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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation Kaminchu – Mittlerinnen zwischen Diesseits und Jenseits Eine Erörterung der spirituellen Heilung in Okinawa Verfasserin Mag.phil. Isabelle Prochaska angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr.phil.) Wien, 2011 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 378 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Japanologie Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Sepp Linhart Meinen Eltern, mit Dank für ihre Geduld und Ungeduld. 2 Danksagung An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei zahlreichen Menschen für ihre Unterstützung bedanken. Allen voran meinem Doktorvater Professor Dr. Sepp Linhart, der meine Arbeit geduldig und zuversichtlich betreut hat, und Professor Akamine Masanobu, der mein Betreuer an der Ryūkyū Universität war. Das monbukagakushō-Stipendium ermöglichte mir einen zweijährigen Aufenthalt in Okinawa, wofür ich ebenfalls meinen Dank aussprechen möchte. An der Ryūkyū Universität konnte ich zahlreiche inspirierende Impulse und Diskussionen mit Professoren erfahren, denen ich besonders zu Dank verpflichtet bin, in alphabetischer Reihenfolge: Akamine Mamoru, Hagiwara Sahito, Hamasaki Moriyasu, Ikemiya Masaharu, Inemura Tsutomu, Karimata Shigehisa, Kudaka Masaaki, Ōgo Tarō, Sakima Reishin, Takara Kurayoshi, und Yamazato Katsunori, der mir ein Interview mit dem Schriftsteller Ōshiro Tatsuhiro ermöglichte. Auch bin ich der Gesellschaft für Volkskunde Okinawas (Okinawa Minzoku Gakkai) dankbar für intellektuelle Anregungen und Unterstützung, besonders Prof. Kubo Noritada, Namihira Eriko und Prof. Uezu Hitoshi. Mit meinen Studienkolleginnen der Volkskunde habe ich ebenfalls fruchtbare Diskussionen geführt. Meinen Informantinnen, ohne die diese Arbeit nicht zustande gekommen wäre, gilt mein innigster Dank. Mit meinem Forschungsaufenthalt in Okinawa verbinde ich auch wertvolle Freundschaften. Hier möchte ich vor allem Ikehara Asuka, Frances Mammana, Silvia Tartarini und Yamazaki Aoi nennen, deren inspirierende Gespräche, gemeinsame utaki-Erkundungen und stets erfrischende Gesellschaft für mich eine wichtige Unterstützung waren. Weiters möchte ich den Familien von Shinjō Yuki und Miyagi Mano, die mich immer herzlich empfangen und zu Familienzeremonien eingeladen haben, ein großes „Nifee deebiru!“ aussprechen. In Bonn hat mir Prof. Josef Kreiner durch seinen Enthusiasmus und seine lebenslange Beschäftigung mit Okinawa wichtige Anregungen gegeben. In Wien bin ich meinen Studien-, sowie Arbeitskollegen an der Japanologie sehr dankbar für anregende Gespräche und kritische Impulse, sowie Prof. Manfred Kremser, der sich als Begutachter meiner Arbeit bereit erklärt hat. Meinen Korrekturlesern möchte ich, neben meinem Vater, Stanisław Meyer und Zvjezdana Odobašić für ihre mikroskopischen Augen und konstruktive Kritik danken. Schließlich gilt mein Dank meiner Familie und Freunden für ihre Unterstützung. 3 Inhalt 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................................................ 8 1.1. Standort Okinawa ............................................................................................................ 8 1.2. Spirituelle Heilung ......................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Zielsetzung und Relevanz .............................................................................................. 12 1.4. Fragestellungen und Hypothesen ................................................................................. 14 1.5. Forschungsstand............................................................................................................ 16 1.6. Qualitative Methode der Feldforschung ....................................................................... 21 1.6.1. Teilnehmende Beobachtung .................................................................................. 29 1.6.2. Qualitatives Interview ............................................................................................ 31 1.6.3. Auswertung des Materials ..................................................................................... 33 1.7. Überblick über den Aufbau der Arbeit .......................................................................... 34 2. Einführung in die (Frauen)Geschichte Okinawas ................................................................. 35 2.1. Mythologischer Anfang ................................................................................................. 35 2.2. Muschelhaufenzeit ........................................................................................................ 36 2.3. Gusuku-Zeit ................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.1. Hokuzan, Chūzan und Sanzan ................................................................................ 38 2.3.2. Tribut an China ....................................................................................................... 39 2.4. Erste Shō-Dynastie ........................................................................................................ 42 2.5. Zweite Shō-Dynastie (1470-1879) ................................................................................. 42 2.5.1. Entstehung des Priesterinnen-Systems unter Shō Shin ......................................... 44 2.5.2. Satsuma-Invasion und Sinisierung Ryūkyūs ........................................................... 46 2.5.3. Shō Shōken, der „Satsuma-Treue“ ......................................................................... 49 2.5.4. Reform von Religion und Volkssitten durch Shō Shōken ....................................... 51 2.5.5. Sai On, der „Pragmatiker“ ...................................................................................... 53 2.5.6. Yuta-Verfolgung unter Sai On ................................................................................ 55 2.5.7. Niedergang des Königreiches Ryūkyū und Widerstand gegen Satsuma................ 58 2.6. Ryūkyū-shobun und die japanische Assimilierungspolitik............................................. 59 2.6.1. „Yuta-Unterdrückung“ in der Öffentlichkeit .......................................................... 63 2.6.2. Iha Fuyūs Yuta-Kritik ............................................................................................... 67 2.6.3. Verbreitung der Okinawa-Studien ......................................................................... 69 2.7. Ikusa nu yu – die Zeit des Krieges ................................................................................. 74 2.7. 1. „Im stählernen Taifun“ – die Schlacht von Okinawa ............................................. 75 2.7.2. Verbreitung des Staats-Shinto und „Yuta-Jagd“ zur Zeit des Pazifikkrieges .......... 76 2.8. Amerika nu yu – Amerikanische Besatzungszeit (1945-1972) ...................................... 79 2.8.1. Okinawas Weg zur Rückgliederung ........................................................................ 81 2.8.2. Revision religiöser Traditionen ............................................................................... 83 2.9. Okinawa als Teil Japans ................................................................................................. 87 2.9.1. Von der ärmsten Präfektur zum subtropischen Urlaubsresort ............................. 87 2.9.2. Yuta-Kritik in der „tootoomee-Diskussion“ ............................................................ 89 2.10. Okinawa heute ............................................................................................................ 91 2.10.1. Kaminchu-Kultur im Wandel ................................................................................ 92 2.10.2. Heilige Stätten im Wandel ................................................................................... 94 2.11. Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................... 99 4 3. Zur Religion Okinawas ........................................................................................................ 100 3.1. Frauen in der Religion Okinawas ................................................................................. 104 3.1.1. Spirituelle Kraft der Frauen .................................................................................. 104 3.1.2. Onarigami ............................................................................................................. 108 3.1.3. Priesterinnen ........................................................................................................ 112 3.1.4. Yuta ....................................................................................................................... 117 3.1.5. Definitionsproblem .............................................................................................. 123 3.1.6. Andere Heiler und religiöse Spezialisten ............................................................. 125 3.2. Sosen-saishi – Ahnenkult ............................................................................................ 127 3.2.1. Sosen-sūhai – Ahnenverehrung ........................................................................... 128 3.2.2. Tootoomee – Ahnentafeln ................................................................................... 130 3.2.3. Munchuu – Patriklan ........................................................................................... 133 3.3. Naturverehrung und kami-Konzepte im Alltag ..........................................................
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