On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
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Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/for-the-media/statements/4245,Statement-on-the-crimes-committed-by-the-Ger man-Reich-in-occupied-Poland-and-on-.html 2021-09-28, 09:34 12.06.2020 Statement on the crimes committed by the German Reich in occupied Poland and on the false information appearing in public Public dissemination of counter-factual information on the number of Jews killed by Polish people outside the ghettos between 1942–1945, alongside with false generalisations regarding the perpetrators of those crimes is an increasingly frequent phenomenon. A large proportion of such information is supported in a dishonest way by the authority of Simon Datner – one of the initiators of Holocaust studies. In a manner far from scientific scrupulousness, certain numeric data on Jews murdered outside the ghettos is attributed to his works, whereas in reality he never included such data in them. Furthermore, Datner – like any responsible researcher – understood perfectly well that the territory of the Polish lands, both within the ghettos organised by the Germans and outside those ghettos, was under German occupation and was subjected to the absolute terror of the German Reich. Therefore, Datner did not treat the areas under German occupation outside the ghettos as places where the Polish population could act freely. Quite the opposite – as someone who experienced this period personally, he understood the realities of German occupation perfectly well, and described them with due sensitivity. In the often-cited article “Nazi crimes against ghetto escapees”, S. Datner wrote: “In one of the studies, I estimated the number of surviving Jews, saved primarily thanks to the help of the Polish population, at around 100,000 people. -
The Phenomenon of Banished Soldiers in Polish Schools As an Example of the Politics of Memory
Journal of Social Science Education Volume 18 Issue 1 Fall 2019 Article DOI 10.4119/jsse-921 The phenomenon of banished soldiers in Polish schools as an example of the politics of memory Ewa Bacia Technische Universität Berlin – The new core curriculum for teaching history in Polish schools is an example of the implementation of the politics of memory. – The primary purpose of teaching history at schools has become to stir up patriotic emotions. – This goal is to be reached by promoting distinguished Polish figures, presented as morally impeccable heroes. – Patriotism is linked to war, the image of which is simplified and trivialised. – The promotion of a black and white vision of history is a threat to Polish democracy. Purpose: The article intends to analyse the manner in which banished soldiers are presented in the new history curriculum at schools in Poland as an example of the politics of memory. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis is a case study of the phenomenon of banished soldiers in the Polish public discourse. It includes the following issues: the history of banished soldiers, the core history curriculum after the education reform in Poland, its objectives and goals (with particular emphasis on banished soldiers), the manner of presenting the banished soldiers in educational, public and social environments in Poland today, the impact of new historical politics on the Polish society and democracy. Findings: The manner of presenting the issue of banished soldiers in the core curriculum for teaching history in Polish schools exemplifies the efforts to introduce a new political paradigm into the educational context. -
From the Diary of Emanuel Ringelblum on the Women Fighters in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
From the Diary of Emanuel Ringelblum on the women fighters in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising The famed Uprising, in April and May, 1943 in the Warsaw Ghetto, is universally regarded as a turning point, an absolutely new departure, not only in the chronicles of Jewish resistance to the German oppressor, but also in the history of the general struggle for the liberation of Warsaw. This was the first time when Jews took part in a major, indeed large-scale battle of that struggle. For the first time, after the defeat in 1939, the thunder of cannon and the echoing clutter of machine-guns were heard again in the capital city of Poland. The Jewish Uprising induced changes in the struggle of the Polish underground movement, which until then had concentrated its efforts mainly on acts of sabotage, and on acquiring arms and ammunition by disarming German soldiers and police. April 19, 1943, became a symbol of the Jewish public’s contribution to the fight for freedom from the Nazi regime, and a motivating factor in the war of the Polish underground. “Little Stalingrad” Defends Itself Among the rumours being spread on the Aryan side at that time there was a good deal of fantasy, but there were also authentic facts, if somewhat altered. The legend about the Jewish Maid of Orleans had its origin in the fact that Jewish girls took part in combat alongside the men. I knew these heroic girls from the period preceding the “action”. Most of them belonged to the Hashomer Hatzair and Hechalutz movements. Throughout the war, they had carried on welfare work all the time with great devotion and extraordinary self- sacrifice. -
THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study. -
Diplomarbeit
DIPLOMARBEIT Organisationsstrukturen der deutschen Besatzungsverwaltungen in Frankreich, Belgien und den Niederlanden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stellung des SS- und Polizeiapparates vorgelegt von: Jörn Mazur am: 16. Dezember 1997 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Seibel 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. E. Immergut UNIVERSITÄT KONSTANZ FAKULTÄT FÜR VERWALTUNGSWISSENSCHAFT Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis I. Einführung ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thematik ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Ziel ................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Fragestellungen und Thesen ....................................................................... 2 1.3.1 Fragestellungen ..................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Thesen ..................................................................................... 3 1.4 Methodik ................................................................................................ 4 II. Stellung und Ausweitung des Machtbereichs des SS- und Polizeiapparates im Altreich ................................................................................................ 6 2.1 Stellung und Ausweitung des Machtbereichs des SS- und Polizeiapparates vor 1939 .................................................................................................... -
Hitler's Quest for Oil: the Impact of Economic Considerations on Military Strategy, 1941-42
Hitler's Quest for Oil: the Impact of Economic Considerations on Military Strategy, 1941-42 JOEL HAYWARD When asked by his Allied captors in 1945 to what extent German military strategy had been influenced at various stages by economic considerations, Albert Speer, Hitler's outstanding Armaments Minister, replied that in the case of Operation BARBAROSSA the need for oil was certainly a prime motive.' Indeed, even during the initial discussions of his plan to invade the Soviet Union, Hitler stressed the absolute necessity of seizing key oilfields, particularly those in the Caucasus region, which accounted for around 90 per cent of all oil produced in the Soviet Union. For example, during a war conference at the Berghof on 31 July 1940, Hitler revealed to high-ranking commanders his intention to shatter Russia 'to its roots with one blow'2 After achieving the 'destruction of Russian manpower', he explained, the German Army must drive on towards the Baku oilfield, by far the richest of those in the Caucasus and one of the most productive in the world. Despite Hitler's optimism, the 1941 campaign - which opened along a 2,000 km front and involved 148 combat divisions - failed to shatter Russia 'to its roots with one blow'. Consequently, it failed to bring the huge oil region of the Caucasus under German control. After reverses in the winter of 1941/42, it was no longer possible for the Wehrmacht to undertake wide-ranging offensives along the entire front, by then over 2,500 km in length. The summer campaign of 1942, although still immense, was necessarily less ambitious. -
Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared -
Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany
Downloaded by [New York University] at 03:18 04 October 2016 Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany This book is about the ethics of nursing and midwifery, and how these were abrogated during the Nazi era. Nurses and midwives actively killed their patients, many of whom were disabled children and infants and patients with mental (and other) illnesses or intellectual disabilities. The book gives the facts as well as theoretical perspectives as a lens through which these crimes can be viewed. It also provides a way to teach this history to nursing and midwifery students, and, for the first time, explains the role of one of the world’s most historically prominent midwifery leaders in the Nazi crimes. Downloaded by [New York University] at 03:18 04 October 2016 Susan Benedict is Professor of Nursing, Director of Global Health, and Co- Director of the Campus-Wide Ethics Program at the University of Texas Health Science Center School of Nursing in Houston. Linda Shields is Professor of Nursing—Tropical Health at James Cook Uni- versity, Townsville, Queensland, and Honorary Professor, School of Medi- cine, The University of Queensland. Routledge Studies in Modern European History 1 Facing Fascism 9 The Russian Revolution of 1905 The Conservative Party and the Centenary Perspectives European dictators 1935–1940 Edited by Anthony Heywood and Nick Crowson Jonathan D. Smele 2 French Foreign and Defence 10 Weimar Cities Policy, 1918–1940 The Challenge of Urban The Decline and Fall of a Great Modernity in Germany Power John Bingham Edited by Robert Boyce 11 The Nazi Party and the German 3 Britain and the Problem of Foreign Office International Disarmament Hans-Adolf Jacobsen and Arthur 1919–1934 L. -
Jan Karski Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf187001bd No online items Register of the Jan Karski papers Finding aid prepared by Irena Czernichowska and Zbigniew L. Stanczyk Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2003 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Register of the Jan Karski papers 46033 1 Title: Jan Karski papers Date (inclusive): 1939-2007 Collection Number: 46033 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: Polish Physical Description: 20 manuscript boxes, 11 oversize boxes, 1 oversize folder, 6 card file boxes, 24 photo envelopes, and 26 microfilm reels(21.8 Linear Feet) Abstract: Correspondence, memoranda, government documents, bulletins, reports, studies, speeches and writings, printed matter, photographs, clippings, newspapers, periodicals, sound recordings, videotape cassettes, and microfilm, relating to events and conditions in Poland during World War II, the German and Soviet occupations of Poland, treatment of the Jews in Poland during the German occupation, and operations of the Polish underground movement during World War II. Includes microfilm copies of Polish underground publications. Boxes 1-34 also available on microfilm (24 reels). Video use copies of videotape available. Sound use copies of sound recordings available. Creator: Karski, Jan, 1914-2000 Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Materials were acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives from 1946 to 2008. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Jan Karski papers, [Box no., Folder no. -
Część I: Artykuły
Rozprawy Społeczne 2011, Tom V, Nr 2 Relacje państwo – Kościół Katolicki.... CZĘŚĆ I: ARTYKUŁY RELACJE PAŃSTWO – KOŚCIÓŁ KATOLICKI W ŚWIETLE DYPLOMATYCZNYCH STOSUNKÓW Z WATYKANEM W LATACH 1918-1939 RozprawySławomir Społeczne Bylina Nr 2 (V) 2011 Instytut Teologiczny w Siedlcach Streszczenie - : Relacje pomiędzy stroną państwową i kościelną, to istotny aspekt życia ludzkiego, jaki istnieje od początku naszej ery. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie zasadniczych elementów, które miały wpływ na budowanie więzi państwo – Koś ciół katolicki w wymiarze powszechnym. Poprzez kwerendę archiwalną i przy pomocy zebranej literatury przedmiotu zbadano drogę, która prowadziła do odnowienia i kontynuacji oficjalnych stosunków dyplomatycznych pomiędzy Polską a Stolicą Apostolską w okresie międzywojennym. Należy zauważyć, że stanowisko Watykanu wobec sprawy polskiej było- istotnym elementem zabiegów dyplomatycznych kolejnych papieży okresu pomiędzy wojnami światowymi. Wymienione zależności jakie miały miejsce w latach 1918-1939 ukazują również aktualne postawy ludzi wierzących, którzy w zdecydo Słowawanej większościkluczowe: stanowią obywatele, gdzie dominuje wyznanie rzymsko-katolickie w tym szczególnie Polski. państwo, Kościół katolicki, Stolica Apostolska, konkordat, nuncjusz apostolski Wstęp - - w postaci deklaracji politycznych, które z ramienia - dyplomacji watykańskiej były moralnym wspar- Wspólne więzi jakie panowały pomiędzy Rzeczy ciem w zagrożeniu przez trzech zaborców narodu- pospolitą a Stolicą Apostolską rozpoczęły się w mo polskiego. Papież rozwinął krucjatę modlitwy o po mencie Chrztu Polski w 966 r., który był początkiem- kój oraz ogłaszał liczne apele pokojowe. Z począt- pierwszych deklaracji i dokumentów, zawieranych kiem sierpnia 1917 r. przedstawił krajom, oraz ich na szczeblu międzynarodowym. Dokument „ Dago rządom, które brały udział w wojnie jasny i sprecy- me iudex”, wizyty legatów, ustanowienie nuncjatury- zowany plan tzw. Punktację Pacellego składającą się w Polsce w 1515 r. -
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The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) Children with flags during a ceremony Source: Dzieci z chorągiewkami podczas uroczystości, 1934, Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, domena publiczna. Link to the Lesson You will learn to define the effects of the May Coup D’État and the manifestations of the crisis of democracy; to describe the everyday life of students of the elementary schools in the Second Polish Republic; to characterize the strong and weak points of the economy and social life of the Second Polish Republic. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu In 1926, Józef Piłsudski decided to take the power with the use of armed force. Ignacy Mościcki assumed the office of President. The August Novelization of 1926 became a temporary solution. One of the first decrees to be issued was the appointment of the General Armed Forces Inspector (Polish acronym: GISZ). Józef Piłsudski was appointed for this office by Ignacy Mościcki. In 1935, the April Constitution was adopted, limiting the authority of the Parliament. During the campaign for the new term of the Sejm in September 1930, the opposition leaders were arrested. Some of them were forced to emigrate. The Brest elections of November granted the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) 56% of the seats in the Sejm and almost 68% in the Senate. It was a result of a violation of democratic principles. The founding of the Bereza Kartuska prison in the 30s became a symbol of the Sanation’s activities. -
'With a Stretched Arm. Like Superman, Not Like
‘With a stretched arm. Like Superman, not like Hitler’. The Politics of Commemorative Irreverence in Astronaut van Oranje (2013) by Andy Fierens and Michaël Brijs ‘Met gestrekte arm. Zoals Superman, niet zoals Hitler’. De uitdagingen van het culturele geheugen in Astronaut van Oranje (2013) van Andy Fierens en Michaël Brijs Jan Lensen, Freie Universität Berlin Abstract. This essay offers an analysis of the aesthetical and political implications of the seemingly random use of names of figures from Belgian collaborationist history in the novel Astronaut van Oranje (2013) by Flemish authors Andy Fierens and Michaël Brijs. More specifically, it investigates the framing of the memory of World War II in Belgium by means of a satirical fantasy story that fuses elements from the dystopian imagination, science fiction, Gothic horror, and popular culture. Drenched in satire, hyperbole, absurdities, coarse humor, and blatant clichés, the novel eschews historiographical relevance and deliberately ignores the sensibilities that govern public and political discourses about this war past. By doing so, so I argue, it offers a provocative engagement with established practices in both Belgian and Flemish cultural memory, implementing what I will call a ‘politics of commemorative irreverence’. Keywords: Second World War, collaborationism, cultural memory, Andy Fierens, dystopia, science fiction, satire / Tweede Wereldoorlog, collaboratie, cultureel geheugen, Andy Fierens, dystopie, science fiction, satire Journal of Dutch Literature, 6.2 (2015), 37-58 Jan Lensen 38 Introduction The use of the comic in cultural representations of suffering and perpetration seems governed by a stringent ethical imperative. While the comical presentation of affliction is considered the privilege of those subjected to it (the insiders and, by extension, their descendants), the permission to laugh at perpetrators is tied to the condition of not being one (the outsiders, although this category is obviously much more difficult to demarcate).