『林政八書』中の「就杣山惣計條々」 : その和訳・英訳 Title と内容分析
Author(s) 仲間, 勇栄; Purves, John Michael; Chen, Bixia
琉球大学農学部学術報告 = THE SCIENCE BULLETIN OF Citation THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF THE RYUKYUS(61): 23-28
Issue Date 2014-12-27
URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/31674
Rights 23
~*f'.:J§ZJ\~~9=l0) IJJX1unli~~t{~k J: .:CO)fo~ -~~C:I*l?G71-t1T Modem Japanese & English Translations and Content Analysis of 'Provisions Related to Forest Planning [Somayama nitsuki Souhakarai no Joujou]' from the 'Eight Volumes on Forest Administration.'
Nakama Yuei (1$F"'~~#:)* 1, John Michael Purves (:,/3 / • ?-{ -7Jv • /~-r:fx:A.) 2, Bixia Chen (fllR'WO:, 7-x/•l::''"S/-y)3 1 llrtf::J<::k~~ ~~Bt 2J1rt·::k~-~£·~~$#~--fi 3 M·::k~M~$~~*~--~~M~
Nakama Yuei 1, John Michael Purves 2 and Bixia Chen 3
* 1 [email protected], Emeritus Professor, University of the Ryukyus 2 Part time lecturer in Ryukyu-Okinawan History and Culture at the Faculty of Tourism Sciences and Industrial Management, University of the Ryukyus. 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Subtropical Agriculture, the Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus
Abstract By studying this collection of provisions we can understand three new points. The initial point is that this is the first time forest planning for individual regions within the Ryukyu Kingdom has been mentioned. For example, because there are no areas of somayama (government-administered forest) in Agunijima, Tonakijima and Iejima the timber requirements of these regions has to be covered using forest resources from the Kunigami and Nakagami districts of Okinawa Island. In contrast, because Iheyajima, Kumejima and Keramajima do have areas of somayama they can be entirely self-sufficient in terms of their timber requirements. In the case ofMiyakojima, somayama will have to be developed there in order that it can eventually be self-sufficient in terms of timber. The second point is that looking at the case of Miyakojima we can see that there was an extensive system of timber distribution in effect. For example, when a ship was to be built in Miyakojima it was necessary to travel to Yaeyama in order to get the required timber. Additionally, in the case of lumber required for house construction it was necessary for Miyako to purchase timber from Yaeyama or from Okinawa Island. The most expensive lumber was that purchased at high cost from local Ryukyuan maaransen or from Yamatobune out of Kagoshima. If one were to make a conjecture based on the contents of the document it would appear that by this time on Miyakojima there was already in place a system very much like a timber market with lumber transported to the islands by ship from locations within the kingdom and beyond. The third point relates to the shift in the size of the population of Ryukyu. While in earlier times there were perhaps 70,000-80,000 inhabitants, by the time Sai On had become a sanshikan (member of the Council of Three) in 1728 the population had increased to 200,000. This population increase, along with the need for timber to build palaces at Shuri Castle or to build Chinese-style ships greatly increased the demand for wood. It is thought that this increased demand for timber was a major factor in determining the development of effective conservation and administration policies for the forest resources ofRyukyu.
Key word: *f;j]jl[)\.:j/;: ('Rinsei Hassho'), ;filJJlJlltll!IT (somayama keikaku), ~tliil. (Sai On) liC:bi)l;: this is a collection of provisiOns related to government Introduction administered forest planning." It was issued in May 1748 1 by the Director of the Board of Finance (Omonobugyou) under the name IJM;;filJJlJ~~tf~,q.J li i.:C2t~2tl;:--:::>~, .:C?IiiPGv\0) of the Forest Administration Bureau (Yamabugyousho). It was a short collection of provisions numbering eight in total. It was the C:J:: 5 C:J:: 5J cttt?a M.!:l!l;:§;:t.l'£, ;fi1JJ1JO)lltl@l;:~-t0 fifth book to be issued from the so-called 'Eight Volumes on ~rJi~-c'i!b0a 1748 e¥-IB 5 fl !;:1~!Jo/.J*ntJ,GJ11*11'fi.JT%:-c Forest Administration.' The focus of the contents is on I;: l±l2: .h t:. t 0) -c, ~rJ!i:~ s rJi ~ iJ' G ft. 0 ffl:v \~rJ!i:~ -c i!b government-administered forest planning specific to individual 0o ~;j>t;j]jl[}\.:j/;:j] 9'J, ~5iJf~(;:tl:l""(< 0;J:J1.JE-c', .:CO)::f:P'J island regions of the Ryukyu Kingdom. ~~,·-~OOP'JK~~0~Jlllltli!ITO)A~c0)&•~~-c'i!b 0o This modem Japanese translation was based primarily on the Doi ffl~(;:~ L- -eli, ±#*f;~J)RJ}!:ii;O){l~lj)jj (1976) ~il!; Ringaku Shinkoukai reprint edition of 'Rinsei Hassho' (1976), I;:, s ;;js:ii::~iHUOJ-::k*AA (1926) , ~tlii~~AA (~i~, with reference made to other versions of 'Rinsei Hassho' including 1984) , :s'z:i$l'<:1J)jj (1937) , ft.(:'~~~~;:_ l.-f-::_o the 'Nihon Sangyou Shiryou Taikei, Daisanken' (1926), 'Sai On Zenshuu' (Sakihama Shuumei 1984), and Tatetsu Shunpou (1937). mlXiJ>GO)frJ~Iif$F"',il~, .:CO)~~Ii John il~, !Jl'(XO)m J:!~llJiliJ~, .:c.n.;c.nm~ L.-t:.a 1 In this case the month of May is in accordance with the old lunar In modem Japanese 'Shuu Somayama Soubakari Joujou' can be calendar. rendered as "somayama ni tsuki, soubakarai no joujou." In short, 24
For the English translation reference was made to the 'Eight ~< ~lb.v'-cf'F0tc.*l ~~0:.t:1-=:0v'-c~, JnL<~ll: Volumes on Ryukyu Forest Administration by Saion [sic]' (1952). m•n' t: G:h -cv '6o
As to the division of responsibilities for this project, the translation Article 1 of the Japanese souroubun text into modem Japanese was conducted by Nakama Yuei, the translation from modem Japanese In earlier times the Ryukyu Kingdom was inhabited by no more into English by John Michael Purves and the organization of the than 70,000-80,000 people. This meant that it was possible to original souroubun text by Bixia Chen. procure almost all the wood required for use throughout the country domestically. Since then the population has gradually m~rJJ: increased and it has now reached 200,000. Along with this ~ ~~'it~Mf-tr:tAJi5fit J\. ~A Jffili5f'*fi-c ~ r:p zm *:ff: population growth there has naturally also been an increase in fill'it§if~ 1'13 ~ f'*:lt81&i®i ~< Ali5$lc~ 1~iUl£F-Jltl1'1~A 1-::t§liZ.f'* demand for wood for house construction, ship building, tools and ~~--~~-~-~A~SA!i5~~--~-r:pz•M•r:r other things. The construction of buildings at Shuri Castle and the building of tousen, 8 in particular, is completely impossible without ~~;
Yamabugyousho Kimocho. 13 Additionally, a strict ban was placed on the building of kurifune 14 (a type of canoe made by hollowing m-=.Jffi: out large trees). - fin'&~z1~i!tmJil{H'F$/fttfJ:/f1'§~t Jlxf;fp*~t:*1't *f.: -cfwnflf~~ /fttfJ:/fiillPX:f~f.: f~t..J.<;~;tw w!!cttMz?;:*1't*1'§*-i!l m=rJJ: f~fJ:),. ~?~fin~7I:~~~Ifl~rt*1-l(;:jSI-sl:fzff(i!tf~J~:lt~t1'§iit'* - .:& it f~Hi ~-'< A -'< ffl)J ~ 1'§ ~ f~ ~ ~ ~ )1:; fg-7J A z z .JJ, J:: -~~-~f;fpmfi:JJ~~t:t8~ill/fiillPX:e~e:R±a~~ ),. f.: ~t§ll!f~;!:HB ~2*7~~ JJ,i!cf'f=Bslt*~A'filff~f'i ~it f1 l±l*l±lH:*~fl!l~N~±~T&~M··~IE-~:Zf;fp~~~ -c f'i/fJEffli:Zff{f.: f~ti#*:Zf~f'if'F:£.!:: ;j:§~t1c+~t§if£/f If! f'i JJ,lkf-l(;z fin~ f.:;J:Jil W:*-lj}J f.:_fl!lffP1tfM$1~ M*zffl f.:t§ft/f lflj-*J!::*M*f'i-tJ\. +~ t 81¥ t~t1ct§if~ /f lf!l:tf;tjlffl;f:§ ft/f If! f.:ftrilfi.DJ75:l'J-c Rt~f.:fl!lflll~f;fp$1~ m3 rJJ: 1, JJiE:E!J
Article 2 Article 3
Food and clothing requirements can be provided for through the It is vital to the national interest of our Ryukyu Kingdom that we annual labor of the people. As such, and even if the population can build tousen to travel to China. We cannot build such ships or increases by I 00,000 in the future, we will suffer no shortages of carry out construction on palace buildings at Shuri Castle without food and clothing as long as crops are grown according to the the use of timber from large trees. With the deterioration of the proper field cultivation practices and as long as people toil away to somayama and the lack of large trees, however, we are forced to secure their livelihoods. In the case of trees, however, the situation rely on the Satsuma domain 17 in order to acquire such timber. This is entirely different from agricultural crops. Without several decades of growth timber will not be fit for use. In terms of timber from large trees, in particular, if 70-80 years or even I 00 years is obliged to contribute a certain amount of lumber for Royal not allowed for proper growth the wood will not be fit for use as Government use on a yearly basis as a form of forest tax. Trees gouyouboku. 15 This being the case, it is ordered that somayama designated as for government use were recorded in the management be regarded as of great importance to the realm. Gouyoubokuchou (1inffl *~), or 'Register of Government-Use Trees,' a set of documents that recorded a range of details about the kind of trees required by the Royal Government for public included mainly technical details such as methods of selecting sites purposes. Details included tree types, locations of specific tree for the planting of government-administered forests, how to grow, types and tree trunk measurements. Individual sections were drawn care for and manage forests and how to understand different forest up in each of the various magiri while the entire volume of the types from afar. Somayama Houshikichou was issued under the Goyoubokuchou was administered by the Royal Government's joint signatures of the four highest decision-makers of the Royal Yamabugyousho (Bureau of Forest Administration). At such time Government, three individuals of ueekata rank (called sanshikan) as the Royal Government required large lumber it assessed which and one Royal Prince (called sessei). This indicates the high degree tree type was most appropriate by making reference to the of importance the Royal Government placed on the contents of Goyoubokuchou and would then place an order with one or more Somayama Houshikichou. of the magiri. There were 21 different types oftree designated as 13 'Yamabugyousho Kimocho' (The Scope ofthe Bureau of Forest goyouboku and local people were not allowed to cut down any of Administration) was issued in 1737. The Yamabugyousho these without explicit permission. Kimocho consists of thirty-one articles in total, the majority of ' 6 1MmM:JJ c ~· L- J:: t::." ''l 5) : ::Eiff1fl51:~i'f!J:0)~*1'rm0) these covering areas such as types of wood required for ship 1 B'~~~-c, :ii;~t & V±!BJJii:~i±liffl'Jf.:OO;b 0 $~~ifft:rl5T .Oo construction, the management of government-administered forests, 17 Located in Kyushu, Japan, Satsuma-han (ili~fi) was one of the afforestation techniques and punitive provisions. These were most powerful of Japan's Edo-era feudal domains. Ryukyu was regulations for the use of officials with forest administration duties. conquered by Satsuma forces in 1609 and was thereafter under the Yamabugyousho Kimocho was issued under the joint signatures of control of the Satsuma domain. In 1606, Tokugawa Ieyasu gave the four highest decision-makers of the Royal Government, three Lord Shimazu of Satsuma permission to launch a punitive individuals of ueekata rank (called sanshikan) and one Royal expedition against the Ryukyu Kingdom. Commanding General Prince (called sessei). These four individuals together constituted Kabayama Hisataka set sail from Yamagawa Port in Kagoshima on the Hyoujousho (~'!'IEPJT), or Council of State. 4th March 1609 with a military force of about 3,000 Satsuma 14 In this context the type of dugout canoe is called 'kurifune' but troops and at least a 5,000-strong supporting cast of laborers and they are sometimes referred to as 'marukibune [.fL*:iltJ,' that is a sailors in I 00 ships. Satsuma forces finally took control of Shuri 'dugout canoe' or 'log canoe.' Castle on 5th April, returning with Ryukyu King Shou Nei to 15 'Goyouboku' was a term to describe lumber required for use by Kagoshima in mid-April. For the context of the conquest of the Royal Government as building materials, firewood or for other Ryukyu by Satsuma, the military operation itself and its aftermath special purposes. Each 'magiri [ r"'~ -ljJJ ]' (county district) was see: 'tem~, ?iii.el::i's, m~~z, ~~Wfu1'f, Wm*rr, ~%: 26
requires us to pay for the cost of the timber itself and transportation - fji"ii~ costs, thereby placing a financial burden on the Royal ti~Jf>:J:VJU!M.zM~~a±f!l.~D:1J~D:1J~U!U;;j(~J2L 18 Government's Shotaihou. Should we find ourselves in financial 1Bt~-'< zJtJ;;j(t~~$fi!lllH~I::f~ difficulty it will naturally result in us imposing rice or coin payment demands on aristocrats, peasant farmers and others. If that were to happen it would necessarily bring hardship to people at ~ 5 rJl: both the upper and lower strata of society in our country. We must 1' ~00~ plan so that this does not occur and it is ordered that great 2 ' 71t1:l :@:~ importance be placed on somayama for the benefit of future 3 ' fji"ii~ generations. =.n G0)~-'< I::IJ:, t C: t C: UJO)l!fi;mt.J:tftv '0)-c.", #if.II!Jf>: ~0)00D·~D±f!l.:1JO)~UJ-c"gg/±l~n6U;;j(-c, =.ni?O) ~!mJ!l: ~"" O)Jtlt-t~;J=: tJ>ft? HOOII::-t- 6o - fiPJ~>:~zfiJI\:J1:l"£F.~I=-It~~*~0-~lllf~w1±*f~ti 1:: 11-c IJ:fi!l~:1Js!H~ ± s~':tltt~~ f~fitttl:. 1¥9;!:1 z li=f~U~; z Jl:~ Article 5 ~ J: VJ ~;;j('f'-!Jft~1±:lz:fi!JJ!>:~;Jt)i.~;;j(Wli];Z fill~.!§' J;l_~;;j(Wli] 1:: 1~{fnf1fill~t1~1:: -c ~'1 -c~;;j(f±:lz::1J:k-ljJ] I::*N{fnft@:f~ Agunijima Tonakijima Iejima ~ 4 rJl: 1, §!:lt9J\ZIJ:=.tv*-c 20 £¥.#:1:: 1 @], v'6A.Jt;;j(-c~-c Because these islands naturally lack mountain areas appropriate for 1&f;t -ct5tco =.ni::--:Jv'-ciJ:f~n~:1J 19 (~llH.!!~) ~±I*· forest planting we plan to provide for their wood requirements a~':t'* -c:k t5 ft:$l!. tfll:: tt 0 -c v'0 =- e: IJ:, -Jil)tl:: J: <*Q Gn using timber produced in the somayama of the Kunigami and tc*~-c"ilb6o -'tO)fcot:J=.ntJ'GIJ:, ~* (-1Y:7=\'-, Nakagami districts of Okinawa Island. Podocarpus macrophyllus) ~ J.t <1±:lz: -c, § 1i!.:9i\Z~.:C 0){1!! O)~;;j("Z"f'FG:h-cv'6fill~ (::E:9i\Z0-1\-0)0:=J:!<~~!Jo/.J) ftc·· ~ArJl: ~ t, -1 ;z 7 :f- -cf'F 0 ilt oon:: tt 0 -c v, 0 0 .:c =- -c!f.f 1::-1 ;z 7 =\' - fji- .IJZ El O):f'i~J~ltl=0v'-ciJ:, :k-ljJ]I::rr? J: ?ifft::--cilb6o -!A*~ - lll&F"'9~ Article 4 ti~~U!MM~Mf1M~AM~U!·g~1J1t&-'
.IJZ.mBI1, #;f,lt\~0)~51;::~51:: 47. *:R.::U!JIII±lAAt±, 2010, pages Because these islands are naturally blessed with mountain areas 114-138. appropriate for forest planting our plan is to grow lush somayama 18 According to Matsuda Mitsugu, the Shotaihou, or Department of through careful forest tending practices and thereby secure all their Domestic Affairs, was primarily responsible for agricultural wood requirements. administration and the collection and storage of taxes. Agriculture supervision apparently began in earnest in the post-Satsuma ~-t:;rj conquest era, specifically in 1669 with the appointment of a - '§r'J,~ takabugyou, or Director of Land Assessment and Grants. The ti ~zfi1JE!I1J'F-'< U!Mz~~•zf~1~:=!=!<:k~z¥t)Jf(1iti::M~ Shotaihou consisted of 13 departments. Mitsugu Matsuda. 200 I. The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872. Mf1~~~U!·~~~~UJO)f±:lz:·~~~-itM~U!~~1± Gushikawa: Yui Publishing Co., pages 152-161. :lz:~-~~;~t~z~~**lllfn~~JJ••~~Mz•~~~ 19 till~:1J (to< Gli?) : ::E!ff1-TJ&t~H1fiUJ:fi!l~:1J C:v '?fmr~ IJ:~ f'F*IJ:JU!!U! &'"'-W:mtt-t*•m~f'F*1±:t•t-t* t Jl..:i:U! ~ ~ tcGftv 'il", =.=. -c"IJ:fiJT*l' :1J ( ~~t, ±f!l.:1Jgg!Jo/.J 1±\*RO)MC:J'J!iff~ J: VJ 'Wil&g\(:IJ:~f~atll!t'Wl:Agj(:IJ::kfQf.l'J.~~f.l'JJ: VJ tiWiil'!~ r~) 0)~~ (::E!ff1fzj10)/±l*lilfJf-) tte:··O)~~~mL- -cv '6c.'l\:!.b 0-'Wl:l&@:-' G UJ O)~.!J'll!K~7J:t ft ~ n -c v'ft7J'-? teo lt:h the Zenigura, or Storehouse of Taxes in Cash. e:··t, tJ>ft VJ O)l!fi;mO)jjj(N[~ntc.A.A=\'-)Jf(!l!ft.l'>ilb6o ~@], 27
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21 ::kfoWJ (~~~~tl) : ili"tl!:WJI;:J&!JC·~~~O)#iJit;1::1.lE*L As outlined above, with regard to the issue of developing t.:.lflf}MO)=~. J!J'J±I'i!&!JC.O)JmA ~, M'Jimt!&!JC.O)Ail'~ somayama, thus far instructions have been issued for specific il>-::>tc.. regions in order but there is not yet a plan for the entire Ryukyu 22 ,'i!§~~~(~-G/v~/v) ;~,rj-:&1:;~~;,..-~JJ'!.O).rf;jj!yJ~, jc~~ Kingdom. Accordingly, we do decree that since the above l'i 5"-'S&IjJR.~. provisions now constitute official instructions, their contents 23 Ships engaged in transport and trade between Ryukyu and should be fully understood and that peasant farmers be encouraged Kagoshima (Japan) during the early-modem era. The ship owners to strive even harder to make the somayama prosperous so that we were Kagoshima merchants so the majority of the crew were also can forever be self-sufficient in terms of our national timber from Kagoshima. requirements. 24 The Maaransen (~-Giv~/v/"Y-7:,..-~!v) was a Chinese junk-type vessel commonly used around Okinawa for (people and) ij!L~+2{f:Dt~3i.FJ cargo transport, particularly in the north of Okinawa Island where 1748{f:Dt~(113Jff)5 .FJ the road network was very limited. In urban Naha these vessels May, 25 1748 (the 13th year of Qianlong) were also referred to as 'Yanbarusen' ( UJ J.ffi: J!I'J ), presumably because of their popularity in northern Okinawa Island. The Maaransen had sails of 5-8 tan in size. 1 tan (Bt, a measurement 25 In this case the month of May is in accordance with the old lunar for cloth or fabric)= approximately 10.6 meters. calendar. 28
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$7!5:)(~ ~*=1'Tm ~$1Tfift32 Yamabugyousho33 1. #*l!l:ksf4*Af!J1'T*~liD. 1983. #*l!l:ksf4*AJ: • "P • (Bureau of Forest Administration) T ~ . # *Ill -!! -1 A 7-. f± . Okinawa Daihyakka Jiten Kankou Jimukyokku. (1983). Okinawa Daihyakka Jiten (3 Volumes). Naha: Okinawa Taimusu Sha. 2. Hi% ~~B • ~=f:3i~B. 1904. #*l!ll)f,~;ji(fJH~fi tfllfi. #*lll!lf!