K=O0 I. SONG- Part I INTRODUCTORY ESSAYS Mitsugu Sakihara
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Tra Storia E Leggenda “Kusanagi No Tsurugi” La Spada Falciatrice D’Erba
Tra storia e leggenda “Kusanagi no Tsurugi” la Spada Falciatrice d’Erba Si narra che il dio Haya Susanoo - figlio del dio Attorno alle spade giapponesi (alla loro origine, ai Izanagi, creatore, insieme alla dea Izanami, delle fabbri che le forgiarono, ai personaggi che ne furo- isole nipponiche - venne esiliato nella regione di no in possesso o ne subirono gli effetti) sono fiorite Izumo dalle otto centinaia di decine di migliaia nel tempo numerose storie e leggende come quella di dei. Qui egli uccise un drago con otto teste per di Susanoo, sospese tra mito e realtà storicamente salvare una vergine, offerta in sacrificio al mostro. documentate. Tramandati di padre in figlio in epoche Trafitta a morte la bestia, si affrettò a smembrarla con lontane, molti di questi racconti sono inverosimili la propria spada ma, arrivato alla coda, non riuscì a alla luce della pragmatica logica occidentale, ma un troncarla: il filo della spada si intaccava, cozzando tempo erano venerati in Giappone come indiscutibili contro un elemento prodigiosamente inscalfibile. verità rivelate: spade indistruttibili e prodigiosamente Squarciata la coda per tutta la lunghezza, il dio trovò affilate riparavano torti e scacciavano spiriti malvagi all’interno una grande spada, che venne chiamata in nome della giustizia. E portavano nomi propri, Tsumugari (La Ben Affilata). Susanoo la consegnò legati al possessore, al fabbro o, più frequentemente, alla dea solare Amaterasu, che la diede poi al nipote ad un particolare elemento della loro straordinaria Ninigi quando questi discese dal cielo per governare vicenda. il Giappone. La spada fu infine ereditata dagli impe- ratori, il decimo dei quali, Suigin, ordinò che fosse _ custodita nel tempio di Ise. -
=SAMPLE= U.S.A., Three Okinawan Karatedoka Moved to the Mainland
=SAMPLE= ┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉┉ TRACING KARATEDO’S NAME In its earliest stages, the martial art we know as Karate was called “Ti” ( 手 ---pronounced “Tea” in the Okinawan language, Japanese pronounce it “Te”).------------------------------------- -------------------------------- Now I must introduce one Karatedoka whose name is Kanga Sakugawa, also called “Tudi” (唐手) Sakugawa----------------------------------------- Its Kanji “ 唐手” which began to be pronounced as “Karate” later,-------------------- ------------------ KENTSU YABU (9/23/1866-8/27/1937) AND U.S.A. In 1921, Kentsu Yabu was the first person recognized as a Karatedoka in Okinawa to visit America. Yabu had another distinctive “first” in his life. Rikugun Kyododan (12/1871- 11/1899---Army Instructor Teams) educated non-commissioned officers for the Japanese military.------------------------------- ---------------- Ironically, his first son, Kenden Yabu (1888- 1939), was a person to become a conscientious objector. As a result, Kentsu and Kenden had a very difficult time communicating. Kenden had two younger brothers, Kenyu and Kenshin. Kenden’s solution was to go to America to find a better environment.------- ----------------------------------------When Yabu went to the U.S.A., three Okinawan Karatedoka moved to the mainland of Japan within a few years. It became important to Karatedo history later. They were Choki Motobu who moved to Osaka in 1921, Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo in 1922, and Kanbun Uechi to Wakayama in 1924. THE HISTORY OF KARATEDO IN JAPAN Gichin Funakoshi gave a Karate demonstration (Kusanku-Dai) in Kyoto, Japan, in 1916 with Shinko Matayoshi (page 197), who demonstrated weapons (Tonfa and Kama).-------------------- Later, Kano invited Funakoshi, on behalf of “the Japanese government, to give a demonstration in the first Kobudo Taiiku Tenrankai” (Kobudo Physical Education Exhibition---May 4 - 6, 1922). -
Establishing Okinawan Heritage Language Education
Establishing Okinawan heritage language education ESTABLISHING OKINAWAN HERITAGE LANGUAGE EDUCATION Patrick HEINRICH (University of Duisburg-Essen) ABSTRACT In spite of Okinawan language endangerment, heritage language educa- tion for Okinawan has still to be established as a planned and purposeful endeavour. The present paper discusses the prerequisites and objectives of Okinawan Heritage Language (OHL) education.1 It examines language attitudes towards Okinawan, discusses possibilities and constraints un- derlying its curriculum design, and suggests research which is necessary for successfully establishing OHL education. The following results are presented. Language attitudes reveal broad support for establishing Ok- inawan heritage language education. A curriculum for OHL must consid- er the constraints arising from the present language situation, as well as language attitudes towards Okinawan. Research necessary for the estab- lishment of OHL can largely draw from existing approaches to foreign language education. The paper argues that establishment of OHL educa- tion should start with research and the creation of emancipative ideas on what Okinawan ought to be in the future – in particular which societal functions it ought to fulfil. A curriculum for OHL could be established by following the user profiles and levels of linguistic proficiency of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. 1 This paper specifically treats the language of Okinawa Island only. Other languages of the Ryukyuan language family such as the languages of Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni are not considered here. The present paper draws on research conducted in 2005 in Okinawa. Research was supported by a Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science fellowship which is gratefully acknowledged here. -
NOT WRITING AS a KEY FACTOR in LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT: the CASE of the RYUKYU ISLANDS Patrick Heinrich Dokkyo University, Tokyo
NOT WRITING AS A KEY FACTOR IN LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT: THE CASE OF THE RYUKYU ISLANDS Patrick Heinrich Dokkyo University, Tokyo Abstract: Language shift differs from case to case. Yet, specifi c types of language shift can be identifi ed. Language shift in the Ryukyu Islands is caused by the socioeconomic changes resulting from the transition from the dynastic realms of the Ryukyu Kingdom and the Tokugawa Shogunate to the modern Meiji state. We call the scenario of shift after the transition from a dynastic realm to a modern state ‘type III’ language shift here. In type III, one language adopts specifi c new functions, which undermine the utility of other local or ethnic languages. The dominance of one language over others hinges, amongst other things, on the extent to which a written tradition existed or not. In the Ryukyu Kingdom, Chinese and Japanese were employed as the main languages of writing. The lack of a writing tradition paved the way for the Ryukyuan languages to be declared dialects of the written language, that is, of Japanese. Such assessment of Ryukyuan language status was fi rst put forth by mainland bureaucrats and later rationalized by Japanese national linguistics. Such a proceeding is an example of what Heinz Kloss calls near-dialectization. In order to undo the effects thereof, language activists are turning to writing in order to lay claim to their view that the endangered Ryukyuan Abstand languages be recognized as languages. Key words: Ryukyuan languages, language shift theory, writing, language adaptation, language revitalization INTRODUCTION The Ryukyuan languages have rarely been written in their history. -
The Making of Modern Japan
The Making of Modern Japan The MAKING of MODERN JAPAN Marius B. Jansen the belknap press of harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England Copyright © 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Third printing, 2002 First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2002 Book design by Marianne Perlak Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jansen, Marius B. The making of modern Japan / Marius B. Jansen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-674-00334-9 (cloth) isbn 0-674-00991-6 (pbk.) 1. Japan—History—Tokugawa period, 1600–1868. 2. Japan—History—Meiji period, 1868– I. Title. ds871.j35 2000 952′.025—dc21 00-041352 CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Note on Names and Romanization xviii 1. SEKIGAHARA 1 1. The Sengoku Background 2 2. The New Sengoku Daimyo 8 3. The Unifiers: Oda Nobunaga 11 4. Toyotomi Hideyoshi 17 5. Azuchi-Momoyama Culture 24 6. The Spoils of Sekigahara: Tokugawa Ieyasu 29 2. THE TOKUGAWA STATE 32 1. Taking Control 33 2. Ranking the Daimyo 37 3. The Structure of the Tokugawa Bakufu 43 4. The Domains (han) 49 5. Center and Periphery: Bakufu-Han Relations 54 6. The Tokugawa “State” 60 3. FOREIGN RELATIONS 63 1. The Setting 64 2. Relations with Korea 68 3. The Countries of the West 72 4. To the Seclusion Decrees 75 5. The Dutch at Nagasaki 80 6. Relations with China 85 7. The Question of the “Closed Country” 91 vi Contents 4. STATUS GROUPS 96 1. The Imperial Court 97 2. -
Ws \\ I: I, I; I\ Si
x i: w s \\ i: i, i; i\ s i: FOURTH STREET AT CONSTITUTION AVENUE NW WASHINGTON DC 20565 . 737-4215/842-6353 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE MAJOR EXHIBITION OF JAPANESE ART AT NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Exhibition To Appear Only In Washington WASHINGTON, August 25, 1988- The art of the daimyo, feudal lords who ruled the provinces of Japan for nearly 700 years, will be the focus of a new exhibition, Japan: The Shaping of Daimyo Culture 1185 - 1868, opening this fall at the National Gallery of Art. The exhibition will bring together more than 450 Japanese-owned works of art that express the values that helped shape the aesthetic ideals and social character of the Japanese nation in its feudal age. An unprecedented number of objects officially designated by the Japanese government as National Treasures, Important Cultural Properties and Important Art Objects will be on view in what will be the largest exhibition of its kind ever presented in the West, or even in Japan. This exhibition will appear only in Washington. Japan: The Shaping of Daimyo Culture 1185 - 1868 will be in the East Building of the National Gallery of Art, Oct. 30, 1988 through Jan. 23, 1989. The exhibition is organized by the National Gallery of Art, The Agency for Cultural Affairs of Japan, and The Japan Foundation. The R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, The Yomiuri Shimbun and The Nomura Securities Co., Ltd. made the exhibition possible. Japan Air Lines provided transport. The exhibition is supported by an indemnity from the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities. -
The Goddesses' Shrine Family: the Munakata Through The
THE GODDESSES' SHRINE FAMILY: THE MUNAKATA THROUGH THE KAMAKURA ERA by BRENDAN ARKELL MORLEY A THESIS Presented to the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Asian Studies and the Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master ofArts June 2009 11 "The Goddesses' Shrine Family: The Munakata through the Kamakura Era," a thesis prepared by Brendan Morley in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Asian Studies. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: e, Chair ofthe Examining Committee ~_ ..., ,;J,.." \\ e,. (.) I Date Committee in Charge: Andrew Edmund Goble, Chair Ina Asim Jason P. Webb Accepted by: Dean ofthe Graduate School III © 2009 Brendan Arkell Morley IV An Abstract ofthe Thesis of Brendan A. Morley for the degree of Master ofArts in the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Asian Studies to be taken June 2009 Title: THE GODDESSES' SHRINE FAMILY: THE MUNAKATA THROUGH THE KAMAKURA ERA This thesis presents an historical study ofthe Kyushu shrine family known as the Munakata, beginning in the fourth century and ending with the onset ofJapan's medieval age in the fourteenth century. The tutelary deities ofthe Munakata Shrine are held to be the progeny ofthe Sun Goddess, the most powerful deity in the Shinto pantheon; this fact speaks to the long-standing historical relationship the Munakata enjoyed with Japan's ruling elites. Traditional tropes ofJapanese history have generally cast Kyushu as the periphery ofJapanese civilization, but in light ofrecent scholarship, this view has become untenable. Drawing upon extensive primary source material, this thesis will provide a detailed narrative ofMunakata family history while also building upon current trends in Japanese historiography that locate Kyushu within a broader East Asian cultural matrix and reveal it to be a central locus of cultural production on the Japanese archipelago. -
Nihontō Compendium
Markus Sesko NIHONTŌ COMPENDIUM © 2015 Markus Sesko – 1 – Contents Characters used in sword signatures 3 The nengō Eras 39 The Chinese Sexagenary cycle and the corresponding years 45 The old Lunar Months 51 Other terms that can be found in datings 55 The Provinces along the Main Roads 57 Map of the old provinces of Japan 59 Sayagaki, hakogaki, and origami signatures 60 List of wazamono 70 List of honorary title bearing swordsmiths 75 – 2 – CHARACTERS USED IN SWORD SIGNATURES The following is a list of many characters you will find on a Japanese sword. The list does not contain every Japanese (on-yomi, 音読み) or Sino-Japanese (kun-yomi, 訓読み) reading of a character as its main focus is, as indicated, on sword context. Sorting takes place by the number of strokes and four different grades of cursive writing are presented. Voiced readings are pointed out in brackets. Uncommon readings that were chosen by a smith for a certain character are quoted in italics. 1 Stroke 一 一 一 一 Ichi, (voiced) Itt, Iss, Ipp, Kazu 乙 乙 乙 乙 Oto 2 Strokes 人 人 人 人 Hito 入 入 入 入 Iri, Nyū 卜 卜 卜 卜 Boku 力 力 力 力 Chika 十 十 十 十 Jū, Michi, Mitsu 刀 刀 刀 刀 Tō 又 又 又 又 Mata 八 八 八 八 Hachi – 3 – 3 Strokes 三 三 三 三 Mitsu, San 工 工 工 工 Kō 口 口 口 口 Aki 久 久 久 久 Hisa, Kyū, Ku 山 山 山 山 Yama, Taka 氏 氏 氏 氏 Uji 円 円 円 円 Maru, En, Kazu (unsimplified 圓 13 str.) 也 也 也 也 Nari 之 之 之 之 Yuki, Kore 大 大 大 大 Ō, Dai, Hiro 小 小 小 小 Ko 上 上 上 上 Kami, Taka, Jō 下 下 下 下 Shimo, Shita, Moto 丸 丸 丸 丸 Maru 女 女 女 女 Yoshi, Taka 及 及 及 及 Chika 子 子 子 子 Shi 千 千 千 千 Sen, Kazu, Chi 才 才 才 才 Toshi 与 与 与 与 Yo (unsimplified 與 13 -
Between a Forgotten Colony and an Abandoned Prefecture: Okinawa's
Volume 18 | Issue 20 | Number 7 | Article ID 5498 | Oct 15, 2020 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Between a Forgotten Colony and an Abandoned Prefecture: Okinawa’s Experience of Becoming Japanese in the Meiji and Taishō Eras Stanisław Meyer a forgotten and abandoned region. Abstract: Japan’s attitude towards Okinawa during the Keywords: Japan, Okinawa, history, Meiji Meiji and Taishō periods defied concrete period, colonialism, modernization, nation- definition. Although nominally a prefecture, state, nationalism, identity Okinawa retained a semi-colonial status for two decades after its annexation in 1879. Despite the fact that Okinawan people accepted Japanese rule with little resistance, which ultimately turned into active support for the In 1888, Prince Paul John Sapieha (1860–1934), assimilation policy, Japanese policy makers a member of a respected, Polish noble family, never lost their distrust of Okinawan people. embarked on a journey to East Asia. The Similarly, Japanese society did not fully journey brought him to Japan, making him one embrace them, perceiving them as backward and inferior, and even questioning theirof the first Polish people to set foot on Japanese Japanese-ness. The experience ofsoil. Sapieha kept a journal on his travels, discrimination strengthened the Okinawan which he published eleven years later under people’s motivation to fight for recognition as the title Podróż na wschód Azyi (A Journey to 1 true Japanese citizens. Local intellectuals, such East Asia). In Tokyo, he met an Austrian as historian Iha Fuyū, embarked on a mission painter, Francis Neydhart (1860–1940), and to prove that Okinawa was and always had together they made a short trip to Okinawa at been Japanese. -
Aa 2010/2011
Dottorato di ricerca in Lingue, Culture e Società Scuola di Dottorato in Lingue, Culture e Società XXVI Ciclo (A.A. 2010/2011―A.A. 2012/2013) The termination of the Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: an investigation of the bakumatsu period through the lens of a tripartite power relationship and its world SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA:[L-OR/23] Tesi di Dottorato di Tinello Marco, 955866 Coordinatore del Dottorato Tutore del Dottorando Prof. SQUARCINI Federico Prof. CAROLI Rosa Co-tutore del Dottorando Prof. SMITS Gregory 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 6 Introduction Chapter 1-The Ryukyuan embassies to Edo: history of a three partners’ power relation in the context of the taikun diplomacy 31 1.1. Foundation of the taikun diplomacy and the beginning of the Ryukyuan embassies 34 1.2. The Ryukyuan embassies of the Hōei and Shōtoku eras 63 1.3. Ryukyuan embassies in the nineteenth century 90 Chapter 2-Changes in East Asia and Ryukyu in the first half of the nineteenth century: counter-measures of Shuri, Kagoshima and Edo to the pressures on Ryukyu by the Western powers 117 2.1. Western powers in Ryukyu after the Opium War and the Treaty of Nanjing 119 2.2. Countermeasures of the Shuri government to the Gaikantorai jiken 137 2.3. Countermeasures of Kagoshima and Edo after the arrival of Westerners in Ryukyu 152 Chapter 3-Responses of Edo, Kagoshima and Shuri to the conclusion of international treaties: were Ryukyuan embassies compatible with the stipulations of the treaties? 177 3.1. Responses of Edo and Kagoshima to the Ansei Treaties 179 3.2. -
仲間, 勇栄; Purves, John Michael; Chen, Bixia
『林政八書』中の「就杣山惣計條々」 : その和訳・英訳 Title と内容分析 Author(s) 仲間, 勇栄; Purves, John Michael; Chen, Bixia 琉球大学農学部学術報告 = THE SCIENCE BULLETIN OF Citation THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF THE RYUKYUS(61): 23-28 Issue Date 2014-12-27 URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/31674 Rights 23 ~*f'.:J§ZJ\~~9=l0) IJJX1unli~~t{~k J: .:CO)fo~ -~~C:I*l?G71-t1T Modem Japanese & English Translations and Content Analysis of 'Provisions Related to Forest Planning [Somayama nitsuki Souhakarai no Joujou]' from the 'Eight Volumes on Forest Administration.' Nakama Yuei (1$F"'~~#:)* 1, John Michael Purves (:,/3 / • ?-{ -7Jv • /~-r:fx:A.) 2, Bixia Chen (fllR'WO:, 7-x/•l::''"S/-y)3 1 llrtf::J<::k~~ ~~Bt 2J1rt·::k~-~£·~~$#~--fi 3 M·::k~M~$~~*~--~~M~ Nakama Yuei 1, John Michael Purves 2 and Bixia Chen 3 * 1 [email protected], Emeritus Professor, University of the Ryukyus 2 Part time lecturer in Ryukyu-Okinawan History and Culture at the Faculty of Tourism Sciences and Industrial Management, University of the Ryukyus. 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Subtropical Agriculture, the Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus Abstract By studying this collection of provisions we can understand three new points. The initial point is that this is the first time forest planning for individual regions within the Ryukyu Kingdom has been mentioned. For example, because there are no areas of somayama (government-administered forest) in Agunijima, Tonakijima and Iejima the timber requirements of these regions has to be covered using forest resources from the Kunigami and Nakagami districts of Okinawa Island. -
Recontextualizing Eisa-: Transformations in Religious, Competition, Festival and Tourism Contexts1
9 Recontextualizing Eisa-: Transformations in Religious, Competition, Festival and Tourism Contexts1 Henry Johnson ❖ isā is a dance with accompanying music that has a recognized tradi- E tional context in an annual Okinawan Buddhist ritual. In many con- texts it has dynamic body movements, percussive accompaniment and colourful costuming, which provide a decidedly visible and audible spec- tacle through performance (Plate 22). Eisā can include lines of drummer- dancers who often perform stylized movements in an almost acrobatic way; its drums provide a percussive thundering of sound; its string instruments generate a characteristically Okinawan syncopated soundscape; and its cos- tuming includes bright colours on quasi-trad itional attire that is designed to catch the eye. Eisā provides a highly choreographed display of move- ment, sound and sight with dancer-musicians displaying a distinct emblem of local culture that has captured the local and national imagination. It is not only a dance form through which aspects of Okinawan culture are per- formed, but also one that represents part of the complexity of Japanese identity. Over the last half century, however, eisā has been recontextualized in competition, festival and tourist contexts. While focusing on these con- texts and the processes of cultural transformation, a study of this particu- lar performing art in its traditional and contemporary settings can provide insight into Okinawan identity construction. The specific ethnographic focus of this study is Okinawa, one of Japan’s southwest islands (Ryūkyū rettō or Nansei shotō). The term ‘Okinawa’ Recontextualizing Eisa¯ 197 has several identities (Plate 23). It is a Japanese prefecture of 161 sub- tropical islands;2 it is the largest island of that prefecture; it is a city on that island; and it was once part of the Ryūkyū Kingdom – in this dis- cussion the term ‘Okinawa’ refers primarily to the island unless otherwise indicated.