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Space Communications and Navigation: Scan Table of Contents • SCaN Organization • SCaN Network • SCaN Architecture • SCaN Technology • Spectrum Management • Policy and Strategic Communications 2 NASA Organization Human Exploration and Operations Organization Chief Technologist Public Affairs/Communications Associate Administrator Chief Scientist Deputy Associate Administrator Legislative Affairs Chief Engineer Int’l/Interagency Relations Deputy AA for Policy & Plans Safety & Mission Assurance General Counsel Chief Health & Medical Officer Strategic Analysis Mission Support Resources Space Launch & Integration Services Office Management Comm & Services Division Office Navigation Office • HR Division • Architecture studies & analysis • E & PO • Mission analysis • IT • Risk and requirements • Mgt processes & coordination internal controls Space Exploration Human ISS Commercial Advanced Space Life & Systems • System O&M Physical Shuttle Spaceflight Spaceflight Exploration Sciences Development Capabilities • Crew & Cargo Development Systems • SLS Transportation Research & • Commercial • AES • MPCV Services Applications • Core Capabilities Crew • Robotic • HRP • 21st Century RPT • COTS precursor Ground Systems • • Fund. Space Bio SFCO measurements • • Physical Sciences • MAF • MOD • EVA • CHS ISS Nat’l Lab Mgt. 4 SCaN Organization 5 SCaN’s Vision To build and maintain a scalable integrated mission support infrastructure that can readily evolve to accommodate new and changing technologies, while providing comprehensive, robust, cost effective, and exponentially higher data rate space communications services to enable NASA's science, space operations, and exploration missions. 6 NASA Centers Supporting SCaN Activities Goddard Space Flight Center Glenn Research Center Greenbelt, MD Cleveland, OH Ames Research Center NASA Headquarters San Jose, CA Washington, DC Langley Research Center Jet Propulsion Laboratory Hampton, VA Pasadena, CA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, AL Johnson Space Center Houston, TX Kennedy Space Center Merritt Island, FL Stennis Space Center Bay Saint Louis, MS NASA Requirements for SCaN • To develop a unified space communications and navigation network infrastructure capable of meeting both robotic and human exploration mission needs. • To implement a networked communication and navigation infrastructure across space. • To evolve its infrastructure to provide the highest data rates feasible for both robotic and human exploration missions. • To assure data communication protocols for Space Exploration missions are internationally interoperable. • To provide the end space communication and navigation infrastructure for Lunar and Mars surfaces. • To provide communication and navigation services to enable Lunar and Mars human missions. • To continue to meet its commitments to provide space communications and navigation services to existing and planned missions. 8 SCaN Functions • Delineated in memorandum from NASA Associate Administrator (Sept. 24, 2007). • SCaN serves as the Program Office for all of the Agency’s space communications activities. • SCaN manages and directs: – The ground-based facilities and user services provided by the Near Earth Network (Ground Network) and Deep Space Network; – The ground- and space-based facilities and user services provided by the geosynchronous Space Network and by a future Lunar Network and Mars Network. • Activities include those that: – Integrate all existing NASA SCaN assets and build a single NASA-wide space communications and navigation architecture; – Represent NASA before associated national and international programs of spectrum management and space data systems standardization; – Represent and negotiate on behalf of NASA on all matters related to Space Telecommunications in coordination with the appropriate offices and flight mission directorates. 9 Program Goal and Challenges Goal To implement the SCaN integrated network , its elements, architectural options, and future capabilities as an evolutionary process in response to NASA’s key driving requirements and missions. The architectural approach provides for a framework for SCaN system evolution and will guide the development of requirements and designs. Challenges Forming an integrated network from three pre-existing individual aging networks that have been operated and maintained independently one from the others Uncertainty in timing and nature of future communications mission requirements Addressing requirement-driven, capability-driven, technology-driven, and affordable approaches simultaneously, while providing operational support to existing customers and honoring existing commitments Interoperability with U.S. and foreign spacecraft and networks 10 SCAN NETWORK Today’s SCaN Networks Human Spaceflight Missions Sub-Orbital Missions Earth Science Missions Space Science Missions Lunar Missions Solar System Exploration 12 SCaN Supported Missions • SCaN supports over 100 space missions in the three networks. • Some missions study the Earth and observe changes: – Aqua –changes in Earth’s water cycle – Aura –changes in Earth’s stratosphere and greenhouse gases – GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) –observes gravity changes • Some missions observe the Sun and observe changes: – SDO (Solar Dynamics Observer) – sun’s behavior and activity – STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) – Sun and Earth activities • Some missions look at the Moon and planets: – LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) – mapping out the lunar surface – MRO (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter) – mapping the Martian surface • Some missions look at the origins of the universe: – HST (Hubble Space Telescope) - studying the age of the universe 13 Overview of the Three Networks Deep Space Network Near Earth Network Space Network World-wide network of stations Global orbital satellite communications Three-station global network of large- fleet with ground control stations scale antennas (34 and 70 meter) Evolved from fully NASA-owned to a Focused on detecting and 50/50 % owned assets and procured Optimized for continuous, high data rate differentiating faint signals from commercial services communications stellar noise Surge capability through partnerships Critical for human spaceflight safety and Optimized for data capture from deep (e.g., NOAA) critical event coverage space distances orders of magnitude Optimized for cost-effective, high data Critical support to missions with low above near Earth rate services latency requirements Government owned, JPL managed 50% government, and 50% commercial Government owned; contractor and sustained; contractor operated owned and managed. Government portion operated and maintained and maintained is operated and maintained by contractors Kepler, Cassini, Mars Rovers and Orbiters , International Space Station Aqua, Aura, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) Landsat, Radiation Belt Storm Probes, etc. ISS Resupply: NASA CoTS, ESA ATV, JAXA HTV Voyagers 1 and 2, Spitzer Space Telescope, etc. Terra, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Examples of future missions: Hubble Space Telescope; etc. Examples of future missions: OCO-2, GPM, SMAP, etc. MAVEN, SELENE-2, etc. Examples of future missions: JPSS, GOES-R, GPM, IceSat-2, etc.14 Deep Space Network • The Deep Space Network has three tracking stations located approximately 120 degrees apart on the Earth (120 + 120 + 120 = 360). • As the Earth rotates, at least one station is in view of the satellites in deep space. 15 Deep Space Network (DSN) Canberra Deep Space Madrid Deep Space Communications Communications Complex Complex Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) was established in December 1963 to provide a communications infrastructure for all of NASA’s robotic missions beyond Low Earth Orbit.16 DSN Aperture Enhancement Project DSN Configuration: Today Each ground station has: • one 70m antenna • one 34m High 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m Goldstone Efficiency antenna (HEF) 70 m HEF BWG BWG BWG • one or more Beam Wave Guide (BWG) antennas. • HEF antennas were built in the 1980’s and were the first to support Madrid X-band uplink. 34 m 34 m 34 m • BWG antennas were 70 m HEF BWG BWG built in the 1990’s and route energy between the reflector and a room below ground which allows for many feeds and amplifiers at multiple frequencies to be illuminated selectively Canberra 34 m 34 m by a mirror. 70 m 17 HEF BWG DSN Aperture Enhancement Project DSN Configuration: 2018 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m Goldstone 70 m HEF BWG BWG BWG Madrid 34 m 34 m 34 m 70 m HEF BWG BWG Three more 34 meter BWG antennas are commissioned to be built in Canberra by 2018. 34 m 34 m 34 m Canberra 70 m 34 m 34 m 18 HEF BWG BWG BWG BWG DSN Aperture Enhancement Project DSN Configuration: 2025 Goldstone By 2025, the 70 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m meter antennas at BWG BWG BWG BWG BWG all three locations will be decommissioned and replenished with 34 meter BWG antennas that will be Madrid arrayed. 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m All systems will be BWG BWG BWG BWG BWG upgraded to have X-band uplink capabilities and both X- and Ka- band downlink capabilities. Canberra 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m 34 m 19 BWG BWG BWG BWG BWG Near Earth Network (NEN) Svalbard Ground Station McMurdo Ground Station WS1 Antenna at White Sands Wallops Ground Station (WGS) 20 Near Earth Network Missions RBSP RHESSI QuikSat ICESat Solar-B SORCE COSMIC LRO 21 SCISat Original Space Network Concept: 1970’s • Spacecraft – Two geosynchronous operational locations at 41°W and 171° W. – One on-orbit spare – Zone of Exclusion, 15° (Indian
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