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SWITZERLAND

AUTHORS cooperate on inter-cantonal issues. The official language is German. Most of the land V. Carabias-Hütter is cultivated, but the canton of Zurich is not E. Lobsiger-Kägi considered as an agricultural area. The lands to the north and east are more agricultural, C. Moser but in every part of the canton manufacturing predominates. The canton of Zurich is noted D. Sanchez for machinery. Silk and cotton weaving were important in the past, but have now ceased ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, to be of importance. There is a large paper Institute of Sustainable Development, industry. Small and middle sized companies Postfach, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland, are important contributors to the economy of E: [email protected] the canton of Zurich. The city of Zürich is a major banking centre, and insurance is also of 1. OVERVIEW OF THE REGION importance.

Characteristics of the Region As of 2011, Zurich had an unemployment rate International importance and local of approximately 3% and a GDP of €75,078 – independence, economic dynamism and per capita. congeniality, passion and pragmatism, cultural and scenic variety, the bundled energy of the Energy demand and supply of the Region metropolis and the blissful peace of unspoilt The Statistical Office is the Centre of Excellence nature: these contrasting qualities are hallmarks for public statistics in the Canton of Zurich. of the Canton of Zurich, which regularly Following key data on energy consumption in receives top rankings in international quality of the Canton of Zurich is taken from its Statistical living surveys (AWA, 2010). Yearbook 2012, the share of energy sources for electricity production is provided by the Zurich is a canton of Switzerland. Whereas Swiss Federal Office of Energy in 2011 and all Switzerland per se is already a small country, information is valid for the year 2010: it is a Confederation comprising as many as • total energy consumption (including domestic, 26 member states, i.e. the cantons. Some commercial, industry, transport): 38.8 TWh areas, such as defence and foreign policy, total energy consumption; 9 TWh electric are in the hands of the Confederation. Other power (not itemised by users); areas, such as infrastructure and education, are • total energy consumption by fuel (%): within the remit of the cantons. The communes 6.174 TWh – approximately 42%; (municipalities) are the smallest units. Just • share of energy sources for electricity like every modern state, the Canton of Zurich production (%). has three levels of authorities: The (executive) government, the (legislative) parliament, and the (judicial) authority.

The Canton of Zurich has a population (as of 31 December 2012) of 1,406,083 and covers an area of 1,729 km2. The canton is located in the North East of Switzerland (north of the Alps) and the city of Zürich is its capital. Its neighbouring cantons are Schaffhausen to the north, Aargau to the west, the cantons of Zug and Schwyz to the south and the cantons of Figure 1 – Distribution of energy sources for Thurgau and St. Gallen to the east. Cantons electricity production in the Canton of Zurich 260 | SMART ENERGY REGIONS

The GHG emissions per kWh delivered Part of the efforts lie in replacing fossil fuel electricity from grid (low voltage) for the year energy sources with renewables and promotion

2009 amounts to around 0.024 kgCO2eq/kWh of energy efficiency measures. These goals for the Swiss power generation (Frischknecht are to be achieved by means of a domestically et al., 2012). Imported electricity of unknown generated, sufficient and reliable energy supply origin (approx. 80%) as well as power from with economical competitive pricing. known sources (produced in fossil-thermal power stations, approximately 10%) from Transforming the European energy system outside Switzerland are responsible for a is imperative for reasons of climate, security major contribution towards the national GHG and the economy. The European Energy 2020 emissions of 6.05 tonnes per person and year. strategy underlines the need to rebalance Specific energy related technologies present energy actions in favour of a demand-driven in the region are: Hydropower, Solar, Biomass, policy, empowering consumers and decoupling District heating (Waste), Geothermics. economic growth from energy use. In this respect, increased energy efficiency and higher 2. CURRENT SITUATION: TARGETS shares of renewable energy sources are in line RELATED TO ENERGY POLICY with the Swiss energy policy. The long term energy policy of the Canton Other Regional targets, barriers and drivers of Zürich aims on maintaining respectively The 2000 Watt Society is the vision of a society enabling a high, but eco-friendly standard in which the world’s raw materials are used of living. By 2050 CO emissions are to be 2 in a sustainable and fair manner. Spreng et reduced from today’s levels of 6.05 tonnes per al. (2001) outline this vision not as waiving person and year down to 2.2 tonnes. of today’s life-standard and comfort, but the facilitation of a modern lifestyle based on By 2034, all remaining nuclear power plants technological solutions, management concepts in Switzerland, some of which are the oldest and social innovations, which increase energy in Europe, will be taken off the grid which is efficiency. in accordance with the new political decision taken by the Swiss Federal Council in the wake In comparison with the rest of the EU, energy of the Fukushima disaster. The overall target prices in Switzerland and in the Canton of is therefore to transform the energy supply Zurich are very moderate. These prices are, from nuclear and hydropower based to a among other factors, possible due to lucrative more sustainable, renewable one. Security of energy trading (pump storage power plants) supply is often identified as one of the principle and favourable contracts with neighbouring challenges in this context. For all these aspects, countries, particularly France. With the support and promotion of innovation beyond expiration of these contracts by 2020 and R&D is of key relevance as well. a general increase of the energy demand, electricity prices are likely to rise.

In addition, the liberalisation of the Swiss electricity market is only a matter of time because the EU presupposes this step if Switzerland wants to participate in future in energy trade. As mentioned earlier, the remaining nuclear power plants are to be de-commissioned by the year 2034. This framework is likely to promote and support the long-term energy goals in Switzerland and respectively in the Canton of Zurich, but at the same time it also poses new challenges with Figure 2 – History of the final energy respect to the gradually rising energy demand. consumption in Switzerland since 1910 (www.bfe.admin.ch). SWITZERLAND | 261

Another possible obstruction for these goals of the built environment of the area. At the might be the fact that the Canton of Zurich is same time it states that the traffic shouldn’t one of the shareholders of the AXPO Group, a be seen as an independent problem but on major power utility company in Switzerland. the contrary, land-use and landscape planning Technical innovation is expected in the areas of should be synergically used to model mobility photovoltaics and wind energy. MINERGIE® is demand and habits. a sustainability brand for new and refurbished buildings. It is mutually supported by the The canton of Zurich is characterised by a very Swiss Confederation, the Swiss Cantons along dense public transport network characterised with Trade and Industry and is registered in by an effective combination and integration Switzerland and around the world. Specific of mid and long-term systems including train, energy consumption is used as the main regional train / S-Bahn with short distance indicator to quantify the required building diffused distribution systems, local buses quality. In this way, a reliable assessment can and trams. The actual planning tools and be assured. Only the final energy consumed instruments (agglomeration program, parking is relevant within the assessment. An increase policies, etc.) clearly push the development of renewable energies as well as of energy further in this direction. This results in a efficiency is expected due to efforts made by rather constant growth of the public transport the new energy policy “Energy Strategy 2050”. passengers flows. The trend is clearly readable by the analysis of the traffic flows towards the Mobility related energy consumption is a centre of the canton (the city of Zurich) where significant part of the total energy demand. the regional train passenger flows show an The effectiveness of the mobility system is increment of about 220% in 20 years, whereas at the same time recognised as an important the car traffic on the same direction remained condition for the economic development of an more or less constant. area. The mobility strategies in the Canton of Zurich in general and in the city of Zurich (the Switzerland has one of the highest broadband centre and key traffic generator of the canton penetration rates in Europe (allowing in 2012 as well as of the whole Switzerland) are based for 85% of households with access to Internet). on a two-level approach. A very strategic and Broadband access replaced dial-up telephone rather softly defined “top down” approach, communications as the main growth area, and combined with a rather simple, still coherently Digital Subscriber Line DSL networks have implemented, “bottom up” approach. The idea overtaken cable Internet access as the principal is to disaggregate the main “problem” defined technology for broadband access. Strong by the long-term vision into more manageable, growth in mobile broadband has added to the sometimes very local climate-friendly mobility mix. measures. The sum of little steps in the right direction will result in a big step towards the Innovative strategies/initiatives main goal, among them are: In Switzerland, the 2000 watt society is on • bicycle promotion programmes in the cities; top of the agenda as a vision enabling the • extension of the transportation services (ZVV) implementation of best practices in sustainable and infrastructure; building design, construction and operation • car Sharing (Mobility); (in line with BREEAM for instance). The concept • measures and means to support non- addresses not only personal or household motorised traffic in urban areas including energy use, but the total for the whole society, parking fees and penalties. divided by the population.

An example for bicycle promotion programmes The vision of the 2000 Watt Society calls for are for instance efforts made in Zürich (Züri a continuous reduction in energy needs to rollt) or discussions held in Winterthur for the 2000 watts per person. This target should be introduction of a “Bicycle Highway”. achieved as quickly as possible. By the year 2050, the amount of fossil energy sources can The Canton of Zurich recognises that mobility be cut in half from the current figure of 3000 plays a leading role in the efficient development watts to 1500 watts per person. There are 262 | SMART ENERGY REGIONS good reasons for the extended time horizon: The city of Winterthur covers an area of 68.1 the change requires rigorous adjustment of the km2 and counts in 2012 a population of 104,366. infrastructure and an intelligent lifestyle (cf. Novatlantis, 2011), otherwise the 2000 watt Smart City Switzerland (www.smartcity- society will remain merely a vision. switzerland.ch), mandated by Swiss Federal Office of Energy, managed to bring together Another interesting approach having an impact local stakeholders: different departments of on a regional scale is the smart city concept the city of Winterthur, the local energy supply being not only multi-dimensional but also utility (Stadtwerk), the ZHAW Zurich University future-oriented in tackling energy consumption of Applied Sciences, local associations, as the and CO2 emissions. It follows an urban regional energy cluster, local companies and development strategy whereby focussing on real estate developer. how (Internet-related) technologies enhance the lives of citizens, empowering them for The energy supply in Winterthur is managed by contributing to urban change and realising their “Stadtwerk Winterthur”, the local utility, owned ambitions. by the municipality. Electricity in Winterthur still comes mainly from nuclear (57%) and CASE STUDY: WINTERTHUR hydropower (23%); 19% is generated in the local waste incineration plant and 1% by According to Caragliu et al. (2011, p. 70) a photovoltaics. The city of Winterthur bears city can be declared “smart when investments since 1999 the label “Energiestadt” (European in human and social capital and traditional Energy Award), which was received from the (transport) and modern (ICT) communication Association “EnergieSchweiz für Gemeinden”. infrastructure fuel sustainable economic The label is a performance record for growth and a high quality of life, with a wise municipalities which take steps to convert their management of natural resources, through municipal energy policy into a more sustainable participatory governance”. one. Measures include for instance promotion of renewable energies, eco-friendly mobility and Promoted by Smart City Switzerland, a process efficient exploitation of resources. Thanks to has been initiated in the City of Winterthur these efforts, primary energy consumption and bringing all relevant stakeholders (from the CO emissions in Winterthur today are already local administration, energy supplier, NGO 2 lower than the Swiss average. The reason and universities) together in order to identify is mainly a good system of public transport potential areas of application, in which and a high percentage of heat and electricity lighthouse projects (such as innovative living produced by the public waste incineration and mobility concepts, load shift approaches, plant. But a few years ago the inhabitants of infrastructure sharing systems, that have the Winterthur voted for the target of a 2000 watt potential to inspire adopters of these concepts) society to be part of the constitution. shall be developed to finally be successful implemented with the aim of reducing energy consumption (cf. Carabias et al., 2014).

Figure 3 – Photo of the city of Winterthur (source: www.statistik.zh.ch) Figure 4 – Elements of the smart city concept as elaborated in Switzerland (source: www.smartcity-schweiz.ch). SWITZERLAND | 263

Objectives and methods smart retrofitting), power supply management The current political umbrella strategy of (i.e. load management, behaviour change, the city of Winterthur is to move towards a patterns of energy consumption, energy hub).

2000 Watt Society (and a 2-ton-CO2-society The DACH cooperation is intended to facilitate respectively) by the year 2050, which will the exchange of knowledge and experiences require a reduction in energy consumption towards energy efficient cities. First meetings by a factor 2 to 3. In addition, in 2011 it was between these three cities have shown many decided at federal level to phase out nuclear common topics and a huge potential to learn electricity at the latest by 2034. Both strategic from each other. decisions will require the promotion and enforced implementation of alternative and Outcomes renewable energy sources such as hydropower, So far, relevant stakeholders for transforming solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy Winterthur into a Smart City have come etc. The path towards a 2000 watt society together to form a working group, where is described in the energy concept for 2050 potential lighthouse projects shall be identified (“Energiekonzept 2050”). In the following three with the aim to start their implementation in major fields measures have to be taken. 2014. Further results are not yet available. Leading a smart city initiative requires Retrofitting of buildings and implementation a comprehensive understanding of the of heating and cooling systems based on complexities and interconnections among renewable energy sources (e.g. enlargement of social and technical factors of services and existing district heating system); Improving the physical environments in a city. In Winterthur efficiency of electrical appliances, improving an important driver is that current activities efficient use of electrical appliances (e.g. pilot (towards a smart city) are in line with the study with smart meters and feedback started national energy efficiency directives, with 2012), ICT-based information systems to the local energy masterplan as well as with enable sharing of transport vehicles and other research being undertaken at ZHAW Zurich appliances, ICT-Tools and infrastructure to University of Applied Sciences. Furthermore, increase comfort of bicycle use (e.g. parking the support of the local government could only guidance system, bicycle fast lanes). be secured by confirming that no additional financial burden would approach the city of Long term focus Winterthur by joining the DACH initiative on Lighthouse projects in the City of Winterthur Smart Cities. On the contrary, the planned will tackle issues at the intersection of the lighthouse projects shall be supported by the transport, energy and ICT sectors. They should Swiss Federal Office of Energy. forge strong partnerships with local leaders and municipal authorities to gain the vital In the current times of economic crisis, the support and visibility necessary to engage and city of Winterthur has lost important income empower citizens and local stakeholders to necessary to support the activities of the local reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy administration. Therefore, several administrative consumption and more widely to improve units have to reduce their activities and it is very inhabitants’ living conditions. difficult to initiate new ones. More effort had to be made to explain the long-term benefits of Results Smart City initiatives. The Smart City Winterthur initiative is considered as Swiss partner in a tri-national Technological innovation is a means to smart DACH cooperation together with Karlsruhe city, not an end. IT is just a facilitator for (Germany) and Salzburg (Austria). So far six creating a new type of innovative environment, meetings have been held in Winterthur and the which requires the comprehensive and identified ideas for lighthouse projects have balanced development of creative skills and been clustered into promising implementation innovation-oriented institutions. The specific fields: mobility (i.e. electro-mobility, car-sharing, ICT-Tools will be developed in the projects cycling), buildings (i.e. multi-generation houses, itself. 264 | SMART ENERGY REGIONS

Systematic interactions have been established combination of different resources and services on several levels. The www.smartcity- can lead to a smart city and therefore to a switzerland.ch platform is coordinating on smart region. behalf of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy the promotion of Smart City activities as The overall project targets are: i) developing lighthouse projects. In this context, the Smart and testing innovative solutions for integrating City Winterthur initiative has enabled more technical systems to improve energy regular meetings between relevant local efficiency while considering societal and stakeholders, such as energy, environmental, economic constraints, ii) implementations of and city development departments, local projects to interlink technologies and socio- energy supplier, NGO and research institutions. economic structures in the areas of buildings, Furthermore, Karlsruhe and Salzburg will mobility, supply and disposal structures, and exchange information with Winterthur (DACH). communication, iii) promotion of know-how and synergies between different stakeholders, 4. CONCLUSIONS iv) exchange of experiences and best practice examples among participants; v) development The smart city can be seen as the engine of of participatory processes to realise a “smart transformation at regional level, a partnership project”; vi) information, awareness raising, and with the objective to catalyse progress in activation of the public. areas where energy production, distribution and use; mobility and transport; and ICT are The Smart city initiative aims at accelerating intimately linked and offer new interdisciplinary the deployment of innovative technologies, opportunities to improve services while organisational and economic solutions to reducing energy and resource consumption. significantly increase resource and energy The city is viewed as an integrated energy efficiency, improve the sustainability of urban system, where space and energy planning transport and drastically reduce greenhouse converge, including coordination with energy gas emissions in urban areas. The purpose of supply and demand, energy efficiency in lighthouse projects is to demonstrate good buildings and mobility at regional level. practices with regards to energy efficiency In this respect, the following potentials of the efforts and increase of renewable energy. It is case study are promising for the whole region: therefore explicitely desired and envisioned reduction of energy consumption / emissions, to have a transfer of the case studies to other extension of activities to whole region / other regions. As a large part of the region of the buildings types / sectors (comparison to the Canton of Zurich has an urban character, there “Energy supply and demand of the region”). is a large potential for knowledge transfer. The promoter of this project is Smart City 5. REFERENCES Switzerland, which is part of a whole set of energy initiatives regarding communities and AWA (2010). Portrait of the Canton of regions. Among them there is also a program Zurich: http://www.awa.zh.ch/internet/ “Energy Region”, which is being established volkswirtschaftsdirektion/awa/en/standort/ at the moment. Results and lessons learnt neuzuzueger.html (30.8.2013) from the Smart City project in Winterthur Carabias, V.; Moser, C.; Wilhelmer, will certainly be integrated in the “Energy D.; Kubeczko, K.; Nelson, R. (2014): Region” concept. Furthermore it is essential The importance of participatory foresight on the to integrate also the region around the city. way towards smart cities. Futures For example people from around the city, (under review) who are commuting to the city, have to be involved in mobility concepts. Smart energy Caragliu, A.; Del Bo C. & P. Nijkamp (2011). production and storage schemes have to be Smart Cities in Europe. Journal of Urban created in collaboration with the surrounding Technology 18:2, 65 – 82. communities, as they have other (natural) resources available. Only the intelligent Frischknecht, R.; Itten, R. & K. Flury (2012). GHG emission factor for electricity from grid SWITZERLAND | 265

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Nam, T. & T.A. Pardo (2011). Conceptualizing Total GHG current emissions (ktCO2eq, from all Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, sectors combined); Energie Vision 2050 People, and Institutions. Proceedings of the http://www.awel.zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/ 12th Annual International Conference on Digital awel/de/energie_radioaktive_abfaelle/klima.html Government Research, College Park. (30.8.2013) Novatlantis (2011). Smarter Living. Zurich: GHG reduction targets (% and years); ETHZ. OECD (2010). Cities and Climate Langfristige Energiepolitik http://www.awel. Change, OECD Publishing. zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/awel/de/energie_ Statistical data and regional information: radioaktive_abfaelle/energieplanung.html (30.8.2013) Economy (GDP): http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/ portal/en/index/themen/04/02/05/key/01.html GHG reduction targets (% and years); (30.8.2013) Energieversorgung des Kanton Zürichs http:// www.awel.zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/awel/de/ Unemployment rate: http://www.bfs.admin.ch/ energie_radioaktive_abfaelle/energieplanung. bfs/portal/en/index/regionen/kantone/zh/key. html html (30.8.2013) Pace of expanding renewable energies Total energy consumption in: Statistical Energieversorgung des Kanton Zürichs, Yearbook of the Canton Zürich, 2012 http:// Statistical Yearbook of the Canton Zürich, 22. www.statistik.zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/ Edition, 2012, Table C2-501 Entwicklung der statistik/de/daten/jahrbuch.html (28.3.2014) Erneurbaren Energien Hofer, Thomas (2013). Total energy Characteristics of the Region (Case consumption by fuel in %.(Treibstoffverbrauch Study);Gemeindeporträt des Kantons Zürich: im Kanton Zürich. Eine Sekundäranalyse Gemeinde Winterthur, http://www.statistik. “Mikrozensus Mobilität und Verkehr“), (Table zh.ch/internet/justiz_inneres/statistik/de/daten/ 1). Calculations based on: http://www.auto- gemeindeportraet.html (30.8.2013) umwelt.at/_print/6_Kraftstoffe.pdf (30.8.2013) Initial Conditions and local situation in Share of energy sources for electricity http://ugs.winterthur.ch/energiestadt-gold/ production in % (Table 3) – Überblick über den (30.8.2013) Energieverbrauch der Schweiz im Jahr 2010. http://www.news.admin.ch/NSBSubscriber/ message/attachments/23485.pdf (30.8.2013) Specific energy-related technology present in the region from Energieerzeugung im Kanton Zürich. http://www.awel.zh.ch/internet/ baudirektion/awel/de/energie_radioaktive_ abfaelle/energieplanung.html (30.8.2013) Targets set for the region: Longterm energy politics. (Langfristige Energiepolitik) in http:// www.awel.zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/awel/de/ energie_radioaktive_abfaelle/energieplanung. html (30.8.2013) How are these to be achieved: Longterm energy politics. (Strategische Schwerpunkte Energiepolitik Kt. ZH) in http://www.awel. zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/awel/de/energie_