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On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 On the Threshold of the Holocaust GESCHICHTE - ERINNERUNG - POLITIK POSENER STUDIEN ZUR GESCHICHTS-, KULTUR- UND POLITIKWISSENSCHAFT Herausgegeben von Anna Wolff-Powęska und Piotr Forecki BAND 11 Tomasz Szarota On the Threshold of the Holocaust Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms in Occupied Europe Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunaus Translated by Tristan Korecki Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Szarota, Tomasz, author. [U progu zaglady. English] On the threshold of the Holocaust : anti-Jewish riots and pogroms in occupied Eu- rope : Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Kaunas / Tomasz Szarota ; translated by Tristan Korecki – First edition. pages cm. – (Geschichte, Erinnerung, Politik, ISSN 2191-3528 ; Band 11) ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 1. Pogroms–Europe. 2. Jews–Persecutions–Europe. 3. World War, 1939-1945– Atrocities–Europe. 4. Antisemitism–Europe. 5. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)– Europe. I. Korecki, Tristan, translator. II. Title. DS135.E83S9713 2015 940.53'1844–dc23 2015034018 Publication of this book was funded by the Ministry of Research and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland within the scheme of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities, 2012-2013 project. Cover illustration : © Musée Juif de la Déportation et de la Résistance, Mechelen - Belgique ISSN 2191-3528 ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-02440-1 (E-Book) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-02440-1 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 unported license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ © Tomasz Szarota, 2015 Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main ∙ Bern ∙ Bruxelles ∙ New York ∙ Oxford ∙ Warszawa ∙ Wien This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Table of Contents Foreword ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Chapter 1 Warsaw ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Anti-Jewish excesses after the German invasion ����������������������������������������������������19 March 1940: The Easter occurrences� The sequence of incidents ������������������������23 The Poles: organisers and participants of the riots ������������������������������������������������35 The conduct and attitudes of Varsovians �����������������������������������������������������������������59 The role of the Germans: Instigators, or organisers and active participants of the incidents? ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������66 Chapter 2 Paris ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75 Anti-Semitic propaganda and first anti-Jewish incidents at the threshold of the occupation����������������������������������������������������������������������������75 French anti-Semites and their German counterparts ��������������������������������������������84 The incidents on Champs-Elysées of 20th August 1940 �����������������������������������������96 Excesses continue� Competition amongst anti-Semitic organisations� Anti-Jewish legislation ������������������������������������������������������������������ 105 The Parisians’ attitude ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105 A Kristallnacht in the city on the Seine� Paris synagogues attacked in the night of 2nd/3rd October 1941 ������������������������������������������������������� 121 Chapter 3 The Hague and Amsterdam� Antwerp ���������������������������������� 135 The two capital cities of the Netherlands ������������������������������������������������������������� 135 Antwerp �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148 Chapter 4 Kaunas/Kovno ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 159 From an independent state to a (forcedly established) Soviet republic������������ 159 5 The Lithuanian Activist Front in Berlin and the Underground at home ��������� 159 “Self-cleansing actions”: a task of the Einsatzgruppen and a stage in the Holocaust ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 165 Kaunas in Lithuanian hands, 23rd–24th June 1941: A national uprising, or a settling of accounts with the “Judeo-commies”? ������������������������� 172 A five-day a pogrom under German oversight (25th to 29th June, 1941) ���������� 179 A German offer to the Jews: continued pogroms or the ghetto ������������������������ 211 6 Foreword What we normally associate the Holocaust with is genocide� The destruction of the Jewish nation has enshrouded the anguishes, sufferings, and humiliations the Jews experienced before being annihilated� Anti-Jewish riots tend to be neglected by authors of general studies concerning the history of the Second World War; similarly, they are not to be found in the works describing the Shoah� Likewise, not much would be found in the publications about the pogroms witnessed after 22nd June 1941 by Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, and Moldavia�1 Studies authored by historians from the countries where these occurrences took place tend to pass them over in silence for one more reason� To embark on this subject, a sore point as it really is, calls for courage as it implies that infa- mous and ignominious, or viciously brutal deeds could have been perpetrated not only by the Germans but also by the researcher’s compatriots� It is true that anti-Jewish disturbances – incidents, excesses, riots – sometimes turning into pogroms in which the Jews were getting beaten and in many cases killed, were not infrequently inspired by the German occupiers� It is, however, no less true that such incidents tended to occur here and there on the initiative of the local population – before the Germans entered� It should be borne in mind that the Germans might afterwards have persuaded or encouraged local people to take part in the persecutions or extermination of their Jewish neighbours, but as a rule they did
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