Articulatory Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Home , Articulatory phonetics, Diphthong, Length (phonetics), Vowel

Readings and Other Materials

Review

Articulatory Phonetics IPA: The Vowels and the International Phonetic Alphabet Practice Articulatory Course Readings Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts Online Tutorials The following readings have been posted to the Moodle Review IPA: The Vowels course site: Practice I Contemporary Linguistics: Chapter 2 (pp. 34-40) Articulatory Handouts for This Lecture Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts Online Tutorials For this lecture, you should have printed out the following Review IPA: The Vowels handout, which was posted to the course website: Practice I Chart of IPA Symbols Articulatory Online Tutorials Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials Course Readings Handouts Online Tutorials

Review

Some helpful online tutorials (and related stuff) have IPA: The Vowels

been posted to the course website, under the page Practice “Readings and Tutorials” Articulatory Review: Phonetics and the The Need for a Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review I For the next few weeks, we’ll be studying the sound systems of human languages IPA: The Vowels Practice

I Therefore, we need a way of representing speech sounds (phones)

I Conventional spelling systems (like for English) are no good for this:

I They are ambiguous (‘read’ ≈ ‘reed’ or ‘red’) I They only represent some phones Articulatory Review: Phonetics and the The International Phonetic Alphabet International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Review IPA: The Vowels I A unambiguous notation that represents the phones Practice of all the worlds languages

I Every phone is represented by one symbol I Every symbol represents only one phone

I The symbols are deﬁned by a description of the sound’s articulatory phonetics

I (How the sound is produced / articulated) Articulatory Review: Phonetics and the Articulatory Phonetics of Consonants International Phonetic Alphabet In English, there are four (main) parameters for describing the articulatory phonetics of consonants: Readings and I Voicing: whether the sound is voiced or voiceless Other Materials Review I Nasality: whether the sound is nasal or oral IPA: The Vowels

I Place of Articulation: where the vocal tract is manipulated Practice I Bilabial I Labio-Dental I Dental I Alveolar I Alveopalatal I Palatal I Velar I Glottal

I Manner of articulation: how the vocal tract is manipulated I Stop I Fricative I Affricate I Approximant Articulatory Review: Phonetics and the Articulatory Phonetics of Consonants International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review

IPA: The Vowels Some IPA Symbols and their Deﬁnitions: Practice

[t] voiceless oral alveolar stop [m] voiced nasal bilabial stop [T] voiceless oral dental fricative [j] voiced oral palatal approximant Articulatory Today Class: Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review I We will now extend this discussion to vowels: IPA: The Vowels I We’ll discuss their articulatory phonetics Practice I We’ll deﬁne the IPA symbols used for their transcription

I We will practice IPA transcription of English sentences together. Articulatory The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials I To deﬁne the IPA symbols for vowels, we will need to discuss their articulatory phonetics Review IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height I In English, there are four main parameters for Vowel Backness Lip Rounding describing the articulatory phonetics of a vowel: Tenseness Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs Tongue Height (how close to roof of the mouth) The Minor Diphthongs Tongue Backness (how far back in mouth) Practice Lip Rounding (whether lips are ‘puckered’) Tongue Tenseness (how ‘tense’ the tongue is) I (and your jaw is also lowered some, too...)

I “Heat”: your tongue is near the roof of your mouth

I “Hat”: your tongue is lower to your jaw

I To feel this, alternate between saying “heat” and “hat”

Articulatory Vowel Height Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Practice Articulatory Vowel Height Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

I One key difference between vowels: their ‘height’ Review IPA: The Vowels I The distance b/ the tongue and the roof of the mouth The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding I To feel this, alternate between saying “heat” and “hat” Tenseness Diphthongs I “Heat”: your tongue is near the roof of your mouth The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs I “Hat”: your tongue is lower to your jaw Practice I (and your jaw is also lowered some, too...) Articulatory Vowel Height Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet When describing height, three values are used: Readings and Other Materials

Review I High: very close to the roof of the mouth IPA: The Vowels [i] “ee”-sound (heat) The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels [u] “oo”-sound (hoot) Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding I Mid: mid-way between roof of mouth and jaw Tenseness Diphthongs [e] “ay”-sound (hate) The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

[o] “oh”-sound (hope) Practice

I Low: lowered to the jaw [æ] “a”-sound (hat) [A] “ah”-sound (hot) I “Heat”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the front

I “Hoot”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the back

I To feel this, alternately say “heat” and “hoot”

Articulatory Vowel Backness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Practice Articulatory Vowel Backness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review I Another key difference between vowels: ‘backness’ IPA: The Vowels I How far back in the mouth the tongue is positioned The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding I To feel this, alternately say “heat” and “hoot” Tenseness Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs I “Heat”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the front The Minor Diphthongs

Practice I “Hoot”: your tongue is ‘bunched up’ near the back Articulatory Vowel Backness Phonetics and the International When describing backness, three values are used: Phonetic Alphabet

I Back: close to the back of the mouth Readings and Other Materials

[u] “oo”-sound (hoot) high back Review

[o] “oh”-sound (hope) mid back IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics [A] “ah”-sound (hot) low back of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness I Central: midway between back and front Lip Rounding Tenseness Diphthongs [2] “uh”-sound (cut) low central The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

[@] “uh”-sound (sofas) mid central Practice [1] “uh”-sound (roses) high central

I Front: at the front of the mouth [i] “ee”-sound (heat) high front [e] “ay”-sound (hate) mid front [æ] “a”-sound (hat) low front I “Hoot”: your lips are puckered and extended

I “Heat”: your lips are not puckered in this way

I To feel this, alternately say “heat” and “hoot”

Articulatory Rounding Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials I So far, the parameters for describing vowels involve Review the position of the tongue... IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels I But another difference involves the lips: ‘rounding’ Vowel Height Vowel Backness I Whether the lips are ‘rounded’ (puckered) when you Lip Rounding make the sound Tenseness Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

Practice Articulatory Rounding Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I “Heat”: your lips are not puckered in this way I Note: In English, all rounded vowels are back vowels. I Note: In some parts of the US, people don’t have [O] I For them, “cot” and “caught” both have [A]

Articulatory Rounding Phonetics and the International When describing rounding, two values are used: Phonetic Alphabet

I Rounded: lips are rounded when vowel is made Readings and Other Materials [u] “oo”-sound (hoot) high back rounded Review [o] “oh”-sound (hope) mid back rounded IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics [O] “aw”-sound (caught) mid back rounded of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding I Unrounded: lips are not rounded when vowel is made Tenseness Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs [i] “ee”-sound (heat) high front unrounded The Minor Diphthongs [e] “ay”-sound (hate) mid front unrounded Practice [æ] “a”-sound (hat) low front unrounded [A] “ah”-sound (hot) low back unrounded Articulatory Rounding Phonetics and the International When describing rounding, two values are used: Phonetic Alphabet

I Note: In English, all rounded vowels are back vowels. I Note: In some parts of the US, people don’t have [O] I For them, “cot” and “caught” both have [A] I Alternate between saying “heat” and “hit”. A few things seem to happen:

I “Heat”: vowel lasts longer than with “hit” I “Heat”: tongue is closer to the roof of mouth I “Heat”: tongue ‘tensed’ more than with “hit”

I Alternate between saying “sale” and “sell”. A few things seem to happen:

I “Sale”: vowel lasts longer than with “sell” I “Sale”: tongue is closer to the roof of mouth I “Sale”: tongue ‘tensed’ more than with “sell”

Articulatory Tenseness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I The ﬁnal parameter for vowels is ‘tenseness’ Readings and I Before we deﬁne it, let’s get an intuitive feel for it. Other Materials Review

IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding Tenseness Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

Practice I Alternate between saying “sale” and “sell”. A few things seem to happen:

I “Sale”: vowel lasts longer than with “sell” I “Sale”: tongue is closer to the roof of mouth I “Sale”: tongue ‘tensed’ more than with “sell”

Articulatory Tenseness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I The ﬁnal parameter for vowels is ‘tenseness’ Readings and I Before we deﬁne it, let’s get an intuitive feel for it. Other Materials Review I Alternate between saying “heat” and “hit”. IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics A few things seem to happen: of Vowels Vowel Height I “Heat”: vowel lasts longer than with “hit” Vowel Backness Lip Rounding I “Heat”: tongue is closer to the roof of mouth Tenseness Diphthongs I “Heat”: tongue ‘tensed’ more than with “hit” The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

Practice Articulatory Tenseness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Practice I Alternate between saying “sale” and “sell”. A few things seem to happen:

I “Sale”: vowel lasts longer than with “sell” I “Sale”: tongue is closer to the roof of mouth I “Sale”: tongue ‘tensed’ more than with “sell” Articulatory Tenseness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet These differences between “heat/hit” and “sale/sell” illustrate tenseness. Readings and Other Materials

Review

IPA: The Vowels In describing tenseness, two values are used: The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness I Tense Vowels (“heat”, “sale”) Lip Rounding Tenseness I Pronounced with greater “tensing” of the tongue Diphthongs I Tongue is closer to roof of the mouth The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs I Pronounced with greater duration (length) Practice

I Lax Vowels (“hit”, “sell”) I Pronounced with less “tensing” of the tongue I Tongue is further from roof of the mouth I Pronounced with less duration (length) Articulatory Tenseness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review

IPA: The Vowels I Let’s now run through all the tense vowels and all the The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels lax vowels of English. Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding Tenseness Diphthongs I By doing this, we will also exhaustively list all the IPA The Major Diphthongs symbols for the (simple) vowels of English. The Minor Diphthongs Practice Articulatory Tenseness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and The Tense Vowels: Other Materials Review

IPA: The Vowels [i] ‘ee’-sound (heat) high, front , unrounded, tense The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels [e] ‘ay’-sound (hate) mid, front , unrounded, tense Vowel Height Vowel Backness [u] ‘oo’-sound (hoot) high, back , rounded, tense Lip Rounding Tenseness [o] ‘oh’-sound (hope) mid, back, rounded, tense Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs [A] ‘ah’-sound (hot) low, back, unrounded, tense The Minor Diphthongs Practice As we will see, there are many more lax vowels in English than tense vowels... Articulatory Tenseness Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

The Lax Vowels: Readings and Other Materials

Review [I] ‘i’-sound (hit) high, front, unrounded, lax IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics [E] ‘e’-sound (sell) mid, front, unrounded, lax of Vowels [æ] Vowel Height ‘a’-sound (hat) low, front, unrounded, lax Vowel Backness Lip Rounding Tenseness [1] “uh”-sound (roses) high, central, unrounded, lax Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs [@] “uh”-sound (sofas) mid, central, unrounded lax The Minor Diphthongs [2] “uh”-sound (cut) low, central, unrounded, lax Practice

[U] “u”-sound (put) high, back, rounded, lax [O] “aw”-sound (caught) mid, back, rounded, lax But, we’re not done yet...... because we haven’t yet talked about diphthongs

Articulatory Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials We’ve just learned: Review

IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics I The four parameters for describing the articulatory of Vowels Vowel Height phonetics of (English) vowels Vowel Backness Lip Rounding I The IPA symbols for all of the (simple) vowel sounds Tenseness Diphthongs of English... The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

Practice Articulatory Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials We’ve just learned: Review

Practice But, we’re not done yet...... because we haven’t yet talked about diphthongs Articulatory What is a ‘Diphthong’? Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and I Pure Vowel: One that does not show a noticeable Other Materials change in quality during its production Review IPA: The Vowels I That is, the vowel ends in the same place it starts The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels I Basically, it’s just one single, simple sound Vowel Height I Examples: “bah”, “bee”, “boo” Vowel Backness Lip Rounding Tenseness Diphthongs I Diphthong: One that does show a noticeable The Major Diphthongs change in quality during its production The Minor Diphthongs Practice I That is, the vowel ends differently from how it starts I Basically, it’s a combination of vowel sounds I Examples: “buy”, “boy”, “bow” (of a ship) Articulatory The Major Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and [aj] “eye”-sound eye, lie, buy, rye, etc. Other Materials [aw] “ow”-sound now, how, bow, loud etc. Review IPA: The Vowels [Oj] “oy”-sound boy, toy, joy, Freud etc. The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness Note: Lip Rounding Tenseness As with affricates, the IPA representation of a diphthong is Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs a pair of symbols: The Minor Diphthongs Practice I The ﬁrst is the sound the diphthong starts with

I The second is the sound the diphthong ends with I English contains the following vowels: [e], [o] I [e] is the sound in “hate”, [o] is the sound in “hope”

I Modern American English does not have the pure vowels [e] and [o] I In Modern American English, the sounds in “hate” and “hope” are diphthongs

I But before I introduce you to the others, I need to make a confession...

I I lied to you earlier when I said the following:

I The Truth:

Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I These are not the only diphthongs of English... Readings and Other Materials

Review

IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding Tenseness Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

Practice I English contains the following vowels: [e], [o] I [e] is the sound in “hate”, [o] is the sound in “hope”

I Modern American English does not have the pure vowels [e] and [o] I In Modern American English, the sounds in “hate” and “hope” are diphthongs

I I lied to you earlier when I said the following:

I The Truth:

Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Practice I Modern American English does not have the pure vowels [e] and [o] I In Modern American English, the sounds in “hate” and “hope” are diphthongs

I The Truth:

Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I These are not the only diphthongs of English... Readings and Other Materials I But before I introduce you to the others, I need to Review make a confession... IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height I I lied to you earlier when I said the following: Vowel Backness Lip Rounding I English contains the following vowels: [e], [o] Tenseness Diphthongs I [e] is the sound in “hate”, [o] is the sound in “hope” The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

Practice Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I The Truth: Practice I Modern American English does not have the pure vowels [e] and [o] I In Modern American English, the sounds in “hate” and “hope” are diphthongs I It starts off as an [o]... I But, it ends somewhere different (near [u]) I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ow]

I It starts off as an [e]... I But, it ends somewhere different (near [i]) I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ej]

I Pronounce the word “low” very slowly

I We call [ej] and [ow] the ‘minor diphthongs’ of English.

Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I Pronounce the word “lay” very slowly Readings and Other Materials

Review

IPA: The Vowels The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness Lip Rounding Tenseness Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs The Minor Diphthongs

Practice I It starts off as an [o]... I But, it ends somewhere different (near [u]) I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ow]

I Pronounce the word “low” very slowly

I We call [ej] and [ow] the ‘minor diphthongs’ of English.

Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Practice I It starts off as an [o]... I But, it ends somewhere different (near [u]) I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ow]

I We call [ej] and [ow] the ‘minor diphthongs’ of English.

Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Practice I We call [ej] and [ow] the ‘minor diphthongs’ of English.

Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I Pronounce the word “lay” very slowly Readings and Other Materials I It starts off as an [e]... Review I But, it ends somewhere different (near [i]) IPA: The Vowels I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ej] The Articulatory Phonetics of Vowels Vowel Height Vowel Backness I Pronounce the word “low” very slowly Lip Rounding Tenseness I It starts off as an [o]... Diphthongs The Major Diphthongs I But, it ends somewhere different (near [u]) The Minor Diphthongs I So, we really represent this sound in IPA as [ow] Practice Articulatory The Minor Diphthongs Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

I We call [ej] and [ow] the ‘minor diphthongs’ of English. Articulatory Practice Time! Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

I You now know all the IPA symbols necessary for Review phonetic transcription of English. IPA: The Vowels Practice

I Let’s put this knowledge to practice!

I Feel free to consult the chart of IPA symbols you (were supposed to have) brought to class! (Phonologists must keep their ears spectacularly clean.)

Articulatory Practice Time! Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review Let’s read the following together: IPA: The Vowels Practice

[f@nAl@Ã1sts m2st kip Dejô iôz spEktækjul1ôli klin] Articulatory Practice Time! Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review Let’s read the following together: IPA: The Vowels Practice

[f@nAl@Ã1sts m2st kip Dejô iôz spEktækjul1ôli klin] (Phonologists must keep their ears spectacularly clean.) (You might ﬁnd the on-line tutorials on the class website helpful.)

Articulatory Practice Time! Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review Let’s read the following together: IPA: The Vowels Practice [ju majt fajnd D@ An lajn tutOôi@lz An D@ klæs wEbsajt hElpf2l] Articulatory Practice Time! Phonetics and the International Phonetic Alphabet

Readings and Other Materials

Review Let’s read the following together: IPA: The Vowels Practice [ju majt fajnd D@ An lajn tutOôi@lz An D@ klæs wEbsajt hElpf2l] (You might ﬁnd the on-line tutorials on the class website helpful.)