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On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. -
Lithuania Under the Sickle and Hammer
LITHUANIA UNDER THE SICKLE AND HAMMER By COL. JONAS PETRUITIS of the Lithuanian Army Published by THE LEAGUE FOR THE LIBERATION OF LITHUANIA Cleveland, Ohio Printed in the United States of America Biographical Sketch of Col. Jonas Petruitis At Rozalimas, a peaceful and fruitful village in the county of Panevezys, Lithuania, was born Jo nas Petruitis, in the year 1890. He received his earliest education in the primary school of Rad viliskis, then was transferred to the Saule Seminary in Kaunas and later graduated from the sixth class of the Gymnasium at Libau, Latvia. From his earliest schooldays he outshone all his comrades in his ardor for Lithuanian freedom and his sincere religious beliefs. In 1911, Jonas was called to military duty under the Czarist regime and was transported to the Caucasus where he served as a private in a regiment stationed on the Persian border. During this period there was an uprising in Persia and his regiment was sent there to crush t he movement. Later Jonas was sent to the officers training school at Tiflis, Georgia, where he gra duated and attained his first lieutena ncy in the summer of 1914. During the first World War Jonas participated in various battles on the Russian front, and for his bravery and alertness was pro J moted to the rank of Captain. During the Russian Revolution in 1917, Jonas organized a battalion comprised of Lithuanians who were serving in the Russian Army and he remained its leader until the battalion was demobilized. Notwithstanding all obstacles, Jonas survived the stormy Bolshevik Revol ution, and found his way back to his beloved Lithuania in 1918. -
The Intriguer: Stasys Raštikis, the Army, and the President
chapter 22 The Intriguer: Stasys Raštikis, the Army, and the President The army was a new phenomenon for the Lithuanian public. It was the winner of independence in battle, the most important part of the military action in Klaipėda, the protector and guarantor of the state frontiers. The army was respected, but it was also part of the same politicized public. At first there was a catastrophic shortage of officers – a military school opened in 1919, graduat- ing class after class of young officers. The first officers were mostly veterans of the Russian army and spoke Lithuanian badly; the nationally minded younger band of officers squinted at them warily. The army was politically active – the great proof of this being the military coup of 1926. Smetona was at first thank- ful to the sks, the organizers of the coup, and to their dictator Povilas Plechavičius. The organizers received Smetona at the headquarters of the army, the office of the army chief General Silvestras Žukauskas. The Christian Democratic leader Father Mykolas Krupavičius came to the headquarters and kissed Major Plechavičius, saying, “Povilas, you have saved the country…”812 For this the army had to be rewarded – the two Tautininkai leaders tripled the officers’ salaries.813 Let us just briefly return again to Smetona’s travel through Lithuania in the summer of 1927, from Samogitia to Kaunas. Who accompanied the president? What signals did the cortège send to the public? There were a number of mili- tary: the president’s adjutant Captain Aloyzas Valušis, also the army chief General Žukauskas, General V. -
Introduction
Notes Introduction 1This study uses ‘Estonian Veterans’ League’ as the most practical translation of the Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Liit (‘Veterans’ League of the Estonian War of Independence’). The popular term for a Veterans’ League member was vaps (plural: vapsid), or vabs, derived from vabadussõjalane (‘War of Independence veteran’). This often appears mistakenly capitalized as VAPS. A term for the Veterans frequently found in historical literature is ‘Freedom Fighters’, the direct translation of the German Freiheitskämpfer. Another unsatisfactory translation which appears in older literature is ‘Liberators’. It should be noted that until 11 August 1933 the organization was formally called Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit (‘The Estonian War of Independence Veterans’ Central League’). 2 Ernst Nolte, The Three Faces of Fascism (London, 1965), p. 12. 3 Eduard Laaman, Vabadussõjalased diktatuuri teel (Tallinn, 1933); Erakonnad Eestis (Tartu, 1934), pp. 54–62; ‘Põhiseaduse kriisi arenemine 1928–1933’, in Põhiseadus ja Rahvuskogu (Tallinn, 1937), pp. 29–45; Konstantin Päts. Poliitika- ja riigimees (Stockholm, 1949). 4 Märt Raud, Kaks suurt: Jaan Tõnisson, Konstantin Päts ja nende ajastu (Toronto, 1953); Evald Uustalu, The History of Estonian People (London, 1952); Artur Mägi, Das Staatsleben Estlands während seiner Selbständigkeit. I. Das Regierungssystem (Stockholm, 1967). 5 William Tomingas, Vaikiv ajastu Eestis (New York, 1961). 6 Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940 (London, 1974); V. Stanley Vardys, ‘The Rise of Authoritarianism in the Baltic States’, in V. Stanley Vardys and Romuald J. Misiunas, eds., The Baltic States in War and Peace (University Park, Pennsylvania, 1978), pp. 65–80; Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians (Stanford, 1991); John Hiden and Patrick Salmon, The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania in the Twentieth Century (London, 1991). -
Buddhism from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump To: Navigation, Search
Buddhism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A statue of Gautama Buddha in Bodhgaya, India. Bodhgaya is traditionally considered the place of his awakening[1] Part of a series on Buddhism Outline · Portal History Timeline · Councils Gautama Buddha Disciples Later Buddhists Dharma or Concepts Four Noble Truths Dependent Origination Impermanence Suffering · Middle Way Non-self · Emptiness Five Aggregates Karma · Rebirth Samsara · Cosmology Practices Three Jewels Precepts · Perfections Meditation · Wisdom Noble Eightfold Path Wings to Awakening Monasticism · Laity Nirvāṇa Four Stages · Arhat Buddha · Bodhisattva Schools · Canons Theravāda · Pali Mahāyāna · Chinese Vajrayāna · Tibetan Countries and Regions Related topics Comparative studies Cultural elements Criticism v • d • e Buddhism (Pali/Sanskrit: बौद धमर Buddh Dharma) is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Pāli/Sanskrit "the awakened one"). The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[2] He is recognized by adherents as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana, and escape what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth. Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada—the oldest surviving branch—has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tendai and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications Vajrayana, a subcategory of Mahayana, is recognized as a third branch. -
Lithuanian Independence Movement That Struggle Did Not Succeed, It Energized the Only Gradually Evolved in the Homeland
Special Footprints of Lithuanian Americans in the struggle for Independence Lithuanian American National Council A FREQUENTLY OVERLOOKED HISTORIC Convention, Madison Square FACT IS THAT LITHUANIA’S DECLARATION Garden, New TH York, March 13- OF INDEPENDENCE OF FEBRUARY 16 , 14, 1918. 1918, DID NOT OCCUR OVERNIGHT. IT WAS, Photo above INSTEAD, THE CONSEQUENCE OF A SERIES in the right: OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS AND POLITICAL Lithuanian American DEVELOPMENTS. THIS, OF COURSE, DOES National NOT DETRACT FROM THE ACHIEVEMENT Council, delegate pin Whitehead WHICH THE DECLARATION’S SIGNATORIES Hoag, New BROUGHT ABOUT. HOWEVER, IT MUST BE Jersey. REMEMBERED THAT THERE WERE MANY OTHERS INVOLVED IN THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE INCLUDING MANY LITHUANIAN AMERICANS WHO ENERGETICALLY JOINED IN AND EFFECTIVELY CONTRIBUTED TO THIS CAMPAIGN. 16 Lithuanian Military Digest Special THE NATIONAL AWAKENING Independence — complete Lithuanian politi- t is generally agreed that the Lithuanian cal sovereignty a year before it was declared in National Awakening of the late 19th centu- Lithuania! ry and the resultant Lithuanian Indepen- Idence movement stemmed from the Polish- A LITHUANIAN MONARCHY? Lithuanian Insurrection of 1863–1864. While The Lithuanian independence movement that struggle did not succeed, it energized the only gradually evolved in the homeland. Initial- nation to continue its efforts to free itself from ly, the leaders of the movement merely sought Czarist rule. The consequent brutal suppres- some modicum of political autonomy, some sion of this insurrection led to an even greater accommodation within the framework of Czar- resolve to resist tyranny. The Russian regime ist Russian Empire. In 1905 the Russians were outlawed the publishing of books in the Lithu- routed in the ill-fated Russo-Japanese War. -
SEPTEMBER 28, 1934 5 Cents the Copy • U
I Mr . Howa:Td M. Chapin l R. I. Hi storical Society 68 Wat erman St. Providence, R. I. THE HOME NEWSPAPER OF RHODE ISLAND AND SOUTHERN MASSACHUSETTS Vol. X, No. 4 PROVIDENCE, R. I., FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1934 5 Cents the Copy • U. S. May Take Part ID Olympics at Ber~-in -----.,,----- ;-:.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-::.-;,•·> Name Delegates DEAD AT (,3 63, 700 Escaped TO BE FETED Brundage B~~k, For Hadassah Reich Early In Says Olympics Big Convention Hitler's Regime Sure to Go On Providence ·women to At Figure Admitted by Nazis Is Evasive to Queries, but tend Capital Conclave Based on 1925 Census; U. S. Participation October 14-16 Held Inaccurate Seen Certain Mrs. Roosevelt to Speak Youth Faces College Ban Impressed by Pledge Delegates to the 20th annual con JJEl!LI/\ (.IT.-1) - The J ewish 13y ~! ORRIS wm:-.ER vention of J\"ational Hadassa h. to be population in German)' decreased by America will participate in the h eld in \\' ashing ton Octobe r 1.1. 15 li 3. 700 in the first few months afte r 1936 Olympic games in Berli n! and 1 li we r e announced las t night Adolf l-litlcr assumed f>Ower. the This was the story tha t A very bv .\Irs . Alfred A . rain. president of ~azi goYernment officially an Brundage. president of the A meri P·rovidence Chapter. Oflicia l repre nounced recently. can Olympic Committee. did not give sentatives of the local organization Actua ll y the decline wa~ much out to the press upon his return from will be headed br .\1 rs . -
SENATE, Tee on the Judiciary
'I 230 ·CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENA:TE .JANUARY 15 By Mr. POWERS: poses; to the Committee on Expenditures in from Mr. TRUMAN addressed to the Gov H. R. 1375. A bill for the better assurance the Executive Departments. ernor of Missouri, which was read and of the protection of persons within the sev By Mr. PETERSON of Florida: ordered to lie on the table, as follows: eral States from mob violence and lynch• H. R. 1392. A bill for the purpose of re ing, and for other purposes; to the Commit· newing and increasing .:forage and improving UNITED STA'l"ES SENATE, tee on the Judiciary. watershed conditions on range lands, forests Washington, D. C., January 9, 1945. By Mr. RANDOLPH: or Indian lands, or other public owned and Hon. PHIL. M. DONNELLY, H. R. 1376 (by request). A 'bill providing controlled land of the United States; au Governor, State of Missouri, compensation for time required in training thorizing the sowin g operations by airplane, Jefferson City, Mo. services; to the Committee on the Civil machinery, or 'other means, for conducting DEAR GOVERNOR: Due to the fact I am to Service. experiments to improve methods of re!3eed be sworn in as Vice President of the United H. R. 1377 (by request). A bill providins jng, and for other purposes; to the Com States on January 20, I am t~ndering my uniforms for Gove·rnment employees; to the mittee on the Public Lan ds. resignation as Unite.:i States Senator from Committee on the Civil Service. By 11.1r. MONRONEY: ~. -
The Dark Side of Democracy : Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
P1: ICD 052183130XAgg.xml CY448B/Mann-II 052183130 X August 2, 2004 11:12 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: ICD 052183130XAgg.xml CY448B/Mann-II 052183130 X August 2, 2004 11:12 The Dark Side of Democracy This book presents a new theory of ethnic cleansing based on the most ter- rible cases – colonial genocides, Armenia, the Nazi Holocaust, Cambodia, Yugoslavia, and Rwanda – and cases of lesser violence – early modern Europe, contemporary India, and Indonesia. Murderous cleansing is modern – it is “the dark side of democracy.” It results where the demos (democracy) is confused with the ethnos (the ethnic group). Danger arises where two rival ethnonational movements each claims “its own” state over the same territory. Conflict esca- lates where either the weaker side fights rather than submit because of aid from outside or the stronger side believes it can deploy sudden, overwhelming force. But the state must also be factionalized and radicalized by external pressures like wars. Premeditation is rare, since perpetrators feel “forced” into escalation when their milder plans are frustrated. Escalation is not simply the work of “evil elites” or “primitive peoples.” It results from complex interactions among leaders, militants, and “core constituencies” of ethnonationalism. Understand- ing this complex process helps us devise policies to avoid ethnic cleansing in the future. Michael Mann is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is author of The Sources of Social Power (Cambridge, 1986, 1993) and Fascists -
Nazi Party from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Create account Log in Article Talk Read View source View history Nazi Party From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the German Nazi Party that existed from 1920–1945. For the ideology, see Nazism. For other Nazi Parties, see Nazi Navigation Party (disambiguation). Main page The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German: Contents National Socialist German Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (help·info), abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known Featured content Workers' Party in English as the Nazi Party, was a political party in Germany between 1920 and 1945. Its Current events Nationalsozialistische Deutsche predecessor, the German Workers' Party (DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. The term Nazi is Random article Arbeiterpartei German and stems from Nationalsozialist,[6] due to the pronunciation of Latin -tion- as -tsion- in Donate to Wikipedia German (rather than -shon- as it is in English), with German Z being pronounced as 'ts'. Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Leader Karl Harrer Contact page 1919–1920 Anton Drexler 1920–1921 Toolbox Adolf Hitler What links here 1921–1945 Related changes Martin Bormann 1945 Upload file Special pages Founded 1920 Permanent link Dissolved 1945 Page information Preceded by German Workers' Party (DAP) Data item Succeeded by None (banned) Cite this page Ideologies continued with neo-Nazism Print/export Headquarters Munich, Germany[1] Newspaper Völkischer Beobachter Create a book Youth wing Hitler Youth Download as PDF Paramilitary Sturmabteilung -
Chancellor Angela Merkel Paid a Visit to Troops in Rukla
OCTOBER, 2018. NO 5 (5). NEWS LITHUANIAN, U.S. AND NATO BATTALION TROOPS TRAINED IN AN EXERCISE TO TEST THE NEW FIRING RANGE CROATIA WILL CONTINUE (MoD) Alfredas Pliadis credits: Photo DEPLOYING TROOPS TO THE NATO eFP BATTALION BATTLE GROUP IN LITHUANIA Chancellor Angela Merkel NATO'S PRESENCE paid a visit to troops in Rukla NATO AIR POLICING MISSION: 14 YEARS ABOVE THE BALTIC ON SEPTEMBER 14 GERMANY’S CHANCELLOR ANGELA MERKEL, ACCOMPANIED GROUND BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA DALIA GRYBAUSKAITĖ, VISITED SOLDIERS OF GERMANY SERVING IN RUKLA AND IN CHARGE OF THE NATO ENHANCED FORWARD PRESENCE (EFP) BATTALION BATTLE GROUP (BG) IN LITHUANIA. HEAD OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WAS ALSO ACCOMPANIED BY MINISTER OF NATIONAL DEFENCE RAIMUNDAS KAROBLIS AND CHIEF OF DEFENCE OF LITHUANIA LIEUTENANT GENERAL JONAS VYTAUTAS ŽUKAS. ermany has been the first ally to sending rotations of the NATO Air Policing take the responsibility in imple- Mission in the Baltic States and officers to the menting the deterrence measure NATO Force Integration Unit in Lithuania. SPECIAL Gagreed to at the Warsaw Summit and de- Germany had been leading the NATO cided to become the lead nation in forming eFP BG in Rukla deployed for deterrence 2018. VILNIUS, ANTAKALNIS, the NATO eFP Battalion BG in Lithuania in and defence purposes since the beginning of ORPHAN CEMETERY... the context of continuing Russian provoca- 2017. Its personnel contribution is over half tions, aggressive conduct and threat against a thousand troops with weapons and equip- Lithuania and the Baltic states. ment, the largest part of the eFP strength Germany’s contribution to the develop- among the contributing nations. -
An Inquiry Into Contemporary Australian Extreme Right
THE OTHER RADICALISM: AN INQUIRY INTO CONTEMPORARY AUSTRALIAN EXTREME RIGHT IDEOLOGY, POLITICS AND ORGANIZATION 1975-1995 JAMES SALEAM A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Of Philosophy Department Of Government And Public Administration University of Sydney Australia December 1999 INTRODUCTION Nothing, except being understood by intelligent people, gives greater pleasure, than being misunderstood by blunderheads. Georges Sorel. _______________________ This Thesis was conceived under singular circumstances. The author was in custody, convicted of offences arising from a 1989 shotgun attack upon the home of Eddie Funde, Representative to Australia of the African National Congress. On October 6 1994, I appeared for Sentence on another charge in the District Court at Parramatta. I had been convicted of participation in an unsuccessful attempt to damage a vehicle belonging to a neo-nazi informer. My Thesis -proposal was tendered as evidence of my prospects for rehabilitation and I was cross-examined about that document. The Judge (whose Sentence was inconsequential) said: … Mr Saleam said in evidence that his doctorate [sic] of philosophy will engage his attention for the foreseeable future; that he has no intention of using these exertions to incite violence.1 I pondered how it was possible to use a Thesis to incite violence. This exercise in courtroom dialectics suggested that my thoughts, a product of my experiences in right-wing politics, were considered acts of subversion. I concluded that the Extreme Right was ‘The Other Radicalism’, understood by State agents as odorous as yesteryear’s Communist Party. My interest in Extreme Right politics derived from a quarter-century involvement therein, at different levels of participation.