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VYTAUTO DIDŢIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Kęstutis VYTAUTO DIDŢIOJO UNIVERSITETAS HUMANITARINIŲ MOKSLŲ FAKULTETAS ISTORIJOS KATEDRA Kęstutis Markevičius VOLDEMARININKŲ POLITINIS JUDĖJIMAS 1929 – 1934 M. Magistro baigiamasis darbas Lietuvos istorijos studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 62105H104 Istorijos studijų kryptis Vadovas dr. Giedrius Janauskas _________ __________ (Moksl. laipsnis,vardas, pavardė) (Parašas) (Data) Apginta prof. dr. Ineta Dabašinskienė _________ ________ (Fakulteto/studijų instituto dekanas/direktorius) (Parašas) (Data) Kaunas, 2012 TURINYS SANTRAUKA................................................................................................................................3 SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................4 ĮVADAS..........................................................................................................................................6 1. “GELEŢINIO VILKO” ORGANIZACIJOS SUFORMAVIMAS – VOLDEMARININKŲ POLITINIO JUDĖJIMO IŠTAKOS..............13 2. VOLDEMARININKŲ POLITINIO JUDĖJIMO SUSIFORMAVIMAS IR VEIKSMAI PRIEŠ TAUTININKŲ VALDŢIĄ IKI 1931 M…………………………….25 2.1.Voldemarininkų politinio judėjimo susiformavimas……………………………………...25 2.2.Voldemarininkų veiksmai prieš tautininkų valdţią 1929 m. pab. – 1930 m. vasarą...........33 2.3.Voldemarininkų byla……………………………………………………………………...40 3. VOLDEMARININKŲ POLITINIO JUDĖJIMO RAIDA 1932 – 1934 M..............………....42 3.1.Voldemarininkų politinių idėjų sklaida jų spaudoje 1932 – 1934 m. ...............................42 3.2.1934 m. birţelio 7 d. sukilimo prieţastys.............................................…………………..44 4. 1934 M. BIRŢELIO 7 D. SUKILIMAS IR JO DALYVIŲ VERTINIMAI KARIUOMENĖS TEISMO BYLOSE.....................................................................…………50 IŠVADOS………………………………………………………………………………………..56 ŠALTINIŲ IR LITERATŪROS SĄRAŠAS……………….........................................................58 2 SANTRAUKA Voldemarininkai - Augustino Voldemaro politiniai pasekėjai - buvo aktyvūs tautininkų valdţios opozicionieriai, 1929 – 1934 m. prieš tautininkų valdţią planavę 6 ir 1 sukilimą įvykdę. Lietuvos istoriografijoje dar trūksta istorikų darbų, kuriuose būtų plačiau nagrinėjama voldemarininkų veikla, jų politinio judėjimo susiformavimo aplinkybės. Išskirtinesni tik istoriko G. Rudţio darbai šio judėjimo atţvilgu, tačiau ir juose voldemarininkų veikla tiriama gana fragmentiškai. Tad darbo tyrimo objektas – voldemarininkų politinio judėjimo veiksmai 1929 – 1934 m. laikotarpiu. Darbo tikslas - išnagrinėti voldemarininkų politinio judėjimo tikslus ir veiklą 1929 – 1934 m. laikotarpiu, plačiau analizuojant judėjimo priešistorę. Darbo tikslui įgyvendinti iškeliami uţdaviniai: 1) Pristatyti ir išnagrinėti voldemarininkų judėjimo ištakų – “Geleţinio vilko” organizacijos susiformavimą, jos tikslus bei veiklą. 2) Tirti, kaip susiformavo voldemarininkų politinis judėjimas, kokie buvo jo veiksmai prieš tautininkų valdţią iki 1931 m. 3) Analizuoti voldemarininkų politines idėjas spaudoje, nagrinėti socialines ir ekonomines prieţastis, lėmusias 1934 m. birţelio 7 d. sukilimą. 4) Apţvelgti 1934 m. birţelio 7 d. sukilimo eigą ir pateikti jo dalyvių vertinimus. Darbe analizuoti šaltiniai ir istoriografijos darbai leidţia teigti, jog “Geleţinis vilkas” buvo su tautininkų vadų ţinia įkurta paramilitarinė organizacija, kurios nariai “vilkai‟‟ nevengė persekioti tautininkų valdţios oponentų ir kitataučių. Organizacijos ideologija krypo fašizmo link, tačiau jos veikloje nebuvo ryškaus rasizmo ir antisemitizmo. Po A. Voldemaro nušalinimo 1929 m. rudenį, “vilkai” liko ištikimiausiais jo remėjais - voldemarininkų politinio judėjimo branduoliu. Tautininkų valdţiai tremiant ir izoliuojant aktyviausius voldemarininkus, jie leido nelegalius atsišaukimus, ruošėsi su kariškių pagalba vykdyti sukilimus, siekiant sugraţinti į valdţią A.Voldemarą. 1930 m. vasarą planuoti 3 sukilimai nepasisekė, o pasikėsinus į Kriminalinės policijos valdybos viršininką S. Rusteiką, 24 voldemarininkams buvo iškelta byla. Nors bylos metu buvo grasinta ją rengusiems asmenims, voldemarininkai buvo nuteisti. Voldemarininkų judėjimas, taikant didesnę represinių institucijų prieţiūrą, buvo izoliuotas keliems metams, tačiau voldemarininkų laikraštyje “Tautos balsas” vistiek pasigirsdavo kritika kitataučių ir tautininkų valdţios atţvilgiu. Progą voldemarinkams vėl sukilti suteikė Lietuvoje XX am. 4 deš. susidariusios sunkios socialinės– ekonominės sąlygos, kariškių nepasitenkinimas Krašto apsaugos ministerijos vykdoma politika ir kariuomenėje imtas vykdyti VSD agentų sekimas. Kariškiai – voldemarininkai nuo 1933 m. rudens ėmė ruoštis sukilimui, kuris išsiverţė 1934 m. birţelio 7 d. naktį. Dėl sukilėlių neryţtingumo sukilimas ţlugo. Aktyviausi jo dalyviai ir vadai, nepaisant jų kaltės neigimo, nuteisti kalėjimo bausmėmis, arba šalinti iš kariuomenės gretų. 3 SUMMARY VOLDEMARININKAI POLITICAL MOVEMENT IN 1929 - 1934 Voldemarininkai, or otherwise A. Voldemaras political followers, were active nationalist government oppositionists, which planned or commited seven uprisings against the nationalist government in 1929 – 1934 m. period. Lithuanian historiography, historians still lack of works, which will be widely considered on voldemarininkai activities, the circumstances of this political movement formation. Only historian G. Rudis works on voldemarininkai movement are more abstracted, but even in them voldemarininkai activities studied quite fragmented. Thus, this work object focuses on the voldemarininkai political movement actions in 1929 - 1934 m. period. The aim of this work is to examine the voldemarininkai political movement objectives and activities in 1929 - 1934 m. period, also giving broader attention to the prehistory of this movement. Job purpose raises the following tasks: 1) Introduce and examine voldemarininkai source movement 'Iron Wolf''- the formation of the organization, objectives, and activities. 2) Investigate how voldemarininkai formed a political movement, what were they actions against the nationalist goverment till 1931. 3) Analyze voldemarininkai political ideas in the press, and to explore what social and economic reasons determined uprising test on June 7 of 1934 4) To review the course of 1934 June 7 uprising and to provide its participants assesments. Analyzing the sources and historiography work suggests that ,,Iron Wolf'' was the paramilitarian organization, established with knowledge of nationalist government, which members did not avoid prosecution of tautininkai opponents and foreigners. Organization idealogy tended toward fascism, but it wasnt significant on racism and anti-Semitism. After removal Voldemaras in 1929 autumn, “wolves” remained faithfully his supporters, becoming a kernel of voldemarininkai political.movement. Nationalist government deported and isolated the most active voldemarininkai, so they allowed illegal proclamations, and were preparing to arise with military aid for reverting to power A. Voldemaras. Three rebellions planned in 1930 summer failed, but after attacking the police chief of the Criminal Department S.Rusteika, 24 voldemarininkai were sued. Although during the case time investigators were threatened, voldemarininkai were convicted. Voldemarininkai movement, with a higher care of repression institutions, have been isolated for several years, although nationalist goverment allowed to let their newspaper “Tautos balsas”, which distinquished of criticism for other nations and nationalist government. Chance for voldemarinkams to rise again gave current difficulties in XX am. fourth decade Lithuania: hard social - economic conditions, military discontent with the Ministry of Defence policy, and VSD agents spying work in the army. 4 The military - voldemarininkai since 1933 autumn began preparation for the uprising, which broke on June 7 of 1934. Because of rebels wavevering, uprising failed, and the most active participants and leaders, despite their denial of guilt, sentenced to prison sentences, or were removed from the army ranks. 5 ĮVADAS XX amţius pasaulyje buvo socialinių, politinių ir visuomeninių sukrėtimų laikas. Amţiaus pradţioje, 1914 – 1918 m., Europą ir visą pasaulį sukrėtė Pirmojo pasaulinio karo katastrofa, praţudţiusi daugybę ţmonių, atnešusi didţiulių nelaimių ir kataklizmų daugeliui valstybių. Kita vertus, nemaţai daliai Europos tautų karo pabaiga atnešė ilgai lauktą laisvę ir nepriklausomybę. Byrėjo imperijos, kūrėsi naujos valstybės, kurių daugelio santvarka rėmėsi demokratijos principais. Šiais principais pasiremdama, lietuvių tauta 1918 m. vasario 16 d. atstatė nepriklausomą valstybę, kurios santvarka turėjo remtis demokratiniais pagrindais. Buvo įtvirtintas ir visuotiniu balsavimu imtas rinktis savas parlamentas, sukurta Konstitucija, turėjusi saugoti valstybės demokratinius pamatus. Visdėlto, parlamentinė - demokratinė santvarka nebuvo tvari, piliečių teises ir laisves ribojo įvestas karo stovis, atskirų grupių ir partijų santykius temdė rietenos ir kovos dėl valdţios, o kariškiai nevengė kištis į to meto Lietuvos politinį gyvenimą. Demokratinę Lietuvos valstybės politinio gyvenimo raidą galutinai nutraukė 1926 m. gruodţio 17 d. karinis perversmas, po kurio valdţioje atsidūrusių tautininkų partijos lyderių pastangomis imti dėti autoritarinio reţimo pamatai. Šiems pamatams visuomenės gretose sustiprinti buvo kuriamos lojalios tautininkų valdţiai organizacijos, turėjusios konsoliduoti valdţiai ištikimus šalininkus. Viena iš tokių organizacijų buvo slapta,
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