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Vol. 21 • 2016 • Cultures of War • Liturgy www.vistulana.pl 2016 www.qman.com.pl • vol. 21 vol. vol. 21 • 2016 • Cultures of War • Liturgy issn 1427‒4418 ISBN 978-83-65548-15-3 vol. 21 • 2016 • Cultures of War • Liturgy Fundacja Centrum Badań Historycznych Warszawa 2016 QUAESTIONES MEDII AEVI NOVAE Journal edited by Wojciech Fałkowski (Warsaw) – Editor in Chief Marek Derwich (Wrocław) Wiesław Długokęcki (Gdańsk) Tomasz Jasiński (Poznań) Andrzej Radzimiński (Toruń) Paweł Derecki (Warsaw) – Assistant Editor Editorial Board Gerd Althoff (Münster) Philippe Buc (Wien) Patrick Geary (Princeton) Sergei Karpov (Moscow) Rosamond McKitt erick (Cambridge) Yves Sassier (Paris) Journal accepted in the ERIH PLUS list. Articles, Notes and Books for Review shoud be sent to: Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae, Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego; Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, PL 00-927 Warszawa; Tel./Fax: (0048 22) 826 19 88; [email protected] (Editor in Chief); www.qman.com.pl Published and fi nanced by: • Faculty of History of Gdańsk University • Ministry of Science and Higher Education (no. 0163/NPRH4/H3b/83/2016) © Copyright by Center of Historical Research Foundation, 2016 ISSN 1427-4418 ISBN 978-83-65548-15-3 Printed in Poland Subscriptions: Published in December. The annual subscriptions rate 2016 is: in Poland 38,00 zł; in Europe 32 EUR; in overseas countries 42 EUR Subscriptions orders shoud be addressed to: Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego “Societas Vistulana” ul. Garczyńskiego 10/2, PL 31-524 Kraków; E-mail: [email protected]; www.vistulana.pl Account: Deutsche Bank 24 SA, O/Kraków, pl. Szczepański 5 55 1910 1048 4003 0092 1121 0002 Impression 550 spec. Contents I. Cultures of War ............................................................................................ 5 Philippe Buc By Way of an Introduction ................................................................... 5 Philippe Buc Religions and Warfare: Prolegomena to a Comparative Study ..... 9 Mark Edward Lewis The Army as an Emotional Community in Warring States China ....................................................................................................... 27 Mikael S. Adolphson Violence, Warfare and Buddhism in Early Medieval Japan ........... 63 Thomas D. Conlan When Men Become Gods: Apotheosis, Sacred Space, and Political Authority in Japan 1486-1599 ....................................... 89 Isabel Bueno Bravo The Mexica Polity and the Chalco Confl ict: A Case-Study in Mesoamerican Warfare ....................................................................107 Jenny Rahel Oesterle Is It Allowed to Fight the Ruler? A Comparison of Selected Islamic and Christian Positions ........................................................... 131 Jay Rubenstein Crusade and Apocalypse: History and the Last Days .....................159 II. Liturgy .......................................................................................................... 189 Yitz hak Hen Liturgy and the Propagation of Faith in the Early Medieval West .........................................................................................................189 Piotr Roszak Spanish-Mozarabic Funeral Rituals: A Contribution to the Eschatology of the Rite .........................................................................205 Cécile Voyer Les cinq sens et les images au Moyen Âge. Voir et revoir les œuvres visuelles médiévales ......................................................... 225 III. XIth Century ................................................................................................249 Francesco Renzi Cluny in Medieval Galicia: The damnatio memoriae and the Survival of the Monastery of San Martín de Xuvia (10th-13th Centuries) ................................................................................249 Glauco Maria Cantarella Le bruissement du temps : rhétorique, dialectique, mathématique, philosophie entre XIe et XIIe siècles ....................... 271 Giorgio Milanesi Framing the Church of San Martino in Palazzo Pignano (Cremona) in the Historical Context of the Insula Fulcheria, A Land Shared between four Bishops ............................................... 285 IV. Current Research ........................................................................................321 Katherine O’Brien O’Keeff e Making Satisfaction: Compensation and the Body in Anglo-Saxon England ......................................................................321 Radosław Kotecki With the Sword of Prayer, or How the Medieval Bishop Should Fight ........................................................................................................ 341 Sobiesław Szybkowski Władysław the White, Bartosz Wezemborg and “The Knights of Burgundy”: On a Certain Historiographic Myth Concerning the Civil War in Kujawy under the Reign of Louis I of Hungary .............................................................................................371 Anna Paner Erzbischof Jan Rokycana (1397-1471) – politische Persönlichkeit der Hussitenzeit .................................................................................... 401 Wiolett a Zielecka-Mikołajczyk Studies of Numismatics in Belarus and Lithuania .......................... 455 V. Book Notices ................................................................................................ 471 Authors ............................................................................................................. 493 QUAESTIONES MEDII AEVI NOVAE (2016) I. CULTURES OF WAR (THE SECTION EDITED BY PHILIPPE BUC) PHILIPPE BUC WIEN BY WAY OF AN INTRODUCTION This dossier of articles off ers refl ections on religion, culture, and war in four premodern human ensembles, the medieval European West, Japan between ca. 1000 and ca. 1600, the city- -empire of Tenochtitlan before the Spanish Conquest of Mexico, and medieval Islam. There are well-known diffi culties in defi ning these three concepts. “Religion” has been criticized as a projection of the odd specifi cities of Late Modern Christianity onto far diff erent dimensions of human existence outside Europe1. “Culture” has hundreds of defi nitions, and labors under the suspicion, among others, of being reductionist in assuming systemic coherence and shared dispositions in a given human ensemble. As for “war”, how many human beings must be involved to have a “war”? Is civil war within a social ensemble the same as war between social groups that understand one another as alien? Where are the boundaries between feud and war? To address these concerns would take page after page of academic scholasticism, and stop from its very beginning the comparative enterprise. Admitt edly, the soliciting of these articles did not come with a set of questions to be answered by each author. My own contribution will try to build a few comparative bridges, around the theme of religion and war. Isabel Bueno Bravo’s article concentrates on the technical aspects of Tenochca warfare, and its social embeddedness, very much in the respectable 1 One example of the impact of “religion” conceived of in terms of dogma and canon onto an up until then unstructured constellation, H. Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition, Chicago 1994; one rejoinder, J.Ā. Josephson, The Invention of Religion in Japan, Chicago 2012. 6 PHILIPPE BUC tradition represented in the United States by Ross Hassig2. Pragmatism takes here pride of place, as against cultural or religious determinants. Left aside is the other tradition, which views Tenochtitlan’s wars as motivated by the desire to capture victims to sacrifi ce them to the gods and maintain the cosmos. Indeed, Hassig has criticized the idea that the Nahua tribes waged “religious wars”, since their warfare by no means aimed at spreading a belief (an objection which is semantic, given that there are other ways for wars to be related to religion). Hassig has also underlined how the Aztecs manipulated their myths and their sacred calendar for power-political purposes, a more interesting objection against “war for the gods”, to which we shall return in the last paragraph of this introduction3. For him as in Bueno Bravo’s approach, culture is about social hierarchy and stratifi cation. One might measure the warlords of Tom Conlan’s medieval Japan with a similar stick. Parties to the destructive Ōnin War (1467-1477) are seen using gods to curse their opponents, moving them as virtual markers of authority to strategic places in the real and symbolic space. These maneuvers led to the formation of new sacred geography and a translation of sacrality westward around the Ōuchi’s tutelary shrine in Yamaguchi. This city around a key temple was made immune to impurities, and became the center of a mandala. For decades, until the mid-16th century, this space rivaled and even overshadowed the capital, Kyoto. In focusing on religious capital as a serious object for struggle and competition, Conlan pursues a line he incepted in his From Sovereign to Symbol4, faintly foreshadowed in a lone chapter of his State of War5. Mikael Adolphson, focusing on Japan’s late classical period, would seem at one level to de-emphasize the religious dimension so present, while with instrumental character, in Conlan’s contribution. Otherwise put, he separates violence issuing from the great monastic institutions from these institutions’ religiosity, and he furthers his earlier works’ spirited att ack on the concept of “warrior monks”6. Contrary to what the concept assumes, there existed no hybrid
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