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Tra Storia E Leggenda “Kusanagi No Tsurugi” La Spada Falciatrice D’Erba

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Tra Storia E Leggenda “Kusanagi No Tsurugi” La Spada Falciatrice D’Erba Tra storia e leggenda “Kusanagi no Tsurugi” la Spada Falciatrice d’Erba Si narra che il dio Haya Susanoo - figlio del dio Attorno alle spade giapponesi (alla loro origine, ai Izanagi, creatore, insieme alla dea Izanami, delle fabbri che le forgiarono, ai personaggi che ne furo- isole nipponiche - venne esiliato nella regione di no in possesso o ne subirono gli effetti) sono fiorite Izumo dalle otto centinaia di decine di migliaia nel tempo numerose storie e leggende come quella di dei. Qui egli uccise un drago con otto teste per di Susanoo, sospese tra mito e realtà storicamente salvare una vergine, offerta in sacrificio al mostro. documentate. Tramandati di padre in figlio in epoche Trafitta a morte la bestia, si affrettò a smembrarla con lontane, molti di questi racconti sono inverosimili la propria spada ma, arrivato alla coda, non riuscì a alla luce della pragmatica logica occidentale, ma un troncarla: il filo della spada si intaccava, cozzando tempo erano venerati in Giappone come indiscutibili contro un elemento prodigiosamente inscalfibile. verità rivelate: spade indistruttibili e prodigiosamente Squarciata la coda per tutta la lunghezza, il dio trovò affilate riparavano torti e scacciavano spiriti malvagi all’interno una grande spada, che venne chiamata in nome della giustizia. E portavano nomi propri, Tsumugari (La Ben Affilata). Susanoo la consegnò legati al possessore, al fabbro o, più frequentemente, alla dea solare Amaterasu, che la diede poi al nipote ad un particolare elemento della loro straordinaria Ninigi quando questi discese dal cielo per governare vicenda. il Giappone. La spada fu infine ereditata dagli impe- ratori, il decimo dei quali, Suigin, ordinò che fosse _ custodita nel tempio di Ise. Il principe Yamato Take- Nobile, affascinante e letale ru, figlio del XIV imperatore, accingendosi a compiere Wood-block 80 _ una spedizione contro gli Ainu, si fece consegnare La spada giapponese è, per così dire, una categoria _ Woodblock 80 Since the ipsum dolor amet Tsumugari, portandola con sé durante la campagna dello spirito. Generazione dopo generazione, come Since the ipsum dolor amet di guerra. I nemici, un giorno, attirarono il principe un fiume silenzioso e inarrestabile, l’arma bianca in una prateria, incendiandola. Ormai senza via di più letale della storia ha travalicato gli argini della scampo, con prontezza Yamato Takeru falciò l’erba in propria dimensione. Non più - o meglio, non solo fiamme (forse fu la spada stessa a farlo, per magia), - freddo e spietato strumento di offesa, la spada giap- creandosi un varco verso la salvezza e la vittoria. ponese è oggi nell’immaginario collettivo un’icona Quel giorno, la spada prese il nome di Kusanagi no nobile e affascinante dell’arte e della cultura orien- Tsurugi (La Spada Falciatrice d’Erba): è la spada che tale, capace di penetrare “territori” diversi e lontani viene consegnata agli imperatori del Giappone nel come la letteratura, il costume, il cinema, il collezio- giorno dell’incoronazione, assieme allo Specchio e nismo... alla Gemma, simboli di Amaterasu. E naturalmente le discipline marziali. 4 120 Ere giapponesi 3 90 in relazione alla classificazione per Periodi della spada 2,5 75 La storia giapponese è solitamente divisa in grandi intervalli di ta di pochi anni, il nome delle quali è determinato di solito tempo chiamati età (preistorica, antica o classica, medioevale, dall’imperatore) ed un numero progressivo dell’anno all’inter- 2 60 moderna, contemporanea), che sono a loro volta divisi in inter- no di ciascuna Era (nengo). Questo sistema è ancora usato in valli più brevi (ma che durano pur sempre parecchi decenni o Giappone. secoli), chiamati periodi. È consuetudine degli storici denomi- Nel periodo Nambokucho vi furono due dinastie di imperatori nare i periodi in base alla sede del governo: così, ad esempio, il denominate 南朝*dinastia del sud [Nancho] e 北朝**dinastia Periodo Heian ed il Periodo Edo sono rispettivamente i periodi del nord [Hokucho]. in cui il governo era esercitato dalla corte imperiale di Heian Un’altra classificazione temporale seguono le spade in base (l’attuale città di Kyoto) e dal Bakufu di Edo (l’attuale Tokyo). alle caratteristiche determinate dalle modalità di produzione: 1 30 Per evitare possibili incomprensioni, nel testo sono utilizzati i Jokoto - dal periodo Yamato al medio periodo Heian; termini Era e Periodo al maiuscolo quando si riferiscono a tale Koto - dal medio Heian al 1596; classificazione temporale. Nelle accezioni comuni il vocabolo è Shinto - dal 1596 al 178; riportato in minuscolo. Shin-shinto - dal 178 al 876 (Haitorei); Tradizionalmente in Giappone gli anni vengono indicati non Gendaito - dal 876 ai giorni nostri. attraverso un’unica successione numerica ininterrotta ma (ri- Questa tavola mette in relazione queste suddivisioni tempo- calcando il sistema cinese adottato in Giappone a partire dal rali, e la variazione della forma della spada nel susseguirsi del Periodo Nara) attraverso una successione di Ere (della dura- tempo. shaku cm tardo periodo primo periodo medio periodo medio periodo tardo periodo Kamakura medio periodo Heian Kamakura Kamakura Kamakura primo periodo Nambokucho Nambokucho [987-1181] [1182-1231] [1232-1287] [1232-1287] [1288-1337] [1338-1367] Europa occidentale Ere giapponesi Periodi Kanji Anno inizio Romaji 長治 110 Choji > La pace di Costanza chiude la lunga lotta 寿永 118 Juei 文応 1260 Bun’o tra i comuni italiani e Federico I 嘉承 110 Kajo 元暦 118 Genryaku 弘長 1261 Kocho > Regno di Ottone III [983-1002] 永延 98 Eien > Enrico V, scende in Italia e si accorda a 天仁 1108 Tennin 文治 118 Bunji > Scisma della Chiesa di Occidente. 文永 1264 Bun’ei 永祚 98 Eiso Sutri col Papa Pasquale II sul problema 天永 1110 Ten’ei 建久 1190 Kenkyu 建治 1275 Kenji delle investiture. > Regno di Federico Barbarossa. > Schiaffo di Anagni. Papa Bonifacio VII 正暦 990 Shoryaku > Matilde di Canossa muore lasciando erede 永久 1113 Eikyu 正治 1199 Shoji viene umiliato da Filippo IV il Bello 弘安 1278 Koan 長徳 995 Chotoku dei suoi beni la Chiesa. 元永 1118 Gen’ei 建仁 120 Kennin 正応 1288 Shoo > Morto Ottone, la dura contesa fra Ardui- 長保 999 Choho 1120 Hoan 120 Genkyu 1293 Einin no d’Ivrea e Enrico II si conclude con l’in- > Con il concordato di Worms tra Enrico 保安 元久 永仁 > Il Papa si dichiara la massima potenza coronazione di quest’ultimo [1002-1014]. 寛弘 100 Kanko V e Callisto II pone fine alla lotta per le 天治 1124 Tenji > Venezia conquista Costantinopoli. 建永 120 Ken’ei 正安 1299 Shoan investiture. temporale del mondo. 長和 1012 Chowa > Periodo di crisi imperiale durante il quale 大治 1126 Daiji 承元 120 Jogen 乾元 130 Kengen 寛仁 1017 Kannin si affermano i comuni in Italia. 天承 1131 Tensho 建暦 1211 Kenryaku > Giotto affresca la capella degli Scrovegni 嘉元 130 Kagen 治安 1021 Jian 長承 1132 Chosho > Inizia la Crociata contro gli Albigesi della 建保 1213 Kempo a Padova. 徳治 130 Tokuji > Corrado II il Salico diviene imperatore >Ribellioni di potentati e comuni del Sud Provenza guidata da Simone di Montfort romano. 万寿 1024 Manju contro Ruggero II. 保延 1135 Hoen 承久 1219 Jokyu 延慶 1308 Enkyo > Espansione mediterranea del Regno di > Rainulfo Drengot ottiene la contea di Kamakura 長元 108 Chogen 永治 1141 Eiji 貞応 1222 Joo > Eserciti tedeschi entrano in Italia e pren- 応長 1311 Ocho Aversa, è il primo possesso normanno Sicilia, controllato da re Ruggero II. 長暦 1037 Choryaku 1142 Koji 1224 Gennin dono Roma (1313, Enrico VII). 1312 Showa nel Sud. > I cittadini romani si costituiscono in libero 康治 元仁 正和 > Corrado II emana la Constitutio de feudis. 長久 100 Chokyu comune. 天養 1144 Ten’yo 嘉禄 1225 Karoku 文保 1317 Bumpo > Dante si dichiara per la separazione fra il > Guglielmo d’Altavilla si proclama conte > Arnaldo di Brescia inizia la sua predica- 寛徳 1044 Kantoku Koto 久安 1145 Kyuan Koto 安貞 1227 Antei potere temporale e spirituale. Koto 元応 1319 Gen’o zione per una riforma religiosa. Heian di Puglia. Koto > A Milano la lotta fra nobili e cittadini, si Heian 永承 1046 Eisho > Bernardo di Chiaravalle bandisce la 仁平 1151 Nimpyo 寛喜 1229 Kangi 元亨 1321 Genko conclude con un governo misto. seconda crociata. 天喜 1053 Tengi 久寿 1154 Kyuju 貞永 1232 Joei > I Turchi sconfiggono i Bizantini. 正中 1324 Shochu > Enrico III elegge papa Clemente II, che lo > Regno di Federico di Hohenstaufen, detto Kamakura incorona imperatore. 康平 108 Kohei il Barbarossa. Entra in Roma, pone fine al 保元 1156 Hogen 天福 1233 Tempuku 嘉暦 1326 Karyaku > Regno di Enrico IV [1056-1106]. libero comune ed è incoronato imperatore 治暦 1065 Jiryaku 平治 1159 Heiji 文暦 1234 Bunryaku > In Italia (Friuli) vengono usati i cannoni 元徳 1329 Gentoku > Ruggero d’Altavilla libera la Sicilia dagli dal papa Adriano IV. 延久 1069 Enkyu 1160 Eiryaku 1235 Katei per la prima volta. 1331 Genko arabi divenendone conte. > Con l’elezione al soglio pontificio di 永暦 嘉禎 元弘 （南朝）* > Ildebrano di Soana è papa col nome di 承保 1074 Joho Alessandro, riprende la lotta fra papato e 応保 1161 Oho 暦仁 1238 Ryakunin 正慶 1332（北朝） ** Shokyo Gregorio VII. 承暦 1077 Joryaku impero sulla questione delle investiture. 長寛 1163 Chokan 延応 1239 Enno 建武 1334（南・北朝） Kemmu > Enrico IV convoca il concilio di Worms e > In Europa inzia la produzione industriale fa deporre Gregorio VII. 永保 108 Eiho 永万 1165 Eiman 仁治 1240 Ninji 延元 1336（南朝） Engen dei cannoni. > Enrico IV riprende le armi contro Grego- > Una forza antimperiale viene costituita 応徳 108 Otoku 仁安 1166 Nin’an 寛元 1243 Kangen > Cannoni di piccolo calibro utilizzati come 暦応 1338（北朝） Ryakuo rio VII che lo scomunica nuovamente. a Pontida. Dopo due anni di ostilità 寛治 108 Kanji l’esercito imperiale e quello della lega si 嘉応 1169 Kao 宝治 1247 Hoji armi individuali.
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