SAMUEL MAHARERO (1856-1923)

e Figh cid ter against geno

Considered the first genocide of the 20th century, forerunner to , between 1904-08 the German army committed acts of genocide against groups of black people in German South West Africa. Samuel Maharero’s HEROIC RESISTANCE TO THE MASSACRE by the German army has made him a NATIONAL HERO.

Simone veil Leon Greenman Anne Frank Noor khan Primo Levi Esther Brunstein Gustav Schiefer First they came for the Holocaust survivor and Witness to a new Diarist (1929-1945) Courageous Fighter Chronicler of Holocaust Survivor and Witness Anti Nazi Trade Unionist communists, and I did not politician (1927- ) generation (1910-2008) (1914-1944) (1919-1987) (1928- ) (b. 1876) speak out—because I was not a Born in Frankfurt-am-Maim in communist; Simone Veil was interned in Born in and taken Germany, Anne Frank’s family Born to an Indian father and Primo Levi was born in Turin, Esther Brunstein was born in Gustav Schiefer, Munich Chairman a Nazi concentration camp to Holland as a child, Leon went to Holland to escape Nazi American mother in Moscow, Italy. He was sent to Auschwitz Lodz, . When the Nazis of the German Then they came for the socialists, during the Second World War Greenman was arrested after persecution of . Given a diary Noor Khan was an outstandingly in 1944. Managing to survive invaded in 1939 she was forced to Association, was arrested, and I did not speak out—because because of her Jewish heritage. the Nazis invaded. He was for her 13th birthday she began brave woman. She escaped from he later penned the poignant wear a yellow star identifying her beaten and imprisoned in Dachau I was not a socialist; After being liberated she subjected to experimentation to chronicle her forced hiding for France after it fell to Hitler’s and moving book If this be a as a Jew. In 1940 she had to live concentration camp. Members Then they came for the trade later became a lawyer and a and beatings at Auschwitz. His 2 years. She was arrested and armies in 1940. As wartime man. He managed to powerfully in the Lodz ghetto. In August 1944 of trade unions and the Social unionists, and I did not speak French government minister. wife and son were gassed. He taken to Auschwitz where she British agent she was sent to Nazi portray the moral, physical, she was taken to Auchswitz and Democratic Party were targeted by out—because I was not a trade Her life story, her courage spoke of his experiences to died. Fortunately, her diary was occupied France in 1943. She and emotional degradation that then to Bergen Belsen. Almost the Nazis. Later he testified against and determination in successive generations in the UK, saved. In it she wrote, “It’s was betrayed and sent to marked life in the death camps. all her family did not survive. the Nazis, “And how decent were unionist; overcoming the publishing a book, really a wonder that a concentration His work evocatively After being liberated we once more in the year 1945. Then they came for the Jews, early setbacks in Leon Greenman, I haven’t dropped camp. She was describes how the she settled in the Not a hair on the head of and I did not speak out—because life have made an Auschwitz survivor all my ideals tortured and survivors survived UK. Today she gives any of these swine was I was not a Jew; inspiring symbol 98288. He later because they shot in gruesome the camps and how meetings in schools harmed on behalf of the Then they came for me—and in France and said, “Whatever seem so absurd circumstances they reconstituted and elsewhere Trade Unions. We bore there was no one left to speak out internationally. some historians and impossible… but refused to themselves recounting her witness, and still bear say, it happened. Yet, I keep capitulate. afterwards. experiences. witness today, for for me. And it could them, in spite of He committed human dignity Pastor Niemoller, Why we mark Holocaust Memorial Day, 27 January… happen again.” everything.” suicide. and justice.” victim of the Nazis As educators UCU members recognise our unique responsibility to tell the truth about our past to ensure the lessons are learnt for our future. The millions who died at the hands of the Nazis and their allies during the Holocaust must be Homosexuals Jehovah’s Witnesses Roma and Gypsies The Disabled Black people Political opponents. remembered not just as the victims of an unparalleled man-made tragedy – but also as a warning that we must never Within days of taking power Hitler attacked Due to their religious beliefs, Jehovah’s Witnesses The “Parajamos” or the devouring led to the The Nazis exterminated approximately 70,000 Black Germans (24,000 before 1933 according to Millions of political “undesirables” ranging from Right: Bosnian and Rwandan allow it to happen again. We must continue to educate our children against the dangers of anti-Semitism, the German gay population closing down gay refused to swear allegiance to the Nazi regime. extermination of approximately 200,000 Gypsies disabled people deeming them to be inferior. some estimates) were systematically sterilised communists, trade unionists, members of the boy The Killing Fields organisations. An estimated 10,000-15,000 Approximately 2,000 were killed for refusing to and Romas by the Nazis. Gypsy and Roma people After 1939 all children under 3 with Down’s and murdered. Captured African American scouts, to pacifists were killed by the Nazis. Any genocide survivors in a and racial discrimination. Encouraging them – and us – to take a stand against hatred and intolerance wherever they mock graveyard outside the gay people died in the concentration camps. renounce their faith. were sterilised, experimented on, and used as syndrome, cerebral palsy, or “suspected idiocy” soldiers said their horrific treatment did not freedom of expression or difference was crushed find it is the best way to ensure a just, democratic and tolerant society where all can live free from fear. forced labour in a number of death camps. were targeted for termination. compare to that meted out to black Germans. along with elections and other political parties. Cambodia, 1975-79 Machete massacres United Nations in New York Sally Hunt, UCU general secretary GROUPS viCTiMiSED By THE NAziS The Holocaust was a “specific genocidal event in the RESiSTANCE Rwanda, 1994 twentieth-century history: the state sponsored, systematic JAN. CHANCELLOR JAN. SPEEDy Jews mount serious resistance in the persecution and annihilation” of 6 million Jews, “…by Nazi Hitler becomes Chancellor DEPORTATiON AND ghetto. This comes at a time when the of Germany. THREATS The deportation Nazis send Gypsies to extermination camps. Germany and collaborators.” of Jews increases. The FEB. NO MORE TRADE following month Jews must Also see the , formed in 1920s by Hitler, organised The Nazi Party UNiONS The property give their gold and silver to the Holocaust. They won power on the back of German of communists and MAR. TAkE OvER The Nazis seize Austria. the state. defeat in World War One, promising to create jobs in the pacifists is confiscated. later establishes an office for Jewish midst of the 1929 world wide economic depression, and Independent trade union immigration in Vienna. Jews lose the right MAR. CzECHOSLOvAkiA TAkEN OvER ToTal deaThs: buildings are attacked and to property; employment; the right to enter parks. The Nazis take Czechoslovakia. a “racially pure” Germany. trade unions banned two months later. Following this, the Slovaks pass the POGROMS, PRONOUNCEMENTS, PARiS. approximaTely 2,000,000 APR. REGiSTER Jews are forced to register all equivalent of the Nuremberg laws in 2,000 Jews are killed in a pogrom in Romania. JAN. MECHANiSED GENOCiDE AND A TimaTes Bosnia 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. MAR. OPPONENTS PUT AWAy wealth and holdings. Later in the year Jews over 15 Germany (see 1935). During the same year Himmler visits CONFERENCE Ths: varying es Thousands of Jews, church people, homosexuals, and are forced to apply for identity cards. Jews can no Auschwitz and orders its expansion. The Nazis Mass killings of Jews at Auschwitz Birkenau ToTal dea of other “undesirables” were killed by the Nazis. As a result of Pol Pot regime and To 1,000,000 Millions communists are sent to the growing Dachau concentration camp. longer practice medicine. invade Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. using gas begin. Leading Nazis at the Wannsee return to “year zero”, 25% of the from 500,000 Thousands of Jews are arrested in Paris. conference agree the details of the ‘Final Estimated 39 death camps across Europe. JUNE BUSiNESS Jewish businesses must register Solution’ i.e. the extermination of all Jews. STALiNGRAD The Nazis are defeated by the population died from starvation, with special ministry. JUNE NAziS iNvADE THE SOviET UNiON Russian army at Stalingrad in Russia. 4 million people (mainly Jewish) were murdered overwork, torture and executions. The death of Hutu President Juvenal In the course of the war the Nazis let 5 million MAR. ANOTHER CAMP Habyarimana led to Hutus believing in 6 death camps alone – Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, JULy EviAN 32 countries meet in Evian, France soviet prisoners die of starvation. The Nazis Belzec camp is built with fitted gas chambers. AUSCHWiTz ExPANDED The Nazis open 4 new Belzab, Majdanek, and Auschwitz. to consider the plight of Jews escaping Hitler. No unleashed a wave of genocide against the Slovak and French Jews deported to Auschwitz. gas chambers at Auschwitz. Jews are deported Tutsis were responsible resulting in country accepts them. millions of Jews living in the Soviet Union. to the camp from Italy and Austria. It is reported widespread massacres. 90% of Polish Jews were killed in the Holocaust. MAy SOBiBOR DEATH CAMP later that 106 castrations were performed there by JAN. AUSCHWiTz Hope AUG. MORE REPRESSiON Nazis destroy the Great FiNAL SOLUTiON Fitted with three gas chambers, this camp December 1943. LiBERATED UCU Genocide BLACK Synagogue in Nuremberg. Jewish women Himmler meets Hess, Auschwitz would later become the scene of the most The Red Army Mardi Seng was 10 years old when the Khmer Rouge labelled her family as New People – Darfur must add Sarah to their names, and men MAy ST LOUiS commandant declaring “The Fuhrer has heroic instances of resistance to the Nazis. TREBLiNkA ExTERMiNATiONS CEASE Two hundred Jews liberates Auschwitz Cambodia on all legal documents. A month later, 930 Jewish refugees leave Europe on ordered the Final solution of the reported the same manage to escape Treblinka death camp soon after the on 27 January, and suspected as traitorous allies to enemies of the government. This was an effective death Treasure your mothers and fathers Jews cannot practice law and their board the St Louis for the Americas. Jewish question… I have… month that as many as 400,000 Jews had been extermination, but 870,000 were killed there. Majdanek camp sentence. Her family managed to escape to Thailand before settling in the . Today passports are stamped with J in red. They are forced to return to Europe chosen Auschwitz for this machine gunned in Nazi-occupied territory. the previous year. Beata narrowly escaped being murdered during the Rwandan genocide. She was nearly after being refused entry. Two months purpose.” Later that year The Red Army also she is an active member of the online Cambodian community contributing to internet resources. raped and sometimes had to hide among the corpses, pretending to be dead to escape OCT. ARRESTED 17,000 Polish Jews later, Jews lose the right to hold (poison gas) is JUNE yELLOW STARS Jews in a number liberates Warsaw Rwanda APR. UNLAWFUL BOyCOTT Jewish establishments are are arrested in Germany. They are expelled to government jobs in Germany. used at Auschwitz for the of occupied territories forced to wear and Budapest. murder. She describes her ordeal, and how she managed to survive on the Holocaust boycotted by Nazis across Germany. Jews are expelled from Poland which refuses them entry leaving them with first time. a yellow star. The Allied armies universities. In the following weeks books are burnt. nowhere to go. SEP. POLAND AND WAR The Nazis liberate numerous Memorial Day website. invade Poland. Jews are put into NEW GHETTOES, NEW EFFiCiENCy Nazis hold a special death camps like JULy STERiLiSATiON People with “genetic defects” are forcibly ghettoes in preparation for the “final MASSACRES, NEW CAMPS meeting to co-ordinate Jewish deportations. Buchenwald and Genocide is “the intentional sterilised. Four months later beggars, the homeless, alcoholics goal.” England and France declare New Jewish Ghettoes were Later that month, a new is opened Dachau in defeating destruction, in whole or in and the unemployed are sent to concentration camps. war. Jews in Germany cannot be on established in occupied at Auschwitz. Sterislisation experiments begin at the Nazi war the streets after 8pm (winter) and territories e.g. Minsk, Lvov, and Auschwitz the following month. machine. part, of a national, ethnic, Murderous reprisals 9pm (summer). It is now illegal for Bialystok in Russia. 3,800 Jews racial or religious group, Jews to own radios in Germany. are murdered in pogrom in at LEAkS News of the death camps is leaked APR. HiTLER Ethnic cleansing as such.” DiviSiON OF DEATH Kovno, Lithuania. Also, 33,771 Jews to the British and American governments. kiLLS HiMSELF Darfur (Sudan), 2003- RACE LAWS The A special division, OCT. EUTHANASiA All sick and are murdered at Babi Yar in Kiev, Dutch and French Jews are sent to Auschwitz UN Genocide Convention, 1948 Nuremberg race laws SS Death’s-head unit, disabled people are rounded up Russia. A new camp is established the same month. Later that year, they will be FiRST WARNiNGS ABOUT AUSCHWiTz An escapee MAy GERMANy and Holocaust Bosnia, 1995 are passed which mean guards concentration extermination by the Nazis in Germany. in Majdanek in Poland. joined by German Jews. from Auschwitz, Rudolf Vrba, gives one of the first SURRENDERS Jews lose their German camps. By the end accounts of what has happened there. Jews from citizenship and are of 1936 thousands of CAMP OPENiNG AND Hungary and Greece deported to Auschwitz. By the end NOv. NUREMBERG forbidden relationships Jews leave Germany OPPOSiTiON of June half of Hungary’s Jews were at Auschwitz. TRiALS with non Jews. Jews fleeing relentless A new camp called Some, but not all, are then barred from persecution. NOv. kRiSTALLNACHT Thousands of Jewish NEW SiTE FOR MURDER New camp called Treblinka is opened in BAD TRADE The Nazis offer to trade Jews for trucks of the people who cinema ownership. businesses and synagogues were attacked and Auschwitz established in Poland. European Poland. It has 10 gas and other commodities with Western Allies. were involved in AUG. COMBATiNG 30,000 Jewish men arrested by Nazis. Jews are Jews are deported to Poland. The Nazis take chambers (200 persons perpetrating

Simone Veil Holocaust survivor and Leon Greenman HISTORY politician (1927- ) Witness to a new Anne Frank HOMOSExUALiTy later fined 1 billion marks for damages arising over Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, per chamber). At HiGHEST DAiLy MURDER RATE EvER RECORDED the Holocaust are put Simone Veil was interned in generation (1910-2008) Diarist (1929-1945) Noor Khan was a a Nazi concentration camp Born in London and taken Courageous Fighter Primo Levi The holocaust Born in Frankfurt-am-Maim in during the Second World War to Holland as Germany, Anne Frank’s family To because of her Jewish heritage. a child, Leon (1914-1944) Chronicler of Holocaust Esther Brunstein Tal dea Greenman was arrested after went to Holland to escape Nazi T After being liberated she Born to an Indian father and (1919-1987) Survivor and Witness Gustav Schiefer hs: 400,000 the Nazis invaded. He was hs: persecution of Jews. Gi T later became a lawyer and a American mother in Moscow, An Office for Holland, and Luxembourg, (1928- ) Sachsenhausen camp, ven a d Primo Levi was First they came for the from Kristallnacht (The Night of Broken Glass). on trial. subjected to experimentation 9,000 people a day are gassed or burned at Auschwitz- for her 13th birthday iary Anti Nazi Trade Unionist born in Turin, al dea French government minister. she b Noor Khan was an outstandin Italy. He was sent to Auschwitz T and beatings egan communists, and I did not To at Auschwitz. His to chronicle her forced hidi gly Esther Brunstein was b (b. 1876) Her l brave woman. She escaped from ife story, her courage wife and son were gassed. He ng for in 1944. Managin orn in Why we mark Holocaust Me 2 years. She was arrested and g to survive Lodz, Poland. When the Nazis Gustav Sc speak out—because I was not a and determination in spoke of his experiences to France after it fell to Hitler’s he later penned the poignant hiefer, Munic Con taken to Auschwitz where she invaded in 1939 she was force h Chairman communist; T As educators UCU membersmorial rec Day, 27 January… overcoming the armies in 1940. As wartime of the Ger roversial and of and moving book man Trade Union succe ssive generations in the U died. FFortunately,ortunately, herher diadiary was If this be a wear a yellow star identifyingd her to are learnt for our future. The millio early setbacks in British agen man Association, was arreste en they came for the socialists, Ten dispu ognise our unique responsibility to publishing a book, K, saved.saved. In it she wrote, “It’sry was t she was sent to Nazi . He managed to powerfully as a Jew. In 1940 she had to live d, beaten and imprisoned in Dachau Combating occupied France in 1943. She Jews are expelled from non Jewish German however, the SS meet and I did not HEALTH Jews Birkenau during the summer. A revolt by some Jewish “specific genocidal event of life have made an T Leon Greenman, portray the moral, physical, ed remembered not just as the victims of really a wonder that ns who died at the hands of thetell Nazis the and truth about our past to ensure in the Lodz ghetto. In August 1944 speak out—bec concentration camp. Members inspiring symbol Auschwitz survivor was betrayed and sent to and emotional degradation that I was not a socialist; ause ed allow it to happen again. We must c I haven’t droppeddropp a concentration she was taken t of trade unions and the Social T an unparalleled man-made tragedy – bu in France and ed o Auchswitz and the lessons ima their allies during the Holocaust must be 98288. He later all my ideals marked life in the death camps. then to Bergen Belsen. Almost en they came for the trade and racial discriminati ontinue to educate our children agai internationally. camp. She was Democratic Party were targeted b t also as a warning that we must never said, “Whatever becausebecause they His work evocatively all her family did not survive. unionists, and I did not speak as whe fi nd it is the best wayon. to ensureEncouraging a ju them – and us – to take a stand tortured and the Nazis. Later he testifi ed againsty 8,000+ esT T nst the dangers of anti-Semitism, fasci some historians seem so absurd describes how the After being lliberated out—because I was not a trade her the Nazis, T shot in gruesome iberated “And how decent were his is a geno say, it happened. survisurvivors survive Sally Hunt st, democratic and tolerant society w and impossible… vors survived she settled in the can no longer get Homosexuality schools. AUG. MADAGASCAR A plan is proposed to DEC. yET MORE CAMPS stiff Jewish resistance. inmates leads to the destruction of one the crematories. , UCU general secretary against hatred and intolerance wher d we once more in the year 1945. unionist; Cide sm And it could circumstancescircumstances the camps and how Yet, I keep UK. Today she gives here all can live free from fear. ever they but refused to they reconstituted Not a hair on the head of en they came for the Jews, happen again.” them, in spite of meetings in schools HomosexualsHomosex capitulate. themselves any of these swine was and I did not speak out—because The Holocaust uals everything.” and elsewhere harmed on behalf of the twentieth century history”: Within days of taking power HitlHitler attacke afterwards. recounting her of the I was not a Jew; was a “specifi c genocidal event in the Jehovah’s Witnesses Trade Unions. We bore twentieth-century history: the state sponsored, systematic the German gay population closinger attacked downd He committed experiences. en they came for me—and organisations. An estimated 110,000-15,000 Due to their religious beliefs, Jehov suicide. witness, and still bear National Health and Abortions is deport all European Jews to an island near The Chelmno camp is opened Belzec is closed gay Roma and there was no one le to speak out persecution and annihilation” of 6 million Jews, “…by Nazi gay people died in the concentrationconcentr0,000-15,000 camp refused to swear allegiance to the ah’sNazi W regimeitnesses Gypsies witness ttoday,oday, forfor Approximately 2,000 were killed for ref The “Parajamos” or the devouring human dignity for me. ation camps.s. . extermination of approximately 200,0 The Disabled Germany and collaborators.” JAN. renounce their faith. using to led to the and justice.” CHANCELLOR GROUPS VICTIMISED BY THE NAZIS and Romas by the The Nazis exterminated approximately 7 Pastor Niemoller, Nazis. Gypsy and Roma00 Gyp psies Black people Hitler becomes Chancellor were sterilised, experimented on, disabled people deeming them t 0,000 victim of the Nazis The Nazi Party eople After 1939 all children under 3 witho be Down’sinferior. Black Germans (24,000 before 1933 according of Germany. forced labour in a number of deathand camps. used as Political opponents. established. Soon DEC. GORiNG It is decreed that all Jewish East Africa, Madagascar. Nazi-occupied in Poland. Jews are gassed in after killing an estimated 600,000 Jews. OCT. TRANSPORT The last transport of Jews was to some estimates) were systema insurance, and , formed in 1920s by Hitler, organised syndrome, cerebral palsy, or “susp the Holocaust. They won power on the back of German to Millions of political “undesirables” ranging were targeted for termination. ected idiocy” and murdered. Captured Africantically American sterilised FEB. NO MORE TRADE soldiers said their horrifi c treatment d communists, trade unionists, mem from defeat in World War One, promising to create jobs in the JAN. SPEEDY sco UNIONS compare to that meted out to black Germans.id not uts, to pacifi sts were killed by bersthe Nazis of the boy • 6 million Jews were murdered in The property DEPORTATION AND freedom of expression or difference midst of the 1929 world wide economic depression, and of communists and . Any Bosnian Serbs troops, under the Frustrated by poverty and neglect, THREATS along with elections and other pol was crushed The deportation are banned from after 25% of all Jewish businesses must be aryanised. France passes severe measures against its mobile gas vans. Victims include The Nazis try to hide its existence. Auschwitz. A little later people were gassed there for the a “racially pure” Germany. pacifi sts is confi scated. of Jews increases. The itical parties. Independent trade union MAR. TAKE OVER following month Jews must RESISTANCE 6 million Jews buildings are attacked and The Nazis seize Austr Adolf Eichmann later establishes an ia. give their gold and silver to Jews mount serious resistance in t were murdered in the Holocaust. trade unions banned two the state. months later. immigration in Vienna. Jews lose the offi r ce for Jewish ghetto. This comes at a ti he Warsaw Millions me when the wealth is taxed. Jewish populations deporting thousands. The Meanwhile, sterilization experiments are to property; employment getting legal 5,000 gypsies. last time. Himmler later ordered the destruction of the Nazis send Gypsies to exterminati of other “undesirables” were killed by the Nazis. MAR. ight OPPONENTS PUT AWAY ; the right to enter parks. MAR. CZECHOSLOVAKIA TAKEN OVE “state sponsored … persecution Estimated 39 death camps Thousands of Jews, church peo on camps. command of General Ratko Mladic, APR. The Nazis take Czechoslovakia. two rebel groups in Darfur launched REGISTER R Jews are forced to register across Europe. communists are sent to the growingple, homosexuals, Dac and wealth and holdings. Later in the Following this, the Slovaks pa 4 million people all (mainly Jewish) were murdered hau concentration camp. are forced to apply for identity cards.year Jews over 15 equivalent of the Nuremberg ssl the Nazis begin to seal off Jewish ghettos from tested on women in Birkenau. POGROMS, PRONOUNCEM qualifications. crematories in Auschwitz. in 6 death camps alone – Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, longer practice medicine Jews can no Germany (see 1935). aws in . 2,000 Jews are killed in a p ENTS, PARIS. Belzab, Majdanek, and Auschwitz. ogrom in Romania. JUNE During the same year Himm BUSINESS Auschwitz and orders its expansion. T JAN. MECHANISED GENOCIDE AND A 90% of Polish Jews with special ministry.Jewish businesses must register ler visits capture the eastern enclave and an uprising against the Khartoum invade Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, anhe Nazis CONFERENCE the world e.g. the Krakow ghetto in Poland. and annihilation”. were killed in the Holocaust. Thousands of Jews are d Greece. Mass killings of Jews at Auschwitz Birkenau JULY EVIAN 32 countries meet in Evian, Franc arrested in Paris. using gas begin. Leading Nazis a to consider the plight of Jews e JUNE conference agree the details of thet the Wannsee country accepts them. escaping Hitler. No NAZIS INVADE THE SOVIET UNION In the course of the war the Na Solution’ i.e. the extermina ‘Final soviet prisoners die of starvation.zis let The 5 million Nazi tion of all Jews. AUG. MORE REPRESSION unleashed a wave of genoci MAR. ANOTHER CAMP STALINGRAD Synagogue in Nuremberg. NazisJewish destroy womenwo the Great s The Nazis ar millions of Jews living in thede Soviet against the Belzec camp is built with fi t Russian army at Stalingrad ein defeated Rus by the U.N. “safe area” of Srebrenica, government resulting in Government must add Sarah to their names, aand m men Union. Slovak and French ted gas chambers. sia. Israel on all legal documents.documen A monthnd menen la Jews deported to Auschwi tz. AUSCHWITZ EXPANDED • Millions of other “undesirables” Jews cannot practice law andts. A month later, MAY ST LOUIS FINAL SOLUTION ter, MAY SOBIBOR DEATH CAMP gas chambers at Auschwitz.The J Nazis open 4 new passports are stamped with J their in red. 930 Jewish refugees leave EuEurope on Himmler meets Hess, Ausch Fitted with three gas chambers to the camp from Italy and Austria.ews are deported APR. UNLAWFUL BOYCOTT board the St Louis for the AmerAmerope on commandant declaring “The FuhrFuhre witz ordered the Final solution of ththe would later become the scene , this camp later that 106 castrations were per boycotted by Nazis Jewish establishments are They are forced to return to EuropEuropericas.icas. err has It is reported across Germany. Jews are expelled from OCT. ARRESTED heroic instances of resistan of the most December 1943. universities. In the following w 17,000 Polish Jews after being refused entry. Two m Jewish question… I have…e formed there by memorial e are arrested in Germany. They are The New York Times reportedce tothe the Nazis. JAN. killing thousands of Muslim males eeks books are burnt. later, Jews lose the right to holhold monthsonths chosen Auschwitz for this AUSCHWITZ backed reprisals. Poland which refuses them entry TREBLINKA EXTERMINATIO expelled to JULY STERILISATION purpose.” Later that year month that as many as 400,000 same LIBERATED People with “genetic defects” a nowhere to go. leaving them with government jobs in Germany. d manage to escape Treblinka NSdeath CEASE sterilised. Four months later beg Zyklon B (poison gas) is machine gunned in Nazi-occ Jews had been Two hundred Jews The Red Army upied territory. extermination, but 870,000 wer camp soon after the were killed. and the unemployed are sent to gars, the homeless, alcoholicsre forcibly used at Auschwitz for the liberates Auschwitz SEP. POLAND AND WAR e killed there. on 27 January, and concentration camps. invade Poland. Jews are putThe into Nazis JUNE YELLOW STARS fi rst time. Jews in a number Majdanek camp ghettoes in preparation for theinto ““fi na of occupied territories forced to wear the previous year. goal.” England and France declarefi nal a yellow star. l NEW GHETTOES, NEW The Red Army also in the following week. war. Jews in Germany cannot be on MASSACRES, NEW CAM MASSACRES, NEW CAMPS liberates Warsaw DIVISION OF DEATH the streets after 8pm (winter) and on New Jewish Ghettoes werePS EFFICIENCY Nazis hold a special RACE LAWS meeting to co-ordinate Jewish de and Budapest. Nuremberg race lawsThe 9pm (summer). It is nowno illegal for A special division, established in occupied Later that month, a new gas cha deportations. The Allied armies are passed which mean SS Death’s-head unit, Jews to own radios in wGerman illegal for territories e.g. Minsk, Lvov, and portations. at Auschwitz. Sterislisation experimenmber is opened liberate numerous Jews lose their German guards concentration in Germany.y. Bialystok in Russia. 3,803,800 Jews • The Nazi party and collaborators 0 Jews Auschwitz the following month. ts begin at death camps like citizenship and are camps. By the end OCT. EUTHANASIA are murdered in pogrom in at All sick and Buchenwald and forbidden relationships of 1936 thousands of disabled people are rounderounded up Kovno, Lithuania. Also, 33,771 JeJews LEAKS Dachau in defeating with non Jews. Jews Jews leave Germany extermination by the NazisNaz d in up Ge are murdered at Babi Yar in Kiev,ws News of the death camps i is in Germany. Russia. A new camp is establishe to the British and American governmens leaked the Nazi war are then barred from fl eeing relentless rmany. Dutch and French Jews are sent to d ts. machine. cinema ownership. persecution. in Majdanek in Poland. the same month. Later that year, the Auschwitz NOV. KRISTALLNACHT Thousands of joined by German Jews. y will be APR. HITLER AUG. COMBATING businesses and synagogues were Jewish FIRST WARNINGS ABOUT AUSC KILLS HIMSELF organised the Holocaust. HOMOSEXUALITY 30,000 Jewish men arrested by Nazisattacked and NEW SITE FOR MURDER CAMP OPENING AND from Auschwitz, Rudolf Vrba, givesHWITZ on HEALTH later fi ned 1 billion marks for damage Auschwitz established in NewPoland camp called An escapee Jews An Offi ce for . Jews are OPPOSITION accounts of what has happened t e of the fi rst MAY GERMANY Escaping the horrors of Darfur can no longer get Combating from Kristallnacht (The Ni s arising Jews are deported to Poland. The. European A new camp called Hungary and Greece deported to Ausc here. Jews from SURRENDERS National Health Homosexuality Jews are expelled from nonght J of Broken Glass). over Denmark, Norway, FranceNazis take Treblinka is opened in of June half of Hungary’s Jews insurance, and hwitz. By the end and Abortions is schools. ewish German , Belgium, Poland. It has 10 gas were at Auschwitz. NOV. are banned from Holland, and Luxembourg, NUREMBERG established. Soon chambers (200 persons BAD TRADE TRIALS getting legal after 25% of all Jewish The Nazis offer to trade Jews for trucks DEC. GORING AUG. MADAGASCAR per chamber). At and other commodities with W Some, but not all, qualifi cations. It is decreed that all Jewish A plan is proposed to wealth is taxed. businesses must be aryanised. deport all European Jews to an islan Sachsenhausen camp, estern Allies. of the people who East Africa, Madagascar. Nazi-occud near DEC. YET MORE CAMPS however, the SS meet HIGHEST DAILY MURDER RATE EVER RE were involved in The Chelmno camp is opened • Estimated 39 death camps France passes severe measures aga pied stiff Jewish resistance. 9,000 people a day are gassed or b perpetrating A Survivor of the Bosnian Genocide CORDED Jewish populations deporting thousands in Poland. Jews are gassed in inst its Belzec extermination camp is closed Birkenau during the summer. A revolturned at Auschwitz- the Holocaust are put El Fadel Arbab escaped the horrors of Darfur by climbing in a tree to hide from the Nazis begin to seal off Jewish ghettos mobile gas vans. Victims include . The after killing an estimated 600,000 inmates leads to the destruction of oneby thesome Jewish on trial. the world e.g. the Krakow ghetto i from 5,000 gypsies. The Nazis try to hide its existence.Jews. n Poland. crematories. Meanwhile, sterilization experimen OCT. TRANSPORT The last transport of Jews was to tested on women in Birkenau. ts are Auschwitz. A little later people wer last time. Himmler later ordered the gassed there for the The sheer presence of the ANL had made I am well aware that the orthodox opinion is 6 million Jews were gassed or Selena Salihovic was born in 1989 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bijeljina. She lost friends and militia. At twelve his village was attacked and he was separated from his family. across Europe. crematories in Auschwitz. e destruction of the UCU and NUT statement on the BNP From Black shirts to the it impossible to get NF members on the cremated… Orthodox opinion once held the world is flat… I have reached the The policies and positions of the BNP are incompatible with the ethos and values of teaching. and fascism are the antithesis of the References and acknow “ “ ledgements If this a man/The truc The sheer presence of the ANL had made e Primo Levi. Author/Creative Director: G From Black shirts to the The Ghetto Fights Marek Edelman. Designer: Jon Wedderburn.averne Bennett. The Holocaust Lesso Picture Researcher: Sarah E “it impossible to get NF members on the aims of education which strives for the liberation of every learner’s potential, irrespective of age, class, gender, disability, sexual orientation, ns for Humanity BNP – resisting fascism Learner Interactive Resou dwards. I am well aware that the orthodox opinion is 6 million Jew rce Book. Acknowledgements: Pr streets, had dashed recruitment and cut How to stop the Nazi BNP ofessor Deborah Lipstad streets, had dashed recruitment and cut conclusion that the ‘extermination’ tale is a … extremely profitable lie. It’s well much of her extended family when the genocide started. In 1995, her family escaped from the . Dorot professor of m cremated… Orthodox opinion once held the world is fl The Holocaust t, “ Martin Gilbert. odern Jewish and Holocaus He avoided the genocidal militia for 10 years grabbing food and shelter wherever he The Second World War D studies at Emory Unive away at their vote t s were gassed or ay 5: The Holocaust Guesnet, Departmen rsity, Atlanta; Dr Francois ” conclusion that the ‘extermination’ tale is a … extrem and The in t of Hebrew and Jewish stud Martin Webster, one of the lea Handbook for Teachers.Observer. University College Lond at… I have reached the race or religion. on; Eddie Alexander, lectureies, The known that the chimney from the gas chambers at Auc the Holocaust Guidelines for teaching ab Waltham Forest; H ders of the National Front UCU and NUT statement on the BNP Task force for Internation out azel Brown, research assistan r Mosley announces a marc ely profi table lie. It’s well The policies and positions of the BNP are incompatible with the ethos and values of teaching. Racism and fascism are the antithesis of the on Holocaust Remembera al Co-operation at The Imperial War t Nick Griffi n, leader of the BNP nce and Research. Tom Hickey, BrightoMuseum, Holocaust exhib poorest part of Londo h through the aims of education which strives for the liberation of every learner’s potential, irrespective of age, class, gender, disability, sexual orientation, Internet references n university. ition; hswitz are fake June Olympia rally where he hopes to buildn, the East End, race or religion. www.timesonline.co.uk/ Thanks also to The Im 43 Group ” away at their vote” known that the chimney from the gas chambers at Auchswitz are fake” tol/comment/obituaries/ perial War Museum. The BUF tries to hold met by 100,000 anti fascists a base. a He is article3524503.ece Special thanks to sp a giant After the Second In common with the mainstream political parties, NUT and UCU find the policies of the BNP utterly unacceptable. We call on the In common with the mainstream political parties, NUT and UCU find the policies of the BNP utterly unacceptable. We call on the www.encyclopedia.com/do ecial people: Peggy, Aphra, rally in Olympia. It is disrupte pass Cable Street. The nd can’t Brontyrre, and Hersc World War the National Front grows government to take urgent action to ensure that racism and fascism have no place in the classroom or lecture hall, and to give consideration references and acknowledgements www.hmd.org.uk c/1E1-Levi-Pri.html hell. by hundreds of anti fasc d march. The fascists never police re call off the to making membership of the BNP incompatible with registration as a qualified teacher or lecturer, in line with policy for the police. www.answers.com/topic Thanks also to Matt who are beaten up my Mosists 43 group (Jewish A speech denouncing non w Part of the Part Waddup, Chris Nicholas, cover. www.veni.com/articles//martin-niem-ller Sharon Russell at the hite country and went to a refugee camp in Hungary, later going to the United States. Though she University College Union. black shirts ley’s ex-servicemen an immigration in 1968 by a Both unions find espousal of BNP policies to be incompatible with membership of our organisations. fi rsttheycameforme.html could find it. He lives in the United States today. www.ushmm.org This poster is dedicated anti fascists) smashd politician Enoch Powell, mainstreaman http://london.iwm.org.u to the memory of the Anti fascists, mainly government to take urgent action to ensure that racism and fascism have no place in the classroom or lecture hall, and to give consideration survi hysteria around immigrati d the www.shoaheducation.cok vor, Marek Edelman September Follow up rally BUF rallies as it tries First BNP win Martin Webster, one of the leaders of the National Front , leader of the BNP m/warsawtimeline.html the National Front a mas on, gives organised around the Anti www.shoaheducation.co The BUF try to have a rally in to regroup itself in the – www.hmd.org.uk www.telegraph.co.uk/newm/aaaa.html British fascist Originator / editor:early postGaverne war years. They beat the Liberals Bennett intos audience. f Nazi League, manage to un Oldham Hyde Park. Again thousand BNP – resisting fascism described as an “openly The-facts.html s/1399805/The-Holocaust- place in 33 seats in the Greateourth all sections of the communiite BNP poll , aristocr anti fascists stop the rally fs of Nazi Party” by a European Love Love Music festival in Sto References and acknowledgements Author/Creative Director: Gaverne Bennett. www..co.uk at and former London Council elect r in exposing the fascism of thety 11 percent MP for both the Tory and L taking place. rom New front committee on racism – wins Music holdke to making membership of the BNP incompatible with registration as a qualified teacher or lecturer, in line with policy for the police. ions. National Front and stoppin in local parties, establishes the B abour carnival in Stoke-on-Trent which t music rally A former them from marching g fi rst council seat on Isle of elections of Fascists. ritish Union Lewisham Lead cosh in the run up to the Europehousands attend member . Dogs, East London. in Oldham. Love The National Front tries Blair Peach Music an elections. Designer: Jon Wedderburn. of the BUF Blood and Soil: A World History of www.genocidewatch.org Special thanks to the Designer: Jon Wedderburnthrough an area with a higto march Carnivals is killed by 1932 establishes Marching on the bunke Hate returns to Bosnia she says has never been the same since the genocide. and Asian presence. They h black Two successful carniva the police Binned June European If this a man/The truce Primo Levi. r Racism, Both unions find espousal of BNP policies to be incompatible with membership of our organisations. the National 60,000 anti-fascists march 1934 thousands of anti fascists area met by organised by Rock againstls at an anti First BNP elections Front on the BNP headquarters successor 1936 the BUF in the 1930s, are forcednd, like Racism, sister organisati fascist councillor BNP wins 2 MEP Picture Researcher: Sarah Edwards. The battle of Cable Street . to Rock Against Racism of the ANL, draws 100,000on 40,000 people march agains loses seat. to Rock Against Racism, call off the march. to march in hold a carnival in Victor, seats in European 1945 people using music to the BNP in East London on t Later, Unite The Ghetto Fights Marek Edelman. 1967 Southall. ia elections. Anti- Genocide and Extermination from www.ushmm.org Holocaust Memorial Day trust www.align-design.co.uk1977 demonstration organised bya Against Park that attracts drive home the anti fascist fascists interrupt a the TUC. A giant ANL carniv 100,000 people. message among the Fascism and press conference young. is held in Brockwell Pa al Hope Not Hate Mosley announces a march through the rk. BNP win a seat in the by BNP leader, The Holocaust Lessons for Humanity Acknowledgements: Professor Deborah Lipstadt, are formed to Nick Griffi n, in front 1979 stop the BNP. London Assembly. 1993 Parliament. The BBCof later the Houses of Sparta to Darfur Ben Kiernan www.darfurscores.org/darfur and Genocide Watch. Author: Eddie Alexander 1994 Question Time. invites him on 2001 2008 Learner Interactive Resource Book. Dorot professor of modern Jewish and Holocaust poorest part of London, the East End, 43 Group 365 SERIES 2009 How to stop the Nazi BNP Chris Bambery. studies at Emory University, Atlanta; Dr Francois where he hopes to build a base. He is After the Second National Front grows Rock Against Racism First BNP win Oldham Love Music festival in Stoke The Holocaust Martin Gilbert. Guesnet, Department of Hebrew and Jewish studies, June Olympia rally met by 100,000 anti fascists and can’t World War the A speech denouncing non white Anti fascists, mainly British National Party – BNP poll Love Love Music Hate Racism hold music rally The Second World War Day 5: The Holocaust in University College London; Eddie Alexander, lecturer The Guardian and The Observer. Waltham Forest; Hazel Brown, research assistant The BUF tries to hold a giant pass Cable Street. The police call off the 43 group (Jewish immigration in 1968 by a mainstream organised around the Anti described as an “openly 11 percent Music in Stoke-on-Trent which thousands attend Handbook for Teachers. Guidelines for teaching about at The Imperial War Museum, Holocaust exhibition; rally in Olympia. It is disrupted march. The fascists never recover. ex-servicemen and politician Enoch Powell, and the Nazi League, manage to unite Nazi Party” by a European in local carnival in the run up to the European elections. the Holocaust Task force for International Co-operation Tom Hickey, Brighton university. by hundreds of anti fascists anti fascists) smash hysteria around immigration, gives all sections of the community committee on racism – wins elections Love wallcharts We give names or other symbols Extermination begins, and on Holocaust Rememberance and Research. who are beaten up my Mosley’s BUF rallies as it tries the National Front a mass audience. in exposing the fascism of the first council seat on Isle of in Oldham. Music The Good June European Thanks also to The Imperial War Museum. The Bad Internet references & The Queen black shirts to regroup itself in the They beat the Liberals into fourth National Front and stopping Lead cosh Dogs, East London. Hate Babyshambles elections Jerry Dammers Hard-Fi (ex-The Specials) Special thanks to special people: Peggy, Aphra, lstars Roll Deep to the classifications. We name Genocide is always organized, quickly becomes the mass killing yder & Jammer www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/ Rock Against Racism Al ft Tinchy Str Eight Estimated deaths early post war years. place in 33 seats in the Greater them from marching. Blair Peach Binned Racism, ft very special guests BNP wins 2 MEP Brontyrre, and Herschell. Jay Sean Get Cape.Wear Cape.Fly article3524503.ece September Follow up rally London Council elections. is killed by Marching on the bunker First BNP successor seats in European All cultures have categories to people “Jews” or “Gypsies”, or One group denies the humanity usually by the state, often using Extremists drive the groups apart. Victims are identified and legally called “genocide”. It is in genocides since the holocaust www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Levi-Pri.html Thanks also to Matt Waddup, Chris Nicholas, www.hmd.org.uk Sharon Russell at the University College Union. The BUF try to have a rally in New front Carnivals the police 60,000 anti-fascists march councillor to Rock Against Racism, elections. Anti- stagEs distinguish between “us” and distinguish them by colours or of the other group. Members of it militias to provide deniability of Hate groups broadcast polarizing separated out because of their “extermination” to the killers Perpetrators deny that they have www.answers.com/topic/martin-niem-ller Hyde Park. Again thousands of A former Lewisham Two successful carnivals at an anti on the BNP headquarters. loses seat. hold a carnival in Victoria fascists interrupt a www.veni.com/articles/firsttheycameforme.html This poster is dedicated to the memory of the Warsaw Ghetto survivor, Marek Edelman British fascist anti fascists stop the rally from member The National Front tries to march organised by Rock against fascist 40,000 people march against Later, Unite Park that attracts press conference “them” by ethnicity, race, religion dress; and apply the symbols to are equated with animals, vermin, state responsibility (the Janjaweed propaganda. Laws may forbid ethnic or religious identity. because they do not believe their done wrong often blaming others www.ushmm.org taking place. of the BUF through an area with a high black Racism, sister organisation march in the BNP in East London on a Against 100,000 people. by BNP leader, http://london.iwm.org.uk Oswald Mosley, aristocrat and former of or nationality. members of groups. insects or diseases. in Darfur.) intermarriage or social interaction. Death lists are drawn up. victims to be fully human. and also victims. www.shoaheducation.com/warsawtimeline.html MP for both the Tory and Labour establishes and Asian presence. They are met by of the ANL, draws 100,000 Southall. demonstration organised by Fascism and Nick Griffin, in front www.shoaheducation.com/aaaa.html parties, establishes the British Union the National thousands of anti fascists and, like people using music to the TUC. A giant ANL carnival Hope Not Hate BNP win a seat in the of the Houses of www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399805/The-Holocaust- of Fascists. Front the BUF in the 1930s, are forced to drive home the anti fascist is held in Brockwell Park. are formed to London Assembly. Parliament. The BBC later invites him on gEnocidE The-facts.html call off the march. message among the young. stop the BNP. Question Time. Classification Symbolization Dehumanisation Organisation Polarisation Preparation Extermination Denial www.bbc.co.uk 1932 1934 1936 1945 1967 1977 1979 1993 1994 2001 2008 2009