DOCSLIB.ORG

From the Sea to the Stars: a Chronicle of the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From the Sea to the Stars: a Chronicle of the U.S From the Sea to the Stars i From the Sea to the Stars: A Chronicle of the U.S. Navy’s Space and Space-related Activities, 1944-2009 Sponsored by Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (C3I and Space) Dr Gary A. Federici Edited by The Applied Research Laboratory The Pennsylvania State University Revised and updated edition, 2010 iii CONTENTS Illustrations ...................................................................................................................................................... xi Preface ............................................................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................... xiv Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 – THE NAVY GETS INVOLVED IN SPACE (1944-1961) ................................................................... 7 Early Navy Space Programs (1944-1958) ..................................................................................................... 9 The Space Probes ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Naval Research Laboratory's Space Probes ......................................................................................... 9 Applied Physics Laboratory's Space Probes ....................................................................................... 10 The Rockets ............................................................................................................................................. 11 NRL's Viking Rockets ........................................................................................................................ 11 APL's Aerobee Rockets ...................................................................................................................... 11 Project PAMOR ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Early Navy-Air Force Competition over Space Development ..................................................................... 14 First Satellites in Orbit ................................................................................................................................. 15 The International Geophysical Year: 1957–1958 ................................................................................... 15 Sputnik .................................................................................................................................................. 16 Navy Launches its First Satellite—Vanguard ......................................................................................... 16 The U.S. Organizes Seriously for Space (1958-1961) ................................................................................. 17 "Military" versus "Scientific" Satellites .................................................................................................. 18 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ....................................................................... 18 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ......................................................................................... 19 The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) ........................................................................................... 19 The Navy's Space Program Burgeons (1958-1961) ..................................................................................... 21 Communications Moon Relay (CMR) System ......................................................................................... 23 Origin of the Transit Navigation System ................................................................................................. 24 Navy's Pioneering Satellite Communications Relays .............................................................................. 28 Passive Satellite Communications Relay (Echo) ................................................................................ 28 Active Satellite Communications Relay (Score, Courier, and Advent).............................................. 29 Origin of the Navy's Covert Satellite Reconnaissance System (DYNO/GRAB/Tattletale) ...................... 30 Navy Project Tattletale: GRAB/DYNO—The World’s First Reconnaissance Satellite .................... 31 Navy Environmental Sensing Satellites in the 1950s .............................................................................. 33 Navy Spacecraft Tracking Systems ......................................................................................................... 33 APL's TRANET System ..................................................................................................................... 33 NRL's Minitrack System .................................................................................................................... 34 The U.S. Naval Space Surveillance System (NAVSPASUR)—“Space Fence” ................................ 35 CHAPTER 2 – SATELLITES FOR STRATEGIC DEFENSE (1961-1970) ............................................................... 39 A 1961 DoD Decision on Space Catches Navy by Surprise ........................................................................ 39 Satellite Navigation Systems in the 1960s ................................................................................................... 41 The Transit Navigation System Goes Operational .................................................................................. 41 Prototype Transit Satellites ("Oscar" Series) ...................................................................................... 42 Satellite Time Measurement/Passive Ranging ........................................................................................ 43 Navy Timation Program .......................................................................................................................... 43 Air Force 621B Program .................................................................................................................... 44 The Tri-Service Navigation Satellite Executive Group ...................................................................... 44 Navy's Role in Satellite Communications during the 1960s ........................................................................ 45 v vi Contents _________________________________________________________________________________ Navy Organization in the 1960s for Satellite Communications .............................................................. 45 "Spy Ship" Communications (TRSSCOM) .............................................................................................. 46 Navy Plans for Using DSCS Satellites .................................................................................................... 47 The DSCS Satellites ........................................................................................................................... 47 Navy SHF Terminals for DSCS ......................................................................................................... 48 Navy Communications Experiments with Commercial Satellites ............................................................ 49 Satellite Communications Experiment Ships ..................................................................................... 49 The NRL Satellite Communications Terminal at Waldorf, Maryland ............................................... 49 Compass Link ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Commercial Communications Satellites ............................................................................................ 50 The Tactical Satellite Communications (TacSat-1) Experiments ............................................................ 51 Lofti Research ......................................................................................................................................... 53 Navy's Satellite Reconnaissance System during the 1960s .......................................................................... 54 Navy's Early Space-based Radar Programs ................................................................................................. 55 Albatross ................................................................................................................................................. 56 Navy Radar for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) Program ....................................................... 56 Dissemination of Space-derived Surveillance Information to the Fleet in the 1960s .................................. 57 Navy Exploitation of Weather Satellites in the 1960s ................................................................................. 57 TIROS, NOAA, and GOES ...................................................................................................................... 57 Defense Meteorological Support Program (DMSP) ............................................................................... 58 Navy Environment Sensing Satellites in the 1960s ....................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Launch and Deployment Analysis for a Small, MEO, Technology Demonstration Satellite
    46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit AIAA 2008-1131 7 – 10 January 20006, Reno, Nevada Launch and Deployment Analysis for a Small, MEO, Technology Demonstration Satellite Stephen A. Whitmore* and Tyson K. Smith† Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-4130 A trade study investigating the economics, mass budget, and concept of operations for delivery of a small technology-demonstration satellite to a medium-altitude earth orbit is presented. The mission requires payload deployment at a 19,000 km orbit altitude and an inclination of 55o. Because the payload is a technology demonstrator and not part of an operational mission, launch and deployment costs are a paramount consideration. The payload includes classified technologies; consequently a USA licensed launch system is mandated. A preliminary trade analysis is performed where all available options for FAA-licensed US launch systems are considered. The preliminary trade study selects the Orbital Sciences Minotaur V launch vehicle, derived from the decommissioned Peacekeeper missile system, as the most favorable option for payload delivery. To meet mission objectives the Minotaur V configuration is modified, replacing the baseline 5th stage ATK-37FM motor with the significantly smaller ATK Star 27. The proposed design change enables payload delivery to the required orbit without using a 6th stage kick motor. End-to-end mass budgets are calculated, and a concept of operations is presented. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to characterize the expected accuracy of the final orbit.
    [Show full text]
  • EMC18 Abstracts
    EUROPEAN MARS CONVENTION 2018 – 26-28 OCT. 2018, LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, SWITZERLAND EMC18 Abstracts In alphabetical order Name title of presentation Page n° Théodore Besson: Scorpius Prototype 3 Tomaso Bontognali Morphological biosignatures on Mars: what to expect and how to prepare not to miss them 4 Pierre Brisson: Humans on Mars will have to live according to both Martian & Earth Time 5 Michel Cabane: Curiosity on Mars : What is new about organic molecules? 6 Antonio Del Mastro Industrie 4.0 technology for the building of a future Mars City: possibilities and limits of the application of a terrestrial technology for the human exploration of space 7 Angelo Genovese Advanced Electric Propulsion for Fast Manned Missions to Mars and Beyond 8 Olivia Haider: The AMADEE-18 Mars Simulation OMAN 9 Pierre-André Haldi: The Interplanetary Transport System of SpaceX revisited 10 Richard Heidman: Beyond human, technical and financial feasibility, “mass-production” constraints of a Colony project surge. 11 Jürgen Herholz: European Manned Space Projects 12 Jean-Luc Josset Search for life on Mars, the ExoMars rover mission and the CLUPI instrument 13 Philippe Lognonné and the InSight/SEIS Team: SEIS/INSIGHT: Towards the Seismic Discovering of Mars 14 Roland Loos: From the Earth’s stratosphere to flying on Mars 15 EUROPEAN MARS CONVENTION 2018 – 26-28 OCT. 2018, LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, SWITZERLAND Gaetano Mileti Current research in Time & Frequency and next generation atomic clocks 16 Claude Nicollier Tethers and possible applications for artificial gravity
    [Show full text]
  • Douglas Missile & Space Systems Division
    ·, THE THOR HISTORY. MAY 1963 DOUGLAS REPORT SM-41860 APPROVED BY: W.H.. HOOPER CHIEF, THOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AEROSPACE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DOUGLAS MISSILE & SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION ABSTRACT This history is intended as a quick orientation source and as n ready-reference for review of the Thor and its sys­ tems. The report briefly states the development of Thor, sur'lli-:arizes and chronicles Thor missile and booster launch­ inGs, provides illustrations and descriptions of the vehicle systcn1s, relates their genealogy, explains sane of the per­ fon:iance capabilities of the Thor and Thor-based vehicles used, and focuses attention to the exploration of space by Douelas Aircraf't Company, Inc. (DAC). iii PREFACE The purpose of The Thor History is to survey the launch record of the Thor Weapon, Special Weapon, and Space Systems; give a systematic account of the major events; and review Thor's participation in the military and space programs of this nation. The period covered is from December 27, 1955, the date of the first contract award, through May, 1963. V �LE OF CONTENTS Page Contract'Award . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Background • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l Basic Or�anization and Objectives • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Basic Developmenta� Philosophy . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 Early Research and Development Launches • • • ·• • • • • • • • • • 4 Transition to ICBM with Space Capabilities--Multi-Stage Vehicles . 6 Initial Lunar and Space Probes ••••••• • • • • • • •
    [Show full text]
  • ATHENA COMMUNITY NEWSLETTER #4 December 2017 Contents
    ATHENA COMMUNITY NEWSLETTER #4 December 2017 Contents Welcome.......................................................................................... 1 Fourth Announcement of Opportunity to join the Athena Community Working Groups/Topical Panels .................................................... 1 Discovery of Electromagnetic Counterparts to Gravitational Waves .......... 2 Athena Project Status .......................................................................... 2 News from the Instruments ................................................................. 4 News from the WFI ......................................................................... 4 News from X-IFU ............................................................................ 4 The SKA-Athena Synergy Exercise Coming to the End.............................. 6 Athena End-to-End Simulations ............................................................ 7 Unveiling the Hot, High Redshift Universe with the Athena WFI ................. 8 Athena Community People .................................................................. 9 Conferences ................................................................................... 10 Athena in Conferences (January-July 2018) ....................................... 10 Coming conferences of interest ...................................................... 10 Edited by Athena Community Office: F.J. Carrera, M.T. Ceballos, S. Martínez-Núñez, M.P. Monterde Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC) Avda Los Castros s/n 39005 Santander
    [Show full text]
  • L AUNCH SYSTEMS Databk7 Collected.Book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM Databk7 Collected.Book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM
    databk7_collected.book Page 17 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS databk7_collected.book Page 18 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM databk7_collected.book Page 19 Monday, September 14, 2009 2:53 PM CHAPTER TWO L AUNCH SYSTEMS Introduction Launch systems provide access to space, necessary for the majority of NASA’s activities. During the decade from 1989–1998, NASA used two types of launch systems, one consisting of several families of expendable launch vehicles (ELV) and the second consisting of the world’s only partially reusable launch system—the Space Shuttle. A significant challenge NASA faced during the decade was the development of technologies needed to design and implement a new reusable launch system that would prove less expensive than the Shuttle. Although some attempts seemed promising, none succeeded. This chapter addresses most subjects relating to access to space and space transportation. It discusses and describes ELVs, the Space Shuttle in its launch vehicle function, and NASA’s attempts to develop new launch systems. Tables relating to each launch vehicle’s characteristics are included. The other functions of the Space Shuttle—as a scientific laboratory, staging area for repair missions, and a prime element of the Space Station program—are discussed in the next chapter, Human Spaceflight. This chapter also provides a brief review of launch systems in the past decade, an overview of policy relating to launch systems, a summary of the management of NASA’s launch systems programs, and tables of funding data. The Last Decade Reviewed (1979–1988) From 1979 through 1988, NASA used families of ELVs that had seen service during the previous decade.
    [Show full text]
  • National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016’’
    S. 1356 One Hundred Fourteenth Congress of the United States of America AT THE FIRST SESSION Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday, the sixth day of January, two thousand and fifteen An Act To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2016 for military activities of the Depart- ment of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Depart- ment of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ‘‘National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016’’. SEC. 2. ORGANIZATION OF ACT INTO DIVISIONS; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) DIVISIONS.—This Act is organized into four divisions as follows: (1) Division A—Department of Defense Authorizations. (2) Division B—Military Construction Authorizations. (3) Division C—Department of Energy National Security Authorizations and Other Authorizations. (4) Division D—Funding Tables. (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents for this Act is as follows: Sec. 1. Short title. Sec. 2. Organization of Act into divisions; table of contents. Sec. 3. Congressional defense committees. Sec. 4. Budgetary effects of this Act. Sec. 5. Explanatory statement. DIVISION A—DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AUTHORIZATIONS TITLE I—PROCUREMENT Subtitle A—Authorization of Appropriations Sec. 101. Authorization of appropriations. Subtitle B—Army Programs Sec. 111. Prioritization of upgraded UH–60 Blackhawk helicopters within Army National Guard. Sec. 112. Roadmap for replacement of A/MH–6 Mission Enhanced Little Bird air- craft to meet special operations requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas Launch System Mission Planner's Guide, Atlas V Addendum
    ATLAS Atlas Launch System Mission Planner’s Guide, Atlas V Addendum FOREWORD This Atlas V Addendum supplements the current version of the Atlas Launch System Mission Plan- ner’s Guide (AMPG) and presents the initial vehicle capabilities for the newly available Atlas V launch system. Atlas V’s multiple vehicle configurations and performance levels can provide the optimum match for a range of customer requirements at the lowest cost. The performance data are presented in sufficient detail for preliminary assessment of the Atlas V vehicle family for your missions. This guide, in combination with the AMPG, includes essential technical and programmatic data for preliminary mission planning and spacecraft design. Interface data are in sufficient detail to assess a first-order compatibility. This guide contains current information on Lockheed Martin’s plans for Atlas V launch services. It is subject to change as Atlas V development progresses, and will be revised peri- odically. Potential users of Atlas V launch service are encouraged to contact the offices listed below to obtain the latest technical and program status information for the Atlas V development. For technical and business development inquiries, contact: COMMERCIAL BUSINESS U.S. GOVERNMENT INQUIRIES BUSINESS INQUIRIES Telephone: (691) 645-6400 Telephone: (303) 977-5250 Fax: (619) 645-6500 Fax: (303) 971-2472 Postal Address: Postal Address: International Launch Services, Inc. Commercial Launch Services, Inc. P.O. Box 124670 P.O. Box 179 San Diego, CA 92112-4670 Denver, CO 80201 Street Address: Street Address: International Launch Services, Inc. Commercial Launch Services, Inc. 101 West Broadway P.O. Box 179 Suite 2000 MS DC1400 San Diego, CA 92101 12999 Deer Creek Canyon Road Littleton, CO 80127-5146 A current version of this document can be found, in electronic form, on the Internet at: http://www.ilslaunch.com ii ATLAS LAUNCH SYSTEM MISSION PLANNER’S GUIDE ATLAS V ADDENDUM (AVMPG) REVISIONS Revision Date Rev No.
    [Show full text]
  • Lot 69 UNNAMED Stable B8 Bay Colt Foaled 09.09.2017
    Account of KLAWERVLEI STUD (PTY) LTD (As Agent). Lot 69 UNNAMED Stable B8 Bay colt Foaled 09.09.2017 Sire Galileo (IRE) Sadler's Wells (USA) . Northern Dancer (CAN) Frankel (GB) Urban Sea (USA).....................Miswaki (USA) 2008 Kind (IRE) Danehill (USA).......................... Danzig (USA) Rainbow Lake (GB) ..... Rainbow Quest (USA) Dam Sinndar (IRE) Grand Lodge (USA) .......Chief's Crown (USA) Hadarama (IRE) Sinntara (IRE)...........................Lashkari (GB) 2005 Handaza (IRE) Be My Guest (USA) ... Northern Dancer (CAN) Hazaradjat (IRE) .................... Darshaan (GB) FRANKEL (GB) (Bay 2008-Stud 2013). 14 wins-4 at 2, Ascot Champion S., Gr.1. Brother to SW Noble Mission. Sire of 214 rnrs, 143 wnrs, 34 SW, inc. SW Cracksman (Ascot Champion S., Gr.1), Soul Stirring, Without Parole, Call the Wind, Mozu Ascot, Rostropovich, Eminent, Finche, Queen Kindly, Miss Fabulass, Fashion Business, Frankuus, Monarchs Glen, Nelson, Mirage Dancer, East, Elarqam, Lightening Quick, Veracious, Cunco, etc. 1st dam HADARAMA (IRE), by Sinndar (IRE). Winner at 1½m in Ireland. Half-sister to HAMAIRI (IRE), HANABAD (IRE), Handazan (IRE), Hanakiyya (IRE) (dam of HUNAINA (IRE)), Hannda (IRE) (dam of SEAL OF APPROVAL (GB), GALE FORCE (GB)). This is her seventh living foal. Dam of six foals to race, three winners, inc:- The Cashel Man (IRE) (12 g. by High Chaparral (IRE)). 3 wins 14¼f to 16¼f, Newmarket Discovernewmarket.co.uk H., 2d Newmarket Cesarewitch Trial S., York Racing UK S., 3d York Fine Equinity S. Thunder Pass (IRE) (11 g. by High Chaparral (IRE)). 3 wins 1½m to 14¼f, 2d Goodwood William Grant & Sons S. Gavling (IRE) (15 c.
    [Show full text]
  • Members' Meeting Package
    DPS Members Meeting 6 October 2011 Members Meeting Agenda Opening remarks Melissa McGrath Secretary’s report Athena Coustenis Treasurer’s report Diana Blaney EPO report Nick Schneider Webmaster report Tony Roman Hartmann Travel Grant recipients Dan Britt Professional Development Subcommittee report Rachel Mastrapa Federal Relations Subcommittee report Josh Emery Survey report Anne Verbiscer Icarus report Phil Nicholson Nominating Subcommittee member election Nantes Meeting report Olivier Grasset Future meetings report Melissa McGrath Press Officer report Vishnu Reddy Outgoing Chair remarks Melissa McGrath Incoming chair remarks Dan Britt New Business, discussion, questions Opening Remarks • Short reports, please hold questions until the end. Longer versions are posted on the DPS web site at: dps.aas.org/reports • Later in the meeting we’ll elect a new member of the Nominating Subcommittee. From our By Laws: "The Nominating Subcommittee is responsible for presenting to the DPS Secretary a list of candidates for DPS Officers and Committee members. At the business meeting each year, the DPS membership selects a new member for the Nominating Subcommittee, who serves a three-year term. In the third year of service, the member serves as Chair of the subcommittee." DPS Secretary’s Report Athena Coustenis Membership • Current active membership: 1358, same as last year at the same time (varying between 1100 and 1500). Non-US fraction 19% • Renew your membership and pay your dues TODAY and in any event before 31 December 2011 to avoid dropping from lists in Feb. – Pay your 2012 membership dues online at https://members.aas.org/ • Also, please take a moment to update your personal DPS member file.
    [Show full text]
  • The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES)- a Low-Cost, Low-Risk Approach to Space Exploration Launch
    The Advanced Cryogenic Evolved Stage (ACES)- A Low-Cost, Low-Risk Approach to Space Exploration Launch J. F. LeBar1 and E. C. Cady2 Boeing Phantom Works, Huntington Beach CA 92647 Space exploration top-level objectives have been defined with the United States first returning to the moon as a precursor to missions to Mars and beyond. System architecture studies are being conducted to develop the overall approach and define requirements for the various system elements, both Earth-to-orbit and in-space. One way of minimizing cost and risk is through the use of proven systems and/or multiple-use elements. Use of a Delta IV second stage derivative as a long duration in-space transportation stage offers cost, reliability, and performance advantages over earth-storable propellants and/or all new stages. The Delta IV second stage mission currently is measured in hours, and the various vehicle and propellant systems have been designed for these durations. In order for the ACES to have sufficient life to be useful as an Earth Departure Stage (EDS), many systems must be modified for long duration missions. One of the highest risk subsystems is the propellant storage Thermal Control System (TCS). The ACES effort concentrated on a lower risk passive TCS, the RL10 engine, and the other subsystems. An active TCS incorporating a cryocoolers was also studied. In addition, a number of computational models were developed to aid in the subsystem studies. The high performance TCS developed under ACES was simulated within the Delta IV thermal model and long-duration mission stage performance assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012
    Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012 February 2013 About FAA About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2013) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Dear Colleague, 2012 was a very active year for the entire commercial space industry. In addition to all of the dramatic space transportation events, including the first-ever commercial mission flown to and from the International Space Station, the year was also a very busy one from the government’s perspective. It is clear that the level and pace of activity is beginning to increase significantly.
    [Show full text]
  • Limited Access Orders in the Developing World
    WPS4359 POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 4359 Public Disclosure Authorized Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: Public Disclosure Authorized A New Approach to the Problems of Development Douglass C. North John Joseph Wallis Steven B. Webb Barry R. Weingast Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Independent Evaluation Group Country Relations Division September 2007 POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 4359 Abstract The upper-income, advanced industrial countries of elite factions. A common feature of limited access orders the world today all have market economies with open is that political elites divide up control of the economy, competition, competitive multi-party democratic each getting some share of the rents. Since outbreaks political systems, and a secure government monopoly of violence reduce the rents, the elite factions have over violence. Such open access orders, however, are incentives to be peaceable most of the time. Adequate not the only norm and equilibrium type of society. The stability of the rents and thus of the social order requires middle and low-income developing countries today, like limiting access and competition—hence a social order all countries before about 1800, can be understood as with a fundamentally different logic than the open access limited access orders that maintain their equilibrium in order. This paper lays out such a framework and explores a fundamentally different way. In limited access orders, some of its implications for the problems of development the state does not have a secure monopoly on violence, today. and society organizes itself to control violence among the This paper—a product of the Country Relations Division, World Bank Independent Evaluation Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to understand the role of economic and political institutions in development.
    [Show full text]