'I

230 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA:TE .JANUARY 15 By Mr. POWERS: poses; to the Committee on Expenditures in from Mr. TRUMAN addressed to the Gov­ H. R. 1375. A bill for the better assurance the Executive Departments. ernor of Missouri, which was read and of the protection of persons within the sev­ By Mr. PETERSON of Florida: ordered to lie on the table, as follows: eral States from mob violence and lynch• H. R. 1392. A bill for the purpose of re­ ing, and for other purposes; to the Commit· newing and increasing .:forage and improving UNITED STA'l"ES SENATE, tee on the Judiciary. watershed conditions on range lands, forests Washington, D. C., January 9, 1945. By Mr. RANDOLPH: or Indian lands, or other public owned and Hon. PHIL. M. DONNELLY, H. R. 1376 (by request). A 'bill providing controlled land of the United States; au­ Governor, State of Missouri, compensation for time required in training thorizing the sowin g operations by airplane, Jefferson City, Mo. services; to the Committee on the Civil machinery, or 'other means, for conducting DEAR GOVERNOR: Due to the fact I am to Service. experiments to improve methods of re!3eed­ be sworn in as Vice President of the United H. R. 1377 (by request). A bill providins jng, and for other purposes; to the Com­ States on January 20, I am t~ndering my uniforms for Gove·rnment employees; to the mittee on the Public Lan ds. resignation as Unite.:i States Senator from Committee on the Civil Service. By 11.1r. MONRONEY: ~.. nss .ouri, effective January 18. H. R. 1378 (by request). A bill defraying H. Con. Res. 18. Concurrent resolution es­ Sincerely yours, traveling expenses of transferred employees; tablishing. a Joint Committee on the Organi­ • HARRY S. TRUMAN, to the Committee on Expenditures in the .zation of the Congress; \O th~ Committee on United States Senator. Executive Departments. Rules. ANNOUNCEMENT OF MEETING WITH GEN. By Mr. RANDOLPH: 1 By Mr. RANKIN: ERAL MARSHALL AND ADMIRAL KING H. R. 1379. A fill to·authorize the Adminis­ H . J. Res. 66. Joint resolution proposing an trator of Veterans Affairs to transfer by quit· amendment to the Constitution of the United · Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I am claim deed to the city· of Los Angeles, Calif., States relative to equal rights for men and glad to announce to,the Members.of the for fire-station purposes, the title to certain . women; to the Committee on the Judiciary. Senate that they, together with Mem­ land located at Veterans Administration fa­ be:t:s of the House of Representatives, cility, Los Angeles, Calif.; to the Committ ee on World War Veterans Legislation. will soon be invited by the Secretaries of By Mr. REED of New York: War and Navy to attend an off-the­ · H. R. 1380. A bill to exempt certain reli­ SENATE record discussion on the present war sit­ gious, charltable, scientific, literary, and ed].l­ uation, which will be presented by Gen­ cational organizations from the requirement MONDAY, JANUARY 15, 1945 eral Marshall on behalf of the War De­ of withholding tax at source on wages; to the The Chaplain; Rev. Frederick Brown partment and the Army, and Admiral -Committee on Ways and Means. King on behalf of the NavyDepartment By Mr. ROBERTSON of North Dakota: Harris, D. D., offered the following • prayer: and the Navy. H. R. 1381. A bill referring the claims of For reasons of security, the informa­ the Turtle Mountain Band or Bands of Chip· Lord of the morning, who ·spreadest • pewa Indians of North Dakota to the Court of tion which will be given to the Members Claims for adjudication and settlement; to the mantle of light about us while other of Congress at this meeting will be the Committee on Indian Affa-irs. lands are shrouded in shadow, yet who highly confidential. The place of the H. R. 1382. A bill authorizing payment to dost brood with watchful love in both meeting cannot yet be disclosed. How­ the Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands of Sioux -darkness and light, grant us a vivid sense ever, it will be held on the morning of Indians for certain lands ceded by them to of Thy presence as here we face the V/ednesday, January 24, at a place which "the United States by a treaty of July 23, 1851; tangled tragedy of this sorely wounded will ·be convenient to alf of us to attend. to the Committee on Indian Affairs. world. As dawn·has grown into fullness By Mr. ROGERS .of Florida: I understand that .each Member of H. R. 1383.· A bill providing that certain real of noontide, so let Thy light banish all the Senate is to receive a formal invi­ property, together with improvements there­ shadows of doubt and guilt from our own ,tatioq, which will contain complete on acquired for military purposes or for hearts that we may find and follow Thy details. · national parks or monuments, shall not be purpose throughout this day. We be­ I . have been asked to emphasize that ·exempt from taxation by the States and their seech Thee help us to ·use its precious only Members of Congress will be per­ political subdivisions; to tile Committee on hours in such manner that Thou canst the Public Lands. mitted to attend. Members of their hallow. it with Thy blessing and glorify staffs, or friends, or individuals acting on By Mr. STIGLER: it with Thy presence. . H. R. 1384. A bill. to establish an additional beh~lf of the Members, will not be ad­ United ::;;tates military academy at Muskogee, May we be strong to do the things mitted. worth doing and put aside the things in the State of Oklahoma; to the Committee I 'understand that General Marshall on Military Affairs. which are unworthy, belittling, or base. Keep our expectant eyes on the unending and Admiral King will giv·e us informa­ By Mr. TALBOT: tion on the war which cannot be re­ H. R. 1385. A bill concerning seeing-eye dogs fut.ure toward which we strive. Give us on trains; to the Committee on Interstate the radiant joy which is the constant re­ leased publicly for security reasons. I and Foreign Commerce. · ward of those who are workers together strongly recomm'end that all of us at­ By Mr. GEARHART: . with Thee for a redeemed earth to which tend who possibly can, because such in­ H. R. 1386. A bill to provide for the reincor­ )'by k~ngdom at last shall come. Amen. formation directly from General Mar­ poration of the National Woman's Relief shall and Admiral King, who have such a Corps, Auxiliary to the Grand Army of the ~TTENDANCE OF SENATORS profound knowledge of present and pend­ Republic; to the Committee on the Judiciary. ALBERT W. HAWKES, a Senator from the ing military and naval operations, By Mr. HA.NCOCK: State of New Jersey; JAMES M. MEAD, a should give us all a much better under­ H. R. 1387. A bill to amend the Judicial Senator from the· State of New York; Code with respect to the admission of at­ standing of· the enormously important torneys at law to practice before the courts, E. H. MooRE, a Senator from the State developments taking place today. departments, and offices of the Government; of Oklahoma; and W. LEE O'DANIEL, a Again I must emphasize· that the in­ to the Committee on the Judiciary. ' Senator from the State of Texas, ap- formation presented at this meeting will By Mr. HORAN: . peared in their seats today, . . be confidential, and that only Members H. R. 1388. A bill relating to the post­ THE JOURNAL of Congress will be permitted to attend. humous award of the decoration of the Purple The date, I again state, will be the morn­ Heart; to the Committee on Military Affairs. ·· On request of Mr. BARKLEY, and by ing of the 24th of January. The exact By Mr. JOHNSON of Oklahoma: unanimous consent, the reading of the time of the meeting will be stated in the' H. R. 1389. A bill providing for the trans­ Journal of the proceedings of Thursday, invitation which we will all receive, and . fer of a certain fish hatchery in Comanche .January 11, 1945, was dispensed with,. County, Okla., to the city of Lawton, Okla.; and the Journal was approved. I hope that all the Members of the Sen­ to the Committee on the Merchant Marine f! ate who possibly can do so will attend. and Fisheries. MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Many of us will remember . a former By Mr. MAy: , Messages in writing from the Presi­ occasion when General Marshall and H. R. 1390. A b1ll to authorize the Secre­ dent of the United States submitting Admiral Kipg gave to Members of the tary of War to grant to the Orange & Rock· Senate on one day, and on another, I land Electric Co., a 150-foot perpetual ease­ nominations were communicated to the ment across the West Point Military Reserva• Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his secre­ think, to Members of the House, a confi­ tion in the State of New York; to the Com-. taries. dential description of the situation up to that time. I am sure we will all be very mittee on Military Affairs. RESIGNATION OF SENATOR TRUMAN By Mr. MILLER of Nebraska: ID1fCh interested in and instructed by H. R. 1391. A bill to establish a Depart• The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the this confidential recital on· their part of ment of National Health, and for other pur• Senate copy of a letter of resignation the present military and naval situation. 1945 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 231 EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC: in session at Rapid City, S. Dak., on January out amendment, and, tindex: the rule, the The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the EJ, 1945, adopted the following resolution: resolution was referred to the Committee to "Whereas the W. F. A. has requested ·that ·Audit and Control the Contingent ~penses Senate the following letters and report, the livestock producer and agriculturalist of the Senate. which were referred as indicated: produce more food for the war effort, liber­ . REPOJlT OF FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION ated countries, and home consumption in the EXECUTIVE REPORTS OF COMMITTEES year 1945; and A letter from the Administrator of the As in executive-session, "Whereas the many Federal directives in The following favorable reports of Federal Security Agenc;y, transmitting. pur­ the past, as well as the present, causes much suant to law, the annual report of the Food discouragement to prpducers of food: Then nominations were submitted: and Drug Administration for the :fiscal year be it By Mr. CONNALLY, from the Committee on ended June 30, 1944 (with an accompanying "Reso~ved, That the South Dakota. Stock Foreign Relations: report); to the Committee on Commerce. Growers Association are unalterably opposed Adolf A. Berle, Jr., of New York, to be Am­ VISIT OF BOARD OF VlsrrORS TO UNITED STATES to the enactment by law or directive, any bassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary MERCHANT MARIN.E ACADEMY ceiling on live cattle. Instead issue a. direc­ to Brazil; A letter from the Chairman of the United tive that wo11ld be for ·encouragement to all Robert L. Buell, of New York, now a Foreign States Maritime Commission, stating that, food producers to produce more food for all Service ofllcer cf class 6 and a secretary in the pursuant to law, Thursday, June 7, and Fri­ this·coming year." Diplomatic Service, to be also a consul gen­ day, June 8, have been fixed as tne dates for The livestock producers as well as the live­ eral; and the 1945 visit of the Board of Visitors to the stock feeders of South Dakota have prepared . Walworth Barbour, of Massachusetts, now a United .States Merchant Marine Academy at themselves during this last market season to Foreign Service officer of class 6 and a secre­ Kings Point, N.Y.; to the Committee on Com­ go all-out for greater meat production for tary in the Diplomatic Service, to be also a ·merce. this coming year. Therefore, we feel that consul. they should not bs thrown off balance by any , By Mr. GEORGE, from the Committee on REPORT oF FEDERAL TRADE CoMMISSION new proposals which would hinder them in Finance: · · A letter from the Chairman of the Federal meeting this goal. Sundry officers for appointment and promo­ Trade Commission, transmitting, pursuant Sincerely yours, tion in the Regular Corps of the United States to law, the thirtieth annual report of the RAY KALKBFtENNER, Secret'ary. Public Health Service. Commission for the :fiscal year ended June REPORTS OF COMMITTEES By Mr. WHEELER, from the Committee on 30, 1944 (with an accompanying report); to Interstate Commerce: the Committee on Interstate Commerce. The following reports of committees J. Haden Alldredge, of Alabama, to be In­ REPORT OF FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS were submitted: terstate Commerce Commissioner for the COMMISSION term expiring December 31, 1951 (reappoint­ By Mr. ELLENDER, from the Committee ment); A letter from the Chairman of the Federal on Claims: Communications Commission, transmitting, S. 72. A bill for the relief of Antonio Rurz; Charles D. Mahaffie, of the District of Co­ lumbia, to be Interstate Commerce Commis­ pursuant to law, the tenth annual report of without amendment (Rept. No.1); S. 76. A bill for the relief of John T. sioner for the term expiring December 31, 1951 the Commission for the fiscal year ended June (reappointment); and 30, 1944 (with an accompanying report); to Cooper; without amendment (Rept. No. 2); the Committee on Interstate Commerce. S. 77. A bill for the relief of Lindon A. Paul A. Porter, of Kentucky, to be a mem­ Long; with amendments (Rept. No. 3); . ber of the Federal Communications Commis­ REPORT OF THE CHESAPEAKE & POTOMAC sion for the unexpired term of 7 years from TELEPHONE Co. S. 167. A bill for the relief of Perkins Gins, formerly Perkins Oil Co., of Memphis, Tenn.; July 1, 1942, to which office he was appointed -· A letter from the president of the Chesa­ without amendment (Rept. No.4); during the last recess of the Senate. peake & Potomac Telephone Co., transJ:I¥t­ S.177. A bill for the relief of Oscar Griggs; By Mr. McCARRAN, from the Committee on ting, pursuant to law, the report of the com­ with amendments (Rept. No. 5) ; the Judiciary: ' . pany for the year 1944 (the month of De· S. 243. A bill for the relief of Galen E. Reed Sharp, of Tennessee, to be United cember being estimated) (with an accom­ Walter; without amendment (Rept. No. 6). States marshal for the middle district of Ten­ panying report); to the Committee on the nessee. (Mr. Sharp is now serVing in this District of Columbia. Mr. McCARRAN. From the Commit­ office under an appointment which expired ( REPORT OF GEORGS'OWN BARGE, DOCK, ELEVATOR tee on the Judiciary, I report back favor­ February 12, 1944); and & RAILWAY Co. ably Senate Resolution 16 and Senate Miles N. Pike, of Nevada, to be United States The report of the Georgetown Barge, Dock, Resolutipn 17, and ask unanimous con­ attorney for the district of Nevada, to fill an existing vacancy. Elevator & Railway Co. for the calendar year sen~ that the committee may later file 1944; to the Committee on the District of written reports on the resolutions. By Mr. THOMAS of Utah, from the Commit­ · Columbia. tee on Military Affairs: The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ Guy M. Gillette, of Iowa, to be a member of CEILING PRICES FOR LIVE CATTLE jection, it is so ordered. the Surplus Property Board for a term of 2 Mr. BUSHFIELD. Mr. Pre~ident, on By Mr. McCARRAN, from the Committee years from October 3, 1944. New Year's Day about a dozen Senators on the Judiciary: By Mr. McKELLAR, from the Committee on s. Res.16. Resolution continuing the au­ Post Offices and Post Roads: in association with about 35 cattle pro­ thority for a study into the legal and con­ Sundry postmasters. ducers and cattle feeders from the sec­ stitutional authority for the issuance of tion of the country extending from the Executive orders of the President and of BILLS AND . JOINT RESOLUTION eastern seacoast to the Rocky Moun­ departmental regulations, and increasing the INTRODUCED tains, gathered in the office of Judge limit of expenditures; Without amendment Bills and a joint resolution were in­ Vinson, Director of Economic Stabiliza­ (Rept. No. 7) and, under the rule, the res­ troduced, read the :first time, and, by tion, to discuss the question of ceiling olution was referred to the Committee to unanimous consent, the ·second time, and prices for live cattle. Many of the cattle Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of tbe Senate; and referred as follows: producers in my section of the· country S.Res.17. Resolution continuing the au­ By Mr. THOMAS of Utah: do not approve the action which has been thority for an investigation of the alcoholic­ S. 290. A bill to aui;horize the Secretary taken by the Director, and I ask unani­ beverage indu.stry and increasing the limit of of War to grant to the Orange & Rockland mous consent to incorporate in the REc­ expenditures; with an amendment (Rept. Electric Co., a 150-foot perpetual easement ORD as a part of my remarks and to have No. 8) and, under the rule, the resolution acrOss the West Point Military Reservation appropriately .referred a resolution· and JVas referred to the Committee to Audit and in the State of New York; to the Committee statement of the South Dakota Stock Control the Contingent Expenses of the on Military Affairs. .Qrowers' Association. Senate. , (Mr. MURRAY (for himself and Mr. WAG· By Mr. HATCH, from the Committee on NEB) introduced Senate bill 291, which was There being no objection, the resolu­ Public Lands and Surveys: referred to the Committee on Finance, and tion and statement were referred to the S. Res. 18. Resolution continuing the au­ appears under a separate heading.) Committee on Banking and Currency thority for litn investigation of the use of By Mr. BAILEY: and ordered to be printed in the RECORD, public lands,. and increasing the limit of S. 292. A bill to provide for the · sale of as follows: expenditures; with an amendment, and, certain Government-owned merchant ves­ SoUTH DAKOTA STocK under the rule, the resolution was referred sels, and for other purposes; to the Com­ GROWERS AssOCIATION, to the Committee to Audit and Control the mittee on Commerce. Rapid City, S. Dak., January 9, 1945. Contingent Expenses of the Senate. By Mr. WAGNER (for himself and Mr. Hon. HARLAN J. BusHFIELD, By Mr. Mc:fARLAND, from the Committee WHEELER): United States Senate, on Interstate and Commerce: S. 293. A bill to amend the Railroad r-etire­ . Washington, D. C. . S. Res. 24. Resolution continuing the au­ ment Acts, the Railroad Unemployment In­ Han. BusHFIELD: The executive board of thor"~ty for -an investigation of inter.national surance Act, and subchapter B of chapter 9 the South Dakota ~tock Growers' Association, 9onunun1cations by wire and radio; wit.\1 .. of the Internal Revenue Code; ·and for other 232 CONGRESSI10NAL .RECORD-SENATE 'JANUARY 15 purposes; to the Committee on Interstate By MR. ELLENDER: . be'fore he is entitled to the full 52 weeks of Commerce. S. 314. A bill for the relief of Sigurdur fuU employment benefits provided in the act. By Mr. GEORGE: Jonsson and Thorolina Thordardottir; -The amendment eliminates the requirement S. 294 (by request). A bill to authorize the S. 315. A bill for the relief of G. F. Allen, imd makes all servicemen who have served Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to furnish chief disbursing officer, Treasury Department, 90 days or more eligible for the full 52 weeks' certain ·benefits,. services, and supplies to dis• and for other purposes; benefits. charged members of the military or naval S. 316. A bill for the relief of June I. 3. As the act now stands, partial 'Weekly forces of any nation allied or associated with Gradijan; · · unemployment benefits paid to partially em­ the United States in World War No. 2, and S. 317. A bill for the relief of G. F. Allen, ployed veterans are counted as full weekly for other purposes; to :the Committee on chief disbursing officer for the Treasury De­ benefits in figuring the maximum of 52 weeks of benefits. The amendment changes this Finance. partment, and for other purposes; By Mr. HAWKES: S. 318. A bill for the relief of the New Eng­ and credits only the dollar · amount actually S. :Z95. A bill to provide for certain pay­ land Teleph me & Telegraph Co.; paid out against the total amounts of bene­ ments to States and their political subdivi:. s. 319. A bill for the relief of Dane D. fits to which a serviceman would be entitled sions as compensation for loss of revenues Morgan; if he were totally .unemployed. · occasioned by the acquisition of real prop• S. 320. A bill for the relief of Francis X. 4. The act now authorizes the Adminis­ erty by the United States for military pur­ Servaites; and trator of Veterans' Affairs in case of succes­ poses; to the Committee on Finance. S. 321. A bill for the relief of James M. . sive .disqualification to extend the period By Mr. McKELLAR: Hiler; to the Committee on Claims. of disqualification of 4 weeks provided for in s. 296. A bill to safeguard the activities o~ By Mr. THOMAS of Oklahoma: .the law, up· to 8 additional weeks. Under ·the Office of Censorship; to the Committee on S. 322. A bill for the relief of Clarence ·the law veterans may be disqualified for leav­ the Judiciary. Atkins; to the Committee on Claims. _ing suitable work voluntarily without good By Mr. BANKHEAD: . By Mr. MEAD: cause, for discharge for misconduct, or for S . .-.97. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Zenobia . S. 323. A bill for the r.elief of Thomas F. failure to apply for or accept suitable work. Mershon; to the Committee on Claims. Gray; to the Committee on Claims . . In view of the fact that many veterans after s. 298. A bill to continue Comrp.odity Credit By Mr. JOHNSON of California: long and hazardous military service will have Corporation as an agency of the United S. 324. A bill to provide for the promotion a difficult time in readjusting to civilian jobs, States, increase its borrowing power, revise of officers on the retired list of the Army it does not seem ·right to give such discre·­ the basis of the annual appraisal of its as­ after specif!_ed years of service on active duty; tionary authority to the Administrator. The sets, and for other purposes; and and proposed amendment, therefore, eliminates s. 299. A bill to amend the Bankhead• S. 325. A bill to authorize the issuance of · this authority from the law. Jones Farm Tenant Act :7 U. S. C. 1000- service medals to members of the American 5. The act now provides that the condi· 1029), by making it possible for war veter­ Expeditionary Force who participated in the tions and standards prescribed by the unem­ ans to obtain ·loans and insured mortgages, occupation of Siberia in 1918-20; to the ployment compensation law of the State in . by reserving lands for sale to war veterans, Committe~ on M~litar'y Affairs. · which the unemployed veteran fil,.es his claim, and to other persons eligible under this act . By Mr. McCARRAN: shall govern the determination of "suitable as amended, by providing for insurance of S. 326. A bill to create the All-American work" or the existence of "good cause." In farm-tenant mortgages, by increasing the ·Flag Line, Inc., and to assure the United view of the fact that unemployment insur­ responsibilities of county committees, and States world leadership in the field of air ' ance_benefits are paid to veterans as a result . for other purposes; to the Committee on transportation; to the Committee on Com­ of Federal military service, the conditions for Banking and Currency. merce. the payment of benefits should be uniformly By Mr. McCARRAN: By Mr. FULBRIGHT: determined· on a Federal-and not a State­ S. 300. A bill to amend the judicial code S. J. Res. 14. Joint Resolution proposing an basis, and should not be subject to 51 differ­ in respect to the original jurisdiction of. the amendment to the Constitution of the United i~ interpretations. The proposed .amend­ district courts of the United States in cer­ States relative to the making of treaties; to ment, therefore, provides that the Admin­ 'tain cases, and for other purposes; to the the Committee on the Judiciary. istrator of Veterans' Affairs shall, in accord­ Committee on the JudiCiary. AMENDMENT OF SERVICEMEN'S. READ- _ance with criteria set forth in the amend­ By Mr. PEPPER: JUSTMENT ACT OF 1944-G. I. BILL OF ment, establish the conditions and standards 'relating to the suitability of work and the s. 301. A bill for the relief of Mr. and Mrs. RIGHTS James E. McGhee; and existence of good cause. S. 302. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Rosa N. Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, on be­ RURAL ELECTRIFICATio"N ADMINISTRA~ Root; to the Committee on Claims. · half of the senior Senator from New TION S. 303. A bill granting a pension to _Marie York [Mr. WAGNER] and myself I intro­ Watrous Meyer; to the Committee on Pen- duce for appropriate reference a bill to Mr. SHIPSTEAD. Mr. President, on sions. ' amend the Servicemen's Readjustment behalf of the Senator from Montana. By Mr. RUSSELL: ·Act of 1944, and ask that an explanatory [Mr. WHEELER], the Senator from Ver­ S. 304. A bill amending the Immigration mont [Mr. AIKEN], and myself, I intro­ Act of 1924 with resp.ect to ineligipility to statement of the bill be printed in the citizenship; to the Committee on Immigra­ RECORD. . duce a bill and ask that it be printed in tion. The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill in­ the RECORD and referred to the Commit­ By Mr. CAPPER: . troduced by the Senator from Montana tee on Agriculture and Forestry. S. 305. A bil1 providing for the incorpora­ fo·r himself and the senior Senator from · There being no objection, the bill (S. tion of the National Council of Negro Vet­ New York will be received and appro­ 309) to establish the Rural Electrifica­ eram:; to the Committee on the Judiciary. priately referred, and without objection, ~ion Administration as an independent s. 306. A bill granting a pension to Charles agency of the Government, introduced G. Hostutler; and · the explanatory statement will be S. 307. A bill granting an increase of pen­ printed in the RECORD. by Mr. SHIPSTEAD (for himself, Mr. sion to Anna Per"kins; to the Committee on The bill ·Fascist and imperialist 'powers,· greatest of the United Nations have tries have to hope from an Allied victory, if A generous British gesture to India would this is how we discharge our obligations to recorded as the minimum essentials for change this undesirable political atmosphere. continued peaceful relations among Poland? * * • Therefore,·in the interest • • • And the colonial peoples conquered of all the United Nations we urge the British by the Japanese might hope•uny feel they themselves and the other nations of the and American Governments to raise these had something better to look forward to than world if the reign of decency. and justice, questions with the Soviet Government, and simply a return to their old masters. Such of law and order, or ()f governments de­ we ourselves appeal to our Russian allies to a gesture, Mr. President, will also be positive riving their just powers from the consent take cognizance of the legitimate disquiet proof to all peoples • • • that this war of the governed, were to survive. Let us of the American people. is not a war of power politics, but a war for begin wit!} the United States. all we say. On March 22, 1944, more than 20 Re­ OPPOSITION TO AGGRESSION IS OUR publican Members of Congress, every one Again, on September 1, 1944, Dorothy DECLARED OBJECT an ardent supporter of the Roosevelt for­ Thompson asked concerning our policies The United States Government has eign policy, signed and delivered a note toward the tragic peoples of Europe: time and again proclaimed its strict ad .. to the State Department, from which" I Do we 'yet know what policy we shall seek herence to principles of noninterference quote: assistance for? Or are we doing all we can in the affairs of nations, both inside In Europe and in South America we are to bring about the discouragement and and · outside this hemisphere. ·The most distressed to observe our foreign relations liquidation of any group that might help notable success which has rewarded our us'? suffering serious impairment from a want of efforts to build' a world with interna.. definition of American policy. As this tide of bitter protest concern.. tiona! relations based on these principles On April 12, 1944, our new State De· ing the direction in which our diplomacy has been known as the good-neighbor partment appointee, Mr. Archibald Mac­ and political and psychological warfare policy. Very few APierjcans are aware Leish, was reported in the London Times· were moving continued to rise, Walter of the fact. that the South American as saying that: Lippmann joined in the chorus. · On countries refused to enter into any Nothing had more disturbed him in the October 3, 1944, he wrote: formal commitment to this policy -until last few months at home, and in th,e last few At the secondary level in the political we had agreed to repudiate the use of days in which he had been here, than the conduct of the war, a kind of second-rate­ force in the settlement of disputes with collapse of morale among men of good will ness has caused trouble which can become' our sister republics to the south. On and of liberal mind in their hope for ·peace immensely serious. It is as if Messrs. December 24, 1938, at the Eighth Inter­ at the end of this war. He sociation, both national war efforts have been directed. As late - and international, with their fellow men; garia; Yugoslavia, Portugal, Poland; Fin­ The right to live without fear of aggres-_ as January 4, 1939, the .President re­ land, the Baltics, China, and every other sion, injustice, or want; affirmed our traditional foreign policy nation caught in this maelstrom of mad- · " The right to worship as the conscience dic­ when he said: ness, whether by Germany, Russia, Italy, · tates . We rightly decline to intervene with force . or Japan. Behind each one of those dec­ of arms to prevent acts of aggression. larations lay the same fundamental prin­ Viscount . Cranborne, Secretary of .ciple upon which such aid was premised. .· State for Colonies, made the following That did not ·mean .that we had no statement of policy on May 21, 1942: concern for the state of the world in BRITAIN COMMI'ITED TO PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSAL · . FREEDOM I can give . the House an absolute assur­ which peace was threatened. The ulti- ~ ance • • • t~at there is no. question of any· mate purposes behind our eventual in- · Now let us consider the case of Britain. - departure by His Majesty's Government from volvement in this war were summed up As far as Great Britain is concerned, the policy of the Atlantic Charter, which re­ ·by the ·President in his anxious note to · :rp.uch the same record of principles and· mains the fundamental basis for the poliay Adolf Hitler of April 14, 1939, in which purposes has already been written into of His Majesty's Government and of the he· asked: the pages of'fiistory. On October.3, 1939, United States and of the United N.ations as Are you willing to give assurance that Churchill declared: a .whole, who have adhered to that Charter. your armed .forces will not attack or invade : We are fighting to save. the whole world Again on June 2, '1943, in the House of the territory or possessions of the following from the pestilence of Nazi tyranny and in · independent n ations: Finland, Estonia, · defense of all that is most sacred to man. Lords, Viscount Cranborne said: La.tvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Norway, Den- - This is no war for domination or imperial His · Majesty's Government regard them­ mark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Great aggrandizement or material gain; • · .; • selves as absolutely pledged to carry out the Britain, and Ireland, France, Portugal, Spain, it is a war * • • to establish, on impreg­ Atlantic Charter-all the articles of the Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Po­ nable rocks, the rights of the individual, and Atlantic Charter. land, Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Russia, it is a war to establish and revive the stature Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Iraq, the Arabias, of man. · On August 5, 1943, Viscount Simon, the Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Iran? · ·Lord Chancelor, made a very significant On October 4, 1939, Lord Halifax said speech -to the, House of Lords. I shall Again he was asking Hitler to protect of France and Britain: · those countries. · not .read the excerpt I have made from They do seek to reestablish for themselves his speech, but I ask unanimous consent And when, on September 1, 1939, Hit­ and for others liberty under the reign of that it be printed in the ~ECORD at this ler struck. Poland, in concert with Mr. law, the right of· peoples to decide ·their own Stalin; the President asked for repeal of destinies, to trade freely, ·and to live without point, because it is along the same line. the arms embargo and a change of the fear. Surely then we are fighting for causes The PRESIDING OFFICER 246 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 policy of certain great powers or their vas­ That conforms to what I said to the ·Such is Russia's interpret~tion of this sals. The Soviet Government finds confirma­ ·senator a moment ago that the failure present war. Does not this record. bear tion for its conviction every time that a of the League of.Nations, not only as ex­ out my contention ·that Russia, of all state assuming the leading role in the League of Nations makes a decision ·on international pressed ·by the Soviet Government but countries, will understand and appreciate questions, touching the interest of the Soviet by our O\Yn representatives who attended . the realism of my position? Republic. there, came not because of the fact that I cannot understand why anyone now, it lacked power but because there was even in the midst of this. horrible war, On March 25, 1925: Mr. Manuiski de­ bickering from within. should be- condemned for repeating the clared. to the Third Congress of Com- On May 22, 1929, the Fifth Congress warnings of the deep con:flict of interests munist Parties: · of the Union declared in its resolution to and suspicions that divide the Big Three. The true function of Poland is to form a .the Preparatory Commission for the Con­ They have been uttered by prime minis­ barrier preventing the spread of the Com­ ference on Disarmament of the League: ters, dictators, and presidents. As I see munist idea westward. For that reason the my duty, it is to remind my fellow Ameri­ international proletariat must consider as its The rejection of the Soviet proposal by the task the smashing of capitalistic Poland and preparatory commission and refusal of the cans in this crucial hour of our history turning it into a Soviet Republic. member states to make the least step in the that our own leaders have continually reduction in land and naval armaments con­ pointed out the tragedy that is in store On July 1, 1926, in speaking of the stitute a new proof that those states base ~or us, should their own fears be real- formation of an Anglo-Russian Com­ their policies on the preparation for a new . ized. munist Committee, Mr. Stalin declared: world war. On January 4, 1939, President Roose­ The task of the new bloc consists 1n •th*; On December 28, 1933, Mr. Molotov velt warned this Nation that: organization of a vast working-class move­ declared: In a modern civilization, religion; democ­ ment against new imperialistic wars in gen­ That the danger of new wars has become racy, and international good faith comple­ eral, and .especially against intervention fn particularly imminent this year is quite clear ment each other. Where freedom of religion our country as planned by the great Euro­ if only from the following fact. This year has been attacked the attack has come from pean powers, particularly England. Germany and Japan have announced their the sources oppos_ed to democracy. Where Again, in 1926 the Soviet Government decision to withdraw from the League ·· of democracy has been overthrown, the spirit Nations. of free worship has disappeared. And where issued an official Soviet theoretical state­ religion and democracy have vanished, good ment on the League of Nations from On January 26, 1934, Joseph Stalin faith and reason in·international affairs have which I quote: reported to the Seventh Congress of the given way to strident ambit!on and brute Thus the League is, as a matter of fact, a Communist Party-and I should like to force. political combination or a group of nations have the Senate listen carefully to this He was speaking not only of Germany interested in the preservation and utiliza­ statement: · but of Russia as well. tion of the post-war international status. I do not think a single period in the last On April 20, 1939, the Soviet Govern­ Its very name and the universal des1gnation decade has been so rich in events as this. ment suggested as the basis for a possible ascribed to it are therefore fictitious. A result of the protracted economic crisis Soviet cooperation. with Britain and . (At this point the Senate received a was the hitherto unprecedented acuteness of France what amounted to a partition of the political situation in capitalist countries, message from the House of Representa­ both within the respective countries as well Poland. These proposals concluded the tives announcing the death of Repre­ as between them. Quite clearly things _are . admission of Soviet troops into both sentative O'CONNOR, of Montana, which moving toward a new war. north and south Poland, Poland's repudi­ appears in the RECORD following Mr. ation of her alliance with Rumania and WHEELER's speech. Following the read­ Mr. President, there is no necessity for a declaration by the British that their ing of the message, Mr. WHEELER said: ) burdening my colleagues with further guarantee given Poland applied only to Mr. President, I am certainly sad(iened · evidence of the mutual suspicion and Poland's western frontiers. to hear of the death of Representative distrust which form the background of When these proposals were refused on O'CoNNOR, who had been a very dear the present war. Suffice it to say that · August 22, 1939, the Soviets concluded a friend of mine for a great many years. these suspicions attach themselves to all mutual-aid pact with Germany, which, He was a very able lawyer. He had been parties to such an extent that on _March accordipg to the New York Times of a member of the Montana Legislature 10, 1939, Mr. Stalin described the world June 22, 1941- situation in th~ following words: and was speaker of the house of repre­ contained the obligation not to attack each sentatives of that State. He held vari­ To what are we to attribute this one-sided other and secondly, not to interfere in re­ ous other important positions, and was and strange character of the new imperialist spective spheres of interest. Finland, the a very able Member of Congress. His war? Baltic countries, part of Poland, and part untimely death will be deeply regretted He called it an imperialistic war. of Rumania were declared Russian spheres. by all the people of Montana, regardless It might be attributed to the fear that As can be clearly seen from the fol­ of their party affiliations. a revolution might break out if the non­ lowing record, the deep con:flicts of in­ I continue the quotatiort from the aggressive states were to go to war and the terest of which I speak have carried up Soviet statement on the League of war were to assume world-wide proportions •. to this present hour, leaving a trail of Nations: But the chief reason is that the majority of lawlessness, treaty-breaking, brutality, the nonaggressive countries, particularly The League, being a continuation of the­ England and France, have rejected the policy and suspicion. Entente, did not change its substance because of collective security, the pplicy of collective · On August 22, 1939, William Bullitt of the fact that neutral countries had been resistance to the aggressors, and have taken reports an interview· with Daladier from invited to participate and later on the van­ up a position of nonintervention, reveals an which I quc;>te: "quished states-such as Germany in partic­ eagerness, a desire, not to hinder the aggres­ Daladier said that the action of the Soviet ular-had been admitted. The latter cir­ sors in their nefarious work; not to hinder cumstance witmsses that, together with the Un,ion in signing a nonaggx:ession pact with Japan, say, from embroiling herself in a war Germany, containing many unknown secret preservation of the status created by the Ver .. with China, or, better still, with the Soviet sa1lles Treaty, another aim of the League is clauses, placed France in a most tragic and Union; not to hinder Germany, say, from terrible situation. He could not understand becoming more evident, namely, the estab­ enmeshing herself Iii European affairs; from lishment of a united front of bourgeois states how the French diplomats and negotiators embroiling herself in a ~ar with the Soviet had been so deceived by the Russians. against the U.S.S.R. Union. * • • Cheap and easy. Take Ger­ The League can by no means be trans­ many, for instance. . They let her 'have Aus­ On September 1, 1939, Germany at­ formed into a superstate or a federation of tria, despite the undertaking to defend her tacked Poland. states, or even into a loose confed.eration, independence; they let her have the Sudeten .On September 17, 1939, Russia stabbed because of the irreconcilable contradictions region; they abandoned Czechoslovakia to her Poland in the back, notwithstanding her between various capitalistic states, members fate, thereby violating all their obligation,s; agree~ent to protect that country. Mr. of the League. The growing antagonism and and then they began to lie vociferously in the the· concealed struggle among the biggest press about "the weakness of the Russian Molotov boldly admits the role Soviet powers (as, forinstance, between Great Brit­ Army," "the demoralization of the Russian Russia. played in this tragedy, for on ain and France), the constant quarrels and air force," and "riots" in the Soviet Union October 31, 1939, he said: conflicts among the members of the League, egging the Germans on to march farther east. One swift blow.. to Poland first by the Ger­ the militarist "climate" prevailing in the promising them easy pickings and prompting man Army and then by the Red Army and whole world-all this proves the bankruptcy . them: "Just start war on the Bolsheviks, and nothing was left of this ugly offspring or of the bourgeois pacification. everything will be all right." the Versailles Treaty, 1.945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 247 · And this notwithstanding Russia's , The instinct of our people has always tension of power politics, both actual and ... nonaggression treaty with Poland. throughout their history driven them to threatened, into the so-called peace. 1·esist attempts by any one nation to make It is interesting to note that in this itself master of Europe. They have always They want to get on with the bloody busi­ same speech Mr. Molotov defended Ger­ seen in any such attempt a threat both to ness and be fione with this fol-de-rol. To many as a state striving for peace, con­ · their own existence and to the general cause them again I say for us such a course is demned England and France, ~nd as­ of liberty in Europe. sheer madness. This would mean that serted it was absurd "to fight for the we would have to start immediately restoration of the Polish state." Yet To those who would charge that I am playing power politics according to the some say that if we had belonged to the raking over old coals I would like to say 194:5 pattern. We would be compelled League of Nations, everything would that as recently as May 13, 1944, Presi­ to organize resistance groups and to in­ have been lovely. ·dent Roosevelt permitted Mr. FQ.rrest terfere in the internal affairs of govern­ On November 30, 1939, Russia attacked Davis to speak for him in the Saturday ments and nations with b-rute force, the Finland, again notwithstanding her non­ 'Evening Post. I quote from the article world around. We would have to start aggression pact. titled ''What Really Happened at annexing territories, changing bounda­ On December 14, 1939, the Council of Teheran": ries, deporting or liquidating populations, the League of Nations, condemning the Stripped to the bare. essentials, we fought and defying the will of masses of people Soviet Union as an aggressor, expelled in 1917 and are fighting now to prevent the among our friends and enemies alike. mastery of Europe by one aggressive power. -Russia from the League. Then, in rapid Should Russia as the sole European power We would have to go in for bigger -and ·succession, came· Russia's attacks on Es­ display tendencies toward world conq~est, more horrible concentration · camps, thonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, con- our vital interests would again be called into newer and. more terrible G. P. U.'s and demned vigorously and unequivocally in account. Gestapos, suppressing all news and com­ turn by our State Department. I repeat that statement: munications, distorting truth, and foul- · If we remember that Germany and ing our sacred honor, until, struggling Russia were engaged jointly in liquidat­ Stripped to the bare essentials, we fought to hold high the ever-weakening hands in 1917 and are fighting now to prevent the ing Poland and extending their spheres mastery of Europe by one aggressive power. of Britain, we finally came to death of influence when the following state­ Should Russia as the sole Europaan power grips with Soviet Russia. If we really ment was ·made, we shall have a clearer display tendencies toward world conquest, -want to commit national suicide, this is understanding of its significance.· Ger- · our vital interests would again be called into ·the road dawn which to travel from here many did not attack Russia until June . account. on out. 22, 1941. Two months earlier, on April Mr. President, certainly it is not being Surely my colleagues have not forgot­ 24, 1941, the former Secretary of State, unrealistic for me to recall to mind his­ . ten the slogan of, "All aid, short of Mr. Hull, replied to tho~e who were ask­ . torical realities. .war, to our allies.'' On December 29, ing whether peace could not be made Mr. PEPPER. . Mr. President, will the 1940, the President set the theme· for with the dictators. Senator yield? America's role as the arsenal of democ­ The following statement was directed Mr. WHEELER. I yield. racy when he said: not only against Hitler, but at Stalin as Mr. PEPPER. Did the article purport In a military sense Great Britain and the well. I quote: to carry the authority of the President British Empire are today. the spearhead of I wish it were possible. But one obstinate for the quotation? resistance to world conquest. fact stands in the way. One of the contend­ Mr. WHEELER. I so understand it. ing groups not only does not wish peace, as we Sir Harold MacKinder, in founding the understand peace, but literally does not be­ Mr. PEPPER. I merely desired to draw science of geopolitics during the last war, lieve in peace .. That group uses the word, it is the Senator's attention to that. It is issued the solemn warning of what would true-as it was used by the aggressor at the unusual for the President to designate happen to England if any nation finally time of the Munich arrangement of 1938. a man to write an article for the Satur~ succeeded in annexing Poland. His Peace to that group is merely a convenient day Evening Post, as the official spokes­ thesis is simply this: Whoever would con­ cloak for a continuing undeclared, under­ man of the President of the United trol Europe must control eastern Europe, · cover war, as France and many other nations States, regarding an international con .. the key to which is Poland. Whoever to their misery have discovered. · B::!hind the · ference. deceptive protection of the word "peace" the controls Poland controls eastern Europe. rulers of that group accumulate vast striking Mr. WHEELER. I understand this Whoever controls eastern Europe con­ forces. They infiltrate shock troops disguised article was printed with the President's trols Europe. Whoever controls Europe as peaceful travelers ~nd businessmen. They approval, and not only with his approval, . controls the great Eurasian Island, and set up organizations for spying, sabotage, and but that the author spent days going over the world. · propaganda. They endeavor to sow hatred the matter with the President. It has Mr. President, I quote from an article and discord. They use every tool of economic never been repudiated in any way, shape, printed in the September 1943 issue of attack, bribery, corruption, and local disturb­ or form. ance to weaken the countries with which they The Nineteenth Century and After. The are at peace until a mi)itary movement can Mr. PEPPER. The second question is, editor, Mr. F. A. Voigt, said: easily complete the task of subjugation. That Does the Senator see no distinction be­ To be master of eastern Europe is, there­ kjnd of a peace is nothing more than a trap­ tween the character and the ·location of fore, to be master of all Europe. If England a trap into which many nations fell in earlier the Russian Government and the Rus­ were to abdicate in eastern Europe, she would phases of this movement for world conquest sian people, and of Germ~ny, with re­ be abdicating in all Europe. Such a policy when its true nature was not understood. spect,. for example, to the danger to this would lead to her isolation, it would destroy Indeed the dictator nations make no secret of country they might constitute as a dom'i­ the British ascendancy in the Near and Middle their plans. They scornfully state their ideas, nant power in Europe? East. It would, by placing the Balkans and arrogantly confident that the law-abiding na­ the Straits under the domination of one tions will not take them seriously-until it is Mr. WHEELER. I shall take that up; power, bring the British command of the too late successfully to resist. them. I am coming to it, and I have the answer Mediterranean to an end. It would isolate to th'e Senator's question. It is not my Turkey and eliminate British influence in On June 22, 1941, when Germany answer to it, but the answer given by the Iraq and in Iran, and threaten the security marched against Russia, Mr. Churchill British themselves-what they think of India and. of the Persian Gulf. It ·would said in offering aid to the beleaguered about it. compel England to reconsider her attitude Soviets: n · is not unrealistic for me to warn toward Germany. No one has been a more consistent op­ of the tr:Jgic consequences to our civili­ Mr. President, there are those who are ponent of communism than I have been in zation if this war ends up in a struggle now so heartily sick of the terrible prob­ the last 25 years.. I will unsay no word that fAxis Powers on the. civilized world.'' liberators? Personally I am convinced his mind or not, the fact remains that On October 7, 1943, the Federal Council there is no possible moral ground upon the present situation in Europe is disin­ of the Churches of Christ in America, the which Americans can condone their tegrating morally, socially, and economi­ National Catholic Welfare Council,· and assocjates and allies for doing what they cally, and politically to such an extent it the Synagogue Council of America issued condemn in others. is now obvious that the whole tragic a joint statement titled "Pattern for The Washington Post of December 13 European situation has gotten out of Peace," the second principle of which de­ carried an Associated Press dispatch of hand. Europe is being forced into Mr. clares: December 12 from London, which reads, Stalin's embrace whether he wants it or The rights of the individual must be as­ in part: not. Compare the scene that now con­ sured-the dignity of the human person as Tpere 1s a growing belief in diplomatic ·fronts us in Europe with the picture the image of God must be set forth in all its quarters that Russia's proposals, when pre­ drawn by President Roosevelt on the essential implications in an international sented t9 the European Advisory Commission, Axis "new order,'' when he said on De­ declaration of rights and be vindicated by would suggest that several million Germans cember 29, 194.0: the positive action of national governments be sent to the Soviet to help in the recon- and international organization. States as struction of that country. · The proposed new order is the very op­ well as individuals must repudiate racial, re­ posite of a United States of Europe or a ligious, or other discrimination in violation I am informed that at least under United States of Asia. It is not a govern-. of those rights. Nazi occupation the Polish people carried ment based on the consent of the governed. on a desperate underground opposition to It is not a union of ordinary, self-respecting Recently the American Jewish Com­ their conquerors, but that under the al­ men and women to protect themselves and ·mittee issued a st~tement containing a their freedom and their dignity from oppres­ leged Russian. liberation even a great six-point· declaration of human rights many of the underground forces have sion. It is an unholy alliance of power and that urges promulgation of an interna­ pelf to dominate the human race. been liquidated or sent to concentration tional bill of rights to' guarantee indi- camps . Again, I say, Mr. President, it is my . vidual liberties throughout the world. Surely the fanatical German resist­ studied conviction that whether we or . This statement has been signed by 1,326 ance now adding to the already terrible our allies have deliberately intended such distinguished Americans of all faiths. casualties of our own American boys is an outcome to this war or not, for us to Vice President Wallace, Supreme Court not lessened by the realization of tlie fate continue down the road we are going will Justices Roberts and Murphy, A. F. of L. being visited upon one of our allies by make such an outcome inevitable. Cer­ President William Green, C. I. 0. Presi- another alleged ally even before the war tainly no more personal parleys on the . dent Philip Murray, Gov. Thomas E. is over. part of three men, no more secret agree­ Dewey, and Sidney Hillman, as well as Mr. President, the second principle ments, no more secret or open exten­ numerous Senators and Repre·sentatives. contained in my resolution reads as fol­ sions of spheres of influence, no more and 348 church leaders are listed among the signers. ~ows: identification of our desperate military The assured survival of democratic prin­ necessities with ulterior political purposes Mr. President, this map to which I have ciples and institutions and the preservation on the part of ourselves or of our allies referred indicates that not only Ger­ here of our American way of life. can possibly correct the present mortal many but also our associate Russia has errors· we are now committing. been responsible for the tragic plight of· It has become all too clear that we have vast numbers of so-called liberated reached such a point in our relations with SIX-POINT STATEMENT QF PEACE AIMS .peoples. Among the deportations at­ · our allies that the English language is in Mr. President, I desire at this time to tributed to Russia we ·find the following: danger of losing its meaning. I would urge upon my colleagues with all the 61 ,000 Estonians, 60,000 Latvians, 66,­ suggest that there is no better time than strength of conviction at my command ()00 Lithuanians, and 1,500,000 Poles, now to deal with this danger. All about support of the principles contained in the Jews, and others from Poland, all of us we hear the words "democracy," "dem.. resolution (S. Res. 8) submitted by me on whom have been forcibly· removed 'ftom ocratic," "fundamental law," "constitu­ their homes and their countries. From tional government" bandied about from January 6, 1945, as embodying the bases pillar to post. I quote from an ·editorial upon which a peace of decency, justice, the meager reports that tric~e through and sanity can be salvaged from this to us from Russian-occupied territories, · in Pravda commemorating the eighth we know only too well that under the anniversary of the U. S. S. R.'~ Stalin terrible war. · constitution, in which it is declared­ The first principle reads as follows: present armistice terms now being forced upon the countries· of eastern .Europe, New York Times, December 4, 1944: The adoption of a universal Bill of Rights one by one, thousands upon thousands Soviet democracy is the most consistent· de• to safeguard the inalienable rights of every mocracy in the world. individual regardless of race, class, or religious · more human beings are being subjected belief. · to the terrors of a ruthless conqueror. Mr. President, when certain Senators Let us remind ourselves again of what sent a cablegram to Stalin congratulat~ Mr. President, I am certain that in urg­ Woodrow Wilson said, "No right exists ing him upon this anniversary a Com..: ing the acceptance of this principle I am anywhere to hand peoples about from munist in my home town whom I hap-: not SJ)eaking in behalf of a "discredited potentate to potentate as if they were pen to know said to me, "The troubli • I

1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 249 .with those Senators is· that they do not . Mr. President, I do not happen to be members of nationalist terroristic organiza"­ recognize th~ difference between a · revo­ one of those who believe that they have tion, Iron Wolf, active members of the lution by the proletariat and a·revolution a simple and easy answer to the grievous riflemen's association, the ·catholic terrorist organization, White Horse; (c) former gen­ such as that which took place in the questions now burdening us. This much darmes, policemen, former employees of polit­ United States. They make a mockery I do b~lieve, namely, that the questions ical and criminal police, and of the prisons; of the word 'revolution.'" The Russians, now arising in Europe are so fraught (d) former officers of the Czar, Petliura, and the Communists, know what .they are :with dangers to the post-war world that other armies; (e) former officers and members after, and they are taking what they they ought not under any conditien to be of military courts of the armies of Lithuania want. Certainly I can hardly be ac­ left to the resources, intentions, and dis­ and· Poland; (f) former political bandits and cused of being ·anti-Communist so far cretion of any one nation for settlement. volunteers of the White and other armies; as Russia is concerned, because I visited These problems involve the fate of mil­ (g) persons expelled from the Communist Party and Communist Youth for antiparty Russia in 1923, and when· I returnE'Ji to lions of helpless .mffering human beings; offenses; (h) all deserters, political emi­ ·this country I advocated recognition of they bear directly on the settlement of grants, ·reemigrants, repatriates, and con­ Russia. Some newspapers in this coun­ the whole European · question; they trabandists; (i) all citizens of foreign coun­ try stated that I ought to be deported threaten the very .foundation of western tries, representatives of foreign firms, em­ because of that fact. I stated at that civilization, and they are so complicated ployees of offices of foreign countries, former time · that· the Russian Government and so pressing that they constitute a employees of legations, firms, concessions, would last just as long as the .Army challenge to the combined resources of and stock' companies of foreign countries; could be kept loyal. The Army ·could be cultured, civilized and Christianized hu- (k) former emNoyees of the departments of ministries from referents; (I) former work­ kept loyal, because the government took manity. · ers of the Red Cross and . Polish refugees; millions of boys who were illiterate and I feel it is my duty to record the (m) religionists (priests, pastors), sectarians, gave them shoes, clothes, and food. It course that has been followed and that , and active religionists of religious communi­ made a superclass of them. Then it tl:reatens to be followed where these ties; (n) former noblemen, estate owners, taught them to read and write and the problems have been left to one or two merchants, bankers, businessmen (who principles of communism. That is ·all powers for settlement. availed themselves of hired labor), shop they know . . These are the brutal armistice terms owners, owners of hotels and restaurants. Soviet democracy is the most consistent that have been imposed· on Finland: It needs no stretch of the imagination democracy in the world. · The Finns lose Karelia, the area north­ to realize that this vast purge does not The editorial further states: west of Leningrad. This includes the city constitute American intentions toward of Viipuri-the most jndustrially developed the people of the Baltic countries. The victories of the Soviet people are creat­ region of Finland. In that area lives more ing foundations for an international policy than 10 percent of Finland's pre-1940 popu- Quite obviously, Russia intends to con­ based on the consent of peoples. * • • . lation. The agreement also provided for the tinue these tactics in imposing its own The working masses of the whole world re­ outright ceding to Russia of the Petsamo unilateral settlement of the Polish dis­ gard the Soviet people as a reliable support area in the far north, with its port and rich pute on the heroic Polish peoples. Her . for the democratic system in their own nickel mines, and the leasing for 50 years recent recognition of the Moscow­ country. of the Porkkala Peninsula, with its naval spawned I&lblin committee bears no base on the Finnish Gulf, for use as a mili­ other interpretation. Russia has twice Anyone who has been to Russia knows tary region. In cash ' Finland must pay differently. reparatioqs totaling $300,000,000 within 6 refused our good offices in the settle­ I submit, Mr. President, that we are years which is relatively heavier than any ment of the Polish dispute, and to date not fighting for the extension of the demand for reparations made on any coun­ the record of her treatment of the Polish policies, practices, and techniques which try after the last war. people, the Polish Army, and the Polish are peculiar to the Soviet type of totali­ Government, at least, according to our Now we are informed that .our Treas­ standards, constitutes one of the blackest tarianism. There iS a fundamental con­ ury Department has refused to "un­ tradiction between what we know and pages of modern history. freeze" sufficient Finnish funds in this · The extent to Which the future peace mean as democracy in the United States country to enable her to pay a note on her and what is meant and known by the of the world is threatened is further indebtedness arising out of the last war, illustrated from the letter sent by the term in Russia. .. because for some strange reason such On December 29, 1940, President Coordinating Committee of American- an act would play havoc with Russia's . Polish Associations in the East to former Roosevelt clearly painted this contradic­ intention to integrate the economy of Secretary Cordell Hull, frorr;t which I tion when he said: Finland with that of the Soviet Union. quote: The history of recent years proves that Mr. C. L. Sulzberger informs us in the s,h.ootings and chains and concentration Outside of the actual defeat of the comm'on New York Times of December 31, 1944, enemy, American arms are already helping to camps are not the transient tools but the that the three Baltic countries-Estonia, very altars of modern dictatorships. They establish a division of the continent between may talk of a "new order" in the world but Latvia, and Lithuania-have been aban­ two rival powers, Great Britain and Russra. what they, have in mind is but a revival of doned to their fate by this Government. The division of Europe between England and the oldest and 'the worst tyranny. In that I cannot believe that what Mr. Sulz­ Russia is obviously a division into two zones there is no liberty, no religion, and no hope. berger · says constitutes one of the real of uneven strength. The very endeavor to level up that strength must inevitably become The difference is so real and so basic war aims of the United States. The Rus­ a source of conflict. Under these circum­ that we ought now, without equivocation, sian Institute of the Rand School on Oc­ stances, chaos could be prevented only if to state that it is not our intention to tober 7, 1944,' printed in its publication, American troops were to remain in Europe · Russian Affairs, a revealing document indefinitely. If such a plan for Europe were subject the so-called liberated peoples of showing the treatment of Lithuanians at the result of United States policy, America Europe to Stalin's type of democratic the hands of Russia in 1939. This docu­ would be responsible not only for the dis­ rule any more than we intend to restore ment was supplied by the Lithuanian tortion of the true aims of this war and for Hitler's tyranny. At least, let us make Red Cross as an "order of the people's the fifth' partition of Poland, bUt also for the perfectly clear to the peoples of Europe first partition of Europe. Our sons and our tha·t it is our intention so far as it lies commissar for the interior of the Lithu­ grandsons would have to pay for such a crime anian Soviet Socialist Republic" defining some day with their blood. within our power to provide them the op­ alleged anti-Soviet and socially alien ele­ portunity to define and to determine ments, in order to permit the Soviets "to To confirm the extent to which Russia what they mean· by the type of political determine the strength of the counter­ has gone in treating with the Polish system and government they desire to revolution and to direct apparatus for its problem I quote from William L. White's support. ; .digestion and liquidation." Report on the Russians in the Janu-. The third principle contained in· my · These elements include: (a) All former ary Reader's Digest: resolution reads: members of anti-Soviet political parties, So­ In addition to the ·tao,ooo· Polish war The immediate creation of a United Na­ cialist Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Social prisoners, ari estimated 1,500,000 civilians tions political council to provide ·for the Democrats, Anarchists, and the like; (b) all were removed from Poland in the early part democratic' settlement in harmony with the :former members of national chauvinistic o! 1940 as part of the social engineering pro­ princJples of the Atlantic Charter, of terri­ anti-Soviet parties, organ.izations, and gram. It was the practice to send men to torial questions that have arisen in Europe groups: Nationalists, Young Lithuania, Vol­ lumber and mining camps in northern Si­ and that may arise elsewhere. demarists, Populists, Christian Democrats, beria, women and children to brickyards and 250 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY- 15 c'boperative farms in southern Mazakstan. In Greece op(m violence between Com­ in all liberated countries to choose their It should be said in defense of the Soviet munist-inspired forces and British in­ own form of government and leadership, Government that under similar circum­ terests has already provided Americans the time and procedure to be determined stances it has treated its own people exactly as .it did the Poles. with a preview of what they can expect by the United Nations Political Council." as the struggle for the consolidation, ex­ · 'I;'he Hague Convention 0f 1907, articles Mr. President, the story of the betrayal tension, and control of two spheres of 42 to 56, distinguishes between military of General Mihailovitch by both Russia influence expands and intensifies. ·The occupation as temporary occupation and and Britain, and the fate now being im- . same ~ruggle goes· on in various and annexation, or the final taking over of a posed on Yugoslavia is vividly described sundry forms in every country in Europe. foreign territory. The convention states by Eleanor Packard, United Press corre­ Even the neutrals are now feeling the that the occupying authority has not the spondent, who has recentlY, been expelled bitter lash of vindictiveness and the sting right to force .the population to any acts from Russian occupied territory, whom I of selfish interests. Switzerland, Portu­ directed against its fatherland; it must. quote: gal, Spain, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, respect the honor, laws, life, religious In Belgrade alone Tito has arrested 40,000 and Palestine-all are caught in the ris­ faiths, an.d private property of people of followers of Mihailovitch and has already ing tide of conflict. The dismay which · the occupied lands; In the case of Po­ executed several hundreds. At the same accompanies the extension of this strug­ land, after the Soviets had announced time he has confiscated 2,000 businesses and gle· for the control o.f the fate and des­ that the Polish Government no longer ex­ industrial enterprises, all the b'anks, and tinies of nations is not dispelled by the isted, just 11 days were given to the Polish 80,000 small land holding$ belonging to r-ecent news that Dr. :&duard Benes, who Serbian peasants who supported General people to study the unfamiliar new elec­ Mihailovitch. Actually Yugoslavia is now has been preaching the gospel of pro­ tion laws and to choose delegates to exe­ being lile to oc­ to be liberated-liberated from Ger­ date, only one name can be presented to cupy Bulgaria, for the Bulgarian Army many-but to liberate them for the sake the voter. Surely there is a crying need was to be demobilized after evacuating of making them free was with Britain a for a United Nations Political Council· all territory in Greece and Yugoslavia; wholly secondary aim, and with Russia, to pl:·ovide for genuine plebiscites among the boundary settlements were to be re­ as matters now stand, not an aim at all. the disinherited peoples of Europe. served until a later date; ·the Govern- · On December 30, 1938, the former Am­ The fifth principle calls for: ment was to remain neutral and without bassador to Japan, Mr. Grew, said, in a 'l;'he immediate creation of a United Na­ change. When a copy of those terms was note to the Foreign .Minister of Japan: tions Economic and Social Council "to bring forwarded to Russia, she immediately about the fullest collabor.ation between all This government does not admit that there nat ions in the economic field with the object declared war on Bulgaria, voiding the is need or wgrrant for any one power to take Cairo terms, and imposed surrender and of secuxing, for all, improved labor standards, upon itself to preseribe what shall be the economic advancement, and social security." occupation, with Tudor Pavlov, the Bul­ terms and conditions of a new order in areas garian Communist leader. installed as not under its sovereignty and to constitute Mr. President, I wish to .quote from an the King's first adviser. itself the repository of authority and the address delivered by Mr. Harry C. Haw­ Now word comes that the leading spirit agent or destiny in regaxd thereto. ..- kins. formerly State Department Direc­ behind the coup d'etat of September 2, r' see no other way of meeting this tor of Economic Affairs, on April 25, 1944, namely, Ei1rolai Mushanoff, is being tried problem head:-on save by establishing at who stated as one of the two necessities in Bulgarian courts as a war criminal. the earliest possible moment a United for the establishment of a genuine and Yet Mushanofi was the leading spirit be­ Nations Political Council. Certainly Rus­ secure peace: hind Premier Maavieff and his new Bul­ sia should agree to it. If she should not The creation of a better world economic garian Government that decreed am­ do so, we would know what we were ii1 order, the essential purposes of which are to nesty for all anti-Nazi political prisoners, for. I submit that Stalin has the great­ eliminate the economic causes of interna­ ordered the disbanding of all pro-Fascist est opportunity of any leader in the world tional friction and to reduce the poverty organizations, denounced the anti-Com­ and distress which gangster elements in any at this moment to show the peoples of the nation can so effectively exploit to build up intern pact, revoked all anti-Jewish laws, world that he intends to do what was their own stl-ength. and declared war on Germany before stated in the agreements he made in the being attacked by the Soviets. Never­ name of Russia, what he told Latvia, Es­ I believe I do not need to illustrate the theless, Russia declared war on that gov­ tonia, Lithuania, Poland, and all the necessity for the acceptance and imple­ ernment, in order to overthrow it. Rus­ other countries he would do, namely, that mentation of such a council any fur­ sia's determination to impose her will, he would not interfere in any way in the· ther than by calling to mind the fact upon Bulgaria is fw·ther illustrated by internal affairs of those countries, and tllat at this very moment, in spite of the expulsion of two Anglo-American that he would permit them to have a all the various conferences that have commissions from Bulgarian soil by Red democratic government, as they saw fit. been called to discuss basic interna­ Army officials, and the clamping down The fourth principle in my resolution tional problems, the tremendous U. N. of a news black-out by Russia over the calls for "free plebiscites under interna­ R. R. A. organization, which was set up entire eastern European area from Fin- tional supervision Europe dominated by Soviet Rus- my power to further America's partici­ "unconditional surrender" is cos•ing ~a , thousands upon thousands of American (c) Europe partitioned into British pation in a world organization .provid­ lives, is contributing to the deterioration. and Russian spheres of influence. ing guaranties of security for Russia's of Allied unity, and threatens to lay the (d) Europe united in a free and peace­ interest and Russia's territory on the foundations for s.uch an impossible sit­ ful federation. basis of international law in the event uation in Europe, that a third world war The dismemberment of Europe has led of any new threat of aggression from cannot possibly be averted. For many our generation into two world wars and any countries, in exchange for the ac­ long months I have been supported in already threatens a third. There is no ceptance by Russia and Great Britain of my conviction that this outcome is cer­ nation in Europe that either could or the only su·re way of preserving the peace tain by statements issued from every would dare to have attacked its neighbor ­ of Europe and the world, and that is the quarter. states one by one had they been united setting up in Europe of a confederation Mr. LUCAS. Mr. President, will the by · federal ties. Europe in this mod­ of European states, or a United States of Senator yield? ern age cannot remain broken up into Europe, and the acceptance of the prin"' . Mr. WHEELER. I yield. 252 CONGRESSION-AL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15

Mr. LUCAS. The Senator has made thau statement, are no~ helping the war has not been the conception of anyone the statement that the continuation of effort very much or the soldiers on the who has advocated a United States of the demand for unconditional surrender western front. So far as the question of Europe. is, in his opinion; costing thousands upon unconditional 'surrender is concerned, I Mr. LUCAS. I am talking about "the thousands of lives. . · do not .know what the situation is in the Senator's · proposed universal bill of Mr. WHEELER. Yes; that is my Senator's State, but I refer him to some­ rights. opinion. what more recent news on the question of Mr. WHEELER. I am talking about Mr. LUCAS. What does the Senator foreign policy from Illinois, which was the bill of rights, and I should like to see suggest in lieu thereof? · once presumed to be the heart of the Russia included in the bill of rights, if Mr. WHEELER. I SJl~est that the isolationist section, but no longer is in that is what the Senator refers .to. Allies should state their peace terms to tpat category. There was seldom a cam­ Mr. LUCAS. In his resolution recently the German people just as President paign speech upon foreign policy made submitted the Senator advocates "the Woodrow Wilson stated his Fourteen by the Senator from Illinois in which he adoption of a universal bill of rights to Points. did not advocate the unconditional sur­ safeguard the inalienable rights of every Mr. LUCAS. The time when he stated r.ender of Germany and Japan in line individual regardless of race, class, or re- his Fourteen Points was after the First with what- the President of the United ligious belief." · World War. States had stated along with our allies in Mr. WHEELER. Of course. Mr. WHEELER. Oh, no; it was not thi~? war. I asked the people of Illinois to Mr. LUCAS. I presume that the Sen­ after the war. elect me or defeat me upon the foreign ator was not using that expression in the Mr. LUCAS. Very well. The Senator · policy now being advocated by the ad­ sense of its ~pplying to the world. · wants us at the present time to state ministration, at a time when I had as my to Germany our peace aims. ·opponent one who was classed as an iso­ . Mr. WHEELER. - I used it in the sense Mr. WHEELER. That is correct. lationist and obstructionist, and who ·ad- of its application to the world, and I Mr. LUCAS. Who started the war? mitted it in his speeches. The issue was· should like to see it adopted by every Mr. WHEELER. What difference does on that point. country on the face of the globe, includ- it :make who started the war? Mr. WHEELER. Now I understand ing Russia. . Mr. LUCAS. It makes a great deal of where Stettinius got his ideas. Mr. LUCAS. I wondered 'if the Sen­ difference to me. I do not know whether Mr. LUCAS. He did not get them from ator meant to apply it to the world, how it makes very much difference to the me, nor did he get them from the Senator he would enforce a universal bill of Senator, and I think it does not from the from Montana. rights or how he would enforce any of way he has been speaking. Mr. WHEELER. I know he did not get the proposals he has included in his reso­ l\;fr. WHEELER. It is one thing to them from me, because I have not talked lution. There is nothing in any of them talk about unconditional surrender of with him. which suggests. the use of force. Germany, and another thing to state our Mr. LUCAS. ·I have not talked with · Mr. WHEELER. If the Senator · is peace aims. What I am saying, Mr. Mr. Stettinius, either, upon this question; familiar with the resolution and has read President, is that we should state our Mr. WHEELER. If the Senator would it, he would know what it proposes is peace aims to tne. German people, be­ . visit my office and look at the mail a:ed to have the ·united States Senate go on cause failure to. do so is costing the lives·. telegrams which cbme there, he would record as favoring the things it sets cf American boys. That is not only my not say that Mr. Stettinius was at all ac-· forth. I felt, and feel IlSJW, that if the opinion QUt, as I stated a few moments curate in suggesting that I was speaking United States Senate went on record as ago, it is the opinion of boys who are merely for a few in a discredited minofltt_y. favoring these things, it would have a fighting on the western front. While Mr. LUCAS. I appreciate the -senator profound effect upon Russia and I hope we a.re sitting in this Chamber and are gets letters and mail and talks much it would. have a profound effect upon perfectly safe from German bombs and about .that fact on the floor of the Sen-' England, and the British Empire. tanks, it is very well to talk about un­ ate. We all get a lot of mail. The Sen­ On February 22, 1944, the Times, of conditional surrender, or anything else· ator is making an interesting speech from London, said-and I should like to call which we may wish to talk about, but it his viewpoint; but I have read his uni­ the attention of the Senator from Illi.:. would be quite a different thing if we versal bill-of-rightS' proposal and I was· nois to this : were over there fighting. A little while just wondering, after he has mad~ this Unless shattered and dismembered Europe ago I referred to a letter which had come speech against Russia, whether Russia can find some new vision that looks forward· to my attention from a boy addressed would be included in his universal bill of rather than back, some leadership bold to his uncle in Texas. In that fetter he rights if it were adopted. · enough to survey her needs and proble!!l.s stated in effect, "The demand for un­ Mr. WHEELER. I should certainly as a whole, the civilization will surely perish. conditional ·surrender is causing these hope so. · To blot out Germany from among the na­ Mr. LUCAS. I do not Understand how tions of Europe would be neither practical Heinies"-he called them-"to fight like nor morally acceptable to the civilized world. hell every minute of the time.'' He also the Senator could present a universal bill of rights and want it to apply to Germany cannot be allowed to become a can­ mentioned Mr. Morgenthau's statement. cer at the heart of the European organis~. As I said a moment ago, an Army officer Russia in view of the fact the Senator who recently came in.to my office, and says that p.ussia is totally insincere in , The London Times is probably the who had been in Italy, told me almost all the statements she makes about peace most influential publication in England exactly the same thing. I have also and foreign affairs in general. and is genera1ly recognized as speaking talked with high ranking officers who Mr. WHEELER. Then the Senator for the British Foreign Office. made similar statements. They belong misunderstood me, or I misundersto:)d On March 26, 1944, the Archbishop of to the armed forces of this country. him. In speaking of a confederation Canterbury and free church leaders in Mr. LUCAS. Will the Senator further of Europe, I do not know of anybody England offered an eight-point program yield to me? who has advocated that either England for peace and a warning against Mr. WHEELER. I yield. or Russia be a part of it. "breaches of basic human rights in deal~ Mr. LUCAS. I agree with the Senator. Mr. LUCAS. I do not know, either. ing with_ Germany.'' Said_they: that the Morgenthau statement was most Mr. WHEELER. No one has advocated We must not lend ourselves in a mood of unfortunate. that Rw;sia be a part of -the United vengefulness to breaches of basic human Mr. WHEELER. I am glad that the States of Europe and no one has advo­ rights or the punitive measures against the Senator agrees with me on something. cated that England become a part of it. entire German people, which will be repudi­ ated as unjust _by later· generations or will. Mr. LUCAS. I agree ·with the Senator England could not very well be a part permanently frustrate hopes of peace and · on many things, but not on the speech because of the fact that she has an em­ unity in Europe. which he is making today. pire which would bring her constantly in Mr. WHEELER. I did not expect the conflict with the United States of Eu­ On June 1 Pope Pius 'XII, who, I pre~ Senator to ·agree with my speech. · rope. That was not the conception of sume, was speaking for a "discredited Mr. LUCAS. No. I may say to the Briand; it was not the conception of minority," declared: Senator that many statements which are Schuschnigg; it w.as not the conception No just peace can be reached if the victor being made, in addition to the Margen- of Churchill; and, so far as I know, it would by force .o! arms dictate the terms. 1945 CON.GRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 253 A just policy has to give the defeated nation It . is no longer a military problem but a terventionists and internationalists in a digr.lfied place. political one. this country, one of our greatest author­ On June 26 Mr. Raymond Moley wrote: Not only has this man~ said that, but I ities on Germany and a most intelligent The trouble with unconditional surrender have talked with military leaders in this and consistent opponent of the brutal as an -objective is that few Americans or country Who have said identically the slogan "Unconditional surrender," and Britons really believe that surrender can be same thing. who made a speech for the Ptesident wi~hout conditions, while to Germans the Life magazine on August 21 carried the during the last campaign, wrote as fol­ slogan means that there will be no distinc­ same message from John Scott, a Time lows: tions in punishment among the elements in Germany. To them it means that the Nazi and Life correspondent: -There are two conditions under which Ger­ party, the army, and the mass of the people The future looks b:acker day by day but many, as an entity, can surrender. The first are to suffer equally, which can have no effect those inside Germany who want' peace and is to make clear that a Germany will be left beyond tying together 80,000,000 Germans in not national suicide are hindered rather than which is economically capable of life. A a desperat e unity. helped by the Allies. The Anglo-American Germany 'that is deindustralized or loses its att itude is still" expressed by our determined industrial provinces or is overcrowded by the On July 29 the London Economist car­ adherence to the unconditional surrender evacuation of ten to twenty million Germans ried the following warning: formula, with whioh has been coupled a into a truncated Reich will be more inc.apable of sustaining life than Puerto Rico. The sec­ Unconditional surrender is becoming a reluctance to make any concrete promise to any German opposition group. As a result, ond condition under which Germany could policy of drift, of wait and see, of reliance surrender is: She could become the ward of on what may turn up. But· the drift of the complaint ·is made that any opposition group attempting to overthrow Hitler and an already established world organization, 'events may carry Germany, Europe, and the operating along clear and established prin­ grand alliance itself 'to a very different con­ make peace with west ern powers has no basic program on which it can talk convincingly ciples. The surrender of a nation must mean clusion from the one the Allies desire. It the merging of one's identity, but it cannot may carry them to a military stalemate or to the German peop!e. The Russians on the other hand, indirectly offer the German happen unless some larger identity exists. A prolonged fighting, and then to divided coun­ Germany conquered by four powers but not sels and Allied disputes. No policy for Ger­ people that Germany won't be destroyed and surrendered to any one thing is no answer. many means no policy for peace. that the German Army won't be destroyed. It has resulted in a pro-Russia orientation 0f course, Dorothy Thompson spends Of course, in the mind of the Secretary among a growing number of Germans who, much time in Europe. She knows more of State, the London Economist speaks all other things being equal, would be much about Germany than probably almost for a "discredited minority:'' more inclined to be pro-Anglo-American and pro-democratic. any Member of the Senate. I now wiih Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the to read extracts from an article by Doro­ Senator yield? On September 26, 1944, even Mr. Wal­ thy Thompson which appeared in the Mr. WHEELER. I yield. ter Lippmann plainly pointed out that we Washington Evening Star of January 8, , Mr. WILEY. I inquire if, to the Sen­ no longer deal with reality when we talk 1945: . ato"r's knowledge, the term "uncondi­ about whether we shall impose a soft or tional surrender" has ever been defined There have been three major political er­ a harsh peace on Germany. Of course, rors in this war, all arising dut of the first by the President or anyone else in this Mr. Walter Lippmann represents the one--the discounting of the Atlantic Charter. country? "discredited" view; but he has been one The second was the interpretation that has Mr. WHEELER. The President has of the strongest advocates Of the Presi­ accumulated around unconditional surren­ not defined it, to my knowledge. dent's forei$n pqlicy, stronger than al­ der; and the third, the failure to produce any Mr. WILEY. I am wondering if now most any other man in this country. reasonable policy for a post-war Europe. the President and Stalin and Churchill H~ said: • • should define the conditions and say And what our own Government and some there could be no other conditions, if Imagine the ,mildest conceivable terms of of our publicists have been doing in regard to that would not be equivalent to uncondi­ ' peace, and Germany will still be an economic, the Atlantic Charter, since the President's ruin, incapable in her existing industrial press conference, is most discouraging. tional surrender, and drastic, although structure of employing all her people, inca­ the terms might be quite lenient. Elmer Davis, as head of the Office of War pable of supporting a tolerable standard of Information, must be regarded as official. Mr. WHEELER. I cannot answer that, life. Imagine no loss of territory, no repara­ The other day on the air he took the line that I will say to the Senato.r. tions, no military occupation, no interfer­ the Atlantic Charter (like the Ten Command­ In the same month of July the Na­ ence with the internal administration, and ments referred to by the President) represents the full benefits of the Atlantic Charter, sup­ tional Opinion Research Center of DeJ;t­ only a lofty ideal, "Nobody ever ~aid it could ver University polling the 48 States on pose that the only demand of the Allies is be put into effect day after tomorrow or even the subject of whether Americans should t'hat Germany disarm and that she should at the end of the war," are his words. The not take any steps to rearm for the next 15 New York Herald Tribune took, editorially, help .to pu~ Germany back on her indus­ years. Post-war Germany would nevertheless trial teet, even at the cost of continued be an economic ruin. exactly the same line. • • • rationing at home, reports that 64 per­ Mr. Davis' remarks are senseless. The At­ cent or nearly a two-thfrds· majority of On October 11, 1944, a group of mem­ lantic Charter is no lofty ideal. It represents bers of Parliament, including 26 labor what was universally accepted political prin­ the American people, believe we should ciple, and to a large extent political practice, follow this course. The research center members, entered a motion in the House before Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy em­ comments: of Parliament calling for a government barked on a counterprogram. • · • • declaration which would- They hold this view because, in the long The unconditional surrender formula has run, this country would benefit from such a Encourage the emergence within Germany gradually become clothed with concepts that policy, and because the announcement that of a new regime, composed of democratically mean the extinction of Germany, as a state, such help would be forthcoming might speed · minded persons in whom the United Nations a nation, a functioning economy, and, conse­ the German surrender. could have confidence so that a settlement of quentially, as a people. This interpretation the problems which caused the present con­ has closed every door to forces that might I presume the 64 percent, according to flict in. Europe might be reached on the basis have arisen in Germany to eliminate top the National Opinion Research Center of of the principles set forth in the Atlantic Nazis and effect surrender. Those forces ex­ Denver Bniversity, represents a "discred- Charter. isted; they came to a head; in that moment ited minority." · time was of the essence; but receiving no aid As far back as the early part of this in any form, they were lost, and today the I quote from a war correspondent of year the personal confidant of the Pres­ leaders are dead. the Nev· York Sun, Gault MacGowan,, ident, Anpe O'Hare McCormick, wrote: who wrote as far back as August 14: Dorothy Thompson, again, represents The American Government is silent on a "discredited minority." Our terms to Hitler are unconditional sur­ every political issue at the moment when as render, and only that prevents a military much depends on psychological as on miu~ · She supported Mr. Roosevelt in the last demand for an armistice. Despite the dras­ tary "softening." This war differs from the campaign. tic bombings of German cities, the destruc­ last in many respects, but in none more than It now appears that Prime Minister tion of thousands of German homes and in the apparent determination of the high Churchill has begun to see the light­ buildings and the anxiety of the German strategists to defeat the enemy in the hardest that the futility of the present course of people to see the end of the war, the Gestapo way. events is slowly dawning on him. As won't let them demonstrate . for peace or raise a questioning voice against their On January 3, 1945, Dorothy Thomp­ recently as November 10, 1Q44, he said he Fuehrer's unchallengeable wisdom. Such son, another who supported the Presi­ thought it was high time that "we had are my impressions of the situation tonight. · dent, who was one of the strongest in-. .another triple conference and that su(!h 254 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .JANU:\RY 15 a meeting might easily abridge the suf­ the slaves of the destructive powers they have Senate a letter from Mon C. Wallgren, ferings of mankind and stop· the fearful let loose, and are no longer in a position to Governor of Washington, together with control them. How in such circumstances process of destruction that is ravaging dare they talk about controlling the future of the credentials. of HuG~ B. MITCHELL, ap­ the earth." the world for years to come? pointed a Senator from the State of Whatever Mr. Stalin's motives may be Unless people everywhere w.ake up and Washington to fill the· unexpired term he has scrupulously avoided in his themselves take control of their future, they of Mon C. Wallgren, which were read speeches the term "unconditional sur• will be deceived again and again by those who and ordered to be filed, as follows: render" of Germany. The Moscow­ pretend to ·be leading them and willfully STATE OF WASHINGTON, mislead them. sponsored Free Germany Committee has ExECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, been broadcasting three to six times a Victory is the most dangerous of poisons. Olympia, January 10, 1945. Only a just and righteous peace can save hu­ Hon. HENRY A. WALLACE, day to the Germany people two terms manity in "the next generation from a new upon which peace might be concluded · Vice President and President of the and far worse calamity. United States Senate; Washington, between the Soviets and the German D. C. people, namely, get-rid of the Hitlerites Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. MC· DEAR SIR: Enclosed find my appointment and get off Russian soil. of HUGH B. MITCHELL as a United States Sen­ As ·recently as November 6, 1943, Mr. MAHON in the chair) . . Does the Senator ator from the State of Washington, to fill Stalin declared: from Montana yield to the Senator the vacancy created by my becoming the duly from Florida? It is not our. aim to destroy Germany, for elected and qualified Governor of the State it is impossible to destroy Germany, just as Mr. WHEELER. I yield. of Washington. it is impossible to destroy Russia. But the Mr. PEPPER. I am not quite clear May I express my great esteem and affec­ Hitlerite state can and should be destroyed. concerning the statement about the tion for yourself and the Members of the And our first task, in fact, is to destroy the politicians who started this war. Was Senate. · Hitlerite state and its inspirers. that a quotation? Respectfully yours, It is not our aim to destroy all organized Mr. WHEELER. That was a quota­ • MON C. WALLGREN, military force in Germany, for every literate tion. Governor. person will understand that this is not only Mr. PEPPER. The quotation is from impossible in regard to Germany, as it is in whom? · STATE OF WASHINGTON, regard to Russia, but also inadvisable from ExECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, tp.e point of view of the victor. Comrades, Mr. WHEELER. From Mr. G. Jensen, . Olympia. we are waging a great war of liberation. a Belgian exile. I suppose he is talking To All to Whom These Presents Shall Come, about Mr. Hitler as a politician; I sup­ Greeti ngs: Mr. President, I am not advocating pose he is talking about Mr. Eitalin as a Having vacated my office as a United States anything contrary to American tradi­ politician; I suppose he is talking about Senator from the State of Washington by tions when I insist upon the abandon­ becoming the duly elected and qualified all of us as politicians. Governor of the State of Washington: · ment of this senseless slogan. On De­ In conclusion, Mr. President, let me cember 22, 1848, Mr. Calhoun stood on Therefore, I, Mon C. Wallgren, Governor say that I am convinced that these of the State of Washington, pursuant to the the :floor of the Senate 3tnd championed principles I have advocated are in com­ the noble tradition of American states­ authot:ity vested in me, do appoint HuGH B. plete uniformity with all that is best and MITCHELL as a Senator from th~ State of manship when he said: most enduring in America's traditions. Washington in the Senate of the United War is made by one party, but it takes two In spite of all the equiyocation and eva­ States until the general election next to be to make peace. If all authority is overthrown sion and deception that has been prac­ hereafter held in the State of Washington, in Mexico, where will be the power to enter and until his successor shall have been · into negotiation_and make peace? Our very ticed, we have, I say, pledged our solemn elected and qualified. success would defeat the possibility of mak­ word that this war would not end in. a In witness whereof I have hereunto set my ing peace. In that case the war would not new struggle of power pq1itics but in a· hand and caused the seal of the State of end in peace, but in conquest; not in nego­ just and lasting peace. There is no point Washington to be affixed at Olympia this tiation but in subjugation, and defeat, I re­ whatsoever in talking about future in­ lOth day of January A. D. 1945. peat, the very object we aim to accomplish­ ternational agreements, future · world MoN 0. WALLGREN, and accomplish ·that which we disavow to be organizations, future world charters, if Governor of Washington. our intention by destroying the separate ex­ By the Governor: istence of Mexico, overthroWing her nation­ the very basis upon which the present [SEAL} . BELLE REEVES, ality, and blotting out her name from the precarious unity of the United Nations Secretary of State. list of nations. I must say I am at a loss to rests is repudiated. see how a free and independent republic can It was President Franklin D. Roosevelt · AMERICA'S FOREIGN POLICY AND be established in MeXico under the protec­ who in 1937-i:n, the very same "quaran­ A'ITAINMENT OF PEACE tion and authority of its conquerors. I bad tine" speech which launched us on the Mr. PEPPER obtained the :floor. always supposed that such a government course of action that broke down our ·must be the spontaneous wish of tne people; Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, will that it must emanate from the hearts of the neutrality and involved us in two great the Senator yield? people and be supported by their devotion to wars simultaneously, solemnly laid down Mr. PEPPER. I prefer not to yield for it, without support from abroad. the principle which underlies this speech the time being, but shall be glad to do of mine: Mr. President, I desire now to quote so after making a brief statement. . There can be no stability or peace either Mr. President, when an. able Senator, from a recent statement made by a Bel­ within nations or between· nations except· gian exile, Mr. G. Jensen, who has been who has a national reputation, upon the under laws and moral standards adhered to :floor of the Senate holds out hope of through all the horrors and sufferings of b ~ all. International anarchy destroys ~very this war. foundation for peace. It jeopardizes either terms more favorable than uncondition­ ·Mr. Jensen was not a candidate for the the immediate or future security of every al surrender to the enemy, attacks our Senate, subject to popular election by the nation large or small. It is therefore a mat­ allies, and makes it clear that he does people, but he went through all the hor­ ter of vital intet;est and concern to the pea- not favor our entering into any effective . pie of the United States that the sanctity of international organization to keep the l'ors of this war. He said: · international treaties and the maintenance Unconditional surrender of Germany of international morality be restored. peace of the world, I cannot refrain from stating at least that those are not my means chaos for Europe. All those who knew MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE the German people just before the war know sentiments, and I believe they are the that Germany will never give in . . She will A message from the House of Repre· sentiments of very few, if any other Sen­ fight to the bitter end if no just peace pro- sentatives, QY" Mr. McLeod, one of its ators. upon this :floor . . posals are made. The German people are . clerks, communicated to the Senate the fighting with the spirit that was Britain's in Mr. President, I asked for a yea and 1940. intelligence. of the death of Hon. JAMES F. nay vote of the Senate on the Connally Judging by all the lessons of history, the O'CoNNOR, late a Representative from :resolution, which was adopted some time next last war will be one between the Anglo­ the State of Montana, and transmitted ago, and I notice that the able Senator Saxon world and Russia, and nothing on .the resolutions of the House thereon.· from Montana [Mr. WHEELER] was 1 earth will prevent an injured Germany from SENATOR FROM WASHINGTON­ of · 5 Senators who opposed the Con­ ,seizing her chance at that moment. CREDENTIALS It should by'now be clear to everyone that nally resolution, while 85 Senators voted the politicians who started this war and pre· The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Me.-~ in favor of it, and 6 Senators were re· .tend to be leading it have themselves become. MAKON in the chair). laid before the corded as not voting at all.. )'he Con-· 1945 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 255 -nally resolution committed the Senate to her industrial capacity located in the Mr. WHEELER. Will the Senator tell' the following declarations: Ruhr. · me with which of the other points he dis­ Resolved, That the war against all. our Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. Mr. agrees? enemies be waged until complete victory is President, will the Senator yield? Mr. PEPPER. Point No. 2, which re­ achieved. Mr. PEPPEij,. I yield. fers to preserving the American way of That the United States cooperate with its Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado. The Sen­ life in the United states, has very little comrades-in-arms in securing a just and ator refers to abandoning the demand· to do with peace terms. I dicl not know honorable peace. Tohat the United States, acting through its Jor unconditional surrender. Is there that that had to be one of the peace constitutional processes, join with free and not another course which is possible? terms. sovereign nations in the establishment and .Could not the term "unconditional sur- Mr. WHEELER. Does the Senator maintenance of international authority with render" be defined and implemented disagree with it? power to prevent aggression and to preserve without abandoning it? Mr. PEPPER. No; I do not; but I do the peace of the world. Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, I have not consider it very relevant to the peace That the Senate recognizes the necessity If of there being established at the earliest not heard of any peac·e terms. the 'terms. · practicable date a general international or~ able ·senator wishes to write a set of Mr. WHEELER. Does the Senator dis­ ganization, based oh the principle of the peace terms which he would propose, and . agree with any of the other points? sovereign equality of all peace-loving states, we can compare them with uncondi­ · Mr. PEPPER. On their face the other -and open to membership by all such states, tional surrender, well and good. How­ points' are not objectionable; but the able large and small, for the maintenance of in~ ever, it is now proposed that we advocate Senator proposes them as an alternative ternational peace and security. something less than unconditional sur­ to unconditional surrender. The able Senator from Montana refers render. I do n6t see anything very Mr. WHEELER. No. The Senator is to a resolution which he offered in the severe to the enemy in these six points. entirely mistaken. Senate on January 6, this year, which Let me read them: Mr. PEPPER. That is what the reso­ sets out what in his opinion should be 1. The adoption of a universal bill of rights lution says. the peace aims of this country upon . to safeguard the inalienable rights of every Mr. WHEELER. The Senator is trying which hostilities should cease, because in individual regardless of race, class, or re~ to put words in my mouth, which I will ligious belief. ·the early part Qf his resolution ~ on the not permit him to do. · 'first page, as I have it before me, the 2. The assured survival and extension of democratic principles and institutions and. Mr. PEPPER. I read from the resolu­ Senator uses this language: the preservation here of our American way tion of the able Senato:r:. I did not quote Resolved, That the Senate of the United of life. his words. States, in order to affirm our faith in the , 3. The immediate creation of a United Na­ Mr. WHEELER. The resolution is not uncompromised principles of the Atlantic -tions political council · to provide for the in 1ieu of unconditional surrender. I Charter, and in the integrity of its coauthors democratic settlement; in harmony with the have repeatedly stated, and I now repeat, and 35 or more signatories, and in order that principles -of the Atlantic· Charter, of terri­ the ideals which sustain and guide our role . torial questions. that -have arisen in Europe that I am not suggesting a negotiated in the present conflict shall continue to and that may arise elsewhere. . ' peace. ·-I have ·so stated to the · Sena­ strengthen a victorious hope in the hearts of 4. Free plebiscites under international su­ tor from Florida, and he knows that I the suffering peoples of the world, a noble pervision in all liberated countries to choose have made that statement on the :floor magnanimity of purpose within the United their own form of government and leader­ of the Senate time and time again. Nations, and an enduring bulwark of unity ship, the time and procedure to be deter~ What I am suggesting is that the Presi­ among the people of these United States; and mined by the United Nations political dent, Mr. Churchill, and the other Allied in order to avert the further loss of the lives council. leaders state their terms to the German or' hundreds of thousands of American boys 5. The immediate creation of a United Na­ people, as suggest~d by Dorothy Thomp­ as well as those of our allies, the wastage tions economic and social council "to bring of our natural resources and the further about the fullest collaboration between all son, by the London Times, by the London break-down of the moral fiber of our people. nations in the economic field with the ob­ Economist, by the Nineteenth Century Proposes the following statement of peace ject of securing, for all, improved labOr and After, and by members of the Brit­ aims believing them to represent the aspira~ standards, 'economic . advancement, and so­ ish Parliament. They call upon us to tions of the American people and the essen­ cial security." state our peace aims.. Soldiers who are tial features of a just and lasting peace: • 6. With a view to assuving the security of dying upon the battlefield have said that Mr. President, nowhere among the six all nations, large or small, victor or van­ the fact that we have not stated our peace aims which are listed is there any quished, and promoting the earliest possible peace aims to Germany is costing the peace and rehabilitation of Europe and the - reference to unconditional surrender or world, the United States Senate favors the lives of American boys. In my judgment, to punishment of the German Nation or creation of a general federation of European the reason we have not stated them­ any of the German leaders or war crim­ nations at the earliest possible date, within and I say it advisedly-is that the Big inals in Germany. Nowhere at all in Which disarmament and economic unifica­ Three have not been able to agree upon those six points is there any intimation tion will be combined With sovereign equal­ them. - that the United States will take any part ity and cultural self-determination. Mr. PEPPEn. Mr. President, in my in setting up an effective international The able Senator from Montana says humble opinion, what will ·cost far more organization with any power to keep the that those should be the peace aims that lives is the hope of the Germans that peace of the world against the aggres­ the United States Senate should declare political division and dissension in the sors of the future. to the world. United States, to which the able Senator Mr. President, with all kindliness to from Montana is now contributing, will the able Senator, in my humble opinion, Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will make it possible for them to obtain better with his ability and with the· audience the Senator yield? terms than unconditional surrender. he has in this country, if he persists in Mr. PEPPER. I yield. That is where their hope lies, Mr. Presi­ 'urging that we abandon the demand Mr. WHEELER. Will the Senator tell dent; and until that hope is crushed and ; for unconditional surrender, which was me with which one of those points he destroyed they will continue to fight. .made long ago by President Roosevelt · disagrees? But if the United Nations, and especially I. and Mr. Churchill, and I understand Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, I very the people of the United States and the 1 also by Premier. Stalin-about which the distinctly-- United States Senate, will, without a .Senator was silent at that time, if my . Mr. WHEELER. Wiil the Senator tell single break in our moral front, hold out Imemory is not in error-if now, when we me with which one he disagrees? no hope to them, and tell them that we have reached a crisis in this war, the able Mr. PEPPER. I disagree with No. 6, made a mistake the last time when we Senator from Montana persists in urging which limits the international organi­ did not go on to Berlin, the will of the that we aban~on tqe purpose to bring zation to keep the peace of the future German people to resist will be broken. about unconditional surrend~r. it will to European nations, and very definitely When the able Senator was making cost more American lives than any state­ keeps us out of it. his address he quoted with some dis.. ment Mr. Morgenthau ever made about Mr. WHEELER. Is that the only one paragement the slogans, "On to Berlin,'' taking away from Germany the power with which the Senator disagrees? "On to Tokyo," and "Hang Hitler." He to wage war in the future by destroying Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President-- did not make his position any too clear 256 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 even when questions were asked of him. Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, will Mr. PEPPER. I will tell the Senator He stated that he believed in the destruc;. the Senator yield? how I think they would have been differ­ tion of Japan. He did not say anything Mr. PEPPER. . I yield. ·ent. I think the United States at the ·about the destruction of Germany. I Mr. WHEELER. A few moments ago conclusion of the last war had the moral venture to say that if that· speech is I read a statement to the effect that 26 leadership of the worlq. In addition to picked up and translated to the German members of Parliament had made a state­ that, the United States, through its duly people by Propaganda Minister Goebbels ment and signed a petition. ·. I quoted elected President, had led-in the estab­ it will give .encouragement to the enemy. the. London Times and the London Econ­ lisliment of a League of Nations . which I believe that it would be deSirable, for omist. It is generally conceded that the offered the collective machinery by which ·the information of the Senate, to learn London Times is the most powerful news­ collective security might be preserved in what the reaction in Germany is to what paper in London, and is the spokesman the world, and by which the might and the able Senator has said on the floor-of for the Foreign Office. ·conscience of the good people of the the Senate today, if the 0. W. I. has the Mr. PEPPER. What newspapers say is earth might be mobilized against war- ability. to tletermine the German reac- a matter · of · freedom of speech. I am mongers and wicked aggressors. .tion. speaking about what the duly elected The United States then, as now, occu­ Mr. President, I do not. disparage or representatives of the people, and those . -pied a position of great power in the question the motives of the able Sena­ who are a part of the Government, have world, as well as the position of moral tor; but I do very seriously question the said. leadership which it then enjoyed. I be­ wisdom of the effect of what he says Mr. WHEELER. I have called atten­ ·lieve the United States in a world-wide when he makes speeches such as he has tion to what 26 members of the British organization would have brought to its made here today. Parliament have said. councils not only great moral leadership, Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will the Mr. PEPPER. Very well. If the great physical power, and great natural Senator yield? members of Parliament have said that, resources and their strength, but a moral Mr. PEPPER. I yield. I say that their remarks, as I have said elevation, if you please, and personal Mr. MILLIKIN.. Let me say first that. of the remarks of the Senator from Mon- disinterestedness which the nations of ·I do not believe that we can abandon . tana, are doing more harm than almost . the Old World do not have. I think we unconditional surrender, except .with anything else could do in respect to could have brought to bear upon those complete agreement among the Allied changing the determination of the Ger­ councils influences without which they Nations as to a substitute policy. _I be­ mans to fight and shorten the war. disintegrated into a bickering, fighting lieve that the weakness of the Senator's But, Mr. President, I wish to repeat lot of Old World powers, as they have argument lies in the fact that Russia has what I said in a speech· over the radio always been. I think that President Wil­ never accepted the unconditional surren­ yesterday, namely, that within the con­ son saw, when he advocated the League . der demand. fines of these four walls is where the of Nations, that never again could the Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, I can peace of the Nation and the world in the United States of America be secure and speak only for fnyself; other Senators future will be kept or lost. What the safe _by simply standing on the Monroe can speak only for themselves; but un­ able Senator has said is the best evi­ Doctrine and by waiting for some nation conditional surrender is the purpose of dence of it that I know of. It was not to become the dominant nation of west­ our leader, our Commander in Chief, as on the battlefields of Flanders that the ern Europe and to supplant Britain in a military objective. Some of the oppo­ last war and its victory of peace were tlie domination of the Atlantic Ocean. nEmts of the President have criticized He saw that we had to take an affirma­ him, alleging that he has interfered in lost, but in this Chamber. tive part, as the able senior Senator from the administration of military, naval, Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, :t chal­ Michigan [Mr. VANDENBERG], said wb,en and strategic policies. Under our Cqn­ lenge that statement, and I should like he electrified this body and the country stitution, the President is Commander in to have a demonstration of it. several days ago by pointing out in the Chief of the Army and Navy. When he, Mr. PEPPER. History demonstrates Senate that no longer can a negative as Commander in Chief, states a military it. policy on the part of the United States objective of this country the Senate Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, I do ·secure the peace of this Nation in the ought to support him, unless he gives us not care about the Senator's notions of future, and therefore he advocated that some reason to believe that he has history. I think that is · a terrible ac­ we take our part in keeping the peace of changed his objective, or unless the mili­ cusation to make against this country the world. But in President Wilson's day tary and naval leaders do not believe· it and against the Senate. the Senate repudiated that effort. to be the wise thing. The Senator from Will the Senator further yield to me? When the able senior Senator from Montana did not quote any admirals or Mr. PEPPER. I yield. Michigan spoke to the Senate a day or generals, or any military, naval, or air Mr. MILLIKIN. In what way was the two ago, he emphasized the desirabili~y of authorities in the United States. We peace of the world lost on the floor of having the United States enter into col­ should support our own Commander in the Senate? · Let us have a demonstra• lective security commitments against the Chief. We should put up, a solid front in tion of it. rise of a new German aggression. That the Senate in support of our military Mr. PEPPER. Very well. It was be­ is what President Wilson saw when he objectives. cause, in my humble opinion, the Senate was at Versailles. The French pleaded Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles with him and with Great Britain, saying, the Senator yield? and to provide for our part in the League "We know that Germany will attack us Mr. PEPPER. I yield. of Nations. Senators· who have the point again, and the only hope we have is either Mr. MILLIKIN. The Senator made the of view of the able Senator from Mon­ to keep the Rhineland or to keep the point that the argument of the Senator tamt, if there are a sufficient number of Germans from reoccupying the Rhine:. from Montana has a divisive effect them, and if we do not change the rules land, or to have you join us in a pact of among our allies. · of the Senate so as to curb their power security against future Germal). aggres­ Mr. PEPPER. Yes. of filibuster t are going to do the same sions." ·Mr. MILLIKIN. I was making the thing again. But it was not thought desirable that .point that it cannot have that effect, be­ Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will · the French should occupy the left bank cause our allies are not agreed upon un­ .the Senator from Florida further yield? of the Rhine; and it was considered that conditional surrender. Mr. PEPPER. I yield. perhaps it would be dangerous to agree Mr. PEPPER. The United States has Mr. MILLIKIN. 'l'his war was started to the other French suggestion. So a. the largest concentration of forces fac­ by the movement of the German armies ·tentative agreement was made, as the ing the enemy upon the western front: into Poland, preceded by the movement Senator well knows, by the British and and in the long run we shall be one of the of the German armies into the Rhine­ American peoples :and Goverilm.ents to major powers which will bring about the land and several other aggressive acts. guarantee to the French security against defeat of Germany. I have heard noth­ Will the Senator· demonstrate how, if future German aggression. The British ing from any governmental source in we had been in the League of Nations, Parliament ratified that agreement Great Britain about changing the objec-. · any decisions would have been different unanimously, Thereafter it came to the tive of unconditional surrender. than those which were made? United States. Senate, together with· t}?.e 1945 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .257 Treaty of Versailles. After 'the Senate· which have never been accepted by this . respect to commitments of this country failed to ratify the Treaty of :Versailles, country, and which I say never will be which constitute the framework and including provision for the League of Na.:. accepted. foundation of our foreign policy. tions, it did not even take up the pact Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, let us In my statement the other day I also to make secure the frontiers of France. . assume that the responsibility of the said that we had, under the Constitu­ We abandoned our allies. We abandoned United States is a secondary obligation. tion, the right to advise the Executive our objectives. We abandoned our dead. Nevertheless, the obligation of France is about what our foreign. policy should be. We waited for the next war to come. not exclusive. Not only that, Mr. Presi­ I stand upon that statement. In my · That is why I say that if America had dent, but, as I said a moment ago, the opinion, the matter of committing this. taken an affirmative part, at least the next thing which was responsible for the country to a foreign policy is a partner­ probability is that we might have avoided German nation's rising to its present ship between the Executive and the Sen­ the war which has come to curse this position and starting this war was the ate. We can:t}ot have a foreign policy generation. fact that the 1\.llies were divided. They without commitments, and the Execu­ ·"'dr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will fell apart. Even Russia could not get tive· cannot make commitments without ;he Senator agree with me that the war them together by her appeal. The the approval of the United States Sen­ might have been prevented had France, United States might have gotten them ate. I do not think it is proper to sit which bad the best and largest army in together, but we abandoned any effort here, divided as we appear to be, without the world, repelled the German aggres­ to get them together. clarification of our own sentiments and sion in the Rhineland? In othet words, it has always been my ideas, and not give the Chief Executive Mr. PEPPER. It might have. belief that if the United States had taken any general charter of authority, or in­ Mr. MILLIKIN. Upon what theory a strong position, even as late as Sep­ dication of policy which we will back up, can the Senator put the blame for this tember 1939, we could have stopped the but, instead, send him off on a miss1on war upon the Senate of the United States beginning of this war without the shed­ around the world to meet with other or the Senators who preceded us in this ding of the blood of one American man, world leaders and make commitments Chamber, when France, with the largest and I shall always believe that those who upon which to base a hope for future army in the world lacked the spirit to delayed the r.epeal of the Neutrality Act peace. I do not know how we can avoid protect her own interests? Under what in the United States Senate in 1939 also doing so, because constitutional and or­ theory· can it be said that the Senate of contributed dangerously to the probabil­ ganizational difficulties are very great. the United States should have taken ity of this war. I am sure that the only way we can get action to repel those attacks? Mr. MILL...TKIN. Mr. President, will the around it is for the Senate voluntarily to Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, in the Senator yield? come together with a new spirit of con­ first place the Germans were our ene­ · Mr. PEPPER. I yield. secration and dedication in backing up mies, as well as · the . enemies of the Mr. MILLIKIN. I disclaim the respon­ the men who are dying and in trying to French, because we had previously sibility the Senator has just mentioned, save the lives of the men who would fought them and had suffered some sev­ and I disclaim our ability to have been otherwise have to fight in .a future war. eral hundred thousand casualties in the effective in the ways the Senator has just I would dare to propose that it would earlier war to crush Germany and to . indicated. We were the leaders in pro­ not be improper for the minority lead- keep Germany from becoming the master moting the pe,ace of the world through _er and his colleagues to caucus formally of western Europe and to prev~nt her the Kellogg Pact and through the various or informally with reference to their sen­ from crushing Britain and becoming the other pacts. We were always taking a timents, and how far they would go, and dominant naval power in .the Atlantic front position. We took a lead to stop for our majority leader to do the same Ocean. I am not at all sure that France the first act of aggression in Manchuria, thing on this side of the aisle. By doing has any greater obligation to keep a but we were deserted; we bad no support. so I believe that something in the way of would-be world conqueror in check than The Senator cannot demonstrate that a patriotic compact could be worked out we have. Our interests reach around the had we been a member of the League of which would represent at least 'the views world, and, in my opinion, we have a Nations the course of history would have of a sufiicient.number of the Members of comparable obligation to Keep tlown a been any different. · the Senate to be determinative of what would-be world- conqueror. Mr. PEPPER. Mr. President, i will we will do and when we will do it. If However, we abandoned that obliga­ leave the Senator to ,argue with history. the United States Senate wants really to tion and left it to those who happened I wish to say only another word in conclu­ guarantee that we shall have an effective to be geographically more proximate. sion. I respect the Senator's view, but I foreign policy, certain things - could be But the military truism was established have stated the reasons which caused me accomplished in the Senate, and within in the last war, and before it, that if to state the conclusions I presented a mo­ a week's time the world could be made Germany comes across the Rhine River, ment ago. over by purpose, determination, and to the west, she endangers the security Mr. President, let me say, as I said a patriotism on the part of the Senate of of the Western Hemisphere and the peace short time ago, that with the machinery the United States. of this Nation. So it is as much our which now prevails in -the Senate of the I wish we could abandon any regard obligation as it is the obligation of France United States for implementing the de­ for those views by which we are bound to see to it that a great aggressor such cisions of our Chief Executive, there is no with respect to traditions, and that ritu­ as Germany, which threatens our own nation in the world which can count upon alism by which we are so often controlled, security, and which would have chal­ the commitments of this country to be and sit down here humbly and prayer­ lenged the Monroe Doctrine immediately effective in preserving their security fully, and try to save the lives of boys after becoming .the master . of western against new aggressors in future years. who are dying on the battle fronts every Europe and the Atlantic Ocean, does not A few days ago I made the statement day in the snows of France, in the dark gain her aspirations of conquest. on the floor of the Senate that I thought, · oceans of the Asiatic world, and upon Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will in view of our duty and our power to the jungle mainland where they grapple the Senator yield?. .concur with the Executive in the making with the-dastardly Japs. Mr. PEPPER. I yield. of treaties. before they became effective, So, Mr. President, while I have read Mr. MILLIKIN. I suggest the weak­ that we had a coequal responsibility in the statement of the able Senator who ness of the Senator's argument is that -the determination of our own foreign pol­ .icy. Some constitutional authority is chairman of the Foreign Relations he draws no distinction between primary Committee that it would be perhaps bet­ and secondary responsibilities. Cer­ thereafter wrote a letter to the President and took sharp issue with the statement ter for . the Senate not to discuss this tainly a nation directly threatened with subject, nevertheless, since the able Sen­ .aggression and able to repel it has a ph­ which I made: He said that no authority mary responsibility, arid those who do existed in the Constitution for my making ator from Montana has opened it up and not come at least within the immediate such a statement. The President trans- at least indicated the sentiments which ·threat have no more than a secondary ·mitted the letter to me. · he has expressed here today, it might be responsibility, except under international Mr. President, I think it is. of interest well for the Senate to consider what its theories which would cast sovereignties .to every Senator to reexamine the ques­ own course should b~ in trying to serve ·into an international jackpot-theories tion of what is the status of the Senate in bes~ the cause of peace. XCI--17 258 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 · Mr. MILLIKIN. Mr. President, will . in which he states, among other things; under .any ' conditions would interfere the Senator yield? as follows: with the war effort. ' Mr. PEPPER. · I yield. At the Roosevelt-Churchill conference in· ·ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT TO Mr. MILLIKIN.- I wish to make one Casablanca early in 1943· the President . THURSDAY more observation on-the attempt of the "ardently· urged the adoption of an uncon- ' Senator' to· put the blood · of· this war ditional-surrender policy by the Allies," Sulz-· Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, I ask upor_ the Senate. I would remind the berger informs us. "Mr. Churchill was re­ unanimous consent that when the Senate Senator that after the debates which l:U~tant to support such an out-and-out: concludes its business today it adjourn .took place in the ·senate with regard to statement . • • •. It was felt that this· untii Thursday next at 12 o'clock noon. the League of Nations, the matter was­ would tend to negate the moral effect of the The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without ~Hies' aerial bombings of German.y by stif- c;>bjection, it is so ordered. fully canvassed on the hustings, and the fening tl~e - Ge~mans' ~orale." · voters overwhelmingly decided in 1920 FISH AND . GAME RESOURCES ON INDIAN against the League of Nations. . : Of course, .Mr. President, when I made RESERVATIONS :r;ny statement I expected tnat at any time Mr. PEPPER. Yes; and I could quote Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, on to the able Senator from Colorado from I disagreed with my friend, tlie Senator: De­ ~rom -Fiorida, I would be charged by the cember 11 and 12. last the Western Asso-· a book a statement that the ·Republican ciation of State Game and Fish Commis­ leader, former Senator Watson, of In-: ~nterpatiop.alist _ - crowd, \vhich ·was so anxious to take us_into this war, with . sioners, at a special meeting in Salt Lake diana, who was put in charge of the City, Utah, adopted a certain· resolution; debate against the League of Na_tions,· doing something to injure the war effort. ~ut, so far as I . am concerned, I can which I ask unanimous consent to have said that h_e told Henry Cabot Lodge printed in the RECORD and appropriately when he asked him to take the leader­ '.'take it," an~ nobody ~ill stop me 'from: referred; · · ship of the debate against the League of ~xpressing my honest views upon. this :floor py a statement that by doing so is There being no objection, the resolu­ Nations on the :floor of the Senate, that tion was ordered referred to the Commit­ 80 percent of the peoTJle favored the to help Go~bbels. I am not_interested i_n lle}ping Goebbels; I am not interested tee on Agriculture and Forestry and to be League of Nations.- · · printed in the REcoRD, as follows: Mr. MILLI-KIN. Mr. President,. I did in helping_Churchill. I am interested not intend to bring politics into this only in helping the boys who are dying. Resolution 1 discussion. · upon the battlefields of Europe. When Whereas the fish and game resources on Mr. PEPPER. Neither did I. the Senator from Florida intimates that many Indian reservations have progressively Go.ebb.els.. will . s_end. out my speech, let declin'ed'· to an alarming ex~ent; and · Mr. MILLIKIN. Yet, the Senator has me Wherea,s t hese resources, when. properly referred -to such a· subject.' and so let me ask him if it was not Goel:>bels who placed. perpetuated, are of great value to the Indians state-.­ Morgenthau's statement and the unco.n­ for subsistence, ceremonial, and recreational Mr. PEPPER. The Senator referred ditional surrender pledges in the hands purposes;· and · · to the elections of· 1920. pf every German soldier on the front. : Whereas fisl) and game migrate to ~nd from, Mr. MILLIKIN. The record will show Let me .ask, Mr. President, If what I :J:ndian reservations fFom-State and federally that more Members of the Senate on the have said is true, when we are pursuing owned lands and waters; and · Democratic side of the aisle voted a program which would drag . the Ger­ Wherel¥l the absence of re gul~tions in the ~nterest of conservation of fish and game on against the League with reservations man .people into enslavement, how can Indian reservations is a cause of regret, and; than on the other side of the aisle. they do otherwise than continue to fight at times, of contention between the Indians · Mr. PEPPER. The Senator ·may war as they have been fighting? and the whites, who both participate in th~se with history if he wishes to do so. Mr. President, I would not charge that resources; _and · • Mr. MILLiKIN. I do not want to war what the Senator has said would be read . Whereas bcith Indians and whites would with history; I cooperate with· the in­ by· Goebbels, but if that kind of inflam­ benefit from the rebuilding of fish and game · r~sour.ces on Indian reservations: Now, there-: evitable. [Laughter.] matory speech is to help the Allies, if it fore, be it · · Mr. PEPPER. Today the able Sena..; tends to save boys who are dying upon Resolved, That the Western Association of tor from Colorado ·has beep cooperating the b~ttlefields, then I certainly miss my State Game and Fish· Commiss-ioners favors with· the Senator from· Montana, and I guess. Certainly the boys who are writ.:. t he enactment of legislation which Will au­ do not know with whom else he co­ ing home do not say that. thorize and e}:llpower the councils or other operates. Maybe he has in mind the in..; · During the course of my remarks i governing bodies of the various Indian tribes evitable dead when he says he would not called attention to letters which have to promulgate codes,• and, in the absence of sucl1 codes acceptable to the Secretary of -the join an effective intern~tional organiza­ come from soldier boys saying that the Interior said Secretary of the Interior be tion to keep the peace. demand for unconditional surrender has authorized to prescribe regulations for the Mr. MILLIKIN. Will the Senator fur­ caused the Germans to fight like hell. conservation and restoration of fish and wild­ ther yield? Of course, my colleague from Florida life, and for the control 'of fishing, trapping, Mr. PEPPER. I yield. knows more about what is going on in and hunting by Indians on tax-free Indian­ Mr. MILLIKIN, I cooperated with the Europe in the front-line trenches than owned lands within Indian reservations; and Senator from Montana in his statements do the boys who ·are fighting there and be it further . Resolved, 'Fhat such codes and regulations of fact as to the present state of foreign dying; he knows more than the officer to shall conform as closely as practicable to the affairs. I have not indicated any con­ whom I referred who has just· returned fish and wildlife laws of the St ate in which clusion as to his thesis. I defined to the from Italy; he knows more than cor­ the reservation is located; and be it further Senator from Florida where I would use respondents over there on _the battle­ · R esolved, That such codes and regulations force and where I would not use it. I fields. He knows more about Germany shall require that all non-Indians shall con­ believe that when the Senator attempts than do Dorothy Thompson and Walter form to the laws of the State in which the to put a gag upon any Senatbr in this Lippmann. He knows more than the reservation is located; and be it further London Tinies, which is right there on R esolved, That a copy of this resolution be Chamber by urging that one line of sent to the President of the United States, argument is divisive and another line the spot. He knows more than the Lon­ the Secretary of .the Interior, the Members of patriotic, he is merely scratching an don Economist, and the Nineteenth Cen­ Congress, the Governors of the 11 Western unwholesome itch. tury and After. Certainly it is fine for States, the International Association of Game, Mr. PEPPER. I say to the able Sena­ -him, and many others in this country Fish, and Conservation Commissioners, and tor from Colorado that it is not the itches who are safe from bombing -and other such other person or organization as the pres­ within, the Senate but the cancers which perils of war, to ris.e and wrap the Ameri­ ident and; or secretary may determine. are dangerous to the peace of th.e world. can - flag around them _and denounce INDEPENDENT STATUS OF RURAL ELEC- Mr. WHEELER. Mr. President, I shall everyone who disagrees, saying that their TRIF-ICATION ADMINISTRATION not attempt to answer the statements statements probably emanate from Ger­ Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask which have been made, but I ask unani­ many, or something of the kind. In my unanimous consent to have placed in the mous consent to have inserted in the judgment, statements of that kind are, RECORD and appropriately t:eferred a res­ RECORD at this point as a part of my to say the least, not representative of olution adopted by the Tennessee Rural remarks a statement appearing in The fair play in the Senate of the United Electric Cooperative Association. Progressive of January 1. 1945, quoting States or anywhere else. I would never There being no objection, the Fesolu­ Mr. Sulzberger, of the-New YorlCI'iines·, 'intimate that· any Member of the Senate tion was referred to the Committee on •

1945 CONGRESSIONAL-RECORD-SENATE 259 Agriculture and Forestry and ordered· to PETROLEUM AGREEMENT BETWEEN There being no objection, the article be printed in the RECORD, as follows: UNITED STATES AND GREAT BRITAIN was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Whereas a committee of the United States ' Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, the as follows: Senate, which was appointed to investigate President of the United States, in an MOYNE TRIAL PLEA CENSORED BY COURT­ the Rural Electrification Administration, has official communication a; few days arlo. "STERN GANG" KILLER EXPLAINS CRIME'S 1·eported its conclusions that an emergency requesteCi that the Senate return to the POLITICAL SETTING, BUT IT Is KEPT SECRET exists in R. E. A. which imperils the success­ President the so-called oil agreement, or (By C. L. Sulzberger) ful continuance of R. E. A.; and CAIRo, EGYPT, January 11.-A secret organ­ Whereas this committee has recommended treaty, witll. Great Britain. In pursuance of that request as in executive session ization dispatched two young Palestinian to the United States Senate that legislation Jews to Cairo last autumn with specific in­ should be approved immediately to remove I submit an order Which I · send to the structions to assassinate Lord Moyne, British R. E. A. from its present subordinate posi­ desk and ask to have agreed to. Resident Minister, it was frankly admitted tion in the Department of Agriculture and The PRESIDING OFFICER. The or­ in military court here today by Eliahu Bet­ to restore it to its original status as an in­ ' der will be read. Tsouri~ one of the youthful pair now on ti·ial dependent agency of government; and The legislative clerk read the order as for their lives. · Whereas the Rural Electrification Coopera-­ follows: The accused man, who yesterday said tives in the Tennessee Valley have, in addi­ openly that he and his friend, Eliahu Hakim, tion to the facts and arguments made by the Ordered, That the Secretary of the Senate be directed to return to the President of the had together shot Lord Mayne and Corporal Senate committee to support the recommen­ Fuller, his English chauffeur, on November dation that R. E. A. be restored to its inde­ United States, in compliance with his re­ quest of the lOth instant, the agreement on 6~ d)d not specifically identify this organiza- - pendent status, the ever-present example tion as the no~orious "Stern gang," as it is given in the Tennessee VaHey Authority of petroleum between the Government of the United States of America and the Govern­ generally known, but it was obvious that it the advantages which R. E. A. would have as was one and the same. an independent agency; and ment of the United Kingdom of Great Brit­ ain and Northern Ireland, signed in Wash-:­ One is permitted to state that Bet-Tsouri Whereas a bill has been introduced in the delivered himself of what it is permitted to United States Senate to restore the independ­ ington August 8, 1944, printed as Executive F, Seventy-eighth Congress, second session. describe only as . a "political tirade." This ent status of R. E. A. and that bill is now "political tirade" lasted 2 hours and was before the Senate Committee on Agriculture: The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without coolly. and calmly spoken by Bet-Tsouri in Therefore be it · objection, the order is agreed to. . fl:uent, if frequently slightly incorrect, Eng-: Resolved, That the representatives of Ten­ hsh, so that all the foreign correspondents nessee Rural Electric Cooperative Association TRIAL IN CAIRO OF ASSASSINS OF LORD seeking to report the case could fully under- · and representatives of otner rural electric co­ MOYNE stand. operatives which purchase power from Ten­ Mr. LANGER. Mr. President I read CONDUCTS HIS OWN DEFENSE nessee Valley Authority assembled in meet­ The presiding justice of the five-man tri­ ing in Nashville, 'Denn., September 12 and 13, in the New York Times a dispat~h from Cairo reporting on the trial which is now bunal, which is composed of Egyptian jurit)ts - 1944, urge that the S::mate Committee on and army officers, interrupted Bet.:.Tsouri fre­ Agriculture shall hear evidence immediately under way there of two young Palestin­ quently and requested him to adhere to the on the bill, and that every opportunity shall ians who have confessed to the assassina~ facts surrounding the actual details of the • be given to any opponent of the bill to pre­ tion of Lord Moyne, the late British Resi­ crime. sent evidence, but that no delay shall be dent Minister in the Middle East. I ask Bet-Tsouri, who appeared to handle his permitted in rushing the issues involved to unanimous consent that the story en­ defense almost solely on his own without an immediate decision; and titled "Moyne Trial Plea Censored by consultation with or .interruption by his That, unless evidence is presented to over­ counsel, explained that he desired to give whelm the evidence already in the records _court/' by C. L. Sulz'Qerger, be printed in . the body of the RECORD. the reasons for this assassination and why of the Seriate, and is presented immediately, he had been ·ordered to undertake it. · He the Congress of the Unite.d States shall move The New York Times correspondent managed to maintain the sequence of his to meet 'the emergency condition in R. E. A. states that the defendants have ex­ tale and to continue its even fiow, referring and shall approve of the legislation to re­ plained for 2 hours their reasons and mo­ only rarely to his shabby sheaf of notes and store the independent status of R. E. A.; and tives which led them to their unfortu­ leaning forward, arms akimbo, as he surveyed That the Senate committee investigating nate act of despair. The courtroom was the courtroom and tribunal across a row the R. E. A. is urged to resume its inquiry packed with correspondents. The de­ of s~iked iron pickets isolating the prisoners'. immediately and to inquire whether certain dock. officials and employees of R. E. A. who have fendants spoke fluent English and the correspondents took plenty of notes­ The packed courtroom buzzed with excite­ been charged in the testimony already taken ment and red tarbooshes bobbed back and but, says t.h~ Times corr_.,espondent, they with very questionable conduct, have any forth in whispered comment. · The presiding answer and that they shall be given an op­ were proh1b1ted by the censorship from justice, warning the prisoner against making portunity to answer; and reporting one single word of the defense propaganda statements, ordered the news­ That the Secretary of AgricUlture and of the two young men bein~ tried for papermen to cease taking notes. Administration authorities in R. E. A. shall their lives. · Bet-Tsouri's tale was long and dramatic, be comepelled to show immediately what Now, Mr. President, political assassina­ but the dramatis personnae, in the sense of they have done to restore the guilt or in­ tions are one of the world's most ancient individuals or countries, cannot be men­ nocence of such officials and employees and and persistent il_ls, and the precedents tioned, partly because of censorship and that they shall be held to an accounting partly because of the tribunal'.: ruling against for their failure to act or be commended are very numerous, but it is the custom of civilized peoples to give fair and open any propaganda. for action they may ha'1e taken and of which It is ·permitted to state that Bet-Tsourt we are not yet aware; and " trials so that justice may prevail. I sub­ contends that "the ideas I am going to men­ That the committee shall hear further -mit, Mr. ·President, a procedure which tion are very different from Z.ionist ideas." testimony from . any R. E. A. cooperative prevents the defendants from stating This point is important, in the view of representative who has proposals to improve their case is grossly unfair and inimical Jewish elements in Palestine. Lord Mayne's the administration of R. E. A.; and to justice. I rise to express my hope that assassination is heartily deplored by a huge That copies of this resolution shall be the British authorities in Egypt, who majority of Palestine Jewry. sent to Members of the United States Senate, have probably forced this procedure upon Bet-Tsouri showed no emotion as he re­ members.of the Senate .Committee. on Agri­ counted details of the murder itself-which culture, and to Members of the House of the Egyptian judges trying this case will rectify their grossly erroneous decision. it is permitted to report--and in fact he Representatives from the Tennessee Valley described himself at one point as "absolutely area; and Mr. President, we are in the midst of a dold-blooded." That representatives of the Tennessee Val­ bloody and costly war for human decency Bet-Tsouri again pointed out his belief ley in Congress shall be advised of the con­ and justice. The Hebrew people-the that he and Hakim should be tried by an victions of the representatives of rural elec­ compatriots of the two defendants-have international court, but this. request already tric cooperatives in the Tannessee Valley area suffered millions of dead wantonly mur­ had been rejected at yesterday's opening ses­ that R. E. A. is in peril of divided administra.; dered by our barbarous enemies. The sion on the ground that the crime was com­ tive authority and division of responsibilities two young Palestinians must get a fair mitted on Egyptian soil by persons possess­ of administrators within R. E. A. and that the ing weapons illegally, who later attacked an &:epresentatives in the Congress must assume and just trial, lest, God·forbid, they, too, Egyptian policeman. their responsibility .in this matter and be ex­ be added to the staggering toll of Hebrew "We l;>elieve this case is tied to questions pected hereafter to be held to an accounting martyrs in this war. of absolute justice, which is not confined to fqr the success or failure to get immediate The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there the boundaries of any one state," he said. consideration for this legislation to restore objection to the request of the Senator •'It is impossible to try it according to the th~ independent status of R. E. A. from North Dakota? laws of any one country." •

260 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE JANUARY 15 The prisoner said the chauffeur was killed In the wage base period of October 1942, There being no objection, the letter by accident, as contrasted with his admission and prior to that time, there was a surplus of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, that Lord Mayne's murder was deliberate skilled and semiskilled labor in GranQ. as follows: and premedit ated. He said Hakim had talcen Forks and this enabled employers to _estab­ J ANUARY 5, 1915. precautions to avoid hurting anyone else. lish and maintain competent organizat ions Hon. HAROLD L. ICKES, He out lined three alternative plans for the stabilized on the then prevailing wage Secretar y of the Interi or, execution of the crime and said it was finally scales. Department of the Interi01·, decided to shoot the Minister before h is resi­ There then was no import ant war indus­ · Washingt on., D . C. dence to limit other loss of life. It was espe­ try in Grand Forks at tracting labor from MY DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Referring to your cially desired not to kill the chauffeur, he the normal peacetime pursuits, nor had lett er of Dzcember 28, 1944, I can agree with said, because he was wearing the uniform of there then b~en any marked increase in new you that the advisory board system, as pro­ the British Army and .fighting a war that is businesses to compete for t he labor supply in vided for in the Taylor Grazing Act, affords a . not connected with our war. this community, · highly desirable instrument and method of He conte.nded that by selecting the plan Demands for labor in other sections and procedure for the consideration of matters to shoot Lord Mayne at his residence he had the infiux of new l:lusinesses into the com- ' affecting the users of grazing districts. The increased the danger to Hakim and himself, munlty after that base period resulted in a National Advisory Board Council, I have no since Lord Mayne lived on an island in the vast turn-over in employment. Only the new doubt, too, serves a very useful purpose as an Nile connected with the mainland by nar­ businesses and the businesses permitted to adjunct of the advisory board set up. I can row bridges. establish higher wage rates were able to also agree with .your comment with respect Speaking in a legalistic,. almost detached employ and hold adequat e staffs, and these to the National Advisory Board Council that way, Bet-Tsouri told how Hakim had ap­ were drawn largely from long-established "Any advice that they may ~ffer on the mat­ proached Lord Mayne's car while he himself businesses unable to meet the wage competi­ ter of grazing fees, will, I am sure, be helpful covered the driver and shot him when Fuller tion, as they were compelled to conform to to me in determining what action to take on refused to lie down on the ground. He said wages on the October 1942 base period. any recommendation that the Director of he had shot him to prevent him from grab­ This turn-over has forced employment in Grazing may make on the subject." · b ing his revolver and had shot him three the older establishments of many more em­ times because his mind was more or less But I cannot agree that the Advisory Board ployees than wo}lld have been necessary had Council alone can speak for all of the State blank and his 'finger had been trained bY they been permitted to increase the wages of !'loUd district ad~isory boards, and the many target practice always to fire three tim,es. trai,ned employees to meet the competition "We had previously agreed that my friend of other employers, both in and outside the livestoclc users of the grazin~ districts, upoJ;l would shoot the lord because he was using a community, with a resultant actual loss in so important a matter as the drastic increase pistol !mown in America as a six-sho<_:>ter and man-hours and lessened efficiency in opera­ in grazing fees proposed by the Director of used by American cowboys," he added. "It tion of their businesses. Grazing. Especially the council cannot speak is simpler, with less danger of stoppages. for all these interests when the proposal is It is apparent that unless many of the suddenly pulled out of a hat, :without previ­ Nobady in the world is sorrier than I that I businesses of this community are permitted h :- d to shoot the driver. ous notice, as it was at Salt Lake City, and it to adjust their wage scales and thus hold is presented by your Department officials as "The facts proved that our precautions to their remaining employees, both trained and virtually an accomplished fact, to be made avoid hitting anybody eJse were insufficient. newly employed, the post-war period will Men of our organization are accustomed to find them inadequately manned and unable effective without an opportunity for the • shooting anybody interfering with their ac­ council or users to give it the careful study to meet the anticipated competition that will that its importance demands. t1ons, but we had special instructions not to accompany the return to peacetime condi­ hurt anybody but the. lord." tions. Nor can I agree wtih you that a small com­ From this point on the judge's ruling, plus There is no real solution in the authority mittee of the council, closeted with you in Washington, and no doubt surrounded by extensive censorship, prevents reporting to raise wages to 50 cents an hour without Bet-Tsouri's statement. formal application to the War Labor Board. , an array of department attorneys and offi­ While this may satisfy the inexperienced cials, is qualified to represent the grazing REPRINT OF DUMBARTON OAKS district users in a decision of such far-reach­ AGREEJ.\1ENT employees and those not in important posi­ tions, it serves only to work a discrimination ing consequences. That is not a democratic Mr. CONNALLY. Mr. President, there against the skilled employees of long tenure procedure. It cannot possibly take the place is much demand revealed by corre­ and for whose services the competition is of a full and frank discussion, in the open, keenest. This tends to destroy ·established with the opportunity for all interested par­ spondence of Senators for copies of the ties to be heard, and the subject to be care­ Dilmbarton Oaks document. The sup­ differentials of pay within the business or­ ganization: Therefore, be it fully considered on its merits with all of its ply has now been exhausted, and I ask incidence and implications. For this reason unanimous consent for a reprint of the Resolved by the Grand Forks Civic and I shall insist that the whole matter be dis­ Commerce Association, That it urges the Na­ cussed in public hearings before my sub­ document, which I send to the desk. tional War Labor Board to give full cogni­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there committee on Public Lands and Surveys, at zance to this condition and so rule on appli­ central and accessible points in the West, objection? The Chair hears none, and cations of employers for wage increases and before a final decision is reached or changes it is so ordered. adjustments in Grand Forks that the older­ in the grazing fees made effective. established 'businesses will be enabled to r~­ ADJUSTMENTS OF WAGES IN GRAND tain their present employees, a condition es­ This has been my posiiton since the mat­ ter first came to my attention, as you know. FORKS, N. DAK. sential to their proper service to this ~mpor­ I now find that it is also the view of the Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask tant agricultural region and one necessary for their preparation for the post-war period: president of the National Advisory Board unanimous consent to have printed in And be it further · Council; and I have reason to believe that it the RECORD a resolution adopted by the represents the views. of other members of Resolved, That copies of this resolution be the council as well. Grand Forks Civic and Commerce Asso­ forwarded to the National War Labor Board The views of the president of the National ciation on the 8th day of January, deal­ in Was~ington and to its regional office in ing with the matter of adverse rulings by Chicago, and that copies also be sent to Mem­ Advisory Board Council, and inferentially the National War Labor Board on appli­ bers of the North Dalwta congressional dele­ those of other members as well, have been gation in Washington. conveyed to me in a letter of December 29, cations for permission to increase or ad­ 1944. In that letter Mr. Gordon Griswold just W.(tges to meet changing labor con­ CHARGES FOR GRAZING ON THE PUBLIC has so clearly stated the viewpoints and issues ditions in Grand Forks, N. Dak. DOMAIN invblved that I am attaching hereto a copy There being no objection, the resolu­ of it for your enlightenment. In Mr. Gris­ tion was ordered to be printed in the Mr. McCARRAN. Mr. President, for wold's entire statement I most heartily con­ REcoRD, as follows: · some time there has been a movement cur. on the part of the Interior Department to It is true, as you _point out in your letter Whereas it is apparent to the Grand Forks in such detail, that certain compilations and Civic and Commerce Association that real increase the charges for grazing made against users of the open public domain conclusions, which the Grazing Service choose hardships are being imposed on many of the to call a range appraisal study, were pre­ old established Uusinesses of this community in the· public-land States. Letters have sented and discussed at hearings before my through adverse rulings by the National War passed between the senior Senator from subcommittee in 1941. The study comprises, Labor Board on their applications for per­ Nevada and the Secretary of the Interior essentially, wholly inadequate data, and a mi~sion to increase or adjust wages to meet ·on that subject. One of the letters from long and tortuous series of eliminations and changing labor conditions in Grand Forks; the Secretary was, either inadvertently substitutions. After listening to those dis­ and or otherwise, addressed to the Senator cussions, I could not escape the definite Whereas the Grand Forks Civic and Com­ from. New Mexico [Mr. HATCHl. I ask conclusion that the so-called range appraisal merce Association believes it is essential to study, to which you refer, could not, even the future prosperity of this community that leave to have inserted in the RECORD my by courtesy, be designated as a study in any an effort be made to correct this condition, letter to the Secretary dated January 5 proper meaning of that term. That cop­ the following statement is made: last. ' elusion was evidently shared by Director Rut- 1945 ·coN(i"RESSlONAL "ltECORlJ-BENATE 261 ledge, who repeatedly stated flatly, both . "3. To raise grazing fees will constitute a At the hearings referred to, Mr. Leech · during the discussions and afterward; that direct repudiation of repeated promises made passed around a chart or table, not repro• he had not approved the study or its con­ by representatives of the office of the Secre­ duced in the record, purporting to show that clusions or inferences·. tary of the Interior and of the Grazing Service the grazing furnished by the grazing dis­ That study, in my judgment, and that of that fees would not be raised during the pres­ tricts was worth nearly $6,000,000 to the li­ every competent person. who· has attempted ent emergency. Many livestock operators censees and permittees, whereas the fees col­ to analyze it, with whom I have discussed it, holding grazing permits are now serving in lected were less than $1,000,000. The alleged is far from being either adequate or sound. the· armed forces of the United States. We value ·of nearly $6,000,000 was derived from It certainly falls far short of being a proper should at least keep faith with them." the so-called range appraisal study, through basis for the conclusions drawn, and the May I remind you, Mr. Secretary, that on a long and involved process of dedu_ctions and uses to which your Department is attempt- April 20, 1934, when the Taylor grazing bill inferences. It is a purely hypothetical figure, ing to apply them. · was under consideration, you made this state­ and its validity is much more than highly I do not gather, from anything that has ment of policy to the Senate Committee on questionable. come to my attention since those hearings, Public Lands and Surveys: As you know, the central committee of including your letters, that the so-called "Gentlemen of the committee, all that the the Nevada State grazing boards' has made study has been carried forward since 1941. Department of the Interior wants to do is to a careful and detailed analysis of the so­ In fact, the investigator for my subcommit­ maintain and upbuild the ranges for the called range appraisal stt!-dY and its conclu• tee, when in the Grazing Service Salt L¥e benefit of the local interests.'' sions. This analysis was completed on No­ City office, in October last, specifically and · "We have no intention of making this a vember ·15, 1944, and was before the National ip detail asked to see any and all files per­ .revenue producer at all. We would like for Advisory Board Council when i:t met with taining to grazing fees. He was assured by the range to pay for its own administration Director Forsling in Salt Lake City. I am the Acting Director of Grazing, Mr. Leech, and nothing more.'' informed that it is now being printed by that virtually nothing has been done on the On the same day your spokesman, Mr. the State of Nevada, and is to be widely subje.ct since 1941, other than some very Poole, reiterated this policy to the Senate distributed throughout the range States. recent cocrespondence With ·the Nevada Cen­ committee in these words: The analysis had an· important part in the tral Committee looking forward to . future "We have stated repeatedly it was ·not the deliberations of the Council at the Salt Lake studies. What was alleged to be the only intention of the Department to make this a. City meeting, amt it influenced the position existing file on the subject was examined revenue-producing measlire." that the Council has taken. It is worthy of ' your careful consideration. by the investigator, and it apparently veri­ Again, on February 21, 1934, Mr. Poole in-, fied Mr. Leech's statement. In the interest of fair play with the thou­ formed the House Commit'iee on the Public sands of livestock users of· the 48 grazit;lg I call your attention and consideration to Lands that: the . following statements taken from the districts in the 10 Western States, as well as "It is not the intention of the Department in the interest of the reputation of your ·press relea,se issued by the ;National' Advisory of the Interior to create new bureaus to ad­ Board Council on November 25, 1944, at the Department for fair dealing, this whole sub­ minister this bill. We feel confident that jec:t of proper grazing fees should be fuily conclusion of its meetings with Director the present personnel of the General Land Forsling: and impartially discussed, in the open, with . Office and the Geological Survey are ade­ ample opportunity for all interested parties "The National Advisory Board Council, in qt~ately equipped both in experience and in to be heard. I am determined that this session at the Newhouse Hotel, charge the :K~owledge to administer. Secondly, I w.ould shall be done before my subcommittee on Grazing Service with breaking its pledge. like to make a statement with reference t o Public Lands and Surveys at accessible point,s given to livestock operators if the proposed the cost of administration. We have made in the West. It is much too important and increase in grazing fees, as outlined by the a study of what thought this measure would· far-reaching a matter to be decided behind Director of Grazing, is put into effect before involve in the way of expense to the users the end of the war. the closed doors of your office in the man­ of the range. I have discussed it personally ner that your letters indicate that it is your "In 1942 the National Advisory Board Coun­ with the Secretary and it is his opinion that intention to do it. cil was given assurances by the Grazing Serv­ at the present time, in. view of "the economic I would appreciate hearing from you at the ice that there would be no change in the conditions, we cannot put a charge on range earliest possible moment. grazing fee for the duration of the war. use which would be burdensome to the live­ Respectfully, "At yesterday's session the director pre­ sto<;:k industry. We do not, however, think it PAT McCARRAN, sented to the National Advisory Board the will cost greatly in. excess of $150,000 a year proposed schedule of fees to be put into effect to administer the bill." EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED for the grazing season of 1945. This ... would At the time you made· the statements As in executive session, constitute an increase of approximately 300 quoted above, Congressman Taylor, the au­ percent over the grazing fees and without thor of the bill, made this statement of The PRESIDING OFFICER ents made to Con­ therewith be paid out of the contingent ministration was ~xed at $150,000; the preserit gressman RoCKWELL, of Colorado, by the :fund of the House. fee produces in excess of $900,000. Certainly members of the House subcommittee, when Resolved, That the Clerk communicate until facts showing the error of their estimate this matter was recently discussed witll these resolutions to the Sen·ate and trans,_. are presented there is no reason for raising them. These members have stated d.efinitely. mit a copy thereof to the family of the de- additional moneys. that they had no such thought or intention,• ceaE;ed. · 262 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 15 Re'solved, That as a further mark of respect •. IN THE MARINE CORPS of his death has been ·a great personal the House do now adjourn. Col. William L. McKittrick to be a brigadier blow to me. To his devoted wife and Mr. BARKLEY. Mr. President, cin be­ general in the Marine Corps, ~or temporary_ family I extend my deepest sympathy. service, from the 3d day of June 1944. They; too, will miss 'him because of his. half of the senior Senator from Montana Col. Lawson H. M. Sanderson to be a brig­ fine 'traits as a husband and father. [Mr. WHEELER] I send to the desk a reso­ adier general in the Marine Corps, for tempo• Words are useless to express 'one's real lution which I ask to have read, and for rary service; from the 5th day of June 1944. Col. Christian F. Schilt to be a briga~;lier emotion at a time like this, I know, but I which I ask present consideration. 'will miss his kindliness, his sound advice; The PRESIDING OFFICER. The res­ general in the Marine Corps, for temporary service, from the 7th day of June . 1944. arid his never-failing willingness to help· olution will be read. at all times. · · The resolution··f the great states- George F. Kamen Clarke W. Mangu~. Jr. ·. Thursday, .January 11, 1945, · was read . -m~n -· of - the Centr~I West The big; William C. Redmon Dean W. Geheber and approved. Wardell· H. Mills Isaac M. Zigle;r friendly Irishman whoni we ·knew as..-JIM R·icharcl H. Linn Arthur .M. Pettier ( EXTENSION OF REMARKS :O'CoNNoR was one of the.best loved Mem~ Frank A. Buell Jacob Wagner The SPEAKER. Without objection·, :hers .of .the House by Representatives ori Andrew P. Sackett John C. Sheehan both sides of the aisle. Edwin D. Merrill · Harold S. Barrett the Members who have special orders' for ·today, may,. if they desire, extend their I think,. perhaps_~ JIM · O'CoNNOR was . Herbert F. Hager Edmund R. Clarke, Jr. the first Memb.er of the Democratic group . Vernon R. Dennis, Jr. Ira Avrin .. remarks in the Appendix of the RECORD. Vernon G. Guenther Merle Bundy ·The Chair will not recognize anyone ex­ of the·Hot1se it was my pleasure to meet, James R.-Hurley George W. Gibbins . ·. cept the· gentleman from Mo,ntana [Mr'. ·because he hftd a habit of making him.::. Robert L. Morrison Ralph V. Kinzie MANSFIELD]. ·self k:nown at once to Members coming . Willoughby J. Rothrock, Jr. There was no objection. in newly from the Middle West. From • To be passed assistant surgeons -effective :that time until his death he and I have THE. LATE JAMES F. O'CONNOR date of oath of office: 'served together· always on at least one Will H. ·Aufranc ' ' Mr. MANSFIELD _~ of .Montana. .. Mr.. committee., and.- semetimes on. two or William P. Sellers III ·Speaker, it is with a profou·nd sense _of .. · .three .committees. r k:no.w he·w:asa·gr.eat Gene B. Haber ' regret that I announce to the House .the . :American, :a .courageous. and jndependent Senior sur.geons to be. temporary medical · death of our d~stinguished .eol_l~;Sogl:l~ the .. _., thinkex ;~~om~times->xoti:ng wi th..his :party . _ : directors etrectiv_e· January 1, 19.4q: : ge,ntlem~:J.n.. from. Montana, ¥;t;. _J)~ ~.: .. ~ :a:q.d, sometimes.- ~oting. aga,~t ,his- party'~ Wiliianr Hendon· Gordon­ ~ 0 CoNN.OR . •It .was only t:WS .mo.rning - ~ o.but- .. alw.ays.. ..:voting ;in'. the:.:.ii:r.ter.es.ts..; .o · Lewy E. Burney ·was notified of his passing~ and the shock Ameiic.a as they apveared to him in. the ·