IPA Symbol Example Words Consonants p pit, sipping, tip b bit, stubborn, tub m map, summary, rim t tap, attack, bat d dip, shaded, shed n nap, banner, span k cap, cracker, pick g gap, tiger, bag ŋ no word initial, singing, thing f fan, toffee, staff v van, pavement, have ɵ thin, bathroom, breath ð then, brother, breathe s sit, passive, brass z zap, puzzle, buzz ʃ shut, passion, push ʒ genre, measure, beige ɣ grolsch x bach ʧ chat, batches, match ʤ judge, barges, fudge h Hamilton, ahead, no word final ʔ mitten, kitten w wet, towel, cow *r *perro ɾ bottom, medal *ɹ rat, pardon, tar l lip, pillow, still j yes, player, toy

* You will likely be using [r] in place of what the IPA uses [ɹ] to represent the sound in rat

IPA Symbol Example Words Vowels i (ij) eat, deep ɪ pit, sit e (ej) fate, age ɛ pet, elephant æ pat, attic u (uw) food, pool ʊ foot, put o (ow) oat, bowl ɔ floor, shore ʌ hut, putt ɑ Pot, father a * not used on its own in Eng. ə above, elephant aj high, eye aw loud, crowd ɔj toy, joy Articulatory Descriptions Consonants p - voiceless, bilabial, stop b - voiced, bilabial, stop m - voiced, bilabial, nasal ɸ - voiceless, bilabial, fricative β - voiced, bilabial, fricative f - voiceless, labio-dental, fricative v - voiced, labio-dental, fricative θ - voiceless, interdental, fricative ð - voiced, interdental, fricative t - voiceless, alveoalr, stop d - voiced, alveolar, stop n - voiced, alveolar, nasal r - voiced, alveolar, trill ɾ - voiced, alveolar, flap s - voiceless, alveolar, fricative z - voiced, alveolar, fricative ɹ - voiced, alveolar, retroflex l - voiced, alveolar, lateral ʃ - voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative ʒ - voiced, alveo-palatal, fricative tʃ - voiceless, alveo-palatal, affricate dʒ - voiced, alveo-palatal, affricate j - voiced, palatal,glide w - voiced, labio-velar, glide ʍ - voiceless, labio-velar, glide k - voiceless, velar, stop g - voiced, velar, stop ŋ - voiced, velar, nasal ɲ - voiced, palatal, nasal x - voiceless, velar, fricative ɣ - voiced, velar, fricative ʔ - voiceless (only voiceless possible), glottal, stop h - voiceless, glottal, fricative ʦ - voiceless, dental, affricate dz - voiced, dental, affricate ʎ - voiced, palatal, lateral ʀ/ʁ - voiced, uvular, trill c - voiceless, palatal, fricative Articulatory Descriptions

Vowels

Criteria: height, frontness/backness, tension (tense, lax) and rounding i (ij) - high, front, tense, unrounded, vowel ɪ - high, front, lax, unrounded, vowel e (ej) - mid, front, tense, unrounded, vowel ɛ - mid, front, lax, unrounded, vowel æ - low, front, lax, unrounded, vowel ə - upper-mid, central, lax, unrounded, vowel ʌ - lower-mid, central, lax, unrounded, vowel u (uw) - high, back, tense, rounded, vowel ʊ - high, back, lax, rounded, vowel o (ow) - mid, back, tense, rounded, vowel ɔ - mid, back, lax, rounded, vowel ɑ - low, back, tense, unrounded, vowel

Diphthongs aj - low, central, lax, unrounded, vowel + voiced, palatal, glide ɔj - mid, back, lax, rounded, vowel + voiced, palatal, glide aw - low, central, lax, unrounded, vowel + voiced, labio-velar, glide

Examples of Natural Classes

[p t k b d g] stops [m n ŋ] nasals [f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h] fricatives [tʃ dʒ] affricates [p b m] bilabials [p b m f v] labials [t d n r ɾ s z l] alveolars [ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ] alveo-palatals [k g ŋ] velars [j w] glides [l r] liquids [l r j w] approximants [l r j w m n ɪ ɛ u o ɑ] sonorants [s z ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ] sibilants (stridents) [f v s z l r j w i ɪ e ɛ u o æ] continuants [i ɪ e ɛ æ] front vowels [i ɪ u ʊ ] high vowels [u ʊ o ɔ oj] rounded vowels [i e u o ɑ oj aj aw] tense vowels