris Spackman ([email protected]). Please specify which version of the work you are using. The newest version will always be available at www.openhistory.org. This encyclopedia is continually under development and anyone is welcome to contribute. 8 CHAPTER 1. FRONTMATTER Preface I hope you find this resource useful. Libraries are still the best research tool; they beat the internet hands down. Un- fortunately, most everything in them is copyrighted. Being copyrighted is not in and of itself a bad thing—this encyclopedia is copyrighted—but it does mean that such resources are only updated or made available in new media at the whim of the copyright holder. Even copyright holders with the best of intentions and purest of motives cannot always keep up with new technologies (who has time to teach, do research, write, and convert their old books to new formats?) and today’s “content” companies do not have the best of intentions. Anyhow, this resource is copylefted for your protection. One advantage that the internet has over libraries is that it is both a repository of information and a method of communication. Actually, the Net is first and foremost about communication — sharing information is just one-way communi- cation. Add the incredible storage capacity of today’s computers, and access to information should not be a problem. Digital copies of any information can be made available to anyone anywhere. The advantages are obvious: almost real-time communication between the people who create the content, regardless of where they are in the world. This should have revolutionized the study of history, as it has the computer science world (think Linux), long before now. Why hasn’t it? Inertia? Short-sightedness? Technophobia? Maybe that is some- thing future historians can write about. OpenHistory.org and this encyclopedia are my contribution to the revolution. USING THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA 9 Using this Encyclopedia Warning: This encyclopedia is continually under construction. It is currently alpha quality, so if you are using it, please consider everything here as suspect and double and triple check it. Seriously, this is not a joke. There are bound to be many mistakes in here—if you find one let me know so we can fix it. The entries are in English alphabetical order, in letter order. Long vowels and spaces between words (the family name and the given name, for example) are ignored. Punctuation is ignored. This means that (to borrow an example from the makeindex man page) “seal” comes before “sea lion”. Which reminds me: names as entry titles are of course listed with family name first, followed by given name. All Japanese and Chinese names are this way in the text of entries as well. That is, they follow standard Japanese and Chinese practice. Currently, in the index, long vowels are ignored. So, Mori¯ in the main text might be Mori in the index. I only recently discovered how to get the makeindex program to ignore the \= and am in the process of converting previous entries to add long vowels for index entries. So for the moment, some entries will have long vowels and some won’t. Also in the index, bold face indicates the main entry for that term. A regular font face indicates a mention of the term in another entry. Again, I have only recently begun implementing this and it is far from finished — so most entries do not have any bold face page numbers in the index at all. Note on Dates (Important! Please READ THIS!!) Some of the sources from which this encyclopedia is compiled are Japanese and use Japanese dates for events. Unfortunately, the Japanese used a less-than-perfect lunar calendar until the 1870s. As a result, the dates listed for events from more than about 130 years ago can seem misleading when compared with dates for the same event from an American or other ‘Western’ source. So, for example, Bryant (and probably everyone else in America) lists the Battle of Sekigahara as taking place in October while Japanese sources say that it took place in September. In time I hope to have both dates listed, but that is not going to happen soon. As a convenience, I have converted phrases like “fifth day of the second month” to “5 February”. 10 CHAPTER 1. FRONTMATTER Sources Currently, I have compiled this encyclopedia mostly from: Janet Hunter’s Encyclopedia of Modern History[4] for people and events • from modern history. Stephen Turnbull’s Samurai Sourcebook[16] for the Sengoku Period and • samurai in general. The Samurai Archives homepage at: • http://www.angelfire.com/realm/kitsuno01/index.html A great site with lots of information about samurai and the Sengoku Period. E. Papinot’s “Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan”[9] is a bit • dated but has wonderfully detailed information on topics that tend to get ignored these days. Most if not all of the data for prefecture entries is from Noritaka Yagasaki’s • Japan: Geographical Perspectives on an Island Nation, 3rd Edition, pub- lished by Teikoku-Shoin, 1997. There are several very helpful tables at the back of New Nelson’s Kanji • Encyclopedia, which I have used to double and triple check a lot of the data about nengo and emperors. This is not meant to be a comprehensive list. At the moment, I am still compiling lists of names, events, and whatever, and not doing as much writing about those people or events. In the future, when I start fleshing out the entries more, I will make greater use of the other books listed in japanese history.bib. CHANGES 11 Changes Here is a list of all the entries that have been added or changed since the previous version of this encyclopedia. “Changed” could be anything from correcting a spelling mistake to rewriting or adding entire sections of the entry. In general, I do not include entries here if only some minor LATEX markup was changed—for example, fixing or adding an index entry or adding a label. Version 0.3.1 introduces a new method of organizing the entries for this encyclo- pedia. Each entry is now an individual LATEX file. One of the benefits of the new system is that adding new entries will involve a lot less typing. It will also make tracking changes much easier and more accurate. For people using the ps or pdf files, the changes should not be noticeable. However, it is possible that, in the change-over, some entries which were not changed had their names added to this list or that entries that were changed were inadvertently left off the list.
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