DOCSLIB.ORG

Supplemental Assets – Lesson 6

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supplemental Assets – Lesson 6 Supplemental Assets – Lesson 6 The following resources are from the archives at Yad Vashem and can be used to supplement Lesson 6, Jewish Resistance, in Echoes and Reflections. In this lesson, you learn about the many forms of Jewish resistance efforts during the Holocaust. You also consider the risks of resisting Nazi domination. For more information on Jewish resistance efforts during the Holocaust click on the following links: • Resistance efforts in the Vilna ghetto • Resistance efforts in the Kovno ghetto • Armed resistance in the Sobibor camp • Resistance efforts in Auschwitz-Birkenau • Organized resistance efforts in the Krakow ghetto: Cracow (encyclopedia) • Mordechai Anielewicz • Marek Edelman • Zvia Lubetkin • Rosa Robota • Hannah Szenes In this lesson, you meet Helen Fagin. Learn more about Helen's family members who perished during the Holocaust by clicking on the pages of testimony identified with a . For more information about Jan Karski, click here. In this lesson, you meet Vladka Meed. Learn more about Vladka's family members who perished during the Holocaust by clicking on the pages of testimony identified by a . Key Words • The "Final Solution" • Jewish Fighting Organization, Warsaw (Z.O.B.) • Oneg Shabbat • Partisans • Resistance, Jewish • Sonderkommando Encyclopedia • Jewish Military Union, Warsaw (ZZW) • Kiddush Ha-Hayim • Kiddush Ha-Shem • Korczak, Janusz • Kovner, Abba • Holocaust Diaries • Pechersky, Alexandr • Ringelblum, Emanuel • Sonderkommando • United Partisan Organization, Vilna • Warsaw Ghetto Uprising • Youth Movements • Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek) Photographs • Abba Kovner • Amsterdam, The Netherlands, School Children Wearing Jewish Badges • Kovno, Lithuania, January 1944; Chaim Yellin, Yiddish Writer and One of the Heads of the Jewish Communist Underground in the Ghetto • Kovno, Lithuania, Members of the Jewish Underground in the Ghetto • Kovno, Lithuania, Two Men, Members of the Underground, in the Ghetto • Kovno, Lithuania, The Slogan “Iden Nekama” (Jews-Revenge!), Written in Blood on a Wall • Pechersky Alexander, Head of the Rebellion in Sobibor • Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, A Production of the Opera "Brundibar" • Rudolf Masarek, One of the Main Leaders of the Revolt in the Treblinka Camp in 1943 • Poland, Zivia Lubetkin, One of the Leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising • Janusz Korczak with Some Orphans from His Institution • Yitzhak Zuckerman (Antek), One of the Organizers of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising • Mordecai Anielewicz, Commander of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising • Arrest of Jews after Their Forceful Removal from a Bunker, Warsaw, Poland, 1943 • Warsaw Ghetto, Poland, Jews Jumping from Windows in Order to Avoid Surrendering to the Germans during the Repression of the Uprising • Digging the "Oneg Shabat" Archive, Postwar, Warsaw, Poland • Portrait of Emanuel Ringelblum • Warsaw, Poland, November, 1941, The Front Page of the 4th Issue of El-Al, a Jewish Newspaper • Warsaw, Poland, Boxes and Jugs in Which the Ringelblum Archives Were Concealed • Warsaw Ghetto, Poland, A Man in a Prayer Shawl at a Circumcision Ceremony • Warsaw, Poland, People around a Seder Table in the Ghetto, Reading from the Passover Haggadah • Warsaw Ghetto, Poland, People Sitting at the Sabbath Table. Shabbat Candles are on the Table • Westerbork, The Netherlands, A School in the Camp • Westerbork, The Netherlands, Lighting Hannukah Candles Documents • The Importance of Cultural Activity in the Vilna Ghetto • Jewish Self-Help in Warsaw, July 1940 • Prayer Recited in One of the Lodz Ghetto Synagogues • The Discussion on Fighting Aims by the Activists of the Bialystok Ghetto, February 27, 1943 • Last Letter from Mordecai Anielewicz, April 1943 • Report on the Warsaw Ghetto Revolt by the Polish Press • Calls For an Armed Struggle Made by the Jewish Resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto • A Polish Newspaper Report on the Revolt at Treblinka and the Escape of 2800 Jews • The Revolt at the Sobibor Extermination Camp • Appeal of the Jewish Fighting Organization to the Polish Underground, Asking for Arms • Evidence of Jewish Escapees From the Ninth Fort in Kovno on the Burning of the Bodies • SS General Juergen Stroop on the Battles in the Warsaw Ghetto Revolt, Final Report from the German, Battle Diary, April-May 1943 • Extract From Josef Goebbels Diary on the Warsaw Ghetto Revolt • Proclamation by the F.P.O. Calling for a Revolt in Vilna, September 1, 1943 • Address by Jacob Gens, Head of the Vilna Ghetto, at the Meeting of Brigadiers, Supervisors and Policemen, on the Danger of Bringing Arms into the Ghetto, May 15, 1943 Artifacts • “Contact” Ring Used as a Sign Between the ZZW Jewish Militia Organization in the Warsaw Ghetto, and the Polish Underground Organization Who Assisted Them from Outside the Walls of the Ghetto • The Ringelblum Box • A Jewish Underground Flag in Belgium • Raphael Alsberg's Typewriter That Was Used to Forge Certificates to Save Members of the Jewish Underground in Holland • Violin Used to Smuggle Explosives. The Violin Belonged to a Jewish Child Mothila Shlein who Played It in the Forests of Vohlin Amongst the Partisans • A Pamphlet of HACHALUTZ HALOCHEM (Jewish Resistance Movement) • The Warsaw Ghetto Underground Newspaper Camouflaged in a Polish Book- Cover • A Morse Machine Used by the Jewish Partisans in Zorin's Unit in Minsk Online Exhibitions • The Albums of the Self-Help Organizations • Youth Groups in the Lodz Ghetto • The Stroop Collection • Resistance and Rescue .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
    Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Khrushchev Lied
    Chapter 14. Snyder’s Accusations of Soviet Anti-Semitism in Bloodlands Chapter 11 What is the Truth? И вдруг на этом обсуждении премий Сталин, обращаясь к членам Политбюро и говорит: - У нас в ЦК антисемиты завелись. Это безобразие! - Так это было. Тихон Хренников о времени и о себе. М.: «Музыка» 1994, с. 179. Translated: And suddenly during this discussion of the prizes Stalin turned towards the members of the Politburo and said: - Antisemites have turned up in our Central Com- mittee. It is a disgrace! -Thus It Was. Tikhon Khrennikov about His Times and Himself. Moscow: “Muzyka” 1994, p. 179. The Lie That Stalin Was Anti-Semitic Snyder’s book is subtitled “Europe Between Hitler and Stalin.” He speaks of “twelve years, between 1933 and 1945, while both Hitler and Stalin were in power.” (vii) Hitler committed suicide in April 1945. So why does Snyder have a chapter that deals with events in the USSR from 1948 to 1952, when Hitler was long dead? The reason, presumably, is that Snyder cannot find any anti-Semitism by Stalin, the Soviet government, or pro-Soviet forces like the Polish com- munist-led People’s Army (Armia Ludowa, AL). On the contrary: all Chapter Fourteen. Snyder’s Accusations of Soviet Anti-Semitism 487 the anti-Semitism between 1933 and 1945, aside from the Nazis, was by anticommunist forces like the Polish government-in-exile, its underground Home Army and Ukrainian nationalists. And their anti-Semitism was immense! Snyder supports, and is supported by, the political forces in pre- sent-day Poland and Ukraine that are fiercely anticommunist — Snyder approves of that — but are also anti-Semitic in their un- guarded moments.
    [Show full text]
  • A Yiddish Text from Auschwitz: Critical History and the Anthological Imagination
    11 PROJECT M1 USE A Yiddish Text from Auschwitz: Critical History and the Anthological Imagination David Suchoff Prooftexts, Volume 19, Number 1, January 1999, pp. 59-69 (Article) Published by Indiana University Press DOI: 10.1353/ptx.1999.0001 For additional information about this article http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ptx/summary/v019/19.1.suchoff.html Access Provided by Brandeis University Libraries at 10/18/12 4: 13PM GMT DAVID SUCHOFF A Yiddish Text from Auschwitz: Critical History and the Anthological Imagination Introduction The following text, written at Auschwitz on 3 January 1945, introduces an anthology of writingscomposed by Jewish prisoners within Auschwitz itself. That anthology was lost, while this remnant remains. Avraham Levite's piece, pre­ sented here in a new translation, offers itself as a plea fromthe "other planet" that was Auschwitz to postwar generations, calling upon them to appreciate a fully Jewish and critical historical voice that was forged within its bounds. The introduction presciently voices its author's certainty that Jewish life at Auschwitz and the Holocaust as a whole would be distorted in representations of the event, submerged by a world eager to ease its conscience, cry and feel better, and thus to deny or minimize the facts of Jewish suffering. The price of world recognition, Levite reasons from history, would be the diminution of the powerful voice of Yiddish life. This concern with the difference between history and memory gives Levite's text an uncannily contemporary ring, as it presciently calls upon its readers to beware of the lures of an "objective" history.
    [Show full text]
  • Holocaust/Shoah the Organization of the Jewish Refugees in Italy Holocaust Commemoration in Present-Day Poland
    NOW AVAILABLE remembrance a n d s o l i d a r i t y Holocaust/Shoah The Organization of the Jewish Refugees in Italy Holocaust Commemoration in Present-day Poland in 20 th century european history Ways of Survival as Revealed in the Files EUROPEAN REMEMBRANCE of the Ghetto Courts and Police in Lithuania – LECTURES, DISCUSSIONS, remembrance COMMENTARIES, 2012–16 and solidarity in 20 th This publication features the century most significant texts from the european annual European Remembrance history Symposium (2012–16) – one of the main events organized by the European Network Remembrance and Solidarity in Gdańsk, Berlin, Prague, Vienna and Budapest. The 2017 issue symposium entitled ‘Violence in number the 20th-century European history: educating, commemorating, 5 – december documenting’ will take place in Brussels. Lectures presented there will be included in the next Studies issue. 2016 Read Remembrance and Solidarity Studies online: enrs.eu/studies number 5 www.enrs.eu ISSUE NUMBER 5 DECEMBER 2016 REMEMBRANCE AND SOLIDARITY STUDIES IN 20TH CENTURY EUROPEAN HISTORY EDITED BY Dan Michman and Matthias Weber EDITORIAL BOARD ISSUE EDITORS: Prof. Dan Michman Prof. Matthias Weber EDITORS: Dr Florin Abraham, Romania Dr Árpád Hornják, Hungary Dr Pavol Jakubčin, Slovakia Prof. Padraic Kenney, USA Dr Réka Földváryné Kiss, Hungary Dr Ondrej Krajňák, Slovakia Prof. Róbert Letz, Slovakia Prof. Jan Rydel, Poland Prof. Martin Schulze Wessel, Germany EDITORIAL COORDINATOR: Ewelina Pękała REMEMBRANCE AND SOLIDARITY STUDIES IN 20TH CENTURY EUROPEAN HISTORY PUBLISHER: European Network Remembrance and Solidarity ul. Wiejska 17/3, 00–480 Warszawa, Poland www.enrs.eu, [email protected] COPY-EDITING AND PROOFREADING: Caroline Brooke Johnson PROOFREADING: Ramon Shindler TYPESETTING: Marcin Kiedio GRAPHIC DESIGN: Katarzyna Erbel COVER DESIGN: © European Network Remembrance and Solidarity 2016 All rights reserved ISSN: 2084–3518 Circulation: 500 copies Funded by the Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media upon a Decision of the German Bundestag.
    [Show full text]
  • What Happened in Warsaw?
    What happened in Warsaw? A WWII mystery RPG by Jan “Crowen” Rosa ​ Written for the Golden Cobra 2018 Challenge ​ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = TOP SECRET - REPORT K45W0017 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Chapter 1 - Warsaw Incident and the analysis of the following events In 1939, German authorities began to concentrate Poland's population of over three million Jews into a number of extremely crowded ghettos located in large Polish cities. The largest of these, the Warsaw Ghetto, concentrated approximately 300,000–400,000 people into a densely packed, 3.3 km2 central area of Warsaw. Approximately 250,000–300,000 ghetto residents met their deaths at Treblinka during the two-month-long operation in 1942, another thousands in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943. On 1 August 1944, The Warsaw Uprising began as part of a nationwide Operation Tempest, launched at the time of the Soviet Lublin–Brest Offensive. Our objectives were to drive the Germans out of Warsaw while helping the Allies defeat Germany. The uprising was timed to coincide with the retreat of the German forces from Poland ahead of the Soviet advance. While approaching the eastern suburbs of the city, the Red Army temporarily halted combat operations, enabling the Germans to regroup. Initially, we established control over most of central Warsaw, but the Soviets ignored our attempts to maintain radio contact with them and did not advance beyond the city limits. Intense street fighting between us and the Germans continued. By 14 September, the eastern bank of the Vistula River opposite our positions was taken over by the Polish troops fighting under the Soviet command. 1,200 men made it across the river, but they were not reinforced by the Red Army.
    [Show full text]
  • Aufstieg Und Fall Von Jürgen Stroop (1943-1952): Von Der Beförderung Zum Höheren SS- Und Polizeiführer Bis Zur Hinrichtung
    Aufstieg und Fall von Jürgen Stroop (1943-1952): von der Beförderung zum Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer bis zur Hinrichtung. Eine Analyse zur Darstellung seiner Person anhand ausgewählter Quellen. Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra der Philosophie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Beatrice BAUMGARTNER am Institut für Geschichte Begutachter: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Klaus Höd Graz, 2019 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Datum: Unterschrift: I Gleichheitsgrundsatz Aus Gründen der Lesbarkeit wird in der Diplomarbeit darauf verzichtet, geschlechterspezifische Formulierungen zu verwenden. Soweit personenbezogene Bezeichnungen nur in männlicher Form angeführt sind, beziehen sie sich auf Männer und Frauen in gleicher Weise. II Danksagung In erster Linie möchte ich mich bei meinem Mentor Univ.-Doz. Dr. Klaus Hödl bedanken, der mir durch seine kompetente, freundliche und vor allem unkomplizierte Betreuung das Verfassen meiner Abschlussarbeit erst möglich machte. Hoch anzurechnen ist ihm dabei, dass er egal zu welcher Tages- und Nachtzeit
    [Show full text]
  • From the Diary of Emanuel Ringelblum on the Women Fighters in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
    From the Diary of Emanuel Ringelblum on the women fighters in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising The famed Uprising, in April and May, 1943 in the Warsaw Ghetto, is universally regarded as a turning point, an absolutely new departure, not only in the chronicles of Jewish resistance to the German oppressor, but also in the history of the general struggle for the liberation of Warsaw. This was the first time when Jews took part in a major, indeed large-scale battle of that struggle. For the first time, after the defeat in 1939, the thunder of cannon and the echoing clutter of machine-guns were heard again in the capital city of Poland. The Jewish Uprising induced changes in the struggle of the Polish underground movement, which until then had concentrated its efforts mainly on acts of sabotage, and on acquiring arms and ammunition by disarming German soldiers and police. April 19, 1943, became a symbol of the Jewish public’s contribution to the fight for freedom from the Nazi regime, and a motivating factor in the war of the Polish underground. “Little Stalingrad” Defends Itself Among the rumours being spread on the Aryan side at that time there was a good deal of fantasy, but there were also authentic facts, if somewhat altered. The legend about the Jewish Maid of Orleans had its origin in the fact that Jewish girls took part in combat alongside the men. I knew these heroic girls from the period preceding the “action”. Most of them belonged to the Hashomer Hatzair and Hechalutz movements. Throughout the war, they had carried on welfare work all the time with great devotion and extraordinary self- sacrifice.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
    THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence of Jewish Escapees from the Ninth Fort in Kovno on the Burning of the Bodies
    Evidence of Jewish Escapees From the Ninth Fort in Kovno on the Burning of the Bodies Protocol, Kovno, December 26, 1943 We, the undersigned, a group of prisoners from the Ninth Fort, who escaped from there during the night from the 25th to the 26th of December of this year, consisting of: J.L. Vaslenitzki [Vasilenko], A. Diskant, A. Faitelson, M. Gelbtrunk, P. Krakinowski, M. Daitz, A. Wilenczuk, T. Pilownik, Gempel, Sh. Idelson, and A. Menaiski have put together this protocol regarding the following: 1. In the period of the years 1941-42, the area of the Ninth Fort was used by the German Command to carry out mass shootings. 2. In order to conceal this crime, the German Command, in the person of the Commander of the Kovno Gestapo, arranged for the re-opening of all the graves where the victims of the executions had been buried and set about burning the bodies. 3. In order to carry out this work the Gestapo collected 72 persons at the Ninth Fort at the end of October and beginning of November of this year. These were 34 Soviet prisoners of war, 14 Jewish partisans, 3 local Russians, caught while carrying out sabotage, 4 women -- 3 of them Jewish, one Polish - - and 17 Jews from the Kovno ghetto. 4. The work was organized in such a fashion that the surrounding population should not find out anything about it, and in fact that nobody should know what was being done in the area of the Ninth Fort. Notices were put up everywhere at a distance of 2 kms.
    [Show full text]
  • Samuel Maharero Portrait
    SAMUEL MAHARERO (1856-1923) e id Fig noc hter against ge Considered the first genocide of the 20th century, forerunner to the Holocaust, between 1904-08 the German army committed acts of genocide against groups of blackHEROIC people RESISTANCE in German TO South THE . NATIONAL HERO West Africa. Samuel Maharero’s by the German army has made him a MASSACRE First they came for the Gustav Schiefer communists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a Esther Brunstein Anti Nazi Trade Unionist communist; Primo Levi Survivor and Witness (b. 1876) Then they came for the socialists, han Noor k Chronicler of Holocaust (1928- ) Gustav Schiefer, Munich Chairman and I did not speak out—because Anne Frank Courageous Fighter (1919-1987) Esther Brunstein was born in of the German Trade Union I was not a socialist; Lodz, Poland. When the Nazis Association, was arrested, Leon Greenman Diarist (1929-1945) (1914-1944) Primo Levi was born in Turin, beaten and imprisoned in Dachau Then they came for the trade eil Italy. He was sent to Auschwitz invaded in 1939 she was forced to Simone v Witness to a new Born in Frankfurt-am-Maim in Born to an Indian father and concentration camp. Members unionists, and I did not speak in 1944. Managing to survive wear a yellow star identifying her Germany, Anne Frank’s family American mother in Moscow, of trade unions and the Social out—because I was not a trade Holocaust survivor and generation (1910-2008) he later penned the poignant as a Jew. In 1940 she had to live went to Holland to escape Nazi Noor Khan was an outstandingly If this be a Democratic Party were targeted by politician (1927- ) Born in London and taken and moving book in the Lodz ghetto.
    [Show full text]
  • Collaboration and Resistance—The Ninth Fort As a Test Case
    Aya Ben-Naftali Director, Massuah Institute for the Study of the Holocaust Collaboration and Resistance: The Ninth Fort as a Test Case The Ninth Fort is one of a chain of nine forts surrounding the city of Kovno, Lithuania. In connection with the Holocaust, this location, like Ponary, Babi Yar, and Rumbula, marks the first stage of the Final Solution—the annihilation of the Jewish people. The history of this site of mass slaughtering is an extreme case of the Lithuanians’ deep involvement in the systematic extermination of the Jews, as well as an extraordinary case of resistance by prisoners there. 1. Designation of the Ninth Fort as a Major Killing Site The forts surrounding Kovno were constructed between 1887 and 1910 to protect the city from German invasion. The Ninth Fort, six kilometers northwest of the city, was considered the most important of them. In the independent Republic of Lithuania, it served as an annex of the central prison of Kovno and had a capacity of 250 prisoners. Adjacent to the fort was a state-owned farm of eighty-one hectares, where the prisoners were forced to work the fields and dig peat.1 The Ninth Fort was chosen as the main regional execution site in advance. Its proximity to the suburb of Vilijampole (Slobodka), where the Kovno ghetto had been established, was apparently the main reason. In his final report on the extermination of Lithuanian Jews, Karl Jäger, commander of Einsatzkommando 3 and the Security Police and SD in Lithuania, noted the factors that informed his choice of killing sites (Exekutionsplatze): …The carrying out of such Aktionen is first of all an organizational problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Commemoration
    Der Partizaner-himen––Hymn of the Partisans Annual Gathering Commemorating Words by Hirsh Glik; Music by Dmitri Pokras Wa rsaw Ghetto Uprising Zog nit keyn mol az du geyst dem letstn veg, The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising khotsh himlen blayene farshteln bloye teg. Commemoration Kumen vet nokh undzer oysgebenkte sho – s'vet a poyk ton undzer trot: mir zaynen do! TODAY marks the 75th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Each April 19th, survivors, the Yiddish cultural Fun grinem palmenland biz vaysn land fun shney, community, Bundists, and children of resistance fighters and mir kumen on mit undzer payn, mit undzer vey, Holocaust survivors gather in Riverside Park at 83rd Street at 75th Anniversary un vu gefaln s'iz a shprits fun undzer blut, the plaque dedicated to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in order to shprotsn vet dort undzer gvure, undzer mut! mark this epic anniversary and to pay tribute to those who S'vet di morgnzun bagildn undz dem haynt, fought and those who perished in history’s most heinous crime. un der nekhtn vet farshvindn mit dem faynt, On April 19, 1943, the first seder night of Passover, as the nor oyb farzamen vet di zun in dem kayor – Nazis began their liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto, a group of vi a parol zol geyn dos lid fun dor tsu dor. about 220 out of 50,000 remaining Jews staged a historic and Dos lid geshribn iz mit blut, un nit mit blay, heroic uprising, holding the Nazis at bay for almost a full month, s'iz nit keyn lidl fun a foygl oyf der fray.
    [Show full text]