DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Notes Introduction 1This study uses ‘Estonian Veterans’ League’ as the most practical translation of the Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Liit (‘Veterans’ League of the Estonian War of Independence’). The popular term for a Veterans’ League member was vaps (plural: vapsid), or vabs, derived from vabadussõjalane (‘War of Independence veteran’). This often appears mistakenly capitalized as VAPS. A term for the Veterans frequently found in historical literature is ‘Freedom Fighters’, the direct translation of the German Freiheitskämpfer. Another unsatisfactory translation which appears in older literature is ‘Liberators’. It should be noted that until 11 August 1933 the organization was formally called Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit (‘The Estonian War of Independence Veterans’ Central League’). 2 Ernst Nolte, The Three Faces of Fascism (London, 1965), p. 12. 3 Eduard Laaman, Vabadussõjalased diktatuuri teel (Tallinn, 1933); Erakonnad Eestis (Tartu, 1934), pp. 54–62; ‘Põhiseaduse kriisi arenemine 1928–1933’, in Põhiseadus ja Rahvuskogu (Tallinn, 1937), pp. 29–45; Konstantin Päts. Poliitika- ja riigimees (Stockholm, 1949). 4 Märt Raud, Kaks suurt: Jaan Tõnisson, Konstantin Päts ja nende ajastu (Toronto, 1953); Evald Uustalu, The History of Estonian People (London, 1952); Artur Mägi, Das Staatsleben Estlands während seiner Selbständigkeit. I. Das Regierungssystem (Stockholm, 1967). 5 William Tomingas, Vaikiv ajastu Eestis (New York, 1961). 6 Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940 (London, 1974); V. Stanley Vardys, ‘The Rise of Authoritarianism in the Baltic States’, in V. Stanley Vardys and Romuald J. Misiunas, eds., The Baltic States in War and Peace (University Park, Pennsylvania, 1978), pp. 65–80; Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians (Stanford, 1991); John Hiden and Patrick Salmon, The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania in the Twentieth Century (London, 1991). 7 R. J. Crampton, Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (London and New York, 1994), p. 99; Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. A History of East Central Europe, vol. IX (Seattle, 1974), p. 373. 8 Tönu Parming, The Collapse of Liberal Democracy and the Rise of Authoritarianism in Estonia (London, 1975); Alvin Isberg, Med demokraten som insats. Politisk-konstitutionellt maktspel i 1930–talets Estland, Studia Baltica Stockholmiensia 4 (Uppsala, 1988). ˆ 9Olaf Kuuli, Vapsidest Isamaaliiduni. Fasˆismi ja fasismivastase võitluse ajaloost kodanlikus Eestis (Tallinn, 1976); Olaf Kuuli, Six Years of Fascist Dictatorship in Estonia (Tallinn, 1975); Eesti NSV ajalugu, vol. 3 (Tallinn, 1971); V. A. Maamägi and H. T. Arumäe, ‘Fasismi Baltiassa’, Historiallinen Arkisto, 72 (1977), pp. 93–112. 160 Notes 161 10 Rein Marandi, Must-valge lipu all. Vabadussõjalaste liikumine Eestis 1929–1937. I. Legaalne periood (1929–1934), Studia Baltica Stockholmiensia 6 (Uppsala, 1991); II. Illegaalne vabadussõjalus (1934–1937), Studia Baltica Stockholmiensia 18 (Uppsala, 1997). 11 Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (London, 1991), p. 119; Roger Griffin, ed., Fascism (Oxford, 1995), p. 215; Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 (Madison, 1995), p. 323. 1. The Emergence of Independent Estonia 1Hans Kruus, Eesti Aleksandrikool (Tartu, 1939), p. 209. 2 Ea Jansen, ‘On the Economic and Social Determination of the Estonian National Movement’, in Aleksander Loit, ed., National Movements in the Baltic Countries during the 19th Century, Studia Baltica Stockholmiensia 2 (Stockholm, 1985), pp. 48–9; on the development of the Estonian intelli- gentsia see Toomas Karjahärm and Väino Sirk, Eesti haritlaskonna kujunemine ja ideed 1850–1917 (Tallinn, 1997). 3 Toivo U. Raun, ‘The Estonians’, in Edward C. Thaden, ed., Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914 (Princeton, 1981), p. 298. 4Carl Robert Jakobson, Kolm isamaa kõnet (Tallinn, 1991). 5Raun, ‘The Estonians’, pp. 307–8. 6 Eesti NSV ajalugu, vol. 2 (Tallinn, 1963), p. 116. 7 Toomas Karjahärm, ‘The Political Organization of Estonian Society and the Political Parties in Estonia in the Years 1900–1914’, in Aleksander Loit, ed., The Baltic Countries 1900–1914, Studia Baltica Stockholmiensia 5 (Stockholm, 1990), pp. 133–4. 8 Toivo U. Raun, ‘Estonian Social and Political Thought, 1905–February 1917’, in Andrew Ezergailis and Gert von Pistohlkors, eds., Die baltischen Provinzen Russlands zwischen den Revolutionen von 1905 und 1917, Quellen und Studien zur baltischen Geschichte 4 (Cologne, 1982), pp. 63–5. 9 Toomas Karjahärm, Ida ja lääne vahel. Eesti-Vene suhted 1850–1917 (Tallinn, 1998), pp. 110–21. 10 Toivo U. Raun, ‘1905 as a Turning Point in Estonian History’, East European Quarterly, 14 (1980), p. 332. 11 Karl Aun, ‘The 1917 Revolutions and the Idea of the State in Estonia’, in Ezergailis and von Pistohlkors, eds., Die baltischen Provinzen Russlands, p. 288. 12 Mati Graf, Eesti Rahvusriik. Ideed ja lahendused: ärkamisajast Eesti Vabariigi sünnini (Tallinn, 1993), p. 132. 13Representatives elected to the Maapäev: Rural Union 13, Labour 11, Social Democrats 9, Socialist Revolutionaries 8, Populists 7, Bolsheviks 5, Radical Democrats 4, non-party representatives 3, national minorities 2; total of 62 seats, Artur Mägi, Kuidas valitseti Eestis (Stockholm, 1951), p. 6. 14 Olavi Arens, ‘Soviets in Estonia, 1917/1918’, in Ezergailis and von Pistohlkors, eds., Die baltischen Provinzen Russlands, p. 301. 15Vabadussõja Ajaloo Komitee, Eesti Vabadussõda 1918–1920, vol. 1 (Heidenheim, 1951), p. 59; August Rei, Mälestusi tormiselt teelt (Stockholm, 1961), p. 153. 16 Percentage of votes in Estonia in the Russian Constituent Assembly elec- tions on 12–14 November 1917: Bolsheviks 40.2, Democratic Bloc 22.6, 162 Notes Labour 21.5, Radical Democrats 5.8, Socialist Revolutionaries 5.8, Social Democrats 3.0, Russian Socialist Revolutionaries 1.1, Raun, Estonia and the Estonians, p. 103. 17 Olavi Arens, ‘The Estonian Maapäev during 1917’, in Vardys and Misiunas, eds., The Baltic States in Peace and War, 29. 18 Ibid., p. 24. 19 Eduard Laaman, Eesti iseseisvuse sünd (Stockholm, 1964), p. 158. 20 Ants Piip, Tormine aasta. Ülevaade Eesti välispoliitika esiajast 1917–1918. aastal dokumentides ja mälestusis (Stockholm, 1966), p. 65; Gustav Suits, ‘Tagasivaade Eesti Vabariigi sünniaegadele’, Tulimuld, 1 (1973), pp. 34, 37. 21 Revolutsioon, kodusõda ja välisriikide interventsioon Eestis, 1917–1920, vol. 1 (Tallinn, 1977), p. 44; Laaman, Eesti iseseisvuse sünd, pp. 203, 219, 224. 22 Tönu Parming, ‘Population and Ethnicity as Intervening Variables in the 1905/1917 Revolutions in the Russian Baltic Provinces’, in Ezergailis and von Pistohlkors, eds., Die baltischen Provinzen Russlands, p. 9. 23 Uncompleted Estonian Constituent Assembly election results, 21–22 January 1918 (percentage of votes): Bolsheviks 37.1, Labour 29.8, Democratic Bloc 23.3, Left Socialist Revolutionaries 3.5, Social Democrats 1.7, Right Socialist Revolutionaries 1.0, others 3.6, Revolutsioon, kodusõda ja välisriikide interventsioon, vol. 1, p. 302. 24 Elmar Järvesoo, ‘Estonia’s Declaration of Independence in 1918: An Episode of Collision Between National-Revolutionary and Bolshevist Ideologies’, in Arvids Ziedonis Jr., William L. Winter, and Mardi Valgemäe, eds., Baltic History (Columbus, 1974), pp. 170–2. 25 Piip, Tormine aasta, p. 106. 26 Eesti Vabadussõda, vol. 1, p. 164. 27 Laaman, Eesti iseseisvuse sünd, p. 630. 28 Heinrich Laretei, Saatuse mängukanniks. Mällu jäänud märkmeid (Lund, 1970), p. 101. 29 Revolutsioon, kodusõda ja välisriikide interventsioon Eestis, 1917–1920, vol. 2 (Tallinn, 1982), p. 204. 30 Laaman, Eesti iseseisvuse sünd, p. 403. 31 August Kasekamp, ‘Ülemjuhataja ja vastupealetung jaanuari esimesel poolel 1919. a.’, in Johan Laidoner. Mälestusi kaasaeglasilt (Tallinn, 1934), pp. 134–40; Eesti Vabadussõda, vol. 1, p. 282; Seppo Zetterberg, Suomi ja Viro 1917–1919. Poliittiset suhteet syksystä 1917 reunavaltiopolitiikan alkuun. Historiallisia Tutkimuksia 102 (Helsinki, 1977), ch. 5; Stanley W. Page, The Formation of the Baltic States (New York, 1970), p. 128. 32 Artur Mägi, ‘Asutav Kogu maareformi otsustamas’, Tulimuld, 10 (1959), p. 305. The results of the Constituent Assembly elections were as follows: Social Democrats 41 seats, Labour 30, Populists 25, Agrarians 8, Socialist Revolutionaries 7, Christians 5, ethnic minorities 4; Mägi, Das Staatsleben Estlands während seiner Selbständigkeit, p. 321. 33 Evald Uustalu, Eesti Vabariik 1918–1940 (Lund, 1968) p. 43. 34 Riigi Teataja 42 (1919), art. 89. 35 John Hiden, The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik (Cambridge, 1987), p. 17; Bernhard Sauer, ‘Vom “Mythos eines ewigen Soldatentums”: Der Notes 163 Feldzug deutscher Freikorps im Baltikum im Jahre 1919’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 43 (1995), pp. 869–902. 36Hannes Walter, Landeswehri sõjast, Riia operatsioonist, Võnnu lahingust (Tallinn, 1989). 37 Karsten Brüggemann, ‘Kooperation und Konfrontation: Estland im Kalkül der weißen Russen 1919’, Zeitschrift für Ostforschung, 43 (1994), pp. 541–2. 38 Ibid., pp. 545–7. 39 Page, Formation of the Baltic States, p. 180. 40 Uustalu, Eesti Vabariik, p. 57. 41 Putting a positive gloss on military failure, Lenin stated that the Tartu peace treaty was of great historical significance since it broke the blockade of Soviet Russia and heralded the beginning of the end for intervention; Edgar Mattisen, Tartu rahu (Tallinn, 1989), pp. 24–5. 42 John M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Treaty (Princeton, 1966), p. 307. 2. The Political Context
Recommended publications
  • On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In

    On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In

    Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions.
  • The Right of Self-Determination After Helsinki and Its Significance for the Baltic Nations Boris Meissner

    The Right of Self-Determination After Helsinki and Its Significance for the Baltic Nations Boris Meissner

    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 13 | Issue 2 1981 The Right of Self-Determination after Helsinki and Its Significance for the Baltic Nations Boris Meissner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Boris Meissner, The Right of Self-Determination after Helsinki and Its Significance for the Baltic Nations, 13 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 375 (1981) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol13/iss2/17 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. The Right of Self-Determination After Helsinki and its Significance for the Baltic Nations* by Boris Meissnert I. INTRODUCTION 11HE CONFERENCE FOR Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was concluded on August 1, 1975 with the adoption of a Final Act (the Helsinki Accords) by the 35 participating States in Helsinki.1 This Final Act has been used since then as the basis for Implementation Conferences in Belgrade and Madrid. The Accords were prefaced by a Declaration of Principles in which the right of peoples to self-determina- tion is the Eighth Principle. Its formulation corresponds to the definition of the right of self-determination in Article 1 of the two U.N. Covenants on Human Rights of December 16, 1966 which have also been ratified by most of the Communist nations, including the Soviet Union.2 The international legal nature of the right of self-determination has long been disputed.
  • Fascist Lapua Movement in the 1930S SAMI

    Fascist Lapua Movement in the 1930S SAMI

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery 1 Christ vs. Communism: Communism as a Religious Social Problem in Finland’s Proto- Fascist Lapua Movement in the 1930s SAMI KOSKELAINEN AND TITUS HJELM1 Abstract This article traces the emergence of religious anti-communist discourse in Finland’s proto-fascist Lapua Movement in the 1930s. Applying constructionist social problems theory, it discusses the constructions of communism as a religious social problem, Christian piety as a solution to the problem of godless communism, and the religious legitimation of violence. The article argues that by identifying Christianity with the Finnish nation the construction of communism as a religious problem—itself an outcome of the influence of revivalist Lutheran ministers in the leadership of the movement—resonated with the broader audience, but that this indigenous religious nationalism lost support with the increasing belligerence of the movement. At the end of the 1920s Finland was a divided country. The Civil War of 1918, fought between the socialist “Reds” and the bourgeois and agrarian “Whites” in the aftermath of independence from (now Bolshevik) Russia, was a cultural trauma on par with the Spanish Civil War.1 The proportional death toll in the repression of the defeated Reds exceeded that of all other European civil conflicts in the inter-war era.2 Yet, despite the victory and the official banning of the Communist Party, some factions on the White side saw the re-emergence and 1 Sami Koskelainen has a Bachelor of Arts from University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies.
  • Bibliografi Över Finlands Tidningspress Bibliography

    Bibliografi Över Finlands Tidningspress Bibliography

    SUOMEN SANOMALEHDISTÖN BIBLIOGRAFIA 1771-1963 BIBLIOGRAFI ÖVER FINLANDS TIDNINGSPRESS 1771-1963 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE FINNISH NEWSPAPERS 1771-1963 TOIMITTANEET - REDIGERAD AV - EDITED BY VAINÖ KAARNA (t) & KAARINA WINTER HELSINKI 1965 7 Lyhenteita Förkortningar k.k. = ... kertaa kuukaudessa k.k. = . gånger i månaden k.v. = ... kertaa viikossa ks. = se p-p. = ... päiväinen painos k.v. = gånger i veckan äk = äänenkannattaja p.p. = . dagars upp1. v:sta, v:lta = från år Ed Kansallinen edistyspuolue äk (äänenkannattaja) = organ Ik1 = Isänmaallinen kansanliike Kans.sos. = Kansallissosialistinen puolue Ed = Nationella framstegspartiet Kok = Kansallinen kokoomus Ik1 = Fosterländska folkrörelsen Komm = Kommunistinen puolue Kans.sos. = Nationalsocialistiska partiet Kp = Kansanpuolue 1917-18, 1933-36, Kok = Nationella samlingspartiet Suomen kansanpuolue 1951— Komm = Kommunistpartiet L1 = Lapuan liike Kp Folkpartiet 1917-18, 1933-36, M1 = Maalaisliitto Finska folkpartiet 1951— Ns = Nuorsuomalainen puolue L1 == Lappo-rörelsen P = Puolueeton М1 = Agrarförbundet Pv = Suomen pienviljehjåin puolue Ns = Ungfinska partiet Rkp = Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue P = Partilös Sd = Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puo- Pv = Finlands småbrukarparti lue Rkp = Svenska folkpartiet Skdl = Suomen kansan demokraattinen liitto Sd = Finlands socialdemokratiska parti Skp = Suomen kommunistinen puolue Skd1 = Demokratiska förbundet för Fin- Sktl = Suomen kristillisen työväen liitto lands folk Sm = Suomalainen puolue (vanha) Skp = Finlands kommunistiska parti Spp = Suomen pientalonpoikain
  • Vihtori Kosolan Puheiden Muutokset 1929–1932

    Vihtori Kosolan Puheiden Muutokset 1929–1932

    Aarni Virtanen ”Toimikaa. Älkää odottako.” Vihtori Kosolan puheiden muutokset 1929–1932 Suomen historian pro gradu -tutkielma Jyväskylän yliopisto Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian ja etnologian laitos Syksy 2010 1 Sisällysluettelo 1 JOHDANTO .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 TULKINNAT LAPUANLIIKKEESTÄ .......................................................................................................... 3 1.2 TUTKIMUSKYSYMYS , LÄHTEET JA LÄHDEKRITIIKKI .............................................................................. 7 1.3 AATTEET , MYYTIT JA KONTEKSTIT ......................................................................................................13 2 KOSOLAN MAAILMANKUVA ............................................................................................................22 2.1 KOSOLA ENNEN LAPUANLIIKETTÄ .......................................................................................................22 2.2 KOSOLA JA LAPUANLIIKE .....................................................................................................................25 2.3 LAPUANLIIKKEEN TAUSTA JA PUNAISTEN PAITOJEN RIISUMINEN .........................................................31 3 RETORIIKKA ..........................................................................................................................................37 3.1 KOSOLAN RETORIIKAN VALTAKUNTA ..................................................................................................37
  • Soldiering and the Making of Finnish Manhood

    Soldiering and the Making of Finnish Manhood

    Soldiering and the Making of Finnish Manhood Conscription and Masculinity in Interwar Finland, 1918–1939 ANDERS AHLBÄCK Doctoral Thesis in General History ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY 2010 © Anders Ahlbäck Author’s address: History Dept. of Åbo Akademi University Fabriksgatan 2 FIN-20500 Åbo Finland e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-952-12-2508-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-952-12-2509-3 (pdf) Printed by Uniprint, Turku Table of Contents Acknowledgements v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Images and experiences of conscripted soldiering 1 1.2 Topics in earlier research: The militarisation of modern masculinity 8 1.3 Theory and method: Conscription as a contested arena of masculinity 26 1.4 Demarcation: Soldiering and citizenship as homosocial enactments 39 2 The politics of conscription 48 2.1 Military debate on the verge of a revolution 52 2.2 The Civil War and the creation of the “White Army” 62 2.3 The militiaman challenging the cadre army soldier 72 2.4 From public indignation to closing ranks around the army 87 2.5 Conclusion: Reluctant militarisation 96 3 War heroes as war teachers 100 3.1 The narrative construction of the Jägers as war heroes 102 3.2 Absent women and distant domesticity 116 3.3 Heroic officers and their counter-images 118 3.4 Forgetfulness in the hero myth 124 3.5 The Jäger officers as military educators 127 3.6 Conclusion: The uses of war heroes 139 4 Educating the citizen-soldier 146 4.1 Civic education and the Suomen Sotilas magazine 147 4.2 The man-soldier-citizen amalgamation 154 4.3 History, forefathers and the spirit of sacrifice
  • Rasma Karklins CV

    Rasma Karklins CV

    CURRICULUM VITAE RASMA KARKLINS 2/5/2007 OFFICE ADDRESS HOME ADDRESS University of Illinois at Chicago 6166 N. Sheridan Rd., apt. 12H Department of Political Science (MC276) Chicago, Il., 60660 1007 W. Harrison USA Chicago, Il., 60607 Tel: 312-996-2396 Fax: 312-413-0440 e-mail: [email protected] FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION Comparative Politics; East European Politics; Politics of USSR and Successor States; Transitions to Democracy; Comparative Public Policy; Corruption in Post-Communist Systems; Protest and Collective Action; Political Participation, Comparative Ethnic Relations; Citizenship and Integration, European Union Neighborhood Policy. ACADEMIC TRAINING 1975, Ph.D. Political Science, The University of Chicago 1971, M.A. International Relations, The University of Chicago 1969 “Diplom-Politologe,” Free University of Berlin, Germany ACADEMIC POSITIONS/GENERAL 1994-to date Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois at Chicago 1987-94 Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois at Chicago 1980-87 Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Illinois at Chicago 1976-77 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Boston University Overseas Graduate Program in International Relations, Italy and Germany 1975-76 Assistant Professor of Political Science, Boston University ACADEMIC POSITIONS/ADMINISTRATIVE 2003-04 Associate Dean, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago 1999-2001 Head, Department of Political Science, University of Illinois at Chicago 1994-96 Chair, Department of Political Science, University of Illinois at Chicago 1 AWARDS and PROFESSIONAL DISTINCTIONS 2004-05 Ed Hewett Public Policy Fellow, National Council for Eurasian and East European Research 2002-03 Visiting Member, School of Social Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 2002-02 Participant, “Honesty and Trust Project,” Collegium Budapest, Institute for Advanced Study, February 1996 Scholar in Residence, Rockefeller Center, Bellagio, Italy.
  • Implementation of the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to Estonia, 1993-2001

    Implementation of the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to Estonia, 1993-2001

    Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg Wolfgang Zellner/Randolf Oberschmidt/Claus Neukirch (Eds.) Comparative Case Studies on the Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities Margit Sarv Integration by Reframing Legislation: Implementation of the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to Estonia, 1993-2001 Working Paper 7 Wolfgang Zellner/Randolf Oberschmidt/Claus Neukirch (Eds.) Comparative Case Studies on the Effectiveness of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities Margit Sarv∗ Integration by Reframing Legislation: Implementation of the Recommendations of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities to Estonia, 1993-2001 CORE Working Paper 7 Hamburg 2002 ∗ Margit Sarv, M.Phil., studied Political Science at the Central European University in Budapest. Currently Ms. Sarv works as a researcher at the Institute of International and Social Studies in Tallinn. 2 Contents Editors' Preface 5 List of Abbreviations 6 Chapter 1. Introduction 8 Chapter 2. The Legacies of Soviet Rule: A Brief History of Estonian-Russian Relations up to 1991 11 Chapter 3. Estonia after Independence: The Radicalized Period from 1991 to 1994 19 3.1 From Privileges to Statelessness: The Citizenship Issue in Estonia in 1992 19 3.2 Estonia's Law on Citizenship and International Reactions 27 3.3 HCNM Recommendations on the Law on Citizenship of 1992 29 3.4 Language Training - the Double Responsibility Towards Naturalization and Integration 35 3.5 New Restrictions,
  • Crols, Dirk (2006) from Tsarist Empire to League of Nations and from USSR to EU: Two Eras in the Construction of Baltic State Sovereignty

    Crols, Dirk (2006) from Tsarist Empire to League of Nations and from USSR to EU: Two Eras in the Construction of Baltic State Sovereignty

    Crols, Dirk (2006) From Tsarist empire to League of Nations and from USSR to EU: two eras in the construction of Baltic state sovereignty. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2453/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] FROM TSARIST EMPIRE TO LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND FROM USSR TO EU: TWO ERAS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BALTIC STATE SOVEREIGNTY Thesis submitted by Dirk Crols to obtain the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Date of submission: 23 July 2006 Department of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow Supervisor: Dr. David Smith, Senior Lecturer, Department of Central and East European Studies, University of Glasgow. 1 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how the three Baltic countries constructed their internal and external sovereign statehood in the interwar period and the post Cold War era. Twice in one century, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were namely confronted with strongly divided multiethnic societies, requiring a bold and wide-ranging ethnic policy. In 1918 all three Baltic countries promised their minorities cultural autonomy.
  • Commemoration of Independence Day in the Republic of Estonia 1919–1940

    Commemoration of Independence Day in the Republic of Estonia 1919–1940

    Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2015, 1/2 (151/152), 85–119 Commemoration of Independence Day in the Republic of Estonia 1919–1940 Peeter Tammisto Abstract World War I led to the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires, generating widespread political upheaval across Europe that provided numerous ethnic groups within those former empires the opportunity to break free and begin the process of independent nation-building. New nations need to create a history for themselves and their people to legitimate their existence. Estonia was one such nation. It was forced to fight a War of Independence at the very begin- ning of its existence as a separate entity to establish its right to statehood. This war served as Estonia’s founding myth and even while it was still being fought, the war was integrated into the narrative of the Estonian people’s great, cen- turies-long struggle for liberation from the yoke of Baltic German oppression. The achievement of independence was seen as the culmination of Estonian his- tory. This article explores the customs that evolved for commemorating Inde- pendence Day from the perspective of performative, collective memory. These customs form the basis for analysing the shifts that took place in the politics of memory and history when a coup d’état carried out in March of 1934 estab- lished an authoritarian regime in Estonia in place of parliamentary democra- cy. Thenceforth the narrative was adjusted so that the culmination of Estoni- an history was no longer merely the achievement of independence. Instead, the narrative claimed that independence was won when Estonians defeated their Baltic German historical enemy once and for all.
  • Politics, Migration and Minorities in Independent and Soviet Estonia, 1918-1998

    Politics, Migration and Minorities in Independent and Soviet Estonia, 1918-1998

    Universität Osnabrück Fachbereich Kultur- und Geowissenschaften Fach Geschichte Politics, Migration and Minorities in Independent and Soviet Estonia, 1918-1998 Dissertation im Fach Geschichte zur Erlangung des Grades Dr. phil. vorgelegt von Andreas Demuth Graduiertenkolleg Migration im modernen Europa Institut für Migrationsforschung und Interkulturelle Studien (IMIS) Neuer Graben 19-21 49069 Osnabrück Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Klaus J. Bade, Osnabrück Prof. Dr. Gerhard Simon, Köln Juli 2000 ANDREAS DEMUTH ii POLITICS, MIGRATION AND MINORITIES IN ESTONIA, 1918-1998 iii Table of Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................................vi Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................................vii ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ VII 1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................3 1.1 CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ...............................................4 1.1.1 Conceptualising Migration ..................................................................5 1.1.1.1 Socio-Historical Migration Research....................................................................................5 1.1.1.2 A Model of Migration..........................................................................................................6
  • Buddhism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search

    Buddhism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search

    Buddhism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A statue of Gautama Buddha in Bodhgaya, India. Bodhgaya is traditionally considered the place of his awakening[1] Part of a series on Buddhism Outline · Portal History Timeline · Councils Gautama Buddha Disciples Later Buddhists Dharma or Concepts Four Noble Truths Dependent Origination Impermanence Suffering · Middle Way Non-self · Emptiness Five Aggregates Karma · Rebirth Samsara · Cosmology Practices Three Jewels Precepts · Perfections Meditation · Wisdom Noble Eightfold Path Wings to Awakening Monasticism · Laity Nirvāṇa Four Stages · Arhat Buddha · Bodhisattva Schools · Canons Theravāda · Pali Mahāyāna · Chinese Vajrayāna · Tibetan Countries and Regions Related topics Comparative studies Cultural elements Criticism v • d • e Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद धमर Buddh Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[2] He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada—the oldest surviving branch—has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications Vajrayana, a subcategory of Mahayana, is recognized as a third branch.