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Gerard Manley Hopkins and Old English Poetry: a Stylistic Analysis Gerard Manley Hopkins and Old English poetry: a stylistic analysis Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Li, Leshi Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 14:04:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565498 GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS AND OLD ENGLISH POETRY: A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS by Rebecca Lee A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN ENGLISH LITERATURE . In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Rebecca Lee_________________________________ entitled GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS AND OLD ENGLISH POETRY:___________________ A STYLISTIC ANALYSIS and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. * / ■ ? ■ / Dissertation Director Date / STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library» Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission5 provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduc­ tion of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the "Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship* In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Richard Smyer for his gentle call for clarity; Dr. Terence Hoad for his persistent perfectionism; Dr. Susan Aiken for showing me the correct path and encouraging me to continue; and Dr. Billie Jo Inman, my adviser for her professional guidance and understanding over several years. I also owe thanks to the staff of the library of The University of Arizona especially Inga Ryersbach, who located many obscure nineteenth-century texts for me. I appreciate the valuable criticisms of Dwight Yates and Sherry O ’Donnell. In addition, I wish to thank the many other friends who disciplined and supported me, especially Betsy McDonald and Kathy Slate Sample. I thank Edna Twitty for her excellent typing. And I owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Frederick Rebsamen, who introduced me to the beauties of Old English language and literature. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract i vi xng te ctx x e% ts *.»«»,««.«» % #. ^ v r x r 'CNAPTER ONE; ..XNTROBUCTION.............. ........... 1 CHAPTER.TWO$ OLD. ENGLISH SCHOLARSHIP IN 'VICTOHIAN'ENGLAND . ,• 10 J. .'H. Kemble and . the,CambridgerOxford Quarrel.' . .. H Joseph, Bo swortih . '. ' ." . ' . , . .... 15 ■' . Resurgen,ce^o.f ,:Qld Engllsti Studies . 17 Ed#iU': Gil#s;t^' s History -of English Rhythms . .. ... 20 . .Ttie ."TeutOjiiKersP., . .. .... 22 , NiAfteenth^eutury Dictionaries . 24 Ri1 C. LTrehcli . ■. .......... 25 Friedrichv'Max: MHller . 27 The' Proponents- of' Onomatopoeia . ...... ... 28 ' ■ y^qirgd21pe^$Ss-;$^sh'''A.'- . > , .. .’ . ... ' 30 - ■ The Popularization vo f Old •''English Studies .... 32 W., W. Skeat: and Henry' Sweet' .. ; . , 36 . E. A. Freeitan ’ ,s History of the Norman Conquest .... 39 •The Year 1878 ahd’Afterwards . ........... 41 Summary ; .. ............... 45 CHAPTER THREE:' HOPKINSl STUDIES IN OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE ' AND LITERATURE . .. v ...... 51 The Oxford Days ................... 51 The 1870S .,:V . 57 The Last Years .......... 61 Summary ............... .......... 65 CHAPTER FOUR: OLD ENGLISH-INFLUENCES ON HOPKINS’ EARLY POETRY (1860-74).. ...... ................ 67 The Highgate Poetry . ........................... 68 The Oxford. Poetry .................. 71. The Poetry of the 1870s ...... x ....... 75 .CHAPTER FIVE;.. .OLD:ENGLISH INFLUENCES ON HOPKINS' MIDDLE POETRY'11875-1881) , . 85 Metrics ................... ...... 85 Alii i-fci atron . • *. * •. ............ • 89, : V TABLE OF CONTENTS - (Continued) Page Variation 94 Syntax * * * « % * % % * * * ». * * * * * t ^ * 98- Diction . t ^ 104 The Wreck of the Deutschland ............. 108 Compounds .................... 113 "The Caged Skylark" ................. 120 CHAPTER SIX; OLD ENGLISH INFLUENCES ON HOPKINS' LATE POETRY (1882-89) ........... .......... 129 Metrics ... ............ ............. 130 The Middle Pause and Recitation .......... 131 Alliteration ........ ......................... 134 Syntax ........................ 136 Diction ................ 139 "Spelt from Sibyl’s Leaves" ......... 142 The Dark Sonnets . .......................... 147 C o m p o u n d s ............ 151 "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire". = ............... 154 APPENDIX; STATISTICAL METHODS AND CALCULATIONS . ........ , 165 BIBLIOGRAPHY 174 ABSTRACT This dissertation traces the similarities between certain fea­ tures in Old English poetry and in the poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins to show the extent of the influence of Old English literature on Hop­ kins’ work. The nineteenth century witnessed a renaissance of interest in Old English language and literature, spurred in part by the efforts- of John M. Kemble in the 1830s and 1840s. This patriotic revival of Old English studies was continued throughout the century in the works of , such people as Joseph Bosworth, compiler of the first English edition of an Old English dictionary; Charles Richardson, philologist and champion of Horne Tooke; Edwin Guest, pioneer scholar of Old English metrics; R. C. Trench, one of the instigators of the New English Dictionary; William Barnes, parson, poet, and amateur philologist; Max Muller, Sanskrit scholar; George Perkins Marsh, American philologist; F. J. Furnivall, founder of the Early English Text Society; W, W. Skeat, inde­ fatigable editor and etymologist; and Henry Sweet, perhaps the most important Old English scholar of the nineteenth century. From 1863 or 1864 until the end of his life in 1889, Hopkins read widely in the works of such scholars, as well as in translations and originals of Old English literature, thereby attaining a sufficient knowledge of the techniques of Old English poetry to become the kind of Victorian scop his philological compatriots had called for. Although his early poetry shows little influence of Old English literature, it vi indicates his beginning experiments with metrics and alliteration. And beginning with The Wreck of the Deutschland, written in 1875, the metrics of most of Hopkins’ poetry is stress-based, relying on a certain number of stresses per line rather than syllables, allowing for numer­ ous instances of juxtaposed stresses in a line, and consisting mainly of r'falling"— i.e., trochaic or dactylic— rhythms: in these ways his poetry is metrically quite similar to Old English poetry. In addition, the amount of alliteration in his poetry, including vocalic allitera­ tion, gradually increased until by the end of his life he wrote several poems that contained alliteration in every line — a practice found in Old English poetry. His alliteration in the poetry written after 1875 also often serves to reinforce rhythmical patterns in a line and to make semantic connections between words in a line: in other words, it functions in much the same ways as it does in Old English poetry. Another stylistic device that Hopkins' mature poetry shares with Old English poetry is the use of variation, a multiple statement of the same idea in different words— especially variation used for the enumera­ tion of epithets for God and Christ. In addition, Hopkins’ later poetry, which like Old English poetry was made to be recited, is syntactically intricate, employing numerous ellipses, unusual word order, and inter­ changeable parts of speech: in such ways the syntax seems designed to recapture the flexibility of an inflected language such as Old English. Finally, much of his diction, replete with substantive compounds, echoes the vocabulary and imagery of England’s earliest poetry. In several ways, then, Hopkins’ poetry, seemingly idiosyncratic and revolutionary, shows the strong influence of Old English poetry. A NOTE ON TEXTS All references to Hopkins' works are taken from the following editions; Poems tv. H. Gardner and N. H. MacKenzie, eds., The Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins, 4th edi (London; Oxford Univ. Press, 1970). Journals Humphry House and Graham Storey, eds., The Journals and Papers of Gerard Manley Hopkins (London; Oxford Univ. Press, 1959). Sermons Christopher Devlin, S. J., ed., The Sermons and Devotional Writings of Gerard Manley Hopkins (London; Oxford Univ. Press, 1959). Letters I Claude Colleer Abbott, ed., The.Letters of Gerard Manley
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