Notes

Introduction

1 Labour History Archive and Study Centre: Labour Party National Executive Committee Minutes, 1 March 1934. 2 See N. Copsey, Anti-Fascism in Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 2000), p. 76. 3 See J. Bean, Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain’s Far Right (London: New Millennium, 1999). 4 See Searchlight, no. 128, Feb. 1986, p. 15. 5 See for example, C.T. Husbands, ‘Following the “Continental Model”?: Implications of the Recent Electoral Performance of the British National Party’, New Community, vol. 20, no. 4 (1994), pp. 563–79. 6 For discussion of legitimacy as a social-scientific concept, see D. Beetham, The Legitimation of Power (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1991). 7 For earlier work on the BNP by this author, see N. Copsey, ‘Fascism: The Ideology of the British National Party’, Politics, vol. 14, no. 3 (1994), pp. 101–8 and ‘Contemporary Fascism in the Local Arena: The British National Party and “Rights for Whites”’, in M. Cronin (ed.) The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (Basingstoke: Macmillan- Palgrave, 1996), pp. 118–40. For earlier work by others, see for example C.T. Husbands, ‘Following the “Continental Model”?: Implications of the Recent Electoral Performance of the British National Party’; R. Eatwell, ‘Britain: The BNP and the Problem of Legitimacy’, in H.-G. Betz and S. Immerfall (eds), The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Estab- lished Democracies (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1998), pp. 143–55; and D. Renton, ‘Examining the Success of the British National Party, 1999–2003’, Race and Class, vol. 45, No. 2 (2003), pp. 75–85. 8 For more recent work on various aspects of the British fascist tradition, see for instance, R. Thurlow, Fascism in Britain: From Oswald Mosley’s Blackshirts to the National Front (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998); R. Thurlow, Fascism in Modern Britain (Stroud: Sutton, 2000); D. Renton, Fascism, Anti-Fascism and Britain in the 1940s (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2000); T.P. Linehan, British Fascism 1918–39: Parties, Ideology and Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000); T. Kushner and N. Valman (eds), Remembering Cable Street: Fascism and Anti-Fascism in British Society (London: Vallentine Mit- chell, 2000); J.V. Gottlieb, Feminine Fascism: Women in Britain’s Fascist Movement (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000); J.V. Gottlieb and T.P. Linehan (eds), The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain (London: I.B. Tauris, 2004); and Graham Macklin, Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism after 1945 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007). 9 See for example, P. Norris, Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005) which misdates the formation of the BNP (p. 71) and claims the BNP had won seats on Oldham

209 210 Notes

Council (p. 71); and M.H. Williams, The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties in West European Democracies (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2006) which is oblivious to the existence of the BNP. 10 See R. Eatwell, ‘The Extreme Right in Britain: The Long Road to “Modern- isation”’, in R. Eatwell and C. Mudde (eds), Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge (London: Routledge, 2004); G. Deacon, A. Keita and K. Ritchie, Burnley and the BNP and the Case for Electoral Reform (London: Electoral Reform Society, 2004); D. Renton, ‘“A Day to Make History”? The 2004 Elections and the British National Party’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 39, no. 1 (2005), pp. 25–45; J. Cruddas, P. John, N. Lowles, H. Margetts, D. Rowland, D. Schutt and S. Weir, The Far Right in London: A Challenge for Local Democracy? (York: Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, 2005); C. Atton, ‘Far-Right Media on the Internet: Culture, Discourse and Power’, New Media & Society, vol. 8, no. 4 (2006), pp. 573–87; P. John, H. Margetts and S. Weir, The BNP: The Roots of Its Appeal (Essex: Democratic Audit, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, 2006); J. Rhodes, ‘The “Local” Politics of the British National Party’, SAGE Race Relations Abstracts, vol. 31, no. 5 (2006), pp. 5–20; and M. Goodwin, ‘The Extreme Right in Britain: Still an “Ugly Duckling” but for How Long?’, Political Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 2 (2007), pp. 241–50.

1 ‘Back to Front’: John Tyndall and the Origins of the British National Party

1 J. Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour: A Call for British Rebirth, 3rd edn (Welling: Albion Press, 1998), p. 42. 2 Ibid., p. 47. 3 G. Thayer, The British Political Fringe (London: Anthony Blond, 1965), p. 56. 4 On Chesterton’s conspiracy theory see A.K. Chesterton, The New Unhappy Lords (London: Candour Publishing Co., 1965). 5 R. Thurlow, Fascism in Modern Britain (Stroud: Sutton, 2000), p. 136. 6 It should be pointed out that Searchlight has previously maintained that Tyndall was involved with the pre-1960 British Nazi ‘underground’ at the age of 19, see Searchlight, no. 35, 1978, p. 8. According to Searchlight’s sources, this was revealed in a cassette tape that was used in the covert recruitment of new members to Column 88 – a shadowy Nazi paramilitary group formed in Britain in 1970. But if Tyndall was an undercover Nazi at the age of 19, why did it take him several years before he ‘infiltrated’ the League of Empire Loyalists? 7 See Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 11 and p. 24. 8 Ibid., p. 26. 9 Transcript of Tyndall speech (June 1979) in possession of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. 10 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 51. 11 Ibid., p. 53. 12 Ibid., p. 63. 13 J. Bean, Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain’s Far Right (London: New Millen- nium, 1999), p. 116. Notes 211

14 See Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 176 and Bean, Many Shades of Black, p. 119. 15 See M. Walker, The National Front, 2nd edn (London: Fontana/Collins, 1978), p. 33. Bean has subsequently denied that the NLP held any meet- ings in the area prior to the riots. See Bean, Many Shades of Black, p. 121. 16 Bean, Many Shades of Black, p. 141. 17 M. Webster, ‘Why I am a Nazi’, The National Socialist, no. 7, 1962. 18 Rosine de Bounevialle as quoted in Walker, The National Front, p. 45. 19 R. Hill with A. Bell, The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe’s Neo-Nazi Network (London: Grafton, 1988), p. 81. 20 Walker, The National Front, p. 105. 21 Alistair Harper, a Scottish schoolteacher, and Roger Pearson, a racist anthropologist, established the Northern League in 1957. It was an inter- national society for the preservation and survival of the ‘Nordic race’. Little has been written about this organisation, but a useful summary of its activ- ities can be found in Searchlight, no. 108, June 1984, p. 9. 22 See Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 96. 23 J. Tyndall, ‘The Jew in Art’, copy in possession of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. 24 See D. Baker, Ideology of Obsession: A.K. Chesterton and British Fascism (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), pp. 184–9. 25 G. Macklin, Very Deeply Dyed in Black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the Resurrection of British Fascism after 1945 (London: I.B. Tauris, 2007), pp. 123–5. 26 See G. Gable, ‘Britain’s Nazi Underground’, in L. Cheles, R. Ferguson and M. Vaughan (eds), The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe, 2nd edn (London: Longman, 1995), pp. 258–9. 27 See Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, pp. 177–9. 28 See Walker, The National Front, pp. 39–40. 29 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 179. 30 J. Tyndall, The Authoritarian State (London: National Socialist Movement, 1962), p. 14 and p. 15. 31 D. Edgar, ‘Racism, Fascism and the Politics of the National Front’, Race and Class, vol. 19, no. 2 (1977), p. 116. 32 Tyndall, The Authoritarian State, p. 16. 33 Ibid., pp. 18–20. 34 Ibid., p. 7. 35 See ‘Post-Fascists and Neo-Nazis in Britain Today’, Part 2, Supplement to the Institute of Race Relations Newsletter, Nov. 1962. 36 Estimated by the Daily Mail, 10 Aug. 1962. 37 Press Association Special Reporting Service: Report of the proceedings at Bow Street Magistrates Court, 20 Aug. 1962. 38 The former name of Egypt. See The Times, 3 Oct. 1962 and The Sunday Telegraph, 10 March 1963. In July 1962 Tyndall had requested the sum of £15,000 to cover production of leaflets, pamphlets, the NSM’s newspaper, stocking its bookshop, appointment of full-time workers and even the purchase of a pirate broadcasting system. 39 See N. Copsey, Anti-Fascism in Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2000). 40 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 180. 212 Notes

41 Ibid., p. 181. 42 At their ‘National Socialist’ wedding ceremony, a drop of mixed blood from the happy couple was allowed to drop onto a virgin copy of Mein Kampf. 43 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 191. 44 Walker, The National Front, p. 134. 45 See Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, pp. 190–1. 46 National Socialist Movement: ‘Statement on Colin Jordan’, 13 May 1964. 47 National Socialist Movement, Internal Bulletin, July 1964. 48 Official Programme of the Greater Britain Movement (n.d.), p. 3. 49 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 192. 50 See Walker, The National Front, p. 71 and Students Against Fascism: Briefing Paper on the National Front, in possession of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. 51 Thayer, The British Political Fringe, p. 61. 52 Board of Deputies of British Jews, Defence with Responsibility (n.d.), p. 22. 53 Spearhead, no. 12, July 1966, p. 9. 54 See M. Billig, Fascists: A Social Psychological View of the National Front (London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), pp. 126–38. 55 See Walker, The National Front, p. 78. 56 Candour, no. 469, Oct. 1967, p. 1. 57 Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 83. 58 Chesterton’s speech to the NF’s first AGM is reprinted in Candour, no. 469, Oct. 1967, p. 74. 59 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 198. 60 Bean, Many Shades of Black, p. 184. 61 Billig, Fascists, p. 116. 62 Ibid., p. 350. 63 Thurlow, Fascism in Modern Britain, p. 150. 64 See A.K. Chesterton, ‘Farewell to the National Front’, Candour, Dec. 1970, pp. 199–200. 65 According to Searchlight’s figures in From Ballots to Bombs: The Inside Story of the National Front’s Political Soldiers (London: Searchlight Publishing Ltd, 1984) p. 4. However, this figure may be somewhat inflated – Tyndall has spoken of a ‘quadrupling’ of members in the 1972–74 period, although he argued that when he was elected NF Chairman in 1972, membership was below 2,000, see Spearhead, no. 183, Jan. 1984, p. 6. 66 Gregor Strasser (1892–1934) and his brother Otto (1897–1974) advocated a form of ‘racial bolshevism’. Gregor Strasser was killed at Hitler’s ‘Night of the Long Knives’ in 1934. 67 See C.T. Husbands, Racial Exclusionism and the City: The Urban Support of the National Front (London: Allen & Unwin, 1983), p. 11. 68 It later emerged that Verrall was author of the notorious Holocaust denial pamphlet Did Six Million Really Die? At the time, he was seen as the NF’s leading intellectual after having recently graduated from the University of London with a first-class honours degree in History. 69 Spearhead, March 1976, p. 7. 70 Spearhead, April 1976, pp. 10–12. 71 On anti-fascist opposition to the National Front, see Copsey, Anti-Fascism in Britain, pp. 115–52. Notes 213

72 Spearhead, Oct. 1978, p. 6. 73 S. Taylor, The National Front in English Politics (London: Macmillan- Palgrave, 1982), p. 103. 74 Roger Eatwell for instance, see R. Eatwell, ‘The Esoteric Ideology of the National Front in the 1980s’, in M. Cronin (ed.) The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1996), p. 102. 75 University of Warwick: [M]odern [R]ecords [C]entre, MSS.321 Box 4: British Democratic Party circular. 76 On the Front’s rise and demise in a comparative context, see N. Copsey, ‘A Comparison Between the Extreme Right in Contemporary France and Britain’, Contemporary European History, vol. 6, no. 1 (1997), pp. 101–16. 77 Spearhead, June 1980, p. 17. 78 Transcript of Tyndall speech, June 1979, p. 15. 79 MRC MSS.321 Box 5: National Front Constitutional Movement Bulletin, Nov. 1979, p. 15. 80 Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 175. 81 See Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 202. 82 Bean, Many Shades of Black, p. 201. 83 Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 160. 84 Spearhead, June 1980, p. 17. 85 See MRC MSS.321 Box 4: New National Front File: J. Tyndall, ‘Help us Save the National Front! An appeal by John Tyndall’, June 1980. 86 See MRC MSS.321 Box 5. 87 See J. Tyndall, ‘New National Front: The Background and the Facts’, p. 3. 88 See MRC MSS.321 Box 4: New National Front File: J. Green, ‘Help us Save the National Front’, June 1980. 89 See MRC MSS.321/1 Box 1: National Front Directorate Minutes, 5 Oct. 1979. 90 School teacher by profession, Edmonds was organiser of the NF’s Lewisham branch. 91 See MRC MSS.321/1 Box 1: National Front Directorate Minutes, 19 Jan. 1980. 92 Tyndall, ‘Help us Save the National Front!’ 93 The National Front Constitutional Movement sought support from the far- right fringes of the Conservative Party. It took some 750 followers from the Front but was extremely transient. 94 The British Democratic Party offshoot was formed from the NF’s Leicester branch. A respectable solicitor and former Tory, Anthony Reed-Herbert led it. Nonetheless, it quickly sank into oblivion. 95 See ‘A New Year’s Message from the New National Front’, 1981. 96 A former National Front official, Charles Parker became the NNF’s National Organiser. Tyndall had married Valerie Parker in November 1977. 97 Dave Bruce became the Director of NNF Activities. 98 Richard Edmonds, always steadfast in his support for Tyndall, was made Head of the Young Nationalist section of the NNF and editor of Young Nationalist. 99 New National Front Members’ Bulletin, March 1981. 100 Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 161. 101 Searchlight, no. 79, Jan. 1982, p. 2. 214 Notes

102 See New National Front Members’ Bulletin, March 1981, and National Front Organisers’ Bulletin, Nov. 1981. 103 New National Front Members’ Bulletin, Aug. 1981. 104 New Frontier, July 1981. 105 Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 161. 106 A further-education lecturer by profession, Brons was a former member of both Jordan’s National Socialist Movement and Tyndall’s Greater Britain Movement. 107 MRC MSS.321/1 Box 1: Minutes of the National Front Directorate Confer- ence, 2–3 Feb. 1980. 108 Spearhead, no. 163, May 1982, p. 6. 109 Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 165. 110 Ibid., p. 162. 111 Ibid., p. 164. 112 See Spearhead, no. 162, April 1982, pp. 18–19. 113 For a report of this press conference, see Searchlight, no. 83, May 1982, pp. 3–4. 114 See Principles and Policies of the British National Party (1982). 115 J. Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour: A Call for British Rebirth (London: Albion Press, 1988), p. 248. 116 Spearhead, no. 163, May 1982, p. 6. 117 See Constitution of the British National Party (Nov. 1982). 118 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 482. 119 Spearhead, no. 39, Jan. 1971, p. 6. 120 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 482. 121 Ibid., pp. 208–9. 122 Article from Spearhead, as quoted in Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 288.

2 The Struggle for the Soul of British Nationalism

1 Searchlight, no. 197, July 1983, p. 6. 2 See C.T. Husbands, ‘Extreme Right-Wing Politics in Great Britain: The Recent Marginalisation of the National Front’, West European Politics, vol. 11, no. 2 (1988), p. 71. 3 Spearhead, no. 179, Sept. 1983, p. 4. 4 R. Hill with A. Bell, The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe’s Neo-Nazi Network (London: Grafton, 1988), p. 173. 5 Spearhead, no. 162, April 1982, p. 19. 6 See British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Feb. 1983. 7 Ibid. 8 Joe Pearce was also editor of the NF’s street-oriented youth magazine Bulldog, a magazine that Pearce had established in 1977 at the age of 16. On Joe Pearce, see Searchlight, no. 332, Feb. 2003, pp. 12–14. 9 See Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, pp. 173–4. 10 See Constitution of the British National Party (Nov. 1982) and British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Feb. 1983. 11 J. Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour: A Call for British Rebirth, 3rd edn (Welling: Albion Press, 1998), p. 490. Notes 215

12 Searchlight, no. 84, June 1982, p. 8. 13 Gateshead BNP: North-East News and Regional Bulletin, March 1983. 14 Merely two were outside England – once more reflecting the Anglo-centric character of extreme right-wing nationalism in Britain, ‘crowded out’ by domestic nationalisms in Scotland and Wales. 15 BNP circular: ‘Preparation for General Election – First Stage’, Dec. 1982. 16 Hill with Bell, The Other Face of Terror, p. 178. 17 A figure claimed by Bromley branch of the British National Party in Counter-Attack, no. 3, July–Aug. 1983. 18 Searchlight, no. 97, July 1983, p. 7. 19 Vote for Britain, Manifesto of the British National Party (1983), p. 15. 20 British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Feb. 1984. 21 See MRC MSS 321/4/1: NF Organisers’ Bulletin, 8 Oct. 1980. 22 MRC MSS 321/4/1: NF Organisers’ Bulletin, 13 June 1983 & MRC MSS 321/1/1/: NF Directorate Minutes, 31 July 1983. 23 British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Feb. 1984. 24 MRC MSS 412/BNP/4/14: New Frontier, Feb. 1983. Webster’s ‘Gay faction’ seems to only include Webster’s alleged lover, Michael Salt, a member of the NF Directorate. 25 See MRC MSS 321/7: National Front AGM Agenda, 1 Oct. 1983, pp. 22–3. 26 Nick Griffin first attended a National Front meeting as a 15-year-old in Norwich. 27 Derek Holland was a former student at Leicester Polytechnic where the Young National Front Student Organisation enjoyed ‘considerable success’ in 1979; see Bulldog, issue 12, April 1979. Of Irish Catholic descent, Holland was noted for being a Catholic fundamentalist. 28 Graham Williamson first joined the National Front in 1975. 29 Patrick Harrington was soon to achieve notoriety as a student at the Polytechnic of North London, see N. Copsey, Anti-Fascism in Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 2000), pp. 154–7. Harrington first joined the National Front in 1979 and was a YNF Organiser. 30 See MRC MSS 321/1/1: Minutes of NF Directorate Conference, 2– 3 Feb. 1980. 31 Ibid. and NF Directorate Minutes, 29 March 1980. 32 Distributism refers to a political and economic theory that offers a ‘third way’ between capitalism and socialism. Supported by Hilaire Belloc and G.K. Chesterton in the interwar period, it promised an end to financial slavery by ensuring the widest distribution of productive property. In the Distributist economy, the restoration of productive property would be based on small-scale craftsmanship and guilds, see H. Belloc, An Essay on the Restoration of Property (London: The Distributist League, 1936). 33 MRC MSS 321/5: National Front Support Group Newsletter: ‘Response to Griffin’s Attempted Murder’, p. 6. 34 See MRC MSS 321/8: National Front, Introduction to the Movement (n.d.) p. 3. 35 Rising, Summer 1985, p. 11. 36 MRC MSS 321/1/1: NF Directorate Minutes, 5 Nov. 1983. 37 Refers to a type of neo-fascism that seeks a ‘third way’ between capitalism and communism. 216 Notes

38 Julius Evola (1898–1974), an Italian fascist philosopher who became a cult figure on the contemporary far right. On Evola’s political thought, see N. Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity (New York: New York University Press, 2002), pp. 52–71. 39 Corneliu Codreanu (1899–1938), Romanian fascist and leader of the Legion of the Archangel Michael. The Legion proclaimed the need for a cultural- spiritual revolution and the creation of the omul nou – the ‘new man’, see S.G. Payne, A History of Fascism (London: UCL Press, 1995), pp. 279–89. 40 In 1985 Fiore was convicted by an Italian court in absentia for ‘political conspiracy’ and for being a member of ‘an armed gang’, see Nationalism Today, issue 40, 1987. 41 See From Ballots to Bombs: The Inside Story of the National Front’s Political Soldiers (London: Searchlight Publishing, 1989). 42 See MRC MSS 321/1/1: NF Directorate Minutes, 5 Nov. 1983. 43 See Searchlight, no. 103, Jan. 1984, pp. 2–3. 44 Spearhead, no. 183, Jan. 1984, p. 8. 45 Spearhead, no. 184, Feb. 1984, p. 10. 46 MRC MSS 321/8: National Front, Introduction to the Movement, p. 3. 47 See ‘Nationalist Unity?’ editorial, New Nation, No. 6. Winter 1984. 48 Spearhead, no. 223, Sept. 1987, p. 4. 49 See for instance, Roger Eatwell’s thoughts on the ‘political soldiers’, MRC MSS 321/2: Transcript of Disciples of Chaos, Channel 4, Oct. 1988, p. 30. 50 Clayton-Garnett was a former head-teacher by profession. 51 Spearhead, no. 201, July 1985, p. 7. 52 Ibid. 53 A secretive national-socialist umbrella organisation that was formed by former Mosleyites in 1973–74. 54 See Searchlight, no. 146, August 1987, pp. 3–4. This theory was reiterated by G. Gable, in ‘The Far Right in Contemporary Britain’, L. Cheles, R. Ferguson and M. Vaughan (eds) Neo-fascism in Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1991), pp. 245–63. 55 For a highly entertaining and semi-comical account of the NF’s 1986 split from both sides, see MRC MSS 321/2: N. Griffin, Attempted Murder: The State/Reactionary Plot against the National Front (Norfolk: NT Press, 1986?), and MSS 321/5: National Front Support Group Newsletter: ‘Response to Griffin’s Attempted Murder’. 56 MRC MSS 321/2: Unedited interview transcript from Channel 4’s 1988 Dispatches TV documentary. 57 See MRC MSS 321/5: Circular: ‘Will the Real National Front Stand Up?’ and Vanguard, no. 1, Aug. 1986 and no. 4, Dec. 1986. 58 See Spearhead, no. 223, Sep. 1987, p. 4. 59 Leicester BNP: Just Truth, A Nationalist Review of Policy Affecting British People, no. 6, Winter 1987. 60 Spearhead, no. 223, Sep. 1987, p. 7. 61 Spearhead, no. 234, Aug. 1988, p. 7. 62 See MRC MSS 321/1/1: NF Directorate Minutes, 8 March 1980. 63 See Spearhead, no. 223, September 1987, p. 5. Wingfield is not personally named in this article but his identity is obvious. 64 See Spearhead, no. 224, Oct. 1987, p. 12. Notes 217

65 British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Jan. 1985. 66 See Searchlight, no. 106, April 1984, p. 7. 67 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 491. 68 A. Roxburgh, Preachers of Hate: The Rise of the Far Right (London: Gibson Square Books, 2002), p. 223. 69 British National Party Organisers’ and Activists’ Bulletin, May 1985. 70 British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Oct. 1985. 71 For offences committed between March and Aug. 1984. 72 See Spearhead, no. 221, July 1987, pp. 13–14. 73 BNP circular: ‘Important Notice to West London Supporters & Members’, 14 May 1987. 74 This branch had been praised as a ‘model’ BNP branch, having often made the local headlines, see for instance, The Bromley Leader, 11 July 1986. 75 Letter from Tyndall to BNP members Bromley area, dated 2 June 1987. Alf Waite later returned to the BNP fold. 76 See ‘Fascist power struggle’, City Limits, 8 Jan.–12 Jan. 1989. 77 ‘Important Notice to West London Supporters and Members’, 14 May 1987. 78 Searchlight, no. 151, Jan. 1988, p. 11 and Spearhead, no. 227, Jan. 1988, p. 7. 79 See Spearhead, no. 227, Jan. 1988, pp. 4–8. 80 Ibid., p. 8. 81 Ibid., p. 7. 82 Ibid., pp. 7–8. 83 See Searchlight, no. 155, May 1988, p. 4. 84 Spearhead, No. 232, June 1988, p. 5. 85 Ibid., p. 6. 86 The revolutionary-nationalist factions in the Front National were cast out by 1981. On Le Pen and the extremist tradition in France, see Peter Fysh and Jim Wolfreys, The Politics of Racism in France (Basingstoke: Macmillan- Palgrave, 1998), pp. 75–106. 87 See R. Eatwell, ‘Continuity and Metamorphosis: Fascism in Britain since 1945’, in S.U. Larsen (ed.), Modern Europe After Fascism (Boulder: Social Science Monographs, 1998), p. 1207. 88 Comments made on BBC Panorama TV interview, 8 April 1991. 89 D. Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust (London: Penguin, 1994), p. 8. 90 First joined the NF in 1978 at the age of 16. Tony Lecomber, from Redbridge, had previously changed his name to Tony Wells or Tony East because he felt that Lecomber was too foreign-sounding. 91 See Searchlight, no. 170, Aug. 1989, p. 9. 92 See Spearhead, no. 241, March 1989, pp. 13–14. 93 Spearhead, no. 232, June 1988, p. 6. 94 See Spearhead, no. 227, Jan. 1988, pp. 4–5. 95 See Gable and Hepple, At War with Society (London: Searchlight, 1993), pp. 11–12. 96 This Leeds-based incarnation of the British National Party published BNP Bulletin and British News. It merged back into the National Front in 1977. On Eddy Morrison’s political career, see Searchlight, no. 128, Feb. 1986, p. 15. For Morrison’s memoirs see, Memoirs of a Street Soldier, accessed 24 July 2007. 218 Notes

97 See Searchlight, no. 157, July 1988, p. 16. 98 According to Searchlight’s figures, see Searchlight, no. 170, Aug. 1989, p. 9. 99 See National Front News, no. 109, 1988, p. 4. 100 Bulldog, no. 36, 1983, p. 1. 101 See National Front News, no. 125, Dec. 1989, p. 5. 102 See Searchlight, no. 147, Sept. 1987. 103 See Searchlight, no. 161, Nov. 1988, pp. 4–5. 104 Searchlight, no. 163, Jan. 1989, p. 11. 105 See Searchlight, no. 168, June 1989, pp. 10–11. 106 The Lost Race, BBC2, 24 March 1999. 107 Searchlight, no. 163, Jan. 1989, p. 10. 108 See MRC MSS 321/4/1: ‘British National Party Call for Unity’ (1989). 109 ‘Fascist power struggle’, in City Limits, 8–12 Jan. 1989. 110 See ‘British National Party Call for Unity’ and Birmingham Daily News, 7 June 1989, as reported in Searchlight, no. 169, July 1989, p. 7. 111 See ‘British National Party Call for Unity’. 112 Spearhead, no. 261, Nov. 1990, p. 13. 113 See Gable and Hepple, At War with Society, p. 12. 114 Ibid. 115 See Searchlight, no. 149, Nov. 1987, p. 17. 116 See Searchlight, no. 170, Aug. 1989, pp. 4–5 and Gable and Hepple, At War with Society, pp. 16–17. 117 Gable and Hepple, At War with Society, p. 17. 118 See accessed 24 July 2007. 119 British Nationalist, Aug./Sept. 1989, p. 2. 120 Searchlight, no. 175, Jan. 1990, p. 11. 121 Gable and Hepple, At War with Society, p. 13. 122 A. Heath, ‘What has Happened to the Extreme Right in Britain?’, Res Publica, vol. 37, no. 2 (1995), p. 205. 123 Spearhead, no. 259, Sept. 1990, p. 11. 124 Ibid. 125 Ibid.

3 A False Dawn in Tower Hamlets: The British National Party in the 1990s

1 Spearhead, no. 296, Oct. 1993, p. 2. 2 Ibid., p. 3. 3 Board of Deputies of British Jews: CST Elections Department, Local Elections 1998 Briefing Pack, p. 5. 4 A. Roxburgh, Preachers of Hate: The Rise of the Far Right (London: Gibson Square Books, 2002), p. 231. 5 See N. Copsey, ‘Contemporary Fascism in the Local Arena: The British National Party and “Rights for Whites”’, in M. Cronin (ed.), The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (Basing- stoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1996), pp. 118–40; R. Eatwell, ‘The Dynamics of Right-Wing Electoral Breakthrough’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 32, no. 3 (1998), pp. 3–31; and C.T. Husbands, ‘Following the “Continental Model”?: Notes 219

Implications of the Recent Electoral Performance of the British National Party’, New Community, vol. 20, no. 4 (1994), pp. 563–79. 6 See Eatwell, ‘The Dynamics of Right-Wing Electoral Breakthrough’, pp. 3–31. 7 See Identity, issue 28, Jan. 2003, p. 21. 8 The British Brothers’ League was struck up as an alliance of Tory backbench MPs and East End workers, see C. Holmes, John Bull’s Island (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1988), p. 70. 9 See T. Linehan, East London for Mosley (London: Frank Cass, 1996). 10 On the immediate postwar revival of fascist activity, see D. Renton, Fascism, Anti-Fascism and Britain in the 1940s (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 2000). 11 N. Holtam and S. Mayo, Learning from the Conflict: Reflections on the Struggle Against the British National Party on the Isle of Dogs, 1993–94 (London: Jubilee Group, 1998), p. 22. 12 Neither Unique nor Typical: The Context of Race Relations in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, An interim report by the Runnymede Trust in the wake of the by-election in Millwall, Isle of Dogs, Dec. 1993, p. 21. 13 CARF (Campaign Against Racism and Fascism Magazine), no. 1, Feb./March 1991, p. 4. 14 C.T. Husbands, ‘Following the “Continental Model”?: Implications of the Recent Electoral Performance of the British National Party’, p. 570. 15 The British Eastender, Newsletter for members and supporters of Tower Hamlets British National Party, no. 2, Sept. 1990. 16 Spearhead, no. 259, Sept. 1990, p. 12. 17 Holtam and Mayo, Learning from the Conflict, p. 24. 18 The British Eastender, no. 1, May 1990. 19 See The British Eastender, no. 2. Sept. 1990. 20 Neither Unique nor Typical, p. 50, and Spearhead, no. 281, July 1992, p. 9. 21 Patriot, Spring 1997, p. 9. 22 Beackon had first joined the BNP as an associate member in 1986. He became a full member in 1987. 23 Spearhead, no. 296, Oct. 1993, p. 2. 24 Spearhead, no. 323, Jan. 1996, p. 9. However, this figure was probably an exaggeration. Searchlight’s Nick Lowles claims that the BNP received over 500 enquiries after Millwall and ‘few actually joined’; see N. Lowles, White Riot (Bury: Milo Books, 2001), p. 36. 25 Spearhead, no. 312, Feb. 1995, p. 6. 26 See Neither Unique nor Typical, pp. 54–5. 27 Daily Telegraph, 18 Sept. 1993. 28 Daily Mail, 18 Sept. 1993. 29 Daily Mirror, 18 Sept. 1993. 30 The Guardian, 14 Oct. 1993. 31 See New Statesman and Society, 24 Sept. 1993, p. 33. 32 See Time Out, 29 Sept. 1993. 33 See the Guardian, 21 Sept. 1993. 34 The Times, 18 Sept. 1993. 35 The Sunday Times, 19 Sept. 1993. 220 Notes

36 An independent charity that was originally founded in 1968. It concerns itself with matters relating to racial equality and justice. 37 See the Independent, 21 Sept. 1993. 38 See the Guardian, 23 Sept. 1993. 39 See Copsey, ‘Contemporary Fascism in the Local Arena’, pp. 118–40. 40 G. Gable and T. Hepple, At War with Society (London: Searchlight Magazine Ltd, 1993), p. 22. 41 Patriot, Spring 1997, p. 5. 42 Patriot, Winter 1997, p. 16. 43 Ibid. 44 Ibid., p. 14. The BUP was later absorbed into the anti-immigrant New Britain Party. 45 This initiative was opposed by the Oldham Campaign against Racism and Fascism which leafleted the town informing residents that ‘Today’s Nazis call themselves “Community Action”’, see Searchlight, no. 154, April 1988, p. 6. 46 Brady first joined the National Front in the early 1970s. When the NF split in 1975 Brady opted to join the National Party faction but returned to the National Front in the 1980s. Allegedly, in the late 1970s, Brady was International Liaison Officer for the League of St. George – a neo-Nazi umbrella organisation. 47 See Vanguard, no. 14, Nov.–Dec. 1987, pp. 10–11. 48 L. Fekete, ‘Europe for the Europeans: East End for the East Enders’, p. 74. 49 Patriot, Spring 1997, p. 6. 50 Ibid., pp. 6–7. 51 British Nationalist, April 1990, p. 8. 52 Patriot, Winter 1997, p. 16. 53 Spearhead, no. 281, July 1992, p. 9. 54 See British Nationalist, Aug./Sept. 1990, p. 7. 55 See CARF, no. 6, Jan/Feb. 1992, p. 13. 56 British Eastender, No. 1, May 1990. 57 Fighting Talk, Journal of Anti-Fascist Action, Sept. 1991, p. 3. 58 Searchlight, no. 192, June 1991, p. 3 and Searchlight, no. 195, Sept. 1991, p. 6. 59 BNP Organisers’ and Activists’ Bulletin: ‘Party Image and Discipline’, 1 May 1991. 60 See Searchlight, no. 196, Oct. 1991, pp. 10–11. 61 Patriot, Winter 1997, p. 16. 62 See Gable and Hepple (1993), p. 36. 63 Patriot, Winter 1997, p. 17. 64 See S. Smith, A Storm Rising, 2nd edn (Imraldis eBooks, 2003), p. 68 and p. 135. 65 Patriot, Spring 1997, p. 9. 66 East London Advertiser, 9 Sept. 1993. 67 Patriot, Spring 1997, p. 3. 68 Ibid. 69 See Sunday Express, 12 Sept. 1993. 70 Beackon’s campaign leaflet as quoted in Neither Unique nor Typical, p. 51. 71 East London Advertiser, 23 Sept. 1993. Notes 221

72 See Docklands Recorder, 15 Sept. 1993. 73 ANL leaflet, distributed September 1993. On 11 September 1993, an ANL rally was held at Millwall Park. The main speaker was Leon Greenman, a survivor of Auschwitz and Buchenwald. 74 Daily Telegraph, 16 Sept. 1993. 75 Political Speech and Race Relations in a Liberal Democracy, Report of an Inquiry into the conduct of the Tower Hamlets Liberal Democrats in publishing allegedly racist election literature between 1990 and 1993, Dec. 1993, p. 3. 76 The British Eastender, no. 1. May 1990. 77 Neither Unique nor Typical, p. 29. 78 See Searchlight, no. 110, Aug. 1984, p. 17. 79 See Neither Unique nor Typical, p. 34 and p. 44. 80 Political Speech and Race Relations in a Liberal Democracy, p. 30 81 East London Advertiser, 8 Nov. 1991. 82 Political Speech and Race Relations in a Liberal Democracy, p. 36. 83 East London Advertiser, 10 April 1992. 84 See Political Speech and Race Relations in a Liberal Democracy, pp. 36–40. 85 R. Eatwell, ‘Britain: The BNP and the Problem of Legitimacy’, in H.-G. Betz and S. Immerfall (eds), The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1998), p. 152. 86 One leaflet – the so-called ‘Toilet’ leaflet – was distributed by Liberal Focus describing how Labour councillors had tried to donate £30,000 to Bangla- deshi flood relief and had given the Bangladeshi Youth Movement £175,000. 87 Holtam and Mayo, Learning from the Conflict, p. 3. 88 C. Mudde, ‘“England Belongs to Me”: The Extreme Right in the UK Parlia- mentary Election of 2001’, Representation, vol. 39, no. 1 (2002), p. 41. 89 See Island Patriot, BNP leaflet (1992). 90 See Spearhead, no. 303, May 1994, p. 14. 91 See Holtam and Mayo, Learning from the Conflict, p. 2. 92 British Nationalist, Oct. 1993, p. 1. 93 See Eatwell, ‘The Dynamics of Right-wing Electoral Breakthrough’, pp. 3–31. 94 R. Eatwell, ‘Ethnocentric Party Mobilization in Europe: the Importance of the Three-Dimensional Approach’, in R. Koopmans and P. Statham (eds), Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics (Oxford: Oxford Uni- versity Press, 2000), p. 350. 95 See Tower Hamlets Independent News Service, Press Release, 31 March 1994, p. 3. 96 See Docklands Recorder, 3 May 1990. 97 Ibid. 98 Neither Unique nor Typical, p. 52. 99 See Tower Hamlets Independent News Service, Press Release, 31 March 1994, p. 4. 100 See Spearhead, no. 303, May 1994, p. 4. 101 On the mobilisation of this vote, see Holtam and Mayo, Learning from the Conflict. 102 See Spearhead, no. 305, July 1994, p. 10. 103 See Board of Deputies of British Jews: CST Elections Department, Local Elections 1998 Briefing Pack, p. 11. 222 Notes

104 Spearhead, no. 305, July 1994, p. 10. 105 Lowles, White Riot, pp. 25–6. 106 Amongst far-right circles, Covington is best-known for his role in the Greensboro massacre in North Carolina in 1979 when he helped organise a counter-demonstration to an anti-KKK rally that led to the deaths of five anti-Klan demonstrators. The author of The March up Country, a critique of the failure of white resistance, Covington spent some time in Britain in the early 1990s and may have helped launch Combat 18, see Lowles, White Riot, pp. 27–35. 107 A physicist by profession, Dr William Pearce was the most influential neo- Nazi in the United States of America. He was leader of the National Alliance and author of The Turner Diaries (1978). This book, which has sold around half a million copies, sets out a blueprint for violent white revolution based on a fictional account of a white supremacist terror group in the USA. Pearce died in July 2002. On Pearce, see Searchlight, no. 328, Oct. 2002, pp. 16–19. 108 See Lowles, White Riot, pp. 41–2. 109 Patriot, Winter 1997, p. 17. 110 Searchlight, no. 226, April 1994, p. 5. 111 J. Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour: A Call for British Rebirth, 3rd edn (Welling: Albion Press, 1998), p. 501. 112 See Lowles, White Riot, p. 58. 113 See Spearhead, no. 319, Sept. 1995, pp. 7–8. 114 Searchlight, no. 237, March 1995, p. 3. 115 CARF, no. 29, Dec. 1995–Jan. 1996, p. 12. 116 See Spearhead, no. 311, Jan. 1995, p. 5. 117 See Searchlight, no. 241, July 1995, p. 2. 118 Ibid., p. 9. 119 See Spearhead, no. 319, Sept. 1995, pp. 6–10. 120 See Searchlight, no. 244, Oct, 1995, p. 5. 121 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 502. 122 ‘The aims of C18’, reproduced in Searchlight, no. 225, March 1994, p. 6. 123 See Lowles, White Riot, pp. 257–66. 124 On the beginnings of the internal feud in Combat 18, see Searchlight, no. 259, January 1997, p. 3. Charlie Sargent was imprisoned for murder in 1997. 125 See Searchlight, no. 243, Sept. 1995, pp. 7–8. 126 See MRC MSS 412/BNP/3/1: British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Nov. 1995. 127 Patriot, Summer 2000, p. 9. 128 See Spearhead, no. 323, Jan. 1996, p. 9. 129 Ibid., p. 10. 130 See Spearhead, no. 325, March 1996, pp. 11–13. 131 See Searchlight, no. 290, Aug. 1999, pp. 8–11. 132 Michael Newland to author, 19 May 2003. 133 Spearhead, no. 366, Aug. 1999, p. 4. 134 Ibid. 135 See The Rune, issue 11, p. 4. 136 Spearhead, no. 324, Feb. 1996, p. 11. 137 See Spearhead, no. 324, Feb. 1996, 11–13. 138 The Rune, issue 8, p. 9. Notes 223

139 Spearhead, no. 336, Feb. 1997, p. 5. 140 See Who are the Mind-Benders?, p. 8. 141 Spearhead, no. 335, Jan. 1997, p. 8. 142 Searchlight claimed that the BNP could only field over 50 candidates as a consequence of a £70,000 donation from William Pearce; the BNP main- tained that it was financed from ordinary members. 143 See Spearhead, no. 339, May 1997, pp. 4–5 and Searchlight, no. 264, June 1997 p. 4. 144 MRC MSS 412/BNP/3/1: British National Party Members’ Bulletin, July 1997. 145 Ibid. 146 See Searchlight, no. 264, June 1997 pp. 6–11 and Searchlight, no. 265, July 1997, pp. 3–6. 147 See Spearhead, no. 339, May 1997, pp. 14–15. 148 Spearhead, no. 366, Aug. 1999, p. 6. 149 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 514. 150 See Board of Deputies of British Jews: Local Elections 1998 Briefing Pack, pp. 3–5 and p. 11. 151 Ibid., p. 3. 152 See Identity, issue 28, Jan. 2003, p. 20. 153 See Searchlight, no. 276, June 1998, pp. 6–8. 154 See Spearhead, no. 351, May 1998, pp. 14–17. 155 Michael Newland to author, 19 May 2003. 156 On this merger, see Spearhead, no. 351, May 1998, pp. 4–7 and British National Party Members’ Bulletin, May/June 1998. 157 See British Countryman, Spring issue, 1998, p. 2. At the London Countryside Rally in March 1998, 30,000 copies of the British Countryman were handed out to marchers. 158 See Spearhead, no. 357, Nov. 1998, pp. 14–19. 159 Spearhead, no. 366, Aug. 1999, p. 6. 160 J. Bean, Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain’s Far Right (London: New Millennium, 1999), p. 238.

4 Fascism on the Fringe: The Ideology of Tyndall’s British National Party

1 Fight Back! The Election Manifesto of the British National Party (1992), p. 23. 2 See MRC MSS 412/4/14: Spreading the Word: British National Party Handbook on Propaganda, p. 16. 3 See Patriot, Summer 1998, pp. 34–5. 4 See for instance, L. Cheles, R. Ferguson and M. Vaughan (eds), Neo-fascism in Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1991); P. Merkl and L. Weinberg (eds), Encounters with the Contemporary Radical Right (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1993); H.-G. Betz, Radical Right-Wing Parties in Western Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1994); and P. Taggart, ‘New Populist Parties in Western Europe’, West European Politics, vol. 18, no. 1 (1995), pp. 34–51. 5 See for instance, P. Merkl and L. Weinberg (eds), The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties (London: Frank Cass, 1997), and H. Kitschelt, 224 Notes

The Radical Right in Western Europe (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1997). 6 See H.-G. Betz and S. Immerfall (eds), The New Politics of the Right: Neo- Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1998), p. 3. 7 See C. Mudde, The Ideology of the Extreme Right (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2000), p. 12. 8 See F. Ferraresi, Threats to Democracy. The Radical Right in Italy after the War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 3–14. 9 C. Mudde, ‘The War of Words: Defining the Extreme-Right Party Family’, West European Politics, vol. 19, no. 2 (1996), pp. 225–48. 10 See P. Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right (London: Pinter, 2000), pp. 4–5. 11 See Mudde, ‘The War of Words: Defining the Extreme-Right Party Family’, p. 229. 12 R. Griffin, ‘Nationalism’, in R. Eatwell and A. Wright (eds), Contemporary Political Ideologies (London: Pinter, 1993), p. 150. 13 By ‘ideal type’ we call upon Max Weber’s concept. Therefore, the type is ‘ideal’ in so far as it only exists in its purest form at the level of abstraction. 14 R. Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 166. 15 See R. Griffin, ‘Fascism’s new faces (and new facelessness) in the “post- fascist epoch”’, in R. Griffin, W. Loh and A. Umland (eds), Fascism Past and Present, West and East: An International Debate on Concepts and Cases in the Comparative Study of the Extreme Right (Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag, 2006), esp. pp. 38–9. 16 For the classic statement of this position, see G. Allardyce, ‘What Fascism is Not: Thoughts on the Deflation of a Concept’, American Historical Review, vol. 84, no. 2 (1979), pp. 367–88. 17 See for instance, D. Prowe, ‘“Classic Fascism” and the New Radical Right in Western Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts’, Contemporary European History, vol. 3, no. 3 (1994), pp. 289–313. 18 For a Marxist riposte, see D. Renton, Fascism: Theory and Practice (London: Pluto, 1999). 19 G. Mosse, The Fascist Revolution (New York: Howard Fertig, 1999), pp. xi–xii. 20 See Z. Sternhell, Neither Right Nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996); S.M. Lipset, Political Man (London: Heinemann, 1960); and D.S. Lewis, Mosley, Fascism and British Society 1931–1981 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987). 21 N. Copsey, ‘Fascism: The Ideology of the British National Party’, Politics, vol. 14, no. 3 (1994), pp. 102–8. 22 See for instance, Betz, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe; and J. Rydgren (ed.), Movements of Exclusion: Radical Right-Wing Populism in the Western World (NY: Nova Scotia Publishers, 2005). 23 K. Passmore, Fascism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: OUP, 2002), p. 90. 24 Taggart, ‘New Populist Parties in Western Europe’, p. 36. 25 For a fuller discussion of terminology, see R. Eatwell, ‘Introduction: the New extreme challenge’, in R. Eatwell and C. Mudde (eds), Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 1–16. 26 R. Griffiths, Fascism (London: Continuum, 2005), p. 1. Notes 225

27 A. James Gregor for instance, who recently claimed that he saw ‘no evidence that there is any kind of real or emerging consensus about the interpretation of fascism among anglophone scholars – or, for that matter, among the students of fascism anywhere’, Griffin, Loh and Umland (eds), Fascism Past and Present, West and East, p. 119. 28 See R. Griffin, ‘Introduction: God’s Counterfeiters? Investigating the Triad of Fascism, Totalitarianism and (Political) Religion’, in R. Griffin (ed.), Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 9. 29 See R. Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (London: Pinter, 1991). Griffin has revealed that he first came across the word ‘palingenesis’ in the title of a book published in 1833 by utopian socialist Pierre-Simon Ballanches, La Palin- génésie sociale. In Griffin’s Modernism and Fascism (Basingstoke: Palgrave- Macmillan, 2007), his newer discursive definition of fascism begins: ‘FASCISM is a revolutionary species of political modernism originating in the early twentieth century whose mission is to combat the allegedly degenerative forces of contemporary history (decadence) by bringing about an alternative modernity and temporality (a “new order” and a “new era”) based on the rebirth, or palingenesis, of the nation’, p. 181. 30 See contributions by David Baker, Roger Eatwell and Stanley Payne in Griffin, Loh and Umland (eds), Fascism Past and Present, West and East. 31 Griffin cites this author along with David Baker, Tom Linehan, Mark Antliff, Emily Braun, Andreas Umland and Aristotle Kallis, in Griffin, Loh and Umland (eds), Fascism Past and Present, West and East, p. 257. 32 Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, p. 26. 33 Mosse, ‘Introduction: The Genesis of Fascism’, p. 21. 34 A.J. Gregor, The Search for Neo-fascism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 28. 35 For a useful typology of neo-fascism see Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, pp. 166–9. 36 MRC MSS.412/BNP/4/13: BNP Activists’ Handbook, p. 9. 37 Ibid., p. 7. 38 Ibid., p. 9. 39 J. Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn (Welling: Albion Press, 1998), p. 518. 40 A New Way Forward: The Political Objectives of the British National Party (1991), p. 2. This was reprinted in 1992 as Fight Back! The Election Manifesto of the British National Party. 41 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, p. 135. 42 T. Linehan, British Fascism 1918–39 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 223. 43 MRC MSS 412/BNP/4/14: New Frontier, Sept. 1981. 44 Vote for Britain. The Manifesto of the British National Party (1983), p. 3. 45 J. Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour (London: Albion Press, 1988), p. 589. 46 BNP: NO to Maastricht and NO to Europe! Exploded: the Myth that Britain has No Future Outside the EC, p. 4. 47 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 520. 48 Ibid. 49 Ibid. 50 BNP Activists’ Handbook, p. 63. 51 Ibid., p. 62. 226 Notes

52 Spearhead, no. 248, Oct. 1989, p. 7. 53 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 228. 54 See for instance, Fight Back!, pp. 4–6. 55 Ibid., p. 23. 56 Ibid., p. 3. 57 R. Muldrew, ‘Changes on the Extreme Right in Post-War Britain: A Com- parison of the Ideologies of Oswald Mosley and John Tyndall’ (University of Liverpool, M.Phil, 1995), p. 115. 58 On Mosley’s corporatism, see Lewis, Illusions of Grandeur, pp. 33–60. 59 Manifesto for the Revival of Britain, British Nationalist, July 1987, p. 3. 60 Fight Back!, p. 3. 61 On Giovanni Gentile, see A. James Gregor, Giovanni Gentile: Philosopher of Fascism (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2001). 62 Fight Back!, pp. 20–1. 63 Ibid., p. 14. 64 Britain Reborn: A Programme for a New Century, BNP Election Manifesto 1997, Section 6: ‘The Mass media: Time for a Clean Up’, British National Party website, accessed 5 Jan. 1997. 65 Fight Back!, p. 12. 66 See The Guardian, 20 Feb. 1993, p. 3. 67 See MRC MSS 321/1451/54: Combat, no. 13, Aug.–Oct. 1961, p. 4. 68 See MRC MSS 21/1551/81. 69 Fight Back!, p. 26. 70 On Leese’s ‘race theory’, see Linehan, British Fascism, pp. 180–6. 71 Britain Reborn: A Programme for a New Century, Section 11: ‘Race and Immigration’. 72 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 244. 73 Ibid., p. 403. 74 Ibid., p. 354. 75 J. Tyndall, The Authoritarian State (London: National Socialist Movement, 1962) p. 14 and p. 15. 76 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, pp. 88–112. 77 Tyndall, The Authoritarian State, p. 15. 78 Official Programme of the Greater Britain Movement, p. 3. 79 Spearhead, no. 191, Sept. 1984, p. 20. 80 Britain Reborn: A Programme for a New Century, Section 11: ‘Race and Immigration’. 81 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 358. 82 Official Programme of the Greater Britain Movement, p. 3. 83 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 333. 84 Ibid., p. 333. 85 See Fight Back!, p. 21. 86 M. Durham, Women and Fascism (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 144. 87 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 368. 88 See Spearhead, no. 284, Oct. 1992, pp. 9–12. 89 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 109. 90 A.K. Chesterton, The New Unhappy Lords (London: Candour Publishing Co, 1965), pp. 203–4. Notes 227

91 Ibid., p. 19. 92 Ibid., p. 210. 93 Ibid., p. 204. 94 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, pp. 102–3. 95 Who are the Mind-Benders?, p. 4. 96 MRC MSS 412/BNP/4/10: BNP: The Enemy Within: How TV Brainwashes a Nation (1993), p. 2. 97 See Searchlight, no. 150, Dec. 1987, p. 4. 98 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 104. 99 Ibid., pp. 364–5. 100 Spreading the Word: British National Party Handbook on Propaganda, p. 18. 101 See for instance, Spearhead, no. 303, May 1994, pp. 16–17. 102 See Searchlight, no. 206, Aug. 1992, pp. 3–5. 103 R.J. Evans, Telling Lies About Hitler (London: Verso, 2002), p. 204. 104 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 328. 105 See Britain Reborn: A Programme for a New Century, Section 3: ‘The regen- eration of British Industry’. 106 Principles and Policies of the British National Party (1982). 107 Constitution of the British National Party (Nov. 1982), p. 2. 108 Vote for Britain, Manifesto of the British National Party (1983), p. 11. 109 Fight Back!, p. 7. 110 Ibid., p. 9. 111 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 296. 112 Ibid., p. 414. 113 NO to Maastricht and NO to Europe!, pp. 3–4. 114 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 423. 115 Ibid., p. 424. 116 See Official Programme of the Greater Britain Movement, p. 5. 117 See Fight Back!, pp. 9–10. 118 See Principles and Policies of the British National Party (1982). 119 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 521. 120 Fight Back!, p. 21. 121 Tyndall, The Eleventh Hour, 3rd edn, p. 522. 122 See Griffin, The Nature of Fascism, p. 164. 123 D.R. Holmes, Integral Europe: Fast-Capitalism, Multiculturalism, Neofascism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 158. 124 J. Tyndall, ‘There’s No Image to Beat the Image of Success!’, Spearhead website, accessed 16 Jan. 2003. 125 Tyndall, ‘There’s No Image to Beat the Image of Success!’ 126 For further confirmation of Tyndall’s intransigence, see Holmes, Inte- gral Europe: Fast-Capitalism, Multiculturalism, Neofascism, p. 157, and K.J. Thomson, ‘“All Change on the British Extreme Right?” Nick Griffin and the “Modernisation” of the British National Party (BNP)’ (University of Bath, PhD, 2004), p. 59. 127 See Patriot, Summer 1998, p. 35. 128 R. Griffin, ‘British Fascism: The Ugly Duckling’, in M. Cronin (ed.), The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1996), p. 162. 228 Notes

5 New Millennium New Leader: Nick Griffin and the Modernisation of the British National Party, 1999–2001

1 Identity, issue 28, Jan. 2003, p. 21. 2 British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Oct. 1999. 3 Comments originally made in the e-mail newsletter (no. 981) of the Inter- national Third Position and reproduced in full in Spearhead, no. 367, Sept. 1999, p. 13. 4 See Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 3. 5 See Spearhead, no. 334, Dec. 1996, p. 13. 6 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 4. 7 Ibid., p. 5. 8 Ibid., p. 7. 9 Ibid., p. 5. 10 Spearhead, no. 351, May 1998, p. 15. 11 On the French New Right, see R. Griffin, ‘Plus ça change! The Fascist Pedigree of the Nouvelle Droite’, in E.J. Arnold (ed.), The Development of the Radical Right in France (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 2000), pp. 217–52. 12 On the FN’s strategy of ‘dual discourse’, see P. Fysh and J. Wolfeys, The Politics of Racism in France (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1998), pp. 129–32. 13 Spearhead, no. 351, May 1998, p. 17. 14 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 7. 15 See H.-G. Betz, ‘Introduction’ in H.-G. Betz and S. Immerfall (eds), The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1998), esp. pp. 3–6. 16 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 8. 17 See Spearhead, no. 363, May 1999, p. 28. 18 Patriot, Spring 1998, p. 8. 19 Ibid. 20 Searchlight, no. 288, July 1999, p. 20. 21 Freedom for Britain and the British, BNP website accessed 17 June 1999. 22 For a summary of BNP activity during 1998 by area, see Searchlight, no. 285, March 1999, p. 18. 23 British National Party Election Communication: North East Region, 10 June 1999. 24 Griffin had consulted some 75 party activists on the design of the election leaflet. 25 See Spearhead, no. 362, April 1999, p. 4. 26 This had resulted in three deaths. All together, over 100 people had been injured as a result of these nail-bomb attacks. On Copeland, see special issue of Searchlight, no. 301, July 2000. 27 White Nationalist Report (published in Support of the NF), issue no. 5, Oct. 1999. 28 As quoted in Searchlight, no. 289, July 1999, p. 17. 29 See For a Britain Strong and Free: An Introduction to the British National Party (1999), p. 3. 30 Identity, issue 28, Jan. 2003, p. 21. 31 Searchlight, no. 288, June 1999, p. 12. Notes 229

32 Spearhead, no. 351, May 1998, p. 5. 33 Patriot, Summer 2000, p. 13. 34 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 5. 35 See Searchlight, no. 286, April 1999, pp. 24–5. 36 See N. Copsey, ‘Extremism on the net: The extreme right and the value of the Internet’, in R. Gibson, P. Nixon and S. Ward (eds), Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain? (London: Routledge, 2003), esp. pp. 226–9. 37 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 6. 38 For a perceptive content analysis of the BNP’s website, see C. Atton, ‘Far- Right Media on the Internet: Culture, Discourse and Power’, New Media and Society, vol. 8, no. 4 (2006), pp. 573–87. 39 Identity, Issue 28, Jan. 2003, p. 20. 40 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 6. 41 See N. Griffin, Attempted Murder: The State/Reactionary Plot against the National Front (Norfolk: NT Press, 1986), p. 13. 42 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 7. 43 For a quick guide to these ‘circles’, see for instance, E.G. Declair, Politics on the Fringe. The People, Policies and Organization of the French National Front (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999), pp. 167–9. 44 Spearhead, no. 358, Dec. 1998, p. 12. 45 Searchlight, no. 298, April 2000, p. 11. 46 On the American Friends of the BNP, see Searchlight, no. 292, Oct. 1999, pp. 18–19. In November 2000, the Political Parties Elections and Refer- endums Act became law. This imposed restrictions on foreign and ano- nymous donations to political parties. 47 Nick Griffin’s official leadership election address: ‘The Future, not the Past’, posted out with British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Aug.–Sept. 1999. 48 ‘The Future, not the Past’. 49 Michael Newland to author, 19 May 2003. 50 John Tyndall’s official election address: ‘We’ve Come a Long Way – Don’t Let’s Ruin It!’, posted out with British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Aug.–Sept. 1999. 51 See Spearhead, no. 367, Sept. 1999, p. 5. 52 See ‘The Leadership Election’ column in Moving On, Moving Up: Why People Are Voting for Nick Griffin. 53 Spearhead, no. 367, Sept. 1999, p. 7. 54 See ‘Image Does Matter’, by Bruce Crowd in Moving On, Moving Up. 55 See ‘The Challenge of the New Millennium’, by Nick Griffin in Moving On, Moving Up. 56 Spearhead, no. 367, Sept. 1999, p. 9. 57 Ibid. 58 See Searchlight, no. 292, Oct. 1999, pp. 8–11. 59 See Patriot, Summer 2000, p. 15. 60 Searchlight, no. 292, Oct. 1999, p. 6. 61 ‘We’ve Come a Long Way – Don’t Let’s Ruin It!’ 62 Searchlight, no. 292, Oct. 1999, p. 4. 63 See British National Party Members’ Bulletin, Oct. 1999. 64 Quoted in Ibid. 230 Notes

65 See Spearhead, no. 370, Dec. 1999, p. 14. 66 See Identity, issue 1, Jan./Feb. 2000, p. 2. 67 Patriot, Summer 2000, p. 15. 68 Michael Newland to author, 19 May 2003. 69 Identity, issue 3, May/June 2000, p. 12. 70 Born in Potters Bar in 1944, Newland was educated at South Bank University and then Guildhall University. He joined the BNP in the 1990s after the election victory in Millwall. 71 Patriot, Summer 2000, p. 3. 72 Michael Newland to author, 19 May 2003. 73 Searchlight, no. 300, June 2000, p. 6. 74 Newland’s election address is reprinted in Patriot, Summer 2000, p. 10. 75 See Board of Deputies of British Jews, CST Elections Research Unit, Local Elections 2000 Including London and London Mayoral, Thursday 4 May 2000 and Patriot, Summer 2000, pp. 3–6. 76 S. Smith, How it was Done. The Rise of Burnley BNP: The Inside Story (Burnley: Cliviger Press, 2004), p. 8. 77 Interview with branch organiser Steve Smith, in The Voice of Freedom, BNP website accessed 11 Sept. 2002. 78 See Patriot, Summer 2000, p. 4, and Board of Deputies of British Jews: Local Elections 2000 Including London and London Mayoral, Thursday 4 May 2000, p. 3. 79 See Searchlight, no. 308, Feb. 2001, p. 15. 80 For a report on this campaign and a photograph of Smith, wearing a swastika armband and clothed in British Movement regalia, see Searchlight, no. 302, Aug. 2000, p. 7. On how the local community in Bexley then fought back against the BNP, see the Guardian, 27 May 2003. 81 See CARF (Campaign against Racism and Fascism Magazine), no. 15, July/Aug. 1993, p. 3. 82 See CARF, no. 5 Nov./Dec. 1991, p. 3 and no. 6, Jan./Feb. 1992, p. 10. 83 See P. Statham, ‘United Kingdom’ in J. ter Wal (ed.), Racism and Cultural Diversity in the Mass Media (European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenopobia, 2002), pp. 395–419. 84 Guardian Magazine, 20 May 2000. 85 See Home Office: Asylum Statistics: United Kingdom 1999, HOSB 17/00. 86 See CARF, no. 58, Oct./Nov. 2000, p. 12. 87 See CARF, no. 56, June/July 2000, pp. 5–7. The Macpherson Report had argued that institutionalised racism in the police force was endemic. 88 See Searchlight, no. 299, May 2000, p. 9. 89 See ‘Race to the right’ in Guardian Magazine, 20 May 2000. 90 Michael Newland to author, 19 May 2003. 91 See Identity, issue 5, Jan. 2001, pp. 4–5. 92 With 40.54 per cent of the vote, Sharron Edwards of the Freedom Party won her first council seat in May 2003 at Wombourne in south Staffordshire. 93 See Searchlight, no. 322, April 2002, p. 7. 94 See British Nationalist, Members’ Bulletin of the BNP, Nov/Dec. 2000. 95 Michael Newland to author, 19 May 2003. Notes 231

96 At the start of 2001, Tyndall had announced that it was his intention to challenge for the leadership of the party, see British Nationalist, Members’ Bulletin of the BNP, Feb. 2001. 97 See British Nationalist, Members’ Bulletin of the BNP, Jan. 2001. Searchlight had previously noted that the original design of Identity owed much to a prewar Communist format. 98 British Nationalist, Members’ Bulletin of the BNP, March 2001. 99 Identity, Jan. 2001, p. 5. 100 Identity, July 2001, p. 13. 101 Identity, issue 66, May 2006, p. 6. 102 See K. Thomson, ‘“All Change on the British Extreme Right”? Nick Griffin and the “Modernisation” of the British National Party (BNP)’ (University of Bath, PhD, 2004), p. 68. 103 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 7. 104 Ibid., p. 5.

6 Out of Obscurity: The Rise of the British National Party, 2001–2003

1 A BUF councillor was elected (unopposed) to Worthing Council in 1934; and another was elected at Eye in Suffolk in 1938. 2 See Lancashire Evening Telegraph, 2 May 2003. 3 A consequence of revised and updated warding for all metropolitan authorities. 4 Oldham Chronicle, 8 June 2001. This figure also includes the 1,617 votes that the BNP candidate polled in the adjacent constituency of Ashton- under-Lyne, which includes the Oldham wards of Hollinwood and Failsworth. 5 Identity, June 2001, p. 11. This is a different Steve Smith to the local BNP organiser in Tower Hamlets. 6 Oldham Independent Review (2001), p. 43. 7 See Oldham Chronicle, 31 Jan. 2001. 8 See CARF (Campaign Against Racism and Fascism Magazine), no. 63, Aug./Sept. 2001, p. 4. 9 See letter by Jawaid Iqbal to Oldham Chronicle, 15 Feb. 2001. 10 See for instance, ‘Chronicle Comment’, in Oldham Chronicle, 1 Feb. 2001. 11 See Oldham Independent Review. 12 Oldham is listed by Spearhead as having had a BNP unit in the mid-1990s. Eighteen months before the riots in Oldham, the BNP had no membership in Oldham, see the Guardian, 30 May 2001. 13 Searchlight, no. 300, June 2000, p. 7. 14 See Oldham Chronicle, 8 Feb. 2001. Mick Treacy joined the party in 2000 and worked as a local taxi-driver. 15 British Nationalist, Members’ Bulletin of the BNP, Feb. 2001. 16 For a brief report, see Oldham Chronicle, 5 March 2001. 17 Identity, June 2001, p. 4. 18 See Oldham Chronicle, 6 April 2001. 19 See S. Smith, A Storm Rising, 2nd edn (Imladris eBooks, 2003), p. 113. 232 Notes

20 See for instance Oldham Chronicle, 25 and 27 April 2001. 21 Oldham Chronicle, 24 April 2001. 22 For BNP involvement, see Searchlight, no. 337, July 2003, pp. 4–7. 23 See Oldham Chronicle, 28 May 2001. 24 For a chronology of events, see Oldham Independent Review, pp. 69–71. 25 The coverage of the other main local newspapers, the Manchester Evening News and the Oldham Advertiser attracted less criticism from the Asian com- munity, see Oldham Independent Review, pp. 64–6. 26 See Oldham Chronicle, 28 May 2001. 27 Oldham Chronicle, 27 April 2001. 28 See Oldham Independent Review, p. 64. 29 On ‘race’ and readers’ letters, see J.E. Richardson and B. Franklin, ‘Dear Editor: Race, Readers’ Letters and the Local Press’, Political Quarterly, vol. 74, no. 2 (2003), pp. 185–92. 30 Oldham Independent Review, p. 65. 31 Searchlight, no. 314, Aug. 2001, p. 12. 32 See N. Lowles, White Riot (Bury: Milo Books, 2001), pp. 322–3. 33 Nick Griffin, on Today programme, BBC Radio 4, 28 May 2001. 34 Oldham Chronicle, 29 May 2001. 35 See Voice of Freedom, June 2001, p. 11. 36 See Oldham Chronicle, 6 June 2001. 37 Runnymede Quarterly Bulletin, June 2001, p. 19. 38 See Oldham Chronicle, 28 May 2001. 39 As quoted in CARF, 62, June/July 2000, p. 7. 40 See Runnymede Quarterly Bulletin, June 2001, p. 13. 41 Nick Griffin, on Today programme, BBC Radio 4, 28 May 2001. 42 C. Mudde, ‘England Belongs to Me: The Extreme Right in the UK Parlia- mentary Election of 2001’, Representation, vol. 39, no. 1 (2002), p. 39. 43 In Barking, Mark Tolman had polled 6.4 per cent of the vote; in Poplar and Canning Town, Paul Borg had captured 5.2 per cent. 44 Identity, June 2001, p. 5. 45 See Oldham Chronicle, 8 June 2001. 46 See Burnley Express, 10 July 2001. 47 See Burnley Task Force Report (2001) p. 7. 48 See Burnley 2006: The Real Story (Burnley: Burnley Borough Council, 2006), p. 5. 49 See Burnley Express, 12 May 2000. 50 See Burnley Express, 21 April 2000. The upshot of both BNP candidates having failed to reveal their political affiliation on their nomination papers. 51 Burnley Task Force Report, p. 66. 52 See Burnley Express, 9 May 2000. 53 See Burnley Task Force Report, Appendix 2c: Labour Group submission, and also see letter by Councillor Kenyon to Burnley Express, 27 July 2001. 54 J. Rhodes, ‘The “Local Politics” of the British National Party’, SAGE Race Relations Abstracts, vol. 35, no. 1 (2006), p. 11. 55 See Burnley Express, 26 June 2001. 56 See Rhodes, ‘The “Local Politics” of the British National Party’, p. 17. 57 A shop-cum-museum in Burnley’s town centre. Notes 233

58 See Burnley Express, 1 June 2001. 59 Voice of Freedom, June 2001, p. 11. Also see Steven Smith, How it was Done. The Rise of Burnley BNP: The Inside Story (Burnley: Cliviger Press, 2004), pp. 25–9. 60 For opposition to the BNP, see Burnley Express 25 May 2001 and 1 June 2001. 61 Identity, June 2001, p. 11. 62 Runnymede Quarterly Bulletin, June 2001, p. 19. 63 On these disturbances, see Burnley Task Force Report, Section 2. 64 See Burnley Task Force Report, Appendix 2a: submission by the Burnley and Pendle Branch of the British National Party. 65 Newsnight, BBC2, 26 June 2001. 66 See N. Copsey, Anti-Fascism in Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 2000), p. 142. 67 See the Observer, 9 Sept. 2001. 68 Today programme, BBC Radio 4, 30 June 2001. 69 Tonight with Trevor McDonald, ITV1, 5 July 2001. 70 Hardtalk, BBC News 24, 3 Aug. 2001. 71 As quoted in the Observer, 9 Sept. 2001. 72 See the Mirror, 24 Aug. 2001. 73 See Smith, A Storm Rising, pp. 136–7. 74 See C. Allen and J.S. Nielsen, Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 (Vienna: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, 2002), pp. 29–30. 75 Ibid., p. 39. 76 See Identity, Oct. 2001, p. 5. 77 See Searchlight, no. 316, Oct. 2001, p. 6 and Identity, July 2001, p. 9. Lawrence Rustem briefly fronted the party’s Ethnic Liaison Committee. Although he was half-Turkish by descent, he was allowed to join the party as a lone exception to its ‘British descent only’ rule in 1991 in recognition of his services to the party. 78 See Identity, Dec. 2001, p. 14. 79 See Burnley Express, 20 Nov. 2001. 80 See Voice of Freedom, Dec. 2001, p. 11. 81 ‘Under the Skin’, Panorama, BBC1, 25 Nov. 2001. Transcribed by 1-Stop Express Services, London. 82 Searchlight, no. 319, Jan. 2002, p. 12. 83 See Identity, Dec. 2001, pp. 8–9. 84 See Burnley Express, 27 Nov. 2001 and Lancashire Evening Telegraph, 27 Nov. 2001. 85 See BNP Organisers’ Bulletin, Nov. 2001. 86 See Identity, Nov. 2001, pp. 6–7. 87 Searchlight, no. 321, March 2002, p. 5. 88 See Identity, Aug. 2001, pp. 8–9. 89 BNP Organisers’ Bulletin, Nov. 2001. 90 See Identity, Jan. 2003, pp. 20–1. 91 See Identity, Nov. 2001, p. 10. 92 Simon Bennett election leaflet. Bennett was the BNP candidate for Burnley Wood in 2002. 234 Notes

93 See Burnley BNP election leaflet: ‘The BNP will Put Burnley People First’, and The Times, 23 April 2002. 94 See Bradford BNP leaflet: ‘People Power: You can’t beat it’. 95 See Sunderland BNP leaflets: ‘Charity Begins at Home’, and ‘Labour Takes you for Granted!’ 96 See Voice of Freedom, Feb. 2002, pp. 1–2 and p. 11. 97 Searchlight, no. 324, June 2002, p. 10. 98 See accessed 17 April 2002. 99 Ibid. 100 See British Worker, Voice of the North East, Election Special – Thursday, 2 May 2002. 101 See Searchlight, no. 324, June 2002, p. 16. 102 See J. Cruddas, P. John, N. Lowles, H. Margetts, D. Rowland, D. Schutt, and S. Weir, The Far Right in London: A Challenge for Local Democracy? (York: Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, 2005), p. 6. 103 The BNP distributed hundreds of ‘Helping Hands’ flyers on Ravenscliffe and claimed to have pressed Bradford Council into a £1 million housing repair plan. 104 Bradford BNP leaflet: City of Bradford Metropolitan District Local Council Elections, 2 May 2002, Eccleshill Ward. 105 Paul Meszaros, anti-fascist coordinator for Bradford Trades Council, as quoted in Searchlight, no. 324, June 2002, p. 17. 106 Searchlight, Press Release, 3 May 2002. 107 See for instance, Daily Mirror, 24 April 2002; Daily Express, 25 April 2002 and 2 May 2002. 108 See Oldham Chronicle, 1 May 2002. 109 See Burnley Express, 20 April 2002. 110 It finished either second or third in three multiple member wards. 111 Smith, How it was Done, p. 33. 112 For a thorough breakdown of BNP results, see Searchlight, no. 234, June 2002, pp. 8–9. 113 One of eight female candidates, Carol Hughes first stood in the Lowerhouse ward in November 2001. She was a recent recruit to the BNP and hardly fitted the ‘thuggish’ BNP stereotype. The Labour Party in its Lowerhouse Rose newssheet had attacked the BNP as a gang of football hooligans but this only allowed Hughes to portray herself as the real ‘Lowerhouse Rose’. 114 accessed 10 July 2003. 115 See Searchlight, no. 324, June 2002, p. 8. 116 accessed 18 July 2003. 117 See the Guardian, 11 April 2002. 118 In a television interview on 30 January 1978, Margaret Thatcher had said that new measures were needed to tighten-up on immigration because of the widespread feeling among whites that they were being ‘swamped’ by immigrants. 119 For more on the Labour Party’s response to the BNP (and to the NF in the 1970s), see N. Copsey, ‘Meeting the Challenge of Contemporary British Notes 235

Fascism: The Labour Party’s Response to the National Front and the British National Party’, in N. Copsey and D. Renton (eds), British Fascism, the Labour Movement and the State (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005), pp. 182–202. 120 See Searchlight, no. 326, Aug. 2002, p. 10. 121 bbc per cent2Drace per cent 2Dpoll.may per cent2D2002.htm > accessed 16 July 2003. 122 See Smith, A Storm Rising, p. 112. 123 Searchlight, no. 313, July 2001, pp. 4–5. 124 Searchlight, no. 324, June 2002, pp. 8–9. 125 See Making your mark in history. Voting for Stoke-on-Trent’s first Elected Mayor Including Election Addresses by Candidates for Mayor (Stoke-on-Trent City Council, 2002), pp. 24–5. 126 See Asylum Seeking in Stoke-on-Trent: The Facts. Report of the Elected Mayor’s Enquiry into Asylum Seekers in the City of Stoke-on-Trent (Stoke-on-Trent City Council, Feb. 2003). 127 According to MORI poll carried out between 23–28 May 2002, accessed 18 July 2003. 128 Interview with Steve Batkin, BBC Radio Stoke, accessed 15 July 2003. 129 Identity, issue 26, Nov. 2002, p. 3. 130 See Identity, issue 27, Dec. 2002, pp. 14–15. 131 British National Party: Statement of Accounts for Year ending 31 December 2002, accessed 10 July 2003. 132 See Identity, issue 27, Dec. 2002, pp. 4–5. 133 See Identity, issue 29, Feb. 2003, pp. 4–7. 134 See Mixenden Matters. Calderdale By-Election Special (2003). 135 See the Guardian, 24 Jan. 2003. 136 Identity, issue 32, May 2003, p. 7. 137 Ibid., p. 5. 138 Ibid., p. 7. 139 accessed 20 July 2003. 140 As quoted in the Guardian, 30 April 2003. 141 See for instance, Burnley BNP: Gannow ward election leaflet. 142 Rhodes, ‘The “Local” Politics of the British National Party’, p. 17. 143 See Searchlight, no. 336, June 2003, p. 7. 144 See B. Särlvik and I. Crewe, Decade of Dealignment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 243. 145 See Identity, issue 32, May 2003, p. 4. 146 See the Guardian, 29 April 2003. 147 See the Guardian, 26 April 2003 and the Observer, 11 May 2003. 148 See Identity, issue 34, July 2003, pp. 4–7. 149 Ibid., p. 5. 150 See BNP Council Manifesto May 2003. This is reprinted in Identity, issue 31, April 2003, pp. 16–19. 151 See 539 Voters’ Views: A Voting Behaviour Study in Three Northern Towns (York: Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, 2004), p. 34 and G. Deacon, A. Keita and K. Ritchie, Burnley and the BNP and the Case for Electoral Reform (London: Electoral Reform Society, 2004), p. 20. 236 Notes

152 See Identity, issue 29, Feb. 2003, p. 9. 153 Deacon, Keita and Ritchie, Burnley and the BNP and the Case for Electoral Reform, p. 21. 154 See Daily Express, 29 April 2003. 155 Griffin was forced into a damage limitation exercise and publicly censored him. Batkin went on to win his seat. 156 On the anti-fascist campaign, see Searchlight, no. 336, June 2003. 157 See Northern Echo, 1 May 2003. 158 See Identity, issue 42, March 2004, p. 6.

7 Successes and Setbacks: The British National Party since 2004

1 On 16 September 2004, in the Goresbrook ward of Barking and Dagenham, BNP candidate Danny Kelly polled 1,072 votes or 51.9 per cent. 2 See Identity, issue 78, May 2007, p. 7. 3 See ‘BNP Campaign News’, Identity, issue 42, March 2004. 4 When Le Pen had attempted to leave the press conference at the Cresta Court Hotel in Altrincham, he had been pelted with eggs and surrounded by protestors. For the BNP’s version of events see Identity, issue 44, May 2004, p. 9. 5 Identity, issue 44, May 2004, p. 8. 6 For the BNP’s response to Howard’s visit, see Identity, issue 42, March 2004, pp. 5–6 and pp. 10–11. 7 See Identity, issue 33, June 2003, pp. 4–6 and issue 39, Dec. 2003, pp. 4–5. 8 Identity, issue 39, December 2004, p. 4. 9 This report was based on a YouGov poll. It had been taken from a repre- sentative sample of 1,574 voters online, 2–3 April 2004. 10 ‘Local Elections 2004’, House of Commons Research Paper 04/49, 23 June 2004, p. 11. 11 See Identity, issue 47, Sept. 2004, pp. 4–6. 12 Richard Barnbrook, who subsequently became leader of the BNP group on Barking and Dagenham Council is the BNP’s candidate for the 2008 London Mayoral election. 13 Identity, issue 50, Dec. 2004, p. 13. 14 See London Needs the BNP, British National Party London Mayoral and Greater London Assembly Manifesto 2004 (Herts: British National Party, 2004). 15 See the Observer, 30 May 2004. 16 See J. Cruddas, P. John, N. Lowles, H. Margetts, D. Rowland, D. Schutt, and S. Weir, The Far Right in London: A Challenge for Local Democracy? (York: Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, 2005). 17 See Identity, issue 36, Sept. 2003, pp. 8–9. 18 For analysis of the 2004 election results, see Searchlight, no. 349, July 2004, pp. 4–15. 19 Postal workers could observe the conscience clause in their contracts which allowed them to not to deliver racist election materials. The BNP’s European election address claimed that by allowing ‘hundreds of “asylum-bombers” Notes 237

into the country’, by ‘pushing our services, benefits system and NHS to bursting point’, by ‘blowing a massive hole in our pockets’, and by ‘ripping apart our countryside’, ‘ASYLUM IS MAKING BRITAIN EXPLODE’ (BNP Election Communication, Yorkshire & Humberside Region, 10 June 2004). 20 For more on the anti-fascist campaign, see D. Renton, ‘“A day to make history”? The 2004 elections and the British National Party’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 39, no. 1 (2005), pp. 25–45. 21 See for example, the News of the World, 16 May 2004; the Sunday Mirror, 23 May 2004. 22 See Identity, issue 32, May 2003, p. 5. 23 See York Evening Press, 6 Feb. 2004. 24 See H. Margetts, P. John and S. Weir, ‘Latent Support for the Far-Right in British Politics: The BNP and UKIP in the 2004 European and Local Elections’, Paper presented to PSA EPOP Conference, University of Oxford, 10–12 September 2004. 25 J. Tyndall, ‘Wrong Priorities – Wrong Results’, accessed 19 August 2007. 26 See Identity, issue 62, Jan. 2006, pp. 4–5. 27 See Identity, Issue 45, July 2004, pp. 8–9. 28 See Identity, issue 46, Aug. 2004, pp. 4–7. 29 See ‘The Problem is Mr Griffin’, Spearhead, October 2003, accessed 10 November 2006. 30 Burnley is one example. See Steven Smith, How it was Done. The Rise of Burnley BNP: The Inside Story (Burnley: Cliviger Press 2004). 31 See Identity, issue 34, July 2003, pp. 4–7. 32 On the radical ideology of the 1980s NF, see R. Eatwell, ‘The esoteric ideol- ogy of the National Front in the 1980s’, in M. Cronin (ed.), The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (London: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1996), pp. 99–117; and for a discussion of Third Pos- itionism in Britain, see G. Macklin, ‘Co-opting the counter culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 39, no. 3 (2005), pp. 301–26. 33 Identity, issue 45, July 2004, p. 7. 34 See Identity, issue 50, Dec. 2004, p. 4. 35 Ibid., p. 5. 36 Ibid., p. 6. 37 Many BNP councillors have remained silent during key budget debates and some have even voted for budgets against their own pre-election promises, see Searchlight, no. 358, April 2005, pp. 10–11. 38 Within two days of the Secret Agent broadcast, Barclays Bank announced that it was closing the BNP’s bank accounts. This was followed by the HSBC, which closed down a number of BNP bank accounts in October 2004. A num- ber of BNP members have been expelled from trade unions – Jay Lee from rail workers’ union ASLEF for instance and John Walker and Dave Jones from the TGWU. 39 Identity, issue 55, June 2005, p. 6. 40 Rebuilding British Democracy, p. 19. 41 J. Tyndall, ‘Too many wrong messages’, Spearhead, June 2005, online at accessed 10 November 2006. 238 Notes

42 See Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin 1991), p. 30. 43 Rebuilding British Democracy, p. 20. 44 Tyndall, ‘Too many wrong messages’. 45 See Identity, issue 55, June 2005, p. 7. 46 Ibid. 47 Ibid. 48 accessed 10 November 2006. 49 Rebuilding British Democracy, p. 9. 50 Ibid., p. 21 51 Identity, issue 51, Jan. 2005, pp. 14–15. See A.K. Chesterton’s classic conspira- torial text The New Unhappy Lords (London: Candour 1965), pp. 189–98 for his ‘exposure’ of the Bilderberg Group. 52 See P. John, H. Margetts, D. Rowland and S. Weir, The British National Party: The Roots of Its Appeal (Colchester: Democratic Audit, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, 2006), pp. 11–12. 53 Identity, issue 64, March 2006, p. 8. 54 See Constitution of the British National Party, 8th edn (Waltham Cross: Herts: BNP, November 2004), pp. 3–4. 55 The constitution of the BNP states that membership of the party is only open to those of whose ethnic origin is listed within Sub-section 2, that is to say ‘Indigenous Caucasian’ which is derived from i) Anglo-Saxon Folk Community; ii) Celtic Scottish Folk Community; iii) Scots-Northern Irish Folk Community; iv) The Celtic Welsh Folk Community; v) The Celtic Irish Folk Community; vi) The Celtic Cornish Folk Community; vii) The Anglo-Saxon-Celtic Folk Community; viii) The Celtic-Norse Folk Community; ix) The Anglo-Saxon-Norse Folk Community; x) The Anglo-Saxon-Indigenous European Folk Community; xi) Members of these ethnic groups who reside either within or outside Europe but ethnically derive from them. Yet the BNP has within its ranks, Lawrence Rustem, a half-Turkish BNP councillor in Barking and Dagenham, Pat Richardson (nee Feldman), a Jewish BNP council- lor in Epping Forest and Sharif Gawad, a Greek-Armenian, who stood as a BNP candidate in Bradford at the 2006 local elections. 56 See Identity, issue 54, April 2005, pp. 8–9. 57 Identity, issue 35, Aug. 2003, p. 6. 58 Identity, issue 44, May 2004, p. 7. 59 K. Passmore, Fascism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 107. 60 Those dissidents who formed the White Nationalist Party (WNP), for instance. The WNP was founded in 2002 as a splinter group from the BNP. It later joined forces with the Nationalist Alliance. This group was estab- lished in February 2005, led by former National Front and BNP member Eddy Morrison. In September 2005 Morrison formed the British Peoples’ Party. Its website declares that the BPP ‘stands ready to be the vanguard movement and to step into the vacuum caused by the disintegration in Britain of the White Nationalist movement generally into “Populists” – those who sincerely believe that “bending” principles can lead to success – and those who believe we must adhere to our basic principles’. Whilst hostile to Griffin, the BPP refuses to stand in any seats contested by ‘fellow national- Notes 239

ists’, including the BNP. See accessed 17 August 2007. 61 Identity, Issue 66, May 2006, p. 4. 62 For a useful review of the 2005 results, see Searchlight, no. 360, June 2005, pp. 4–14. 63 See Identity, issue 55, June 2005, pp. 8–11. 64 Identity, issue 62, Jan. 2006, p. 7. 65 See Searchlight, no. 369, March 2006, pp. 4–5. Lecomber was promptly replaced by 27-year-old graduate, Sadie Graham, the BNP’s East Midlands organiser, although Lecomber continued to work behind the scenes. 66 Mark Collett (1980–) was former leader of the Young BNP. A graduate of the University of Leeds, he is head of BNP publicity. Collett featured in the 2002 Channel 4 documentary Young, Nazi and Proud. When secretly filmed, Collett had praised Hitler. 67 See Identity, issue 63, Feb. 2006, pp. 4–9. 68 The cartoons were originally published by a Danish regional newspaper, the Jyllands-Posten on 30 September 2005. Their publication triggered a boycott of Danish goods in the Middle East and sparked a series of Muslim demonstrations. Looking to capitalise on this affair, the BNP published a leaflet reproducing a cartoon of Muhammad with a bomb for a turban. 69 See British National Party: British National Party Council Election Manifesto 2006 (Herts: Waltham Cross, 2006). 70 Other examples included allegations that a young girl had been raped by asylum seekers (Heanor), a local library being converted into a mosque (Sandwell), and a mosque being funded from the public purse (Stoke). 71 See H.G. Simmons, The French National Front (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), pp. 74–5. 72 The figure of 33 includes the BNP candidate Sharon Ebanks who stood for election in the Kingstanding ward of Birmingham. Following a recount, in July 2006 it was announced that she had been incorrectly declared as one of two candidates elected. A rift over the legal costs of contesting the result led to her expulsion from the BNP. Ebanks formed the New Nationalist Party towards the end of 2006 only to disband it a year later. 73 See Identity, issue 66, May 2006, pp. 9–11. 74 For a useful summary of the 2006 local elections, see Searchlight, no. 372, June 2006, pp. 4–7. 75 On the response of the Labour Party to the BNP in Burnley, see N. Copsey, ‘Meeting the Challenge of Contemporary British Fascism? The Labour Party’s Response to the National Front and the British National Party’, in N. Copsey and D. Renton (eds), British Fascism, the Labour Movement and the State (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005), esp. pp. 191–202. 76 Identity, issue 67, June 2006, p. 8. 77 Unite Against Fascism: The BNP and the 2006 local elections (2006). 78 Searchlight, no. 372, June 2006, p. 7. 79 There were reports that Liam Smith, the Labour councillor for housing in Barking and Dagenham had initiated a libel action following claims by the BNP that he had been responsible for the alleged scheme to bring ‘Africans’ to the borough. 80 Identity, issue 67, June 2006, p. 6. 240 Notes

81 See Searchlight, no. 372, June 2006, p. 7. 82 See Identity, issue 67, June 2006, pp. 4–6. 83 Identity, issue 83, Oct. 2007, p. 8. Initially Griffin wanted to identify 75 seats that the party might contest at the next General Election. But this was later revised to a ‘free market’ strategy. See Identity, issue 76, March 2007, pp. 4–7. 84 Identity, issue 68, July 2006, p. 6. 85 ‘Turning Right’, BBC Radio 4, broadcast 8 May 2007. 86 A BNP delegation visited the Swedish National Democrats in 2006. The National Democrats were founded in 2001 as a breakaway group by hard- line members of the Swedish Democrats. In the 2006 Swedish general elec- tion the National Democrats polled just 0.06 per cent of the vote. 87 Revealingly, during 2007 the man that Griffin entrusted to oversee BNP ideo- logical training was the hardliner Arthur Kemp. Born in Southern Rhodesia in 1963, Kemp is the author of The March of the Titans, a lengthy anti-Semitic tome that surveys the rise and fall of civilisations. Kemp is alleged to have facilitated the assassination of Chris Hani, a leading figure in the South African ANC in 1993. For more on Kemp, see Searchlight, no. 388, Oct. 2007, pp. 12–13. 88 See Identity, issue 70, Sept. 2006, pp. 6–7. 89 See Identity, issue 75, Feb. 2007, pp. 4–7. 90 Their acquittal accelerated calls for an incitement to religious hatred bill, which finally came into effect in October 2007. For Griffin, such a law is intended to operate as a de facto ban on the party – he even refers to it as the ‘Griffin Law’. If truth be told, it has a far longer provenance with its origins dating back to the aftermath of the ‘9/11’ bombings. 91 Seven candidates also stood in Scotland. 92 See British National Party Local Government Manifesto 2007 (Worcester: BNP, 2007). Under BNP proposals, the most important layer of local gov- ernment would be the local parish, community or town council: ‘This system would revolutionise the way local government is conducted… Local government would be more accessible and more responsive to local needs… Furthermore the process as a whole is true to our heritage as a modernised version of the venerable practices of popular representation found in our ancestral anglo-saxon-celtic society’. 93 At the time of the 2007 BNP leadership election, prompted by the chal- lenge of Chris Jackson, party membership stood at 8,604. 94 Three parish councillors were elected in Maldon (Essex) and three in Brinsley (East Midlands), for example. 95 One of its councillors in Stoke-on-Trent resigned. 96 See Identity, issue 79, June 2007, pp. 8–9. 97 See Searchlight, no. 384, June 2007, esp. pp. 4–9. 98 N. Lowles, ‘Epilogue’ in From Cable Street to Oldham: 70 Years of Community Resistance (Essex: Searchlight, 2007), p. 164. 99 The BNP lost seats in Stoke-on Trent (–1), Bradford (–1), Broxbourne (–1), Burnley (–3), Calderdale (–1), and South Holland (–1). 100 Unite Against Fascism: The BNP and the 2007 elections (2007). 101 The BNP’s highest vote in Wales was in the North Wales region. In Wrexham, where it campaigned against local asylum-seekers, it polled 9.4 per cent. Notes 241

102 When speaking at a pro-immigrant rights rally in Trafalgar Square, 7 May 2007.

8 The British National Party in Comparative Perspective

1 On Poujadism, see R. Eatwell, ‘Poujadism and Neo-Poujadism: from Revolt to Reconciliation’, in P. Cerny (ed.), Social Movements and Protest in Modern France (London: Pinter, 1982), pp. 70–93. 2 For a study of the NPD, see J.D. Nagle, The National Democratic Party: Right Radicalism in the Federal Republic of Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970). 3 Space precludes a study of Eastern Europe. On the far right after the col- lapse of communism in Eastern Europe, see S.P. Ramet (ed.), The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 (Penn State University: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999). 4 P. Perrineau, ‘The Conditions for the Re-emergence of an Extreme Right Wing in France: The National Front, 1984–98’, in E.J. Arnold (ed.), The Development of the Radical Right in France (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 2000), p. 255. 5 Mouvement National, later Mouvement National Republicain (National Republican Movement). 6 See P. Hainsworth, ‘The Front National: From Ascendancy to Fragmentation on the French Extreme Right’, in P. Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right (London: Pinter, 2000), pp. 18–32. 7 J.G. Shields, The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen (London: Routledge, 2007), p. 288. 8 See Identity, issue 78, May 2007, pp. 4–6. 9 On the success of the Vlaams Blok in Antwerp, see M. Swyngedouw, ‘Belgium: Explaining the Relationship between Vlaams Blok and the City of Antwerp’, in Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right, pp. 121–43. 10 Institute of Race Relations: European Race Bulletin, no. 44, July 2003, p. 13. 11 This followed a ruling that the VB had contravened Belgium’s 1981 law against racism and xenophobia, see J. Erk, ‘From Vlaams Blok to Vlaams Belang: Belgian far-right renames itself’, West European Politics, vol. 28, no. 3 (2005), pp. 493–502. 12 On the populist politics of the Northern League, see A.C. Bull and M. Gilbert, The Lega Nord and the Northern Question in Italian Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2001). 13 On the Italian far right, see for instance, T. Gallagher, ‘Exit from the Ghetto: the Italian Far Right in the 1990s’, in Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right, pp. 64–86; P. Ignazi, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, pp. 35–61, and A. Roxburgh, Preachers of Hate: The Rise of the Far Right (London: Gibson Square Books, 2002), pp. 131–53. 14 Fini was officially welcomed by Foreign Secretary Jack Straw on visit to London in February 2005. 15 For a useful table of Freedom Party results, see Ignazi, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, p. 113. 242 Notes

16 On the performance of the Freedom Party in government, see R. Heinisch, ‘Success in Opposition – Failure in Government: Explaining the Performance of Right-Wing Populist Parties in Office’, West European Politics, vol. 26, no. 3 (2003), pp. 91–130. 17 Institute of Race Relations: European Race Bulletin, no. 44, July 2003, p. 13. 18 In the 2006 parliamentary elections, the FPÖ (under the leadership of the more extremist Heinz-Christian Strache) polled over 11 per cent of the vote; the BZÖ polled 4.1 per cent. 19 See for instance, L. McGowan, The Radical Right in Germany. 1870 to the Present (Harlow: Longman, 2002), pp. 147–206. 20 The BNP has established links with the NPD. Leeds BNP councillor Chris Beverley attended the European Youth Congress organised by the NPD in February 2007. In 2004, he had spoken at the NPD’s annual conference. 21 See C. Mudde and J. Van Holsteyn, ‘The Netherlands: Explaining the Limited Success of the Extreme Right’, in Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right, pp. 144–71. 22 Volkert van der Graaf, an animal rights activist was convicted of his murder. Van der Graaf likened the rise of Fortuyn to Adolf Hitler and claimed that he was acting in defence of the country’s Muslim community. 23 The journalist Angus Roxburgh refers to him as such; see A. Roxburgh, Preachers of Hate, pp. 157–77. 24 On Scandinavia see for instance, J.G. Andersen and T. Bjørklund, ‘Radical right-wing populism in Scandinavia: From Tax Revolt to Neo-liberalism and Xenophobia’, in Hainsworth (ed.), Politics of the Extreme Right, pp. 193–223; Ignazi, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, pp. 140–61. 25 As Bjørklund and Andersen point out, nationalism rather than individual freedom was the core idea in the Danish People’s Party’s 1998 manifesto. At the 2001 general election, it won 12 per cent of the vote, see T. Bjørklund and J.G. Andersen, ‘Anti-Immigrant Parties in Denmark and Norway: The Pro- gress Parties and the Danish People’s Party’, in M. Schain, A. Zolberg and P. Hossay (eds), Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), pp. 107–36. 26 C.T. Husbands, ‘Switzerland: Right-Wing and Xenophobic Parties, from the Margin to Mainstream?’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 53, no. 3 (2000), p. 515. 27 See A. Wilcox, L. Weinberg and W. Eubank, ‘Explaining National Variations in Support for Far Right Political Parties in Western Europe, 1990–2000’, in P.H. Merkl and L. Weinberg (eds), Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century (London: Frank Cass, 2003), pp. 126–58. 28 See C. Mudde, ‘The Single-Issue Party Thesis: Extreme Right Parties and the Immigration Issue’, West European Politics, vol. 22, no. 3 (1999), pp. 182–97. 29 P. Hainsworth, ‘The Cutting Edge: The Extreme Right in Post-War Western Europe and the USA’, in P. Hainsworth (ed.), The Extreme Right in Europe and the USA (London: Pinter, 1992), p. 7. 30 Links with the British NF had been established in 1977 when two FN mem- bers had attended a rally in Birmingham. The far-right press in France had also taken note of the NF’s relative success. See for instance, Patterns of Notes 243

Prejudice, vol. 12, no. 2 (1978), p. 13, and Militant, no. 84, Dec. 1976– Jan. 1977, pp. 14–15. 31 On immigration and the decision-making process in France (and Britain) in the postwar period, see G.P. Freeman, Immigrant Labor and Racial Conflict in Industrial Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979). 32 See for instance, J. Marcus, The National Front and French Politics (Basing- stoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1995), pp. 73–99. 33 See P. Hossay, ‘Why Flanders?’, in Schain, Zolberg and Hossay (eds), Shadows over Europe, pp. 159–85. 34 C.T. Husbands, ‘Belgium: Flemish Legions on the March’, in Hainsworth (ed.) Extreme Right in Europe and USA, p. 133. 35 See H. Cools, ‘Belgium: Fragile National Identity(s) and the Elusive Multicultural Society’, in B. Baumgartl and A. Favell (eds), New Xenophobia in Europe (London: Kluwer Law International, 1995), p. 40. 36 See J. Ter Wal, A. Verdun and K. Westerbeek, ‘The Netherlands: “Full or at the Limit of Tolerance”’, in Baumgartl and Favell (eds), New Xenophobia in Europe, pp. 238–9. 37 R. Knight, ‘Haider, the Freedom Party and the Extreme Right in Austria’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 45, no. 3 (1992), p. 297. 38 See M. Riedlsperger, ‘The Freedom Party of Austria: From Protest to Radical Right Populism’, in H.-G. Betz and S. Immerfall (eds), The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties in Established Democracies (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1998), p. 34. 39 See D. Morrow, ‘Jörg Haider and the New FPÖ: Beyond the Democratic Pale?’, in Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right, p. 51. 40 T. Faist, ‘How to Define a Foreigner? The Symbolic Politics of Immigration in German Partisan Discourse, 1978–1992’, in M. Baldwin-Edwards and M. Schain (eds), The Politics of Immigration in Western Europe (Ilford: Frank Cass, 1994), p. 51. 41 D. Childs, ‘The Far Right in Germany since 1945’, in L. Cheles, R. Ferguson and M. Vaughan (eds), Neo-fascism in Europe (Harlow: Longman, 1991) p. 79. 42 See M. Lubbers and P. Scheepers, ‘Explaining the Trend in Extreme-Right Voting: Germany 1989–1998’, European Sociological Review, vol. 17, no. 4 (2001), p. 444. 43 On the German extreme right and the immigration thesis, see R. Karapin, ‘Far-Right Parties and the Construction of Immigration Issues in Germany’, in Schain, Zolberg and Hossay (eds), Shadows over Europe, pp. 186–219. 44 See E. Thalhammer et al., Attitudes towards Minority Groups in the European Union: A Special Analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 Survey (Vienna: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, 2001), p. 47. 45 R. Miles, ‘Explaining Racism in Contemporary Europe’, in A. Rattansi and S. Westwood (eds), Racism, Modernity, and Identity on the Western Front (Oxford: Polity, 1994), p. 214. 46 See N. Mayer, ‘Is France Racist?’, Contemporary European History, vol. 5, no. 1 (1996), p. 122. 47 See P. Perrineau, ‘The Conditions for the Re-emergence of an Extreme Right Wing in France: the National Front, 1984–98’, in Arnold (ed.), The Development of the Radical Right in France, p. 266. 244 Notes

48 G. Ivaldi, ‘Cognitive Structures of Xenophobic Attitudes among Supporters of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe’, Paper presented to the Workshop on Racist Parties in Europe, 23rd ECPR Joint Sessions – Bordeaux, 27 April–2 May 1995, p. 7. 49 See W. Van Der Brug, M. Fennema and J. Tillie, ‘Anti-Immigrant Parties in Europe: Ideological or Protest Vote?’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 37 (2000), pp. 77–102. 50 Betz, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe, p. 105. 51 See P. Ignazi, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, p. 119. 52 Ibid., p. 47. 53 H. Kitschelt, The Radical Right in Western Europe, p. 173. 54 J. Veugelers, ‘Recent Immigration Politics in Italy: A Short Story’, in Baldwin- Edwards and Schain (eds), The Politics of Immigration in Western Europe, p. 39. 55 M.J. Bull and J.L. Newell, ‘Italy Changes Course? The 1994 Elections and the Victory of the Right’, Parliamentary Affairs, vol. 48, no. 1 (1995), p. 74. 56 H.-J. Veen, N. Lepszy and P. Mnich, The Republikaner Party in Germany (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1993), p. 43. 57 For a useful discussion of protest voting and the extreme right, see C. Mudde, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 226–9. 58 See P. Ignazi, ‘The Silent Counter-revolution. Hypotheses on the Emer- gence of Extreme Right Parties in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, vol. 22 (1992), pp. 3–34. 59 H.-G. Betz, ‘The New Politics of Resentment. Radical Right Wing Parties in Western Europe’, Comparative Politics, vol. 16 (1993), pp. 413–27. 60 See H. Kitschelt, The Radical Right in Western Europe (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997). 61 See J.W.P. Veugelers, ‘Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary France: A “Silent Counterrevolution”?’, The Sociological Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 1 (2000), pp. 19–40. 62 See S. Bastow, ‘The Radicalization of Front National Discourse: A Politics of the “Third Way”?’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 32, no. 3 (1998), pp. 55–68. 63 See Mudde, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, pp. 119–37. 64 This argument is explored in the case of France, in B. Jenkins and N. Copsey, ‘Nation, Nationalism and National Identity in France’, in B. Jenkins and S. Sofos (eds), Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 101–24. 65 The importance of legitimacy is now being recognised by a new generation of scholars, see M.J. Goodwin, ‘The Extreme Right in Britain: Still an “Ugly Duckling” but for How Long?’, Political Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 2 (2007), pp. 241–50. 66 R. Griffin, ‘Afterword: Lost Rights?’, in Ramet (ed.), The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989, p. 317. 67 For an excellent analysis of FN doctrine, see P-A Taguieff, ‘The Doctrine of the National Front in France (1972–1989): A “Revolutionary Programme”? Ideological Aspects of a National-Populist Mobilization’, New Political Science, vol. 16–17 (1989), pp. 29–70. Notes 245

68 Swyngedouw, ‘Belgium: Explaining the Relationship between Vlaams Blok and the City of Antwerp’, in Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right, p. 136. 69 Mudde, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, p. 83. 70 See A. Dézé, ‘An Alternative to the System or an Alternative within the System?’ An Analysis of the Relationship of Extreme Right Parties with the Political Systems of Western Democracies’, Paper presented to the 92th ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, ‘Democracy and the New Extremist Challenge in Europe’, Grenoble, 6–11 April 2001, p. 25. 71 P. Ignazi, ‘From Neo-Fascists to Post-Fascists? The Transformation of the MSI into the AN’, West European Politics, vol. 14, no. 4 (1996), p. 704. 72 See Ignazi, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, esp. pp. 45–53. 73 Roger Griffin for instance, see R. Griffin, ‘The “Post-Fascism” of the Alleanza Nazionale: A Case-Study in Ideological Morphology’, Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 1, no. 2 (1996), pp. 123–45. 74 See P. Tripodi, ‘The National Alliance and the Evolution of the Italian Right’, Contemporary Review, vol. 272 (1998), pp. 295–300. 75 Ignazi, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, p. 52. 76 See L. Höbelt, Defiant Populist: Jörg Haider and the Politics of Austria (Indiana: Purdue University Press, 2003), pp. 117–42. 77 Ignazi, Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, p. 115. 78 G. Harris, The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990), p. 73. 79 See M. Swyngedouw, ‘The Extreme Right in Belgium: Of a Non-existent Front National and an Omnipresent Vlaams Blok’, in Betz and Immerfall (eds), The New Politics of the Right (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1998), p. 72. 80 See T. Gallagher, ‘Exit from the Ghetto: The Italian Far Right in the 1990s’, in Hainsworth (ed.), The Politics of the Extreme Right, esp. pp. 70–80. 81 See P. Norris, Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 105–26. 82 See R.W. Jackman and L. Volpert, ‘Conditions Favouring Parties of the Extreme Right in Western Europe’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 26, no. 4 (1996), pp. 515–16. 83 P. Norris, Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market, p. 124. 84 Aside from the AN group of MEPs, the others attempted to join forces in the European Parliament through the ‘Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty’ group. This group, which was formed on 15 January 2007 also included right- extremists from the Italian neo-fascist Social Alternative and Tricolour Flame, as well as representatives from various East European extreme-right parties. Its Vice-Chair was Ashley Mote, expelled from UKIP in July 2004. It was disbanded in November 2007 following internal disagreements. 85 Shields, The Extreme Right in France, p. 314. 86 See The Flemish Republic, no. 16, Oct–Dec. 2006, p. 1. 87 See B. Klandermans and N. Mayer, ‘Political Supply and Demand’, in B. Klandermans and N. Mayer (eds), Extreme Right Activists in Europe (London: Routledge, 2006), p. 47. 88 See Attitudes Towards Minority Groups in the European Union, p. 25. By country, the percentage of respondents who were classed as intolerant 246 Notes

towards minority groups: France (19 per cent), Germany (18 per cent), UK (15 per cent), Austria (12 per cent). 89 See P. John, H. Margetts, D. Rowland and S. Weir, The British National Party: The Roots of Its Appeal (Colchester: Democratic Audit, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, 2006), p. 22. 90 According to an Ipsos MORI poll, conducted 31 Oct.–1 Nov. 2007. 91 See widely reported speech by Gordon Brown to the GMB union congress in June 2007. Although this speech was paraphrased by journalists as ‘British Jobs for British Workers’, it raised no objections from Brown. His comments did, however, attract some criticism from within the Labour Party. Jack Dromey, Labour Party treasurer, accused Brown (and Cameron) of ‘demonis- ing’ migrant workers. For Lib Dem home affairs spokesman Nick Clegg, Brown was ‘continuing in the tradition of his predecessor by combining headline-grabbing populism with administrative incompetence’. 92 In October 2007 David Cameron called for a ‘grown-up conversation’ on immigration. His speech was welcomed by Trevor Phillips, the chairman of the Equality and Human Rights Commission as an important ‘turning point’ in the immigration debate. 93 See for example, G. Deacon, A. Keita and K. Ritchie, Burnley and the BNP and the Case for Electoral Reform (London: Electoral Reform Society, 2004), pp. 20–1. 94 See J. Cruddas et al., The Far Right in London: A Challenge for Local Demo- cracy? (York: Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust, 2005), pp. 22–4. 95 Ibid., pp. 18–19 96 See John et al., The British National Party: The Roots of Its Appeal, p. 14. 97 Of the 33 BNP councillors elected in May 2006, 28 were in seats previously held by Labour. 98 See John et al, The British National Party: The Roots of Its Appeal, p. 28. 99 See 539 Voters’ Views: A Voting Behaviour Study in Three Northern Towns (York: Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, 2004), p. 34. Also see European Election Exit Poll data in John et al, The British National Party: The Roots of Its Appeal, p. 16. This data indicates that 59.1 per cent of the 2004 BNP vote came from voters under the age of 45. However, the authors of the report also point out that their ward-level data shows increased support for the BNP in wards with high numbers of 45–69 year olds. 100 Searchlight, no. 381, March 2007, p. v. 101 T. Givens, Voting Radical Right in Western Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 151. 102 See Home Office Border and Immigration Agency: Accession Monitoring Report, May 2004–June 2007 (2007). 103 For reports, see for example, The Independent, 14 Nov. 2007. 104 See Identity, issue 81, Aug. 2007, p. 15. 105 Identity, issue 79, June 2007, p. 5. 106 Griffin classes UKIP as ‘civic nationalist’, that is to say, a party that believes that the fundamental identity of an individual or community is determined either by the accident of birth or by choice. This allows ‘any Congolese “refugee” who picks up enough of Shakespeare’s tongue not only to ask for asylum and benefits but also to pledge loyalty to England or Scotland is miraculously turned into an Englishman or a Scot’. In marked contrast, Notes 247

Griffin claims that the BNP is genuinely nationalist because it believes that identity is determined by racial origin in combination with culture, language and historical experience. See Identity, issue 66, May 2006, pp. 4–8. 107 Comments made in LBC radio interview, 4 April 2006. 108 See Identity, issue 79, June 2007, pp. 6–7. 109 On UKIP’s broader programme (and its immigration policy), see speech given by David Campbell Bannerman, Deputy Leader of UKIP, at UKIP Conference, 10 October 2007. 110 See Mudde, Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, pp. 264–73. 111 Following disappointing electoral results, BNP branches in Oldham, Black- burn, Sandwell, and Bradford have suffered demoralisation and unrest. 112 See < http://www.jackson4leader.com/> accessed 28 November 2007. 113 These included the BNP’s Deputy Chairman (Scott McLean), Press Officer (Stuart Russell), Party Manager (Nick Cass), Cultural Officer (Jonathan Bow- den), and Head of Group Support (Ian Dawson). For reports, see Searchlight, no. 389, Nov. 2007, pp. 4–7. 114 Identity, issue 82, Sept. 2007, p. 7. 115 P. John et al, The BNP: The Roots of Its Appeal, p. 8. 116 See Identity, issue 83, Oct. 2007, p. 10. 117 The BNP candidate was Andrew Spence, a well-known local figure who had played a leading role in organising a series of fuel protests in 2001. A former UKIP candidate, Spence had joined the BNP in January 2007 after reading its manifesto online. His stay with the BNP was brief, however, and he left the party later in the year following a row at the party’s Red, White and Blue Festival. 118 C. Haacke, Racist Violence in the United Kingdom (London: Human Rights Watch, 1997), pp. 13–14. 119 See Identity, issue 53, March 2005, p. 12 120 See Council for Racial Equality/National Focal Point of the EUMC: National Analytical Study on Racist Violence and Crime (2003). 121 accessed 28 November 2007. 122 See M.H. Williams, The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties in West Euro- pean Democracies (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2006), esp. pp. 196–209. 123 Identity, issue 84, Nov. 2007, p. 14. 124 The Independent, 24 Sept. 2003. 125 See Identity, issue 53, March 2005, p. 3. 126 See Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust: General Election 2005: A Voter’s Eye (July 2005), p. 4. 127 See Identity, issue 51, Jan. 2005, p. 3. 128 For a philosophical discussion of this issue with regard to the French National Front, see M. Fennema and M. Maussen, ‘Dealing with Extremists in Public Discussion: Front National and “Republican Front” in France’, Journal of Political Philosophy, vol. 8, no. 3 (2000), pp. 379–400. The invitations sent to Griffin and Irving to speak at the Oxford Union in November 2007 is a case in point. Whilst adopting a ‘no platform’ policy runs the risk of allowing the BNP to present themselves as ‘free speech martyrs’, the BNP would drastically curtail freedom of speech if elected to power. Such opportunities are seized 248 Notes

upon by the extreme right (Griffin even allowed himself to be associated with Irving) because it offers respectability and credibility. 129 See Identity, issue 80, July 2007, pp. 24–6. 130 Identity, issue 83, Oct. 2007, p. 6. 131 See M. Calderbank, ‘Can tactical voting limit the advance of the BNP?’, TMP online, 26 April 2007, accessed 2 December 2007. 132 In the Alternative Vote system, voters list the candidates in order of prefer- ence. A candidate which achieves more than 50 per cent of the vote is automatically elected. If no candidate achieves 50 per cent, the candidate with the lowest number of votes is eliminated and has his or her next pref- erences transferred. This process continues until a candidate reaches more than 50 per cent of the vote. 133 See Deacon et al, Burnley and the BNP and the Case for Electoral Reform, pp. 23–6. 134 Identity, issue 74, Jan. 2007, p. 7.

Conclusion

1 The Guardian, 16 Sept. 2003. 2 Patriot, Spring 1999, p. 5. 3 Identity, issue 66, May 2006, p. 8. 4 See P. John, H. Margetts, D. Rowland and Stuart Weir, The BNP: The Roots of Its Appeal (Essex: Democratic Audit, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, 2006), p. 12. 5 Spearhead, no. 325, March 1996, p. 13. My emphasis added. 6 Identity, issue 83, Oct. 2007, p. 6. 7 See the Guardian, 22 Dec. 2006. 8 These organisations include: Solidarity (an ‘independent’ trade union) led by Patrick Harrington; the Christian Council of Britain (a non-denominational body, modelled on the Muslim Council of Britain, designed to counter ‘aggressive neo-Marxist secularism and Islamic imperialism’); Living English/ St George’s Day Committees; and Civil Liberty (intended to defend ‘nation- alist victims of Establishment bullying’), see Identity, issue 81, Aug. 2007, pp. 6–7. Select Bibliography

Atton, C. (2006) ‘Far-Right Media on the Internet: Culture, Discourse and Power’, New Media & Society, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 573–87. Baker, D. (1996) Ideology of Obsession: A.K. Chesterton and British Fascism (London: I.B. Tauris). Baumgartl, B. and Favell, A. (eds) (1995) New Xenophobia in Europe (London: Kluwer Law International) Bean, J. (1999) Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain’s Far Right (London: New Millennium). Betz, H.-G. (1994) Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave). Betz, H.-G. and Immerfall, S. (eds) (1998) The New Politics of the Right: Neo- Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave). Billig, M. (1978) Fascists: A Social Psychological View of the National Front (London: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich). Cheles, L., Ferguson, R. and Vaughan, M. (eds) (1995) The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe, 2nd edn (London: Longman). Chesterton, A.K. (1965) The New Unhappy Lords (London: Candour Publishing Co.). Copsey, N. (1994) ‘Fascism: The Ideology of the British National Party’, Politics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 101–8. ——— (1997) ‘A Comparison between the Extreme Right in Contemporary France and Britain’, Contemporary European History, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 101–16. ——— (2000) Anti-Fascism in Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave). ——— (2003) ‘Extremism on the Net: The Extreme Right and the Value of the Internet’, in R. Gibson, P. Nixon and S. Ward (eds) Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain? (London: Routledge), pp. 218–33. ——— (2005) ‘Meeting the Challenge of Contemporary British Fascism? The Labour Party’s Response to the National Front and the British National Party’, in N. Copsey and D. Renton (eds) British Fascism, the Labour Movement and the State (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan), pp. 182–202. ——— (2007) ‘Changing Course or Changing Clothes? Reflections on the Ideological Evolution of the British National Party, 1999–2006’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 61–82. Cronin, M. (ed.) (1996) The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave). Cruddas, J., John, P., Lowles, N., Margetts, H., Rowland, D., Schutt, D. and Weir, S. (2005) The Far Right in London: A Challenge for Local Democracy? (York: Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust). Deacon, G., Keita, A. and Ritchie, K. (2004) Burnley and the BNP and the Case for Electoral Reform (London: Electoral Reform Society). Declair, E.G. (1999) Politics on the Fringe: The People, Policies and Organization of the French National Front (Durham & London: Duke University Press). Durham, M. (1998) Women and Fascism (London: Routledge). Eatwell, R. (1995) Fascism: A History (London: Chatto & Windus).

249 250 Select Bibliography

——— (1996) ‘On Defining the “Fascist Minimum”: The Centrality of Ideology’, Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 303–19. ——— (1998) ‘The Dynamics of Right-Wing Electoral Breakthrough’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 3–31. ——— (2000) ‘The Rebirth of the “Extreme Right” in Western Europe?’, Parlia- mentary Affairs, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 407–25. ——— (2000) ‘Ethnocentric Party Mobilization in Europe: The Importance of the Three-Dimensional Approach’, in R. Koopmans and P. Statham (eds) Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 348–67. ——— (2004) ‘The Extreme Right in Britain: The Long Road to “Modernisation”’, in R. Eatwell and C. Mudde (eds) Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge (London: Routledge). From Ballots to Bombs: The Inside Story of the National Front’s Political Soldiers (London: Searchlight Publishing, 1989). Fysh, P. and Wolfreys, J. (1998) The Politics of Racism in France (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave). Gable, G. (1991) in ‘The Far Right in Contemporary Britain’, L. Cheles, R. Ferguson and M. Vaughan (eds) Neo-fascism in Europe (Harlow: Longman). Gable, G. and Hepple, T. (1993) At War with Society (London: Searchlight). Givens, T.E. (2005) Voting Radical Right in Western Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press). Goodrick-Clarke, N. (2002) Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity (New York: New York University Press). Goodwin, M. (2007) ‘The Extreme Right in Britain: Still an “Ugly Duckling” but for How Long?’, Political Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 241–50. Griffin, R. (1994) The Nature of Fascism (London: Routledge). ——— (1996) ‘The “Post-Fascism” of the Alleanza Nazionale: A Case-Study in Ideo- logical Morphology’, Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 123–45. ——— (2006) Griffin, R., Loh, W. and Umland, A. (eds) Fascism Past and Present, West and East: An International Debate on Concepts and Cases in the Comparative Study of the Extreme Right (Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag). Hainsworth, P. (ed.) (1992) The Extreme Right in Europe and the USA (London: Pinter). ——— (ed.) (2000) The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Main- stream (London: Pinter). Harris, G. (1991) The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). Heath, A. (1995) ‘What has Happened to the Extreme Right in Britain?’, Res Publica, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 197–206. Hill, R. with Bell, A. (1988) The Other Face of Terror: Inside Europe’s Neo-Nazi Network (London: Grafton). Höbelt, L. (2003) Defiant Populist: Jörg Haider and the Politics of Austria (Indiana: Purdue University Press). Holmes, D.R. (2000) Integral Europe: Fast-Capitalism, Multiculturalism, Neofascism (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Holtam, N. and Mayo, S. (1998) Learning from the Conflict: Reflections on the Struggle Against the British National Party on the Isle of Dogs, 1993–94 (London: Jubilee Group). Select Bibliography 251

Husbands, C.T. (1983) Racial Exclusionism and the City: The Urban Support of the National Front (London: Allen & Unwin). ——— (1988) ‘Extreme Right-Wing Politics in Great Britain: The Recent Marginalisation of the National Front’, West European Politics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 65–79. ——— (1994) ‘Following the “Continental Model”?: Implications of the Recent Electoral Performance of the British National Party’, New Community, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 563–79. Ignazi, P. (2003) Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press). John, P., Margetts, H., Rowland, D. and Weir, S. (2006) The British National Party: The Roots of Its Appeal (Colchester: Democratic Audit, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex). Kitschelt, H. (1997) The Radical Right in Western Europe (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press). Larsen, S.U. (ed.) (1998) Modern Europe After Fascism (Boulder: Social Science Monographs). Linehan, T.P. (2005) ‘Whatever Happened to the Labour Movement? Proletar- ians and the Far Right in Contemporary Britain’, in N. Copsey and D. Renton (eds) British Fascism, the Labour Movement and the State (Basingstoke: Palgrave- Macmillan), pp. 160–81. Lowles, N. (2001) White Riot (Bury: Milo Books). Marcus, J. (1995) The National Front and French Politics: The Resistible Rise of Jean- Marie Le Pen (Basingstoke: Macmillan-Palgrave, 1995). Merkl, P. and Weinberg, L. (eds) (1997) The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties (London: Frank Cass). ——— (2003) The Extreme Right in the Twenty-First Century (London: Frank Cass). Mudde, C. (1999) ‘The Single-Issue Party Thesis: Extreme Right Parties and the Immigration Issue’, West European Politics, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 182–97. ——— (2000) The Ideology of the Extreme Right (Manchester: Manchester University Press). ——— (2002) ‘“England Belongs to Me”: The Extreme Right in the UK Parlia- mentary Election of 2001’, Representation, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 37–43. _____ (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Norris, P. (2005) Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Reeves, F. and Seward, E. (2006) From BUF to BNP: Chronology of Racist Extremism and of Opposition to It (Birmingham: West Midlands Race Equality). Renton, D. (1999) Fascism: Theory and Practice (London: Pluto Press). ——— (2003) ‘Examining the Success of the British National Party, 1999–2003’, Race and Class, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 75–85. ——— (2005) ‘“A Day to Make History”? The 2004 Elections and the British National Party’, Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 25–45. Rhodes, J. (2006) ‘The “Local” Politics of the British National Party’, SAGE Race Relations Abstracts, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 5–20. Roxburgh, A. (2002) Preachers of Hate: The Rise of the Far Right (London: Gibson Square Books). 252 Select Bibliography

Ryan, N. (2003) Homeland: Into a World of Hate (Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing). Schain, M., Zolberg, A. and Hossay, P. (eds) (2002) Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan). Shields, J.G. (2007) The Extreme Right in France (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge). Simmons, H. (1996) The French National Front: The Extremist Challenge to Demo- cracy (Boulder: Westview Press). Smith, S. (2003) A Storm Rising, 2nd edn (Imraldis eBooks). Smith, S. (2004) How it was Done. The Rise of Burnley BNP: The Inside Story (Burnley: Cliviger Press). Sykes, A. (2005) The Radical Right in Britain (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan). Taggart, P. (1995) ‘New Populist Parties in Western Europe’, West European Politics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 34–51. Taylor, K. (2003) ‘Hatred Repackaged: The Rise of the British National Party and Antisemitism’, in P. Iganski and B. Kosmin (eds) A New Antisemitism? Debating Judeophobia in 21st Century Britain (London: Profile Books), pp. 231–48. Taylor, S. (1982) The National Front in English Politics (London: Macmillan- Palgrave). Thayer, G. (1965) The British Political Fringe (London: Anthony Blond). Thomson, K. (2004) ‘All Change on the British “Extreme Right”? Nick Griffin and the “Modernisation” of the British National Party (BNP)’, PhD Thesis, University of Bath. Thurlow, R. (1998) Fascism in Britain: From Oswald Mosley’s Blackshirts to the National Front (London: I.B. Tauris). ——— (2000) Fascism in Modern Britain (Stroud: Suttton). Tyndall, J. (1998) The Eleventh Hour: A Call for British Rebirth, 3rd edn (Welling: Albion Press). Veen, H.-J., Lepszy, N. and Mnich, P. (1993) The Republikaner Party in Germany (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger). Walker, M. (1978) The National Front, 2nd edn (London: Fontana/Collins). Williams, M.H. (2006) The Impact of Radical Right-Wing Parties in West European Democracies (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan). Woodbridge, S. (2004) ‘Purifying the Nation: Critiques of Cultural Decadence and Decline in British Neo-Fascist Ideology’, in J.V. Gottlieb and T.P. Linehan (eds) The Culture of Fascism: Visions of the Far Right in Britain (London: I.B. Tauris), pp. 129–44. Index

‘7/7’ bombings 166 Austria 70, 121, 176–7, 183, 184, ‘9/11’ attack 135, 146, 182, 240n90 188–9, 190, 191, 193, 203 immigration 181 Aaronovitch, David 149 Ayatollah Khomeini 48 Acivists’ Handbook 82–3 ‘Africans for Essex’ scheme 167, 168 Barking and Dagenham Post 168 Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance Barking and Dagenham Race Equality – AN) 176, 188 Council 199 1998 Verona Congress 188 Barnbrook, Richard 152, 236n12 Alternative Vote (AV) system 202, Batkin, Steve 125, 133, 140, 142, 248n132 149 American Friends of the BNP (AFBNP) election address 143 109 BBC 135, 168 Andersen, J.G. 242n25 BBC News 24 134 Anglo-American New Right 187 BBC Radio Four 134 anti-black racism 45, 46 Beackon, Derek 54–5, 57, 60 anti-BNP campaign 68, 140, 141, Bean, John 75 145, 149, 172–3, 200–1 Belgium 175, 180, 187, 189, 191 anti-democratic ideology 17, 78 ‘Francification’ of 181 anti-fascist campaign 2, 139, 141, Belloc, Hilaire 215n32 145, 173 Bennett, Simon 116, 138 anti-fascists 13, 107, 145, 149, 150, Bentley, Arthur 139 171, 201 Berlusconi, Silvio 176, 188 Anti-Nazi League (ANL) 20, 61, 133 Betz, Hans-George 77, 183, 185 anti-Semitism 16, 19, 52, 82, 98, Beverley, Chris 242n20 162 Bexley Borough Council 69 anti-white racism 102–3, 128, 168 Beyond Capitalism and Socialism 94 Armed Revolutionary Nuclei (NAR) Bilderberg Group 162 35 Billig, Michael 17 Article Three of the Human Rights ‘biological’ racism 19, 32, 45, 88, Act 200 98, 187 Asian youths, clash with police, Bjørklund, T. 242n25 Bradford 48 Blair, Tony 140, 144 Asian-on-white attacks 125, 128, Blocher, Christoph 179 132, 133, 206 Bloomsbury Forum 70, 121 Asyledebatte (asylum debate) 181 Blunkett, David 141, 145 asylum-seeker issue 115, 117, Bowden, Richard 70 118–19, 132, 135, 137, 141–5, Brady, Steve 57, 220n46 146–7, 152, 160, 181–2, 194 Brayshaw, John 154 attacks British Brothers’ League 52, 219n8 by Asians 126 British Democratic Party 25 on Bangladeshi restaurant 60 ‘British Jobs for British Workers’ on whites 57–8 192

253 254 Index

British League of Ex-Servicemen, Griffin and modernisation 100, postwar Mosleyites activity 52 122–3 British Movement 25 ideological debate 158 British National Front 73 ideological dilution 170 British National Party (BNP) 15, 45 ideological modernisation 164–5 in the 1980s 42–50 ideology 45 in the 1990s 51–75 ideology of Tyndall 82–97 in 2001–2003 124 Internet 107 since 2004 150 intra-party division 70 2005 general election 157, joint campaign against Islam 135 158–61, 162 June 2004 elections 150–5 2006 local elections 165–9 leadership challenges 197 2007 local elections and beyond London Mayoral and GLA 169–73 Manifesto 152 2009 European elections, and media 133–42, 145 preparations for 172 national-populism or neo-fascism Advisory Council 113 161–5 anti-Islamic campaigns 196 need for effective and disciplined as ‘national-populist’ 136 party organisation 196 Bexley Borough Council’s ban on and new economic order 93–7 69 normalisation 165 birth of 21–8 Oldham and 2001 general election British nation in racial terms 163 125–31, 206 Burnley and 2001 general election publicity-seeking antics 31–2, 40, 131–3, 167–8 47 and the challenge of NF (1983–87) racial fascism 87–91 33 radical ideological core 26 closure of the headquarters 72 rejection of anti-Semitic conspiracy in comparative perspective 174 theory 162 condemnation by political revolutionary rebirth 82–7 mainstream 55 similarities and differences cosmetic change 201 190–202 credibility 44 socialisation 201 democratic nationalists 148 towards leadership contest 69–75 election manifesto trading association with the ‘White 1983 32, 84 Commonwealth’ 95 1992 61, 76, 86 victory in Tower Hamlets 3, 1997 88, 93 51–2 2001 1, 122 violence as electoral practice 60 2005 157, 158–61, 162 British Nationalist 110, 114 2007 171 British Peoples’ Party 238n60 electoral fortunes 2, 3, 124 British Social Attitudes Survey 146 and the electoral trail 39–42 British Union of Fascists (BUF) 52, establishing 29–33 124 European election manifesto 104 British Worker 138 false dawn 66–9 Brons, Andrew 24, 34, 36, 214n106 Family Day 109 Brooks, Harry 132, 136 fifty-seat campaign 70 Brown, Gordon 192 fund-raising 31, 151 Bruce, Dave 23 Index 255

Bündnis Zukunft Österreich (Alliance ‘common-sense’ populism 148 for Austria’s Future – BZÖ) 177 Communist Party 2, 109 Bulldog 45 community action strategy 57 Burnley 167–8 community campaigning 123, 142, and 2001 general election 131–3 136 Burnley Bravepages website 138 Community Clean-Up Teams 169 Burnley Express 132, 140 Conservative Party 15, 18, 29, 40, Butler, Eddy 56, 57, 58, 60, 152, 41, 60, 64, 101, 104, 105, 117, 167, 168, 170 135, 141, 173, 200 on immigration 130 C2DE 65 conspiracy theory 8, 12, 27, 37, 92, Calderbank, Michael 202 98, 159 Cameron, David 193 The Cook Report (documentary) canvassing 129, 137, 139, 140, 143, 72–3, 111 149, 151–2, 167 co-ordination of society 86 door-to-door 60, 129, 137, 172 corruption 85, 139, 183, 184, 186 Isle of Dogs 67 Cossiga, Francesco 188 streets 60 Cotterill, Mark 109, 110 telephone 172, 173 Covington, Harold 67, 222n106 ‘careless extremism’ 102, 123, 142 Cowell, Jim 136 Centre Party’86 (CP’86) 178 credibility factor 19, 44, 49, 54, Cesarani, David 56 64–5, 99, 111, 140, 147, 167, 204 Chesterton, Arthur Kenneth 6–8, Cronin, Mike 77 10–11, 15, 16, 91 Crowd, Bruce 110 conspiracy theory 8, 37, 92, 98, Crown Prosecution Service 158 159 Cruddas, Jon 173, 193 resignation from the Front 17, 27, ‘cultural genocide’ 160 94 Chesterton, G.K. 215n32 Daily Express 140, 145 Christian Democracy (DC) 183, 184 anti-BNP stories 145 collapse of 188 Daily Mail 55, 118, 145, 168 Churchill, Winston 117 Daily Mirror 55, 105, 140, 173 Clarke, Ken 134 anti-BNP stories 145 ‘the clash of civilisations’ 162 Daily Telegraph 55 Clayton-Garnett, Stanley 37, Daley, Janet 119 216n50 Danish Peoples’ Party 178 Clegg, Nick 246n91 Danish Progress Party 178 Clifford, Max 154 Darby, Simon 116, 121, 146, 165 Codreanu, Corneliu 34, 216n39 Davies, Adrian 70 Collett, Mark 166, 171, 198, 239n66 Davis, David 195 Collinot, Michel 187 Deavin, Mark 74, 102 Collins, Joan 154 decentralisation 108, 157, 163 Combat 18 (C18) 52, 66–8 Democratic Centre (CD) 178 anti-BNP propaganda 68 Dewinter, Filip 190 Combat 16 Did Six Million Really Die? 93, Commission for Racial Equality’s 212n68 pledge 129 Distributism 34, 215n32 Committee for Nationalist Unity Docklands Recorder 61 (CNU) 25 ‘Doing the Enemy’s Work’ 68 256 Index doorstep campaign 60, 129, 137, European elections 104, 109–10, 172 151, 152, 153, 154 Dover Express 118 1999 105–6, 115, 116, 142, 153, Dromey, Jack 246n91 175, 178 Duprat, François 187 2004 146, 150, 155, 156, 164, Durham, Martin 91 175–6, 191, 196, 205 2009 150, 170, 172, 198 East End of London 52–3, 55, 73, 1984 175, 180, 194 122, 130 1989 177 East London Advertiser 63 1994 177, 183 Easter, Michael 42 European New Right 82 Eatwell, Roger 44, 5264 European Union 182 explanatory model 64–5 Evans, Robin 144 Ebanks, Sharon 239n72 Evening Standard 115, 162, 168 economic factors 49 Evola, Julius 34, 216n38 ‘Economic Nationalism’ 94 explanatory model 64–5 economic neo-liberalism 185, 186 The Failure of British Fascism 77 economic philosophy 157 FAIR (Families Against Immigrant Edmonds, Richard 23, 40, 44, 54, Racism) 122 197, 213n98 Faist, Thomas 181 Edwards, Phil 107 FANE (National and European Edwards, Sharron 74, 109, 120 Federation of Action) 187 Edwards, Steve 74, 106, 116, 120 far right 78 efficacy-legitimacy-trust 64–5 conceptualising 77–80 election broadcast 32, 33, 73, 152, electoral decline 29 154 fascism as revolutionary ideology election strategies 80–2 doorstep contact 140 fascism vs. nationalism 76–7 electioneering 138 growing political significance Electoral Reform Society, survey by 191–2 148–9 revolutionary right 79 electoral reform 202 rise in Western Europe 179–90 electoral system unity programme(merging/reunite/ impact of 190, 198 reconciliation) 15–16, 24–5, electronic media 200–1 35, 36, 39 The Eleventh Hour 43, 45, 84, 85, 90, Farage, Nigel 196 96 Farrakhan, Louis 45 The Enemy Within 92 fascism Enlightenment tradition 79 revolutionary ideology of the ‘Equal Rights for Oldham’s Whites’ extreme right 80–2 126, 128 totalitarian aspirations 162 Ethnic Liaison Committee 135 fascists 79 ethnic minorities 62, 92, 119, ideological morphology 79 125–6, 131, 160, 182 Fekete, Liz 57 ‘ethno-nationalism’ 163 Ferraresi, Franco 77 Ettridge, David 58 Fête Bleu, Blanc, Rouge 109 Eurobarometer survey 182 Fini, Gianfranco 176, 184, Euro-Nationalism 70 188 Index 257

Fiore, Roberto 35, 46, 216n40 German Peoples’ Union (DVU) 177 and Griffin 35 Germany 79, 90, 96, 177, 181–2 first-past-the-post (FPTP) majority Givens, Terri 194 electoral system 190 Gleichschaltung 86 Flag newpaper 38 globalisation 101, 186 flexible communication strategy Graaf, Volkert van der 242n22 102 Graham, Sadie 197–8 Fortuyn, Pim (‘pink populist’) 158, Great Britain Movement (GBM) 15, 178 16 Forza Italia (Go for it, Italy) 188 Greater London Assembly (GLA) Fountaine, Andrew 15, 21 constituencies 152, 153 FPTP electoral system 198 Greater London Council 19 replacing 202 Gregor, A. James 82, 225n27 France 44, 71, 102, 108, 139, 141, Griffin, Edgar 134 174–5, 176, 180, 190, 194 Griffin, Nick 27, 33–4, 35, 46, 69, free market 41, 94, 95 70, 72–4, 79, 99, 100, 156 Free Speech Two 166, 172 1999 European election 104, Freedom for Britain and the British 111 104 bankruptcy 111 Freedom Party (FPÖ) 121, 176–7, creation of satellite organisations 181, 183, 184, 188 108 radicalisation 189 and Deavin 74 freedom, democracy, security and and democracy 104 identity 103, 123, 164 designing the party’s full-colour French National Front 109, 123 election leaflet 105 Friends of Spearhead 113 election address 115 Front National 44, 109, 174, 175, and fascism 102, 103–4 180, 185–6, 189, 194 homosexuality issue 111 schism 175 ideological makeover 164–5 führer principle 10, 11, 12, 21 imprisonment 165 fund-raising 108 innovations in campaign methods 129, 133 Gable, Gerry 37 leadership challenges 197–8 Garvey, Marcus 45 leadership election 109–12 general elections 122, 170 liberalism 162 1966 15 media support 110, 133–42 1974 18 modernisation 119–23 1979 19, 20, 21, 23, 34 political expediency and short-term 1983 29, 31, 32, 33, 40, 41 tactics 102 1987 39, 40, 42 professionalism 106–9 1992 54, 63, 118, 183 responsibility 101–6 1997 70, 72, 73, 75, 88, 105, 106, support to modernisers 75 118, 142 taking charge 112–19 2001 1, 122, 125–33, 156, 242n25 ‘Three Hs’ 142 2003 175 Tyndall and loyalists hit back 2005 157, 158, 165, 178, 196, 111, 156 2002 on UKIP 246n106 generic fascism 79 utilising Asian backlash 128 Gentile, Giovanni 86 Who are the Mind-benders? 71–2 258 Index

Griffin, Roger 187 Huntingdon, Samuel 162 Griffiths, Peter 128 Husbands, Chris 53, 179 Griffiths, Richard 80 Groupe action jeunesse (Youth Action Iain Duncan Smith (IDS) 134–5 Group) 187 ICM poll 142, 195 Groupes nationalistes-révolutionnaires Identity 113, 114, 121, 128, 157 (Revolutionary Nationalist ‘Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty’ Groups) 187 group 245n84 Gummer, John 69 ideological vision is revolutionary 164 Hague, William 117, 118–19, 130, Ignazi, Piero 185, 188 141 illiberal nationalism 78 Haider, Jörg 176, 189 immigration issue 8–9, 32, 89, 91, on Nazism 189 103, 118, 130, 132, 141, 147, 152, Hainsworth, Paul 78, 179 154–5, 160, 170, 179–86, 192–6, Hannam, Dave 198 200, 203, 206 Happe, George 57 Independent 168 Hardtalk 134 Independent Group 132 Harper, Alistair 211n21 Indigenous Caucasian 163, 238n55 Harrington, Patrick 34, 37, 46, industrial relations system 96 215n29 influx of East European migrants Harris Research Centre poll 65 192, 195 Harris, Geoffrey 189 Innsbruck congress 176 Haycock, John 116 International Third Position 46, 71 Heath, Edward 118 internationalist doctrines 91 Helping Hand team 116, 137, 142 Internet 107, 200–1 Henderson, Ken 58 Irving , David 93 Hepple, Tim 48 Islamic war 135 ‘Heritage Tours’ 35 Islamophobia 182 Hewitt, Eric 125 Isle of Dogs 54, 56, 60, 64, 65, 67 ‘The Hidden Hand’ 162 Isle of Dogs Neibourhood Hill, Ray 21–2, 24–5, 28, 30 Committee 66 The Hoax of the Twentieth Century 93 issue-based politics 185 Hodge, Margaret 167, 168 see also asylum-seeker issue; Holland, Derek 34, 46, 215n27 immigration issues; racism Holmes, Douglas 98 Italy 79, 97, 176, 184, 188, 189, Holocaust 11, 44 193 denial 71, 92–3, 134, 212n68 immigration 183 Holocaust News 44, 92–3 ITV 72, 134 Holtam, Nicholas 64 Home Office 195 Jackson, Chris 121, 197 homo fascistus 81, 93 Japanese economic model 96 homosexuality, within the NF 21–2 Jewish conspiracy 8, 91–3 ‘Hope not Hate’ tour 173 ‘The Jewish Question: Out in the Hossay, Patrick 181 Open or Under the Carpet?’ 19 housing policy 62 Jews, power in the media industry Howard, Michael 55, 151, 200 92 Hughes, Carol 140, 234n113 Jordan, Colin 24, 37 Hughes, Simon 130 Jyllands-Posten 239n68 Index 259

Kemp, Arthur 240n87 Liddle, Rod 134 Kilroy-Silk, Robert 154, 158 Linehan, Thomas 83 King, Dave 72 Livingstone, ‘Red’ Ken 114 Kitschelt, Hebert 77, 185 local community campaign 106 ‘winning formula’ 185–6 local concern, concentrating on 57, Kronene Zeitung 181 167, 206 local elections L’Humanité 109 1976 19 Labour councillors, links with the 1978 53 ‘Tipton Taliban’ 138 1990 53, 54, 59, 62 Labour Party 15, 62, 117, 132, 135, 1991 59 172, 200 1994 54, 65, 66 ability to manage immigration 1998 73 195 1999 106 laissez-faire economics 94, 97 2000 126, 140 Lancashire Evening Telegraph 124, 2002 136, 137 144 2003 124, 147, 148, 149, 156 Land and People 109, 122 2004 151, 152, 156, 164 Land elections 177 2006 4, 150, 165–9 Lawrence, Stephen 199 2007 169–73 Lawson, Richard 18 Local Government Association 195 Le Pen, Jean-Marie 43–4, 150, 174, local legitimacy, BNP quest for 187, 236n4 56–61, 137 accusations of fascism 187 London’s ‘secret racists’ 61–5 racism 187 Loony Front 46 leadership ‘Think Tank’ 108, 113 Loose Cannon 111 League of Empire Loyalists (LEL) 2, Lowerhouse Rose 234n113 6, 7, 15, 31 Lowles, Nick 66, 173 Lebensraum 96 Lubbers, Marcel 181 Lecomber, Tony 44–5, 48, 54, 145, 165–6, 217n90 mainstream parties 64, 80, 115, Leese, Arnold 87, 88 117, 141, 148, 178, 180, 182, Lega Nord (Northern League) 10, 18, 199 176, 211n21 coalition with far-right 189 legitimacy issue 147–8, 170, 186 Marsden, Adrian 144 Leppert, Julian 153 Marxists 79 The Leuchter Report 93 Mayo, Sue 64 Liaison Committee 38 mayoral elections 114, 142, 149, LibDem Spring Conference 173 153, 189 liberal ‘totalitarianism’ 159 McCalden, Dave 18 Liberal Democrats 55, 61, 62–3, McKilliam, Capt. Kenneth 26 135, 172 Media Monitoring Unit (MMU) 107 ‘grumblesheet’ tactics 137 media 20, 38, 40, 60, 66, 87, 105, race as electoral issue 64 127, 151, 154, 162, 168, 180, 199, radical populism 62 202 liberal society 162 campaigns 146, 118, 125, 146 liberalism 79, 83, 88, 89 electronic 200–1 Tyndall’s view 83–4, 97 Jewish influence in 72, 92 Liberal-SDP Alliance 49, 62 for winning votes 133–42 260 Index

Mégret, Bruno 102, 175 electoral decline 20, 22 Merkl, Peter 77 increase in members 18, 20 MI5 68, 111 moderate populists 18 Middle England 101, 104 political soldiers 34, 36–7, 45–6, Miles, Robert 182 49 Militant 187 radical wing 35 moderation 44, 71, 72, 98, 119, 156, schism 21–8, 36–7 164, 188, 201 Strasserites 18 and extremism 78 National Front Constitutional Molyneaux, Stephen 63–4 Movement 21, 23, 25, 213n93 ‘Money Power’ 94–5 National Front News 45 Monster Raving Loony Party 47 National Front Support Group (NFSG) MORI poll 65 (also Flag Group) 37, 46, 57 MORI pollsters (2002) 141 demise 46–7 Morris, Bill 119, 134 steering committee 38 Morris, Dick 154 National Labour Party 53 Morrison, Eddy 45, 48, 238n60 National Party 18–19 Morse, John 40, 110 National Socialism 11, 14, 15, 16, Mosley, Oswald 15, 52, 86, 87, 96, 96 124 National Socialist Movement (NSM) Mosse, George 79 15 Movimento Sociale Italiano (Italian National Socialist Alliance (NSA) Social Movement – MSI) 176, 67–8 180, 184, 188 National Union of Journalists 134 Moving On, Moving Up 110 Nationalism Today 34, 37 Mudde, Cas 64, 78, 179 Nationalist Alliance 38, 39, 40, 42–3 multiculturalism 127, 159–60 Nationalist Unity 33–9 Jewish conspiracy 159 Nationalists 36, 61, 96, 171 threat to British identity 192 Nationality, Immigration and Asylum whites as victims of 133 Act 141, 199 Muslim extremists 135 national-populism (popular Mussolini, Alessandra 184 nationalism) 3, 4, 80, 82, 122, 123, 136, 160, 164, 187, 205 National Democratic Party (NPD) BNP as 4, 103, 161–5, 170 174, 177 Italy’s extreme right 188 National Democrats 74, 106, 171, Western Europe’s extreme right 240n86 204 National Front 16–17, 32–3, 36, Nazi regime 124, 127 racial-hygiene measures 90 1979 general election 19, 20, 21, neo-fascism 79 23 and national populism community action strategy 57 relationship 81–2 credibility 46 difference 82 democratic collective leadership Third Position 82 26 neo-liberal economic philosophy 94 dialogues with Jewish community neo-Nazism 79 46 neo-racism 182 Directorate structure 30–1 Netherlands, the 178, 181 disciplinary code 31 New Frontier 24, 84 Index 261

New Labour 138, 141, 192, 193 Pearson, Roger 211n21 ‘new man’ 34, 81, 86 Pierre Poujade 174 New Nation 36 political respectability 20–1, 27, 60, New National Front (NNF) 23–4, 26, 101, 105, 147, 149, 200, 204 29 political soldier 34, 36–7, 45–6, 49 Newland, Michael 70, 74, 107, 114, politics of resentment 19, 129, 132, 120 181, 185, 195 Newsnight programme 133 popular nationalism see national- ‘no-go’ zones for whites 127 populism Nols, Roger 181 popular participation 86 Nordic 88, 163 popular racism 36, 56, 146, 182, Norris, Pippa 190 192, 206 North Africans 182 countering 202 North of Britain Spring Rally 126 populism 71, 161 Northern Echo 149 populist newcomers 27 Notting Hill Carnival 57, 59–60 positive discrimination 63, 80, 115, Nouvelle Droite 187 116, 132, 133, 147, 148 postal workers 236n19 O’Brien, Powellite John 17–18 Powell, Enoch 76, 117 Office for National Statistics (ONS) preferential funding 138 194 for Asian areas 142, 144, 206 ‘official’ NF 34, 36–7, 45–6, 49 for Muslim areas 138 Oldham 132, 139, 140 Prescott, John 135 and 2001 general election Prime Minister, investing power to 125–31, 206 85 Oldham Chronicle 125, 126, 127, Principles and Policies of British 128, 129, 130–1, 140 National Party 32 onset of Peak Oil 170 Prodi, Romano 176 The Order 67 Progress Party 178 Osborne, Barry 54, 60 prohibition of homosexuality and Österreichische Volkspartei (Austrian abortion 90 People’s Party – ÖVP) 177, 181 Proportional Representation (PR) ÖVP-SPÖ coalition 177 104, 170, 190 Proporz 183 Painter, Roy 18, 27 protest votes 49, 61, 148–9, 183, pan-Europeanism 82 184, 186, 193 Panorama team 136 Protocols of the Elders of Zion 91 parish and town council elections pseudo-democratic language 115 171 Parker, Charles 23, 26, 30, 38, race and nationality 35, 36 213n96 ‘race’ issue 117 party unity 157 as political issue 55–6 Passmore, Kevin 80, 164 tabloid coverage 118 Patriot 70, 101, 110 see also racism patriotic vote 154 racial fascism 87–91 Paxman, Jeremy 133 racial integration in schools and the Peacock, John 26 media 16 Pearce, Joe 33, 214n8 racial populism 15, 17, 34, 62 Pearce, Williams 69, 222n107 radical right 77–8 262 Index radical right-wing populism 77 Rushdie, Salman, death threat 47–8 racial-biological determinism 32 Rustem, Lawrence 233n77 radicalisation 78 radicalism 77 Sangatte refugee camp, France 141 racially motivated violence 132 Sargent, Charlie 67, 69 racism 55, 78, 87, 102, 126, 128, Sargent, Steve 67 130, 146, 180, 187, 192–3, 198–9, Sarkozy, Nicolas 175 200 Scandinavia 178 of the Isle of Dogs 56 Scheepers, Peer 181 and Liberal Democrats 63, 64, 206 Schönhuber, Franz 190 see also other terms related to racism scientific racism 87 radical ideology 34 Scotland Yard 111 radical rights 77–8 Searchlight 168, 194, 210n6 radicalisation 78 Sebastion, Tim 134 rank-and-file 112, 156, 191 The Secret Agent 158 Rassemblement Pour La République impact of 237n38 (RPR) 189 Section Two of the 1936 Public Order rational choice votes 183 Act 13 Read, Kingsley 18, 27 Shields, James 175 ‘The Reality of Race’ 19 silent counter-revolution 185 Rebuilding British Democracy 158–61 Sinclair, Shane 137 recolonisation of Black Africa 96 ‘single-issue’ parties 179 ‘Red, White and Blue’ festival 109 Six Principles of British Nationalism Reed-Herbert, Anthony 213n94 15–16 Reform Group 197 Sked, Alan 74 reformist ideal type 80 Sky News 168 Reich, Third 86 Smith, Colin 117 Renaissance 109 Smith, Jacqui 195 repatriation policy 32, 71, 74, Smith, Kenny 197–8 89–90, 104, 123, 160, 182 Smith, Liam 239n79 Republicans 181 Smith, Steve 53, 58, 60, 116, 131 Republikaner (Republicans – REP) Socialist Party (PSI) 183, 184 177, 180, 182, 184, 190 Sons and Daughters’ housing scheme European elections in 1994 177 62 revisionist struggle 71 soul of British Nationalism, struggle revolutionary nationalism 34 for 29 revolutionised Britain 82, 163 Spearhead 71, 113 Rhodes, James 132 Spence, Andrew 247n117 right extreme, varied terminologies Spreading the Word 76, 93 77 State of the Nation poll (2004) 198 Rights for Whites 56–61, 126 Stirbois, Jean-Pierre 167, 187 right-wing extremism, rising 174–9 Stoke Sentinel 149 right-wing Freedom Pole coalition Stoner, John, attack on white 176 schoolboy 57 Rising 34 Strasser, Gregor 212n66 Robinson, Tony 135 Strasser, Otto 212n66 Roxburgh, Angus 40, 51 Strasserism of the Flag Group 49 The Rune 71 Strauss, Franz-Joseph 179 Runnymede Trust 56 street canvassing 60, 107 Index 263 strong state 78 on Jews 89 Sun 118, 145, 168 link with Copeland, David (nail Sunday Express 154, 195 bomber) 105 Sunday Mirror 168 on nationalism 88–9 Sunday Telegraph 168 political respectability 20–1 supply and demand model 180 prominence in the NF 16–21 Sussex Front 39 publishing The Eleventh Hour 43, Sutch, Screaming Lord 47 45 Swedish National Democrats 171 and racism 32, 89–90 Swiss Peoples’ Party 179 racial nationalism 88 Swyngedouw, Marc 187 on socialism 95 sympathisers 11, 92, 128, 161, 182, sought to increase number of 183, 184, 185 members 43 syncretic legitimation 63 struggle for the soul of British Nationalism 43, 48–9 Taggart, Paul 80 training programmes for party tax and public spending, as electoral activists 43 issue 130 and Webster 13, 18, 20–1, 22 Thatcher, Margaret 20, 29, 49, 56, Tyndall BNP and Griffin BNP 117, 234n118 difference 157 free-market economic ‘revolution’ Tyndallite NF 19, 20 94 ‘Third Position’ revolutionary UK Independence Party (UKIP) 74, nationalism 34 152, 154, 155, 196 Third Positionism of the ‘political obstacle to BNP’s success 196 soldiers’ 49 ultra nationalism 78, 86 Third World 170, 183 unfair funding distribution 146 Thurlow, Richard 17 Union Jack 31, 57, 63 Today programme 127, 134, 135 Union Movement 6, 15, 52 ‘Toilet’ leaflet 221n86 Union pour la Démocratie Française Tory Party 20, 117–18 (UDF) 189 totalitarianism 163 Tower Hamlets 51–3 Verrall, Richard 19, 22, BNP’s victory, comments on 55 212n68 Townend, John 130 Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) Treacy, Mick 125, 126 176 The Turner Diaries 222n107 Vlaams Blok (Flemish Block – VB) Tyler, Steve 58 175, 180 Tyndall, John Hutchyns 27–8, 54, The Voice of Freedom 114, 169 70, 154 Vote for Britain 32 on C18 68–9 voter loyalty 184 on capitalism 95 voting behaviour, study of 148 deliver party headquarters building Voting Membership (VM) scheme 43, 47 171, 197 explanation for NF’s electoral demise 22, 35–6 Waite, Alf 40, 42 expulsion 157 Walker, Michael 35 and Griffin 111–12 Walsh, Ken 54 ideological radicalisation 35, 45 Walter Chamberlain, assaulted 126 264 Index

Webster, Martin 18, 19, 33, 57 Woolas, Phil 168 homosexuality 21–2 Worker Registration Scheme 195 removal from NF 35 working-class communities 8, 53, and Tyndall 13, 18, 20–1, 22 65, 74, 101, 129, 138, 141, 144, Weinberg, Leonard 77 193–4, 199 Welsh Assembly election 171 working-class radicalism 38 Western Europe 174–9, 194, 198, World in Action (TV documentary) 199, 204 68–9 far-right parties rise 179–90 Westminster politicians 32, 165 xenophobia 78, 179, 183 White Commonwealth 95 White Nationalist Party (WNP) Yorkshire Evening Post 162 238n60 YouGov poll 168 Who are the Mind-benders? 71–2 Young National Front 30 Williams, Michelle Hale 199 Williamson, Graham 34 zero tolerance 138, 152, 167 Wingfield, Martin 38–9 Zionism 89, 91, 159