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independence and self-reliance, relies primarily and disaster monitoring and forecasting. on its own capabilities to develop its space industry to are now capable of global, three-dimensional meet the needs of modernization, based upon its actual and multispectral quantitative observation. The Fengyun-2 conditions and strength. geostationary (GEO) meteorological – Peaceful development. China always adheres to the succeeded in double satellite observation and in-orbit use of for peaceful purposes, and opposes backup; while the Fengyun-3 polar orbit meteorological weaponization or any arms race in outer space. The country satellite succeeded in networking observation of develops and utilizes space resources in a prudent manner and morning and afternoon satellites. Ocean water color takes effective measures to protect the space environment, satellites have obtained their images of doubled width ensuring that its space activities benefit the whole of mankind. and their revisiting period reduced. The first Haiyang – Innovative development. China's strategy for the dynamics environmental satellite launched in August, development of its space industry is to enhance its 2011 is capable of all-weather and full-time capabilities of independent innovation, consolidate its observation. The satellite series have seen their industrial foundation, and improve its innovation system. spatial resolution and image quality greatly enhanced. By implementing important space and technology The small satellites for environmental and disaster projects, the country concentrates its strength on making monitoring and forecasting are now capable of disaster key breakthroughs for leap-frog development in this field. monitoring with medium-resolution, wide-coverage and – Open development. China persists in combining high-revisit rate disaster monitoring. In 2010, China independence and self-reliance with opening to the formally initiated the development of an important special outside world and international cooperation. It makes project – a high-resolution Earth observation system. active endeavors in international space exchanges and 2) Communications and broadcasting satellites cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, China has won successes in its high-capacity GEO peaceful utilization and common development, striving to satellite common platform, space-based data relays, promote in mankind's space industry. tracking, telemetry and command (TT&C), and other key technologies, showing remarkable improvement in the II. Progress Made Since 2006 technical performance of China's satellites and in voice, data, and television communications. The successful Since 2006, China has made rapid progress in its and stable operation of the Zhongxing-10 satellite industry. Breakthroughs have been made in major space demonstrated a significant increase in the power and projects, including human and lunar explora-tion; capacity of China's communications and broadcasting has been generally upgraded remarkably; satellites. Similarly, the successful launch of the Tianlian the economic and social benefits of space applications have (Space Chain)-1 data relay satellite demonstrated China's been noticeably enhanced; and innovative achievements preliminary capability of both space-based data relays and have been made in space science. space-based TT&C. 3) and positioning satellites 1. Space Transportation System In February 2007, China successfully launched the fourth Beidou (Bid Dipper) navigation experiment satellite, further Since 2006, Long March have accomplished 67 enhancing the performance of the Beidou navigation successful launches, sending 79 into planned experiment system. China has comprehensively launched the and demonstrating noteworthy improvement in the reliability of China's launch vehicles. The Long March building of a Beidou regional , consisting of series have been improved, and major progress has been five GEO satellites, five inclined (IGSO) made in the development of new-generation launch vehicles. satellites and four medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) satellites. Since April 2007, China has launched 10 such satellites and has been able to provide trial services for Asia-Pacific 2. Man-made Earth Satellites users. 1) Earth observation satellites 4) Scientific satellites and technological China has developed Fengyun (Wind and Cloud), test satellites Haiyang (Ocean), Ziyuan (Resources), (Remote- China has developed and launched several Shijian Sensing) and Tianhui (Space Mapping) satellite series, (Practice) satellites and small and micro satellites, plus a constellation of small satellites for environmental providing supporting platforms for space environment

2 exploration, space scientific test and new technology 6. Space Telemetry, Tracking and demonstration. Command (TT&C) China has improved its TT&C ground stations and ships, 3. and has established a very long baseline interferometry From September 25 to 28, 2008, China successfully (VLBI) network comprising four observation stations and a launched the -7 (Divine Ship-7) manned spaceship. data processing center, indicating that China has acquired China also became the third country in the world to master space-based TT&C capabilities; it has also established the key technology of space , a multi-functioning TT&C network featuring space and completing a space material test outside the spaceship and ground integration, complete sets of equipment and ability an experiment on deploying and accompanying flight of a to complete various tasks. At present, China's TT&C small satellite. In September and November 2011, China network is expanding from the ground to space, and from successively launched the Tiangong-1 (Space Palace-1) geospace TT&C to deep-space TT&C. The network is and Shenzhou-8 spaceship, and accomplished their first able to not only satisfy satellite TT&C demands, but also and docking test, laying the foundation support human spaceflight and deep-. for the construction of future space laboratories and space stations. 7. Space Applications

4. Deep-space Exploration 1) Applications of Earth observation satellites The fields and scope in which Earth observation satellites On October 24, 2007, China successfully launched its are used have been constantly expanding; these satellites' first lunar probe, Chang'E-1, and achieved its objectives capabilities in providing business services have also been of "accurate orbital transfer and successful orbiting," also growing and an Earth observation satellite application retrieving a great deal of scientific data and a complete system has initially taken shape. China has built four of the , and successfully implementing a controlled new satellite data-receiving stations, enhancing its ability crash onto the lunar surface. The success of Chang'E-1 to receive data from meteorological, ocean and land was another milestone for China's space industry, after observation satellites. China has also established, based man-made satellites and human spaceflight, signifying that on comprehensive planning, the ground data processing China has become one of the countries capable of deep- system for Earth observation satellites, extending its space exploration. ability in centralized data processing, data archiving, data On October 1, 2010, China successfully launched its distribution and services provision. China has established second lunar probe, Chang'E-2, created a full higher- centers for environmental satellite application, satellite resolution map of the moon, and a high-definition image disaster-relief application, satellite mapping application and of Sinus Iridium, and completed several extended tests, other application institutes for Earth observation satellites, including circling the Lagrangian Point L2, which laid the promoting the spread and utility of Earth observation satellite foundation for future deep-space exploration tasks. data. China has improved calibration services of remote- sensing satellite radiation calibration fields, enhancing the 5. Space Launch Sites quantitative application level of Earth observation satellites. China has improved its three existing launch sites Today, Earth observation satellite data has been in Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan, enhancing their widely used in various fields for economic and social comprehensive test capabilities and high-intensity launching development. Fengyun satellites have effectively monitored capabilities. These sites have successfully launched typhoons, floods, forest and grassland fires, droughts, manned spaceship, lunar probes and a variety of satellites. sandstorms and other natural disasters; their weather At present, China is building a new space launch site in forecasting and climate change monitoring capabilities Hainan to accommodate the launch of new-generation have also been enhanced remarkably. The ocean satellite launch vehicles. series have monitored China's maritime territory and the

3 world's key waters, and their forecasting accuracy for sea 8. Space Science ice, ocean temperatures and wind fields have increased greatly, and their time efficiency in monitoring dangerous 1) Sun-Earth space exploration sea conditions has also been notably enhanced. The China has implemented the Program to resource satellite series have played an important explore the Earth's magnetosphere in concert with the role in efforts to investigate, monitor and manage the Cluster Program of the (ESA), resources of land, minerals, agriculture, forestry, and obtaining much new data and making important progress water conservancy, as well as geological disasters and in space physics. city planning. Remote-sensing and Tianhui satellites have 2) Lunar scientific research played an important role in scientific experiments, land Through lunar exploration projects, China has studied censuses, mapping and other fields. The small satellites the morphology, structure, surface matter composition, for environmental and disaster monitoring and forecasting microwave properties, and near-moon space environment, have provided critical technical support for surface water further enhancing its knowledge of the moon. quality and atmospheric environmental monitoring, major 3) Experiments on microgravity pollution events addressing, and major natural disaster science and space life science monitoring, assessment and relief. Using the Shijian satellites and Shenzhou spaceship, 2) Applications of communications and China has carried out space experiments in life science, broad casting satellites materials science, fluid mechanics and other fields under China has steadily promoted the applications of conditions of microgravity and strong radiation. It has also communications and broadcasting satellites, and has conducted experiments on crop breeding in space. brought into being a market of certain scale. It has 4) Space environment exploration improved its and TV network: in 2008 China and forecasting established a satellite service platform to give every Using Shenzhou and other spacecraft, China has village access to direct broadcast and live telecasts. It explored the space environment's major parameters and also implemented satellite broadcasting and transmissions effects, worked on space environmental monitoring and of China National Radio and China Central Television forecasting, and studied space environmental effects. programs, and one channel program of provincial radio and TV stations, thus greatly increasing the radio and TV program coverage. China has strengthened development 9. Space Debris of its satellite tele-education broadband network and tele- China has monitored space debris, and given early medicine network, mitigating to some extent the problem warnings against them, ensuring safe flight of Chang'E-1 of shortage of education and medical resources in remote and Chang'E-2 lunar probes, and Shenzhou-7 manned and border areas. China has also strengthened its spaceship. China has steadily pushed forward its work satellite capacity in emergency communications, providing on space debris mitigation, fully inactivating Long March important support for rescue and relief work and for major rockets, and moving a few aging GEO satellites out disaster management. of orbit. China has also worked on protecting manned 3) Applications of navigation and spaceship from space debris. positioning satellites China's applications of navigation and positioning satellites have embarked on the road of industrialized development, III. Major Tasks for the Next Five Years and are now developing at a high speed, and important progress has been made in developing navigation- and In the next five years, China will strengthen its basic positioning-satellite applications. Through both domestic capacities of the space industry, accelerate research and foreign navigation and positioning satellites, China on leading-edge technology, and continue to implement has been applying these technologies more broadly; as a important space scientific and technological projects, result, the market for this industry has expanded rapidly. including human spaceflight, lunar exploration, high- China strives to promote the application of its Beidou resolution Earth observation system, satellite navigation satellite navigation system, and the system has been used and , new-generation launch in transportation, sea fishing, hydrological monitoring, vehicles, and other priority projects in key fields. China communications and timing service, power dispatching, will develop a comprehensive plan for construction of and disaster reduction and relief. space infrastructure, promote its satellites and satellite

4 applications industry, further conduct space science 2) Communications and broadcasting satellites research, and push forward the comprehensive, coordinated China will improve satellites for fixed communications and sustainable development of China's space industry. services, television and radio service satellites and data relay satellites; develop satellites for mobile communication 1. Space Transportation System service; and develop a platform of higher capacity and higher power for new-generation GEO communications China will build a stronger space transportation system, and broadcasting satellites. keep improving its series, and enhance 3) Navigation and positioning satellites their capabilities of entering space. Based on "three-step" development plan – from experi- It will enhance the reliability and adaptability of launch mental system to regional system and then to global vehicles in service, and develop new-generation launch system, China will continue building its Beidou satellite vehicles and their upper stages, implement the first flight navigation system, implementing a regional Beidou of the Long March-5, Long March-6 and Long March-7 satellite navigation system before 2012, whose navigation launch vehicles. The Long March-5 will use non-toxic and and positioning, timing and short-message services will pollution-free propellant, and will be capable of placing 25 cover the Asia-Pacific region. China aims at completing tons of payload into the near-Earth orbit, or placing 14 tons the global Beidou satellite navigation system by 2020, of payload into the GEO orbit. The Long March-6 will be a comprising five GEO satellites and 30 non-GEO satellites. new type of high-speed response launch vehicle, which will 4) Scientific satellites and technological test satellites be capable of placing not less than 1 ton of payload into China will develop and launch a Hard X-ray Modulation a sun-synchronous orbit at a height of 700 km. The Long Telescope satellite, Shijian-9 new technology test satellite, March-7 will be capable of placing 5.5 tons of payload into and returnable satellites. It will begin to implement projects a sun-synchronous orbit at a height of 700 km. of quantum science test satellite and dark matter probing It will conduct special demonstrations and pre-research satellite. on key technologies for heavy-lift launch vehicles.

3. Human Spaceflight 2. Man-made Earth Satellites China will push forward human spaceflight projects and China will build a space infrastructure frame composed make new technological breakthroughs, creating a foundat- of Earth observation satellites, communications and ion for future human spaceflight. broadcasting satellites, plus navigation and positioning It will launch the Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 satellites, and will develop a preliminary long-term, spaceships and achieve unmanned or manned rendezvous sustained and stable service capability. China will develop and docking with the in-orbit Tiangong-1 vehicle. new types of scientific satellites and technological test China will launch space laboratories, manned spaceship satellites. and space freighters; make breakthroughs in and master 1) Earth observation satellites key technologies, including ' China will improve its present meteorological, oceanic, medium-term stay, regenerative life support and propellant and resource satellite series and its small satellites refueling; conduct space applications to a certain extent constellation for environmental and disaster monitoring and make technological preparations for the construction and forecasting. It aims at developing and launching new- of space stations. generation GEO meteorological satellites, stereo mapping China will conduct studies on the preliminary plan for a satellites, radar satellites for environment and disaster human lunar landing. monitoring, electromagnetic monitoring test satellites, and other new-type Earth observation satellites. It will 4. Deep-space Exploration work to make breakthroughs in key technologies for interferometric synthetic-aperture radar and gravitational China carries out deep-space exploration in stages, with field measurement satellites. It will initiate a high-resolution limited goals. Earth observation system as an important scientific and Based on the idea of "three steps" – orbiting, landing technological project and establish on the whole a stable and returning – for continuing lunar probe projects, all-weather, 24-hour, multi-spectral, various-resolution China will launch orbiters for lunar soft landing, roving Earth observation system. and to implement the second stage of lunar

5 exploration. In the third stage, China will start to conduct performance of the global satellite navigation system, sampling the moon's surface matters and get those samples strengthen technological research, product development back to Earth. and standardization system of navigation and positioning China will conduct special project demonstration in deep- satellites, enhance application level, promote position- space exploration, and push forward its exploration of based services, expand the industrial scope, and focus planets, asteroids and the sun of the solar system. on promoting further use of the Beidou satellite navigation system in various fields of China's national economy. 5. Space Launch Sites 8. Space Science China will enhance the reliability and automation level of launch site facilities and equipment, strengthen the China will strengthen the development of its space science comprehensive capability of launch of spacecraft, and satisfy research system, upgrade the quality of space science the launch demands. It will also complete the construction of research, and enhance popularization of space science the Hainan space launch site and put it into service. knowledge in the whole nation. By the implementation of lunar exploration projects, 6. Space TT&C China will make in-situ analyses, morphological and structural surveys of the lunar surface in landing and China will improve its space TT&C network, build deep- roving areas, conduct environmental surveys of the lunar space TT&C stations, develop advanced TT&C technolog- surface and make moon-based astronomical observations. ies, and enhance its TT&C capabilities in all respects to By using spacecraft, China will study the properties of satisfy the demands for remote TT&C. black holes and physical laws under extreme conditions, explore properties of dark matter particles, and test basic 7. Space Applications theories of quantum mechanics. It will also conduct China will further improve its satellite application and scientific experiments on microgravity and space life service system, expand satellites application scope, and science, explore and forecast the space environment and promote the national new strategic industries, to meet study their effects. demands of national economic and social development. 1) Applications of Earth observation satellites 9. Space Debris China will improve its ground facilities for receiving, China will continue to strengthen its work on space debris processing, distributing and applying satellite data, and will monitoring and mitigation and its work on spacecraft strengthen the development of calibration fields and other protection. facilities. It will improve the sharing and comprehensive China will develop technologies for monitoring space application of data retrieved from Earth observation debris and pre-warning of collision, and begin monitoring satellites, make more self-obtained space data, and guide space debris and small near-Earth celestial bodies social resources to actively develop market-oriented and collision pre-warning work. It will set up a design data application services. It will implement application and assess system of space debris mitigation, and demonstration projects, and promote the wide utilization take measures to reduce space debris left by post-task and industrialization of Earth observation satellites. spacecraft and launch vehicles. It will experiment with 2) Applications of communications and digital simulation of space debris collisions, and build a broadcasting satellites system to protect spacecraft from space debris. China will strengthen the applications of communications and broadcasting satellites in public service and major IV. Development Policies and Measures industries of the national economy. It plans to expand value-added business in the satellite communication field, To ensure completion of the set goals and tasks, the further commercialize satellite communication, and expand Chinese government has formulated policies and meas- the industrial scale of the application of communications ures to be taken for the development of China's space and broadcasting satellites. industry as follows: 3) Applications of navigation and positioning satellites – Making comprehensive plans for and prudently China will build and improve ground TT&C segments arranging space activities. To give priority to applied satell- and develop a system for monitoring and assessing ites and satellite applications, develop human spaceflight

6 and deep-space exploration properly, and give active contingent of highly qualified personnel in the course of support to space science exploration. conducting the important projects and basic researches. To – Strengthening innovation capability in space science publicize space knowledge and culture, and attract more and technology. To focus on implementing important space outstanding personnel into the space industry. science and technological projects and to realize leapfrog development in space science and technology by way V. International Exchanges and of making new breakthroughs in core technologies and resource integration. To actively build a space technology Cooperation innovative system featuring integration of the space The Chinese government holds that each and every industry, academia and the research community, with space science and technology enterprises and research country in the world enjoys equal rights to freely explore, institutions as the main participants; to strengthen basic develop and utilize outer space and its celestial bodies, research in the space field and develop multiple advanced and that all countries' outer space activities should be frontier technologies to increase sustainable innovative beneficial to economic development, the social progress of capacity in space science and technology. nations, and to the security, survival and development of – Vigorously promoting development of the satellite mankind. application industry. To make comprehensive plans and International space cooperation should adhere to construct space infrastructure; promote public sharing of the fundamental principles stated in the "Declaration on satellite application resources; foster enterprise clusters, International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use industrial chains and market for satellite applications. of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of – Strengthening basic capability in space science, All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of technology and industry. To strengthen construction of Developing Countries." China maintains that international infrastructure for development, production and test for exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened spacecraft and launch vehicles. To strengthen construction to promote inclusive space development on the basis of key laboratories and engineering research centers of equality and mutual benefit, peaceful utilization and for space science and technology. And to strengthen common development. work on informatization, intellectual property rights and standardization of space activities. 1. Fundamental Policies – Strengthening legislative work. To actively carry out research on a national , gradually formulate and The Chinese government has adopted the following funda- improve related laws, regulations and space industrial mental policies with regard to developing international policies guiding and regulating space activities, and create space exchanges and cooperation: – a legislative environment favorable to the development of Supporting activities regarding the peaceful use of space activities. outer space within the framework of the United Nations. – Guaranteeing the sustainable and steady financial Supporting all inter-governmental and non-governmental investment for space activities. To gradually establish a space organizations' activities that promote development diverse, multi-channel space funding system to ensure of the space industry; the investment sustainable and steady, especially to – Emphasizing regional space cooperation in the provide larger amounts for important space scientific Asia-Pacific area, and supporting other regional space and technological projects, applied satellite and satellite cooperation around the world; applications, frontier technologies and basic researches. – Reinforcing space cooperation with developing – Encouraging organizations and people in all walks of countries, and valuing space cooperation with developed life to participate in space-related activities. To encourage countries; scientific research institutes, enterprises, institutions – Encouraging and endorsing the efforts of domestic of higher learning and social organizations, under the scientific research institutes, industrial enterprises, guidance of national space policies, giving full play to their institutions of higher learning, and social organizations to advantages and taking an active part in space activities. develop international space exchanges and cooperation in – Strengthening training of professionals for the space diverse forms and at various levels under the guidance of industry. To vigorously develop a favorable environment for relevant state policies, laws and regulations; the development of professional personnel, fostering leading – Appropriately using both domestic and foreign markets figures in the space industry and forming a well-structured and both types of resources, and actively participating in

7 practical international space cooperation. – China and Britain have established a joint laboratory on space science and technology, jointly organized a 2. Major Events seminar on space science and technology, and conducted exchanges on lunar exploration, Earth observation, space Since 2006, China has implemented international space science research and experiment, personnel training and exchanges and cooperation in various forms. It has signed other areas. a number of cooperation agreements and memoranda on – China has signed a framework agreement with the peaceful utilization of outer space with a host of coun- on bilateral cooperation in the field of human tries, space agencies and international organizations. China spaceflight. Under the framework, the two countries has taken part in relevant activities sponsored by the United have carried out a cooperative experiment project on the Nations and other relevant international organizations and Shenzhou-8 concerning space life science. supported international space commercial cooperation. – The director of the U.S. National Aeronautical and Space These measures have yielded positive results. Administration (NASA) visited China and the two sides will 1) Bilateral cooperation continue to make dialogue regarding the space field. – China has established a long-term cooperation – China has signed a memorandum of understanding plan with through the mechanism of the Space on technological cooperation in the peaceful utilization Cooperation Sub-committee under the Prime Ministers' and development of outer space with Venezuela, and the Meeting between Russia and China. The two nations have two nations have established a technology, industry and signed a number of cooperation agreements on space space sub-committee under the China-Venezuela Senior science, deep-space exploration and other areas, and their Mixed Committee. Under this framework, the two nations national space administrations have opened representative have promoted bilateral cooperation in communications offices mutually. In the field of human spaceflight, the two satellites, remote-sensing satellites, satellite applications nations have also carried out many cooperation projects. and other areas. – China has undertaken extensive cooperation with – China has signed the "Cooperation Agreement on the Ukraine under the Space Cooperation Sub-committee Application, Exchange and Distribution of Meteorological mechanism of the Sino-Ukrainian Cooperation Commi- Satellite Data" with the European Organization for the ssion, and the two sides have signed the "Sino-Ukrainian Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), to Space Cooperation Program." promote the sharing in and application of meteorological – China and the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite data. have signed the "Status Quo of China-Europe Space – China has actively promoted the extensive Cooperation and the Cooperation Plan Protocol" under applications of Earth observation satellite data with the mechanism of the China-Europe Joint Commission various countries. China has given to many countries free on Space Cooperation. The two sides cooperated closely receiving stations for meteorological satellite broadcasting during the lunar exploration missions of Chang'E-1 and systems and comprehensive systems for meteorological Chang'E-2, and signed the "Agreement on Mutual Support information analysis and processing. With China's help, for the TT&C Network and Operation" in September 2011. a data receiving station of the Sino-Brazilian Earth – China and Brazil, through the mechanism of the Resources Satellite Program was established in South Space Cooperation Sub-committee of the Sino-Brazilian Africa, and another station for receiving environmental High-level Coordination Commission, have worked out a and disaster data from Chinese satellites was set up in comprehensive bilateral space cooperation plan, actively Thailand. China has provided related earth observation promoted the research and development of the China- satellite data products to the above-mentioned countries. Brazil Earth resources satellites, continued to maintain – China has implemented international exchanges data consistency of their Earth resources satellites and and cooperation with a number of countries in frequency expanded the application of their data into regional and coordination, compatibility and interoperability, applications global application. and other international exchanges and cooperation in the – China has signed a cooperation framework area of satellite navigation systems. agreement on space and marine science and technology 2) Multilateral cooperation with under the mechanism of the Sino-French Joint – China has taken part in activities organized by the Commission on Space Cooperation, aiming at developing United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer bilateral cooperation on astronomic satellite, ocean Space (UN COPUOS) and its Scientific and Technical satellite and other satellite programs. Sub-committee and Legal Sub-committee.

8 – China has signed relevant agreements with the United – China takes part in activities organized by the Nations on disaster management and emergency response International Astronautical Federation, International based on the space-based information platform. A Beijing Committee on , International Academy of office of the program has been established. Through this Astronautics, and other non-governmental international office, China has provided drought risk-monitoring products space organizations and academic institutes. It has also to the "Horn of Africa," and contributes to the regional organized a series of international academic conferences, disaster mitigation effort by offering training, capacity including the Global Lunar Conference, and has fostered building, data service, disaster emergency response, discussion and exchanges in deep-space exploration, QDGS (Quick Draw Graphics System) and other services. space debris and other issues. – China has cooperated with the space institutes 3) Commercial activities of various countries through the mechanism of the China actively promotes the participation of Chinese "International Charter on Space and Major Disasters." enterprises in international commercial activities in the Through this mechanism, satellite data support was space field. China has exported whole satellites and made provided to the Wenchuan earthquake, the forest fire in in-orbit delivery of communications satellites to Nigeria, Australia and other major disaster relief work. Venezuela and Pakistan; provided commercial launch – In 2008, the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organiza- services for the Palapa-D satellite of Indonesia and the tion (APSCO) was established with the joint effort of Asia- W3C satellite of , and signed commercial satellite Pacific nations. Under the APSCO frame, the Chinese and ground system export contracts with Bolivia, Laos, government actively participates in the cooperation and Belarus and other countries. study of various projects, including the development of a space data-sharing platform, its demonstration and 3. Key Cooperation Areas application; an Earth-based optic space target observation network; compatible navigation terminals. China assisted In the next five years, China's international space exchang- APSCO in the formulation and release of its policy on es and cooperation will be mainly in the following areas: small satellite data in Asia-Pacific multilateral cooperation, – Scientific research on space astronomy, space and has promoted space cooperation in the Asia-Pacific physics, micro-gravity science, space life science, deep- region. space exploration, space debris and other areas. – China participates in activities organized by the – Applications of Earth observation satellites in International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite environment and disaster monitoring, global climate Systems, International Space Exploration Coordination change monitoring and forecasting, marine monitoring and Group, Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committ- other areas. ee, Group on Earth Observations, World Meteorological – Applications of communications satellites in Organization and other inter-governmental international broadcasting and television, long-distance education, organizations. China has also developed multilateral telemedicine and other areas. exchanges and cooperation in satellite navigation, Earth – Applied technological cooperation, research and observation and Earth science and research, disaster development of terminal equipment, reinforced facility prevention and mitigation, deep-space exploration, space building, specific industrial services and other areas of debris and other areas. China's Beidou satellite navigation satellite navigation systems. system has become one of the world's four core system – Technological cooperation on a space lab and a suppliers accredited by the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems, and will gradually space station in China's human spaceflight program; provide regional and global navigation and positioning space science research and experiments and other areas. service as well as strengthened compatibility and – Space TT&C cooperation, support and others. interoperability with other satellite navigation systems. – Commercial satellite launch service, import and export China will do its best to host the Seventh Meeting of the of whole satellites, satellite parts and components, import International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite and export of ground test equipment, and building and Systems in 2012. The nation's independently developed service of satellite ground TT&C and satellite application space debris protective design system has also been facilities as well as related services, etc. incorporated into the protection manual of the Inter- – Personnel exchanges and training in the field of Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee. space.

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