China's Earth Observing Satellites
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50 Satellite Formation-Flying and Rendezvous
Parkinson, et al.: Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications — Chap. 50 — 2017/11/26 — 19:03 — page 1 1 50 Satellite Formation-Flying and Rendezvous Simone D’Amico1) and J. Russell Carpenter2) 50.1 Introduction to Relative Navigation GNSS has come to play an increasingly important role in satellite formation-flying and rendezvous applications. In the last decades, the use of GNSS measurements has provided the primary method for determining the relative position of cooperative satellites in low Earth orbit. More recently, GNSS data have been successfully used to perform formation-flying in highly elliptical orbits with apogees at tens of Earth radii well above the GNSS constellations. Current research aims at dis- tributed precise relative navigation between tens of swarming nano- and micro-satellites based on GNSS. Similar to terrestrial applications, GNSS relative navigation benefits from a high level of common error cancellation. Furthermore, the integer nature of carrier phase ambiguities can be exploited in carrier phase differential GNSS (CDGNSS). Both aspects enable a substantially higher accuracy in the estimation of the relative motion than can be achieved in single-spacecraft navigation. Following historical remarks and an overview of the state-of-the-art, this chapter addresses the technology and main techniques used for spaceborne relative navigation both for real-time and offline applications. Flight results from missions such as the Space Shuttle, PRISMA, TanDEM-X, and MMS are pre- sented to demonstrate the versatility and broad range of applicability of GNSS relative navigation, from precise baseline determination on-ground (mm-level accuracy), to coarse real-time estimation on-board (m- to cm-level accuracy). -
Galileo FOC-M7 SAT 19-20-21-22
LAUNCH KIT December 2017 VA240 Galileo FOC-M7 SAT 19-20-21-22 VA240 Galileo FOC-M7 SAT 19-20-21-22 ARIANESPACE’S SECOND ARIANE 5 LAUNCH FOR THE GALILEO CONSTELLATION AND EUROPE For its 11th launch of the year, and the sixth Ariane 5 liftoff from the Guiana Space Center (CSG) in French Guiana during 2017, Arianespace will orbit four more satellites for the Galileo constellation. This mission is being performed on behalf of the European Commission under a contract with the European Space Agency (ESA). For the second time, an Ariane 5 ES version will be used to orbit satellites in Europe’s own satellite navigation system. At the completion of this flight, designated Flight VA240 in Arianespace’s launcher family numbering system, 22 Galileo spacecraft will have been launched by Arianespace. Arianespace is proud to deploy its entire family of launch vehicles to address Europe’s needs and guarantee its independent access to space. Galileo, an iconic European program Galileo is Europe’s own global navigation satellite system. Under civilian control, Galileo offers guaranteed high-precision positioning around the world. Its initial services began in December CONTENTS 2016, allowing users equipped with Galileo-enabled devices to combine Galileo and GPS data for better positioning accuracy. The complete Galileo constellation will comprise a total of 24 operational satellites (along with > THE LAUNCH spares); 18 of these satellites already have been orbited by Arianespace. ESA transferred formal responsibility for oversight of Galileo in-orbit operations to the GSA VA240 mission (European GNSS Agency) in July 2017. Page 3 Therefore, as of this launch, the GSA will be in charge of the operation of the Galileo satellite Galileo FOC-M7 satellites navigation systems on behalf of the European Union. -
India and China Space Programs: from Genesis of Space Technologies to Major Space Programs and What That Means for the Internati
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2009 India And China Space Programs: From Genesis Of Space Technologies To Major Space Programs And What That Means For The Internati Gaurav Bhola University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Bhola, Gaurav, "India And China Space Programs: From Genesis Of Space Technologies To Major Space Programs And What That Means For The Internati" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 4109. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/4109 INDIA AND CHINA SPACE PROGRAMS: FROM GENESIS OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES TO MAJOR SPACE PROGRAMS AND WHAT THAT MEANS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY by GAURAV BHOLA B.S. University of Central Florida, 1998 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2009 Major Professor: Roger Handberg © 2009 Gaurav Bhola ii ABSTRACT The Indian and Chinese space programs have evolved into technologically advanced vehicles of national prestige and international competition for developed nations. The programs continue to evolve with impetus that India and China will have the same space capabilities as the United States with in the coming years. -
View Pdf for Soviet Space Culture
Volume 19, Number 3 2012 OUEST THE HISTORY OF SPACEFLIGHT QUARTERLY www.spacebusiness.com/quest Photo Credit: Robert Markowitz, NASA RECOVERING A KH-99 AN INTERVIEW NATIONAL PRESTIGE AND NACA/NASA ANALYZING TASS HEXAGON CAPSULE WITH HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT RESEARCH AIRCRAFT ANNOUNCEMENTS FROM 16,400 FEET YANG LIWEI AND AND THE BIRTH OF ON THE SOVIET BELOW THE HAI HIGANG A CHINESE PERSPECTIVE Z Z SPACE PROGRAM PACIFIC OCEAN SPACEFLIGHT Contents Volume 19 • Number 3 2012 www.spacebusiness.com/quest 4 An Underwater Ice Station Zebra More Reviews Recovering a KH-99 HEXAGON Capsule from 16,400 Feet Below the Pacific Ocean 64 Into the Blue: American Writing on Aviation and Spaceflight By David W. Waltrop Edited by Joseph J. Corn 18 National Prestige and Human Spaceflight Review by Dominick A. Pisano A Chinese Perspective 65 Destination Mars: By Liang Yang New Explorations of the Red Planet Book by Rod Pyle 31 China’s Great Leap into Space Review by Bob Craddock An Interview with Yang Liwei and Zhai Zhigang By John Vause 66 Soviet Space Culture Cosmic Enthusiasm in Socialist Societies 36 NACA/NASA Research Aircraft and the Edited by Maurer, Richers, Rüthers, and Scheide Review by Michael J. Neufeld Birth of Spaceflight By Curtis Peebles 67 The Space Shuttle: Celebrating Thirty Years of NASA’s First Space Plane Managing the News: 44 Book by Piers Bizony Analyzing TASS Announcements on the Review by Roger D. Launius Soviet Space Program (1957-11964) By Bart Hendrickx 68 The Astronaut: Cultural Mythology and Idealised Masculinity Book Reviews Book by Dario Llinares Review by Amy E. -
The Navy Navigation Satellite System (Transit)
ROBERT J. DANCHIK THE NAVY NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (TRANSIT) This article provides an update on the status of the Navy Navigation Satellite System (TRANSIT). Some insights are provided on the evolution of the system into its current configuration, as well as a discussion of future plans. BACKGROUND sign goal was never achieved for long in those early In 1958, research scientists at APL solved the orbit days because the satellites had short operational life of the first Russian satellite, Sputnik-I, by analysis of times. The failures largely resulted from inadequate the observed Doppler shift of its transmitted signal. component quality and the large number of wiring in This led immediately to the concept of satellite navi terconnections. However, after OSCAR 2 10 and OS gation and the development of the U.S. Navy Navi CAR 12 were launched in 1966 and 1967, respectively, gation Satellite System (TRANSIT) by APL, under the enough data on the failure mechanisms became avail sponsorship of the Navy's Special Projects Office, to able to APL to achieve the desired advances in reli provide position fixes for the Fleet Ballistic Missile ability. The integrated circuit introduced in OSCAR Weapon System submarines. (The articles in Ref. 1, 10 significantly extended the satellite lifetime by im a previous issue of the fohns Hopkins APL Techni proving component reliability and reducing the num cal Digest devoted to TRANSIT, give the principles ber of interconnections. Subsequently, the last major of operation and early history of the system.) Now, design change made to the solar cell interconnections, 26 years after its conception, the system is mature. -
Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS European Global Navigation Satellite System and Copernicus: Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals BUILDING BLOCKS TOWARDS THE 2030 AGENDA UNITED NATIONS Cover photo: ©ESA/ATG medialab. Adapted by the European GNSS Agency, contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2017), processed by ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA European Global Navigation Satellite System and Copernicus: Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals BUILDING BLOCKS TOWARDS THE 2030 AGENDA UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 ST/SPACE/71 © United Nations, January 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concern- ing the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present pub- lication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issue. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Foreword by the Director of the Office for Outer Space Affairs The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development came into effect on 1 January 2016. The Agenda is anchored around 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which set the targets to be fulfilled by all governments by 2030. -
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, and CONTROL 2020 AAS PRESIDENT Carol S
GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL 2020 AAS PRESIDENT Carol S. Lane Cynergy LLC VICE PRESIDENT – PUBLICATIONS James V. McAdams KinetX Inc. EDITOR Jastesh Sud Lockheed Martin Space SERIES EDITOR Robert H. Jacobs Univelt, Incorporated Front Cover Illustration: Image: Checkpoint-Rehearsal-Movie-1024x720.gif Caption: “OSIRIS-REx Buzzes Sample Site Nightingale” Photo and Caption Credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona Public Release Approval: Per multimedia guidelines from NASA Frontispiece Illustration: Image: NASA_Orion_EarthRise.jpg Caption: “Orion Primed for Deep Space Exploration” Photo Credit: NASA Public Release Approval: Per multimedia guidelines from NASA GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL 2020 Volume 172 ADVANCES IN THE ASTRONAUTICAL SCIENCES Edited by Jastesh Sud Proceedings of the 43rd AAS Rocky Mountain Section Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference held January 30 to February 5, 2020, Breckenridge, Colorado Published for the American Astronautical Society by Univelt, Incorporated, P.O. Box 28130, San Diego, California 92198 Web Site: http://www.univelt.com Copyright 2020 by AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY AAS Publications Office P.O. Box 28130 San Diego, California 92198 Affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science Member of the International Astronautical Federation First Printing 2020 Library of Congress Card No. 57-43769 ISSN 0065-3438 ISBN 978-0-87703-669-2 (Hard Cover Plus CD ROM) ISBN 978-0-87703-670-8 (Digital Version) Published for the American Astronautical Society by Univelt, Incorporated, P.O. Box 28130, San Diego, California 92198 Web Site: http://www.univelt.com Printed and Bound in the U.S.A. FOREWORD HISTORICAL SUMMARY The annual American Astronautical Society Rocky Mountain Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference began as an informal exchange of ideas and reports of achievements among local guidance and control specialists. -
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space
Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space Pavel Podvig and Hui Zhang © 2008 by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences All rights reserved. ISBN: 0-87724-068-X The views expressed in this volume are those held by each contributor and are not necessarily those of the Officers and Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Please direct inquiries to: American Academy of Arts and Sciences 136 Irving Street Cambridge, MA 02138-1996 Telephone: (617) 576-5000 Fax: (617) 576-5050 Email: [email protected] Visit our website at www.amacad.org Contents v PREFACE vii ACRONYMS 1 CHAPTER 1 Russia and Military Uses of Space Pavel Podvig 31 CHAPTER 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons Hui Zhang 79 CONTRIBUTORS Preface In recent years, Russia and China have urged the negotiation of an interna - tional treaty to prevent an arms race in outer space. The United States has responded by insisting that existing treaties and rules governing the use of space are sufficient. The standoff has produced a six-year deadlock in Geneva at the United Nations Conference on Disarmament, but the parties have not been inactive. Russia and China have much to lose if the United States were to pursue the programs laid out in its planning documents. This makes prob - able the eventual formulation of responses that are adverse to a broad range of U.S. interests in space. The Chinese anti-satellite test in January 2007 was prelude to an unfolding drama in which the main act is still subject to revi - sion. -
BACKGROUNDER No
BACKGROUNDER No. 3302 | MARCH 29, 2018 American Missile Defenses and China’s Wayward Space Lab: How Much Danger Does Tiangong-1 Reentry Pose? Dean Cheng Abstract Sometime in spring 2018, the Chinese space station Tiangong-1 will Key Points re-enter the atmosphere. Exactly when—and where—is unclear, and could be dangerous. It is also unclear how much control the Chinese n In the next several weeks, the Chi- have over Tiangong-1. It is possible that Beijing, if unable to control nese space station Tiangong-1 will the spacecraft, would cooperate with the U.S. and other countries in re-enter the atmosphere. Exactly when—and where—is unclear, and mitigating its effects. In that case, the United States and other nations could be dangerous. It is unclear could provide additional space tracking data. If China does not, or how much control the Chinese cannot, provide information about its ability to control the space lab’s have over Tiangong-1. final trajectory, and if it has no national contingency plans on mitigat- n It is possible that Beijing, if unable ing any possible damage, the United States and its partners should to control the spacecraft, would make clear that they will safeguard human life, and also protect their cooperate with the U.S. and other national security. countries in mitigating its effects. China, after all, has been testing ometime in the next several weeks, the Chinese space lab Tian- missile defense capabilities—and Sgong-1 will re-enter the atmosphere. The uncertainty of just Beijing may choose to employ when this 8.5-ton spacecraft will re-enter reflects the remarkable them to break up its space lab. -
Nomenclature for Lunar Features at the Chang'e-3 Landing Site
Acta Geochim (2017) 36(2):213–223 DOI 10.1007/s11631-017-0159-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Nomenclature for lunar features at the Chang’e-3 landing site Zhoubin Zhang1,2 · Chunlai Li1,2,3 · Wei Zuo1,2,3 · Xingguo Zeng1,2 Received: 22 December 2016 / Revised: 15 February 2017 / Accepted: 9 April 2017 / Published online: 27 April 2017 © Science Press, Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Abstract Nomenclatures for lunar features always published after some necessary approval procedures by the accompany the progresses of human lunar exploration, International Astronomical Union. which has an important dual meaning in culture and sci- ence. The naming of lunar features not only can Keywords Moon · Chang’e-3 · Landing site · Lunar commemorate the outstanding contributions of academics, feature nomenclature masters in various fields, and popularize the traditional cultures of ethnic groups all over the world, but also have a critical function of providing accurate indicative informa- 1 Introduction tion on features with special morphology, origin, nature and scientific value. However, nomenclature for features at Planetary nomenclature, like terrestrial nomenclature, is the Chang’e-3 landing site, which has a more arbitrary used to uniquely identify a feature on the surface of a form without many constrains posed by a uniformed sys- planet or satellite so that the feature can be easily located, tem, is unlike the features for other morphological units. described, and discussed. Nomenclature for lunar features This paper originated from the actual needs for the originated in the seventeenth century, as early scientists in description of scientific exploration activities, interpreta- that era used telescopes to observe the lunar surface, named tion of scientific research and dissemination of scientific the remarkable features on the lunar surface according to results. -
China's Space Program: an Overview
Order Code RS21641 Updated October 18, 2005 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China’s Space Program: An Overview Marcia S. Smith Specialist in Aerospace and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The People’s Republic of China successfully completed its second human spaceflight mission on October 17, 2005. China is only the third country, after Russia and the United States, able to launch people into space. Its first human spaceflight was in 2003 when a single astronaut, or “taikonaut,” made a flight lasting slightly less than a day. The 2005 flight lasted five days, and involved two taikonauts. As the United States embarks upon President Bush’s “Vision for Space Exploration” to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020 and someday send them to Mars, some may view China’s entrance into the human exploration of space as a competitive threat, while others may view China as a potential partner. This report will be updated as warranted. Introduction China has been launching satellites since 1970. Most of the launches are of Chinese communications, weather, remote sensing, navigation, or scientific satellites. Some of those satellites may be for military applications, or are dual use. Some were commercial launches for foreign countries or companies, primarily placing communications satellites into orbit. China launched its first astronaut, or “taikonaut,”1 in October 2003. China has three space launch sites: Jiuquan (also called Shuang Cheng-tzu) in the Gobi desert; Xichang, in southeastern China (near Chengdu); and Taiyuan, south of Beijing. Jiuquan was China’s first launch site, and is used for launches of a variety of spacecraft, including those related to the human spaceflight program. -
China to Explore Mars with Russia This Year 2 January 2011
China to explore Mars with Russia this year 2 January 2011 special focus on what happened to the water that appears to have once been abundant on the planet's surface. China has already begun probing the moon and this will be the next step in its ambitious space exploration programme, which it aims to be on a par with those of the United States and Russia. It currently has a probe -- the Chang'e 2 -- orbiting the moon and carrying out various tests in preparation for the expected 2013 launch of the Chang'e-3, which it hopes will be its first unmanned lunar landing. It also became the world's third nation to put a man in space independently -- after the United States and Russia -- when Yang Liwei piloted the one-man Shenzhou-5 space mission in 2003. People pass in front of models of Long March rocket at the Sichuan Science and Technology Museum in Chengdu, southwestern China. The country's first Mars (c) 2011 AFP probe is expected to be launched in October this year in a joint operation with Russia after a two-year delay, state media reported Sunday. China's first Mars probe is expected to be launched in October this year in a joint operation with Russia after a two-year delay, state media reported Sunday. The probe, Yinghuo-1, was due to blast off in October 2009 with Russia's "Phobos Explorer" from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan but the launch was postponed, the official Xinhua news agency said. Quoting an unnamed expert at the China Academy of Space Technology, the report said the blast-off had been pushed back to October this year.