The Violability of Backness in Retroflex Consonants
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The Whistled Fricatives of Southern Bantu
Just put your lips together and blow? The whistled fricatives of Southern Bantu Ryan K. Shosted12∗ 1Dept of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley 1203 Dwinelle Hall #2650 – Berkeley, CA 94120-2650 USA 2Dept of Linguistics, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #108 – La Jolla, CA 92093-0108 USA [email protected] Abstract. Phonemically, whistled fricatives /s z / are rare, limited almost en- Ţ Ţ tirely to Southern Bantu. Reports differ as to whether they are realized with labial protrusion and/or rounding. Phonetically, whistled sibilants are com- mon; they are regarded as a feature of disordered speech in English. According to the clinical literature, unwanted whistled fricatives are triggered by dental prosthesis and/or orthodontics that alter the geometry of the incisors—not by aberrant lip rounding. Based on aeroacoustic models of various types of whis- tle supplemented with acoustic data from the Southern Bantu language Tshwa (S51), this paper contends that labiality is not necessary for the production of whistled fricatives. 1. Introduction 1.1. Typology Few phonemes are as typologically restricted as the so-called whistled, whistling, or whistly fricatives / s z /.1 They are said to occur in only a handful of languages: the Shona Ţ Ţ (S10) and Tshwa-Ronga (S50) groups of Southern Bantu (Bladon et al., 1987; Sitoe, ∗This research was supported by a Jacob K. Javits Fellowship and a Fulbright Fellowship to the author. I would like to thank John Ohala, Keith Johnson, and Ian Maddieson for their insights. I am also grateful to Larry Hyman for his help with the diachronic data. -
LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 the BASIC SOUNDS of ENGLISH 1. STOPS a Stop Consonant Is Produced with a Complete Closure of Airflow
LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology THE BASIC SOUNDS OF ENGLISH 1. STOPS A stop consonant is produced with a complete closure of airflow in the vocal tract; the air pressure has built up behind the closure; the air rushes out with an explosive sound when released. The term plosive is also used for oral stops. ORAL STOPS: e.g., [b] [t] (= plosives) NASAL STOPS: e.g., [m] [n] (= nasals) There are three phases of stop articulation: i. CLOSING PHASE (approach or shutting phase) The articulators are moving from an open state to a closed state; ii. CLOSURE PHASE (= occlusion) Blockage of the airflow in the oral tract; iii. RELEASE PHASE Sudden reopening; it may be accompanied by a burst of air. ORAL STOPS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL STOPS: The blockage is made with the two lips. spot [p] voiceless baby [b] voiced 1 b. ALVEOLAR STOPS: The blade (or the tip) of the tongue makes a closure with the alveolar ridge; the sides of the tongue are along the upper teeth. lamino-alveolar stops or Check your apico-alveolar stops pronunciation! stake [t] voiceless deep [d] voiced c. VELAR STOPS: The closure is between the back of the tongue (= dorsum) and the velum. dorso-velar stops scar [k] voiceless goose [g] voiced 2. NASALS (= nasal stops) The air is stopped in the oral tract, but the velum is lowered so that the airflow can go through the nasal tract. All nasals are voiced. NASALS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL NASAL: made [m] b. ALVEOLAR NASAL: need [n] c. -
Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops
Title Page Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops by Eva Bacas University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Eva Bacas It was defended on November 8, 2019 and approved by Alana DeLoge, Quechua Instructor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Melinda Fricke, Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Gillian Gallagher, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, New York University Thesis Advisor/Dissertation Director: Claude Mauk, Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Eva Bacas 2019 iii Abstract Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops Eva Bacas, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Quechua is an indigenous language of the Andes region of South America. In Cochabamba, Bolivia, Quechua and Spanish have been in contact for over 500 years. In this thesis, I explore sociolinguistic variation among bilingual speakers of Cochabamba Quechua (CQ) and Spanish by investigating the relationship between the production of the voiceless uvular stop /q/ and speakers’ sociolinguistic backgrounds. I conducted a speech production study and sociolinguistic interview with seven bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers. I analyzed manner of articulation and place of articulation variation. Results indicate that manner of articulation varies primarily due to phonological factors, and place of articulation varies according to sociolinguistic factors. This reveals that among bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers, production of voiceless uvular stop /q/ does vary sociolinguistically. -
Vowel Acoustics Reliably Differentiate Three Coronal Stops of Wubuy Across Prosodic Contexts
Vowel acoustics reliably differentiate three coronal stops of Wubuy across prosodic contexts Rikke L. BundgaaRd-nieLsena, BRett J. BakeRb, ChRistian kRoosa, MaRk haRveyc and CatheRine t. Besta,d aMARCS Auditory Laboratories, University of Western Sydney bSchool of Languages and Linguistics, University of Melbourne cSchool of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle dHaskins Laboratories, New Haven Abstract The present study investigates the acoustic differentiation of three coronal stops in the indigenous Australian language Wubuy. We test independent claims that only VC (vowel-into-consonant) transitions provide robust acoustic cues for retroflex as compared to alveolar and dental coronal stops, with no differentiating cues among these three coronal stops evident in CV (consonant-into-vowel) transitions. The four-way stop distinction /t, t̪ , ʈ, c/ in Wubuy is contrastive word-initially (Heath 1984) and by implication utterance-initially, i.e., in CV-only contexts, which suggests that acoustic differentiation should be expected to occur in the CV transitions of this language, including in initial positions. Therefore, we examined both VC and CV formant transition information in the three target coronal stops across VCV (word-internal), V#CV (word-initial but utterance-medial) and ##CV (word- and utterance-initial), for /a / vowel contexts, which provide the optimal environment for investigating formant transitions. Results confirm that these coro- nal contrasts are maintained in the CVs in this vowel context, and in all three posi- tions. The patterns of acoustic differences across the three syllable contexts also provide some support for a systematic role of prosodic boundaries in influencing the degree of coronal stop differentiation evident in the vowel formant transitions. -
Presentation Overview Course Objectives What Is a Sibilant A
1 The Entire World Presentation Overview of Sibilants™ • Targeted for intermediate level of knowledge. However, encompass entry- level to experienced clinicians. • Review S & Z first, then SH & CH, J, ZH. • Evaluation procedure. Christine Ristuccia, M.S. CCC-SLP • Specific treatment strategies. www.sayitright.org • Case study examples. ©2007 Say It Right ©2007 Say It Right Course Objectives What is a Sibilant • Know how to evaluate and treat the various word positions of the sibilant sounds:[s, z, ch, sh, sh, j, and zh]. A consonant characterized • Know how to use co-articulation to elicit correct tongue positioning. by a hissing sound. • Be able to write measurable and objective IEP goals. • Be able to identify 3 elicitation techniques S, Z,Z, SH, ZH, CH, and J • Identify natural tongue positioning for /t/, /n/, /l/ and /d/. • Know difference between frontal and lateral lisp disorders. ©2007 Say It Right ©2007 Say It Right Facts About /s/ & /z/ Facts About [s] & [z] • Cognates. Have same manner and [s] spellings S as in soup production with the exception of C as in city voicing. Sc as in science X as in box • Airflow restricted or released by tongue causes production and common “hissing” sound. [z] spellings s as in pans x as in xylophone • Different spellings, same production. z as in zoo ©2007 Say It Right ©2007 Say It Right Say It Right™ • 888—811-0759 • [email protected] • www.sayitright.org ©2007 Say It Right™ All rights reserved. 2 Two Types of Lisp Frontal Lisp Disorders • Most common Frontal Lateral • Also called interdental lisp • Trademark sound - /th/ • Cause: Tongue is protruding too far forward. -
English Phonetic Vowel Shortening and Lengthening As Perceptually Active for the Poles
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Title: English phonetic vowel shortening and lengthening as perceptually active for the Poles Author: Arkadiusz Rojczyk Citation style: Rojczyk Arkadiusz. (2007). English phonetic vowel shortening and lengthening as perceptually active for the Poles. W: J. Arabski (red.), "On foreign language acquisition and effective learning" (S. 237-249). Katowice : Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego Phonological subsystem English phonetic vowel shortening and lengthening as perceptually active for the Poles Arkadiusz Rojczyk University of Silesia, Katowice 1. Introduction Auditory perception is one of the most thriving and active domains of psy cholinguistics. Recent years have witnessed manifold attempts to investigate and understand how humans perceive linguistic sounds and what principles govern the process. The major assumption underlying the studies on auditory perception is a simple fact that linguistic sounds are means of conveying meaning, encoded by a speaker, to a hearer. The speaker, via articulatory gestures, transmits a message encoded in acoustic waves. This is the hearer, on the other hand, who, using his perceptual apparatus, reads acoustic signals and decodes them into the meaning. Therefore, in phonetic terms, the whole communicative act can be divided into three stages. Articulatory - the speaker encodes the message by sound production. Acoustic - the message is transmitted to the hearer as acous tic waves. Auditory - the hearer perceives sounds and decodes them into the meaning. Each of the three stages is indispensable for effective communication. Of the three aforementioned stages of communication, the auditory percep tion is the least amenable to precise depiction and understanding. -
Lecture 5 Sound Change
An articulatory theory of sound change An articulatory theory of sound change Hypothesis: Most common initial motivation for sound change is the automation of production. Tokens reduced online, are perceived as reduced and represented in the exemplar cluster as reduced. Therefore we expect sound changes to reflect a decrease in gestural magnitude and an increase in gestural overlap. What are some ways to test the articulatory model? The theory makes predictions about what is a possible sound change. These predictions could be tested on a cross-linguistic database. Sound changes that take place in the languages of the world are very similar (Blevins 2004, Bateman 2000, Hajek 1997, Greenberg et al. 1978). We should consider both common and rare changes and try to explain both. Common and rare changes might have different characteristics. Among the properties we could look for are types of phonetic motivation, types of lexical diffusion, gradualness, conditioning environment and resulting segments. Common vs. rare sound change? We need a database that allows us to test hypotheses concerning what types of changes are common and what types are not. A database of sound changes? Most sound changes have occurred in undocumented periods so that we have no record of them. Even in cases with written records, the phonetic interpretation may be unclear. Only a small number of languages have historic records. So any sample of known sound changes would be biased towards those languages. A database of sound changes? Sound changes are known only for some languages of the world: Languages with written histories. Sound changes can be reconstructed by comparing related languages. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
SSC: the Science of Talking
SSC: The Science of Talking (for year 1 students of medicine) Week 3: Sounds of the World’s Languages (vowels and consonants) Michael Ashby, Senior Lecturer in Phonetics, UCL PLIN1101 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology A Lecture 4 page 1 Vowel Description Essential reading: Ashby & Maidment, Chapter 5 4.1 Aim: To introduce the basics of vowel description and the main characteristics of the vowels of RP English. 4.2 Definition of vowel: Vowels are produced without any major obstruction of the airflow; the intra-oral pressure stays low, and vowels are therefore sonorant sounds. Vowels are normally voiced. Vowels are articulated by raising some part of the tongue body (that is the front or the back of the tongue notnot the tip or blade) towards the roof of the oral cavity (see Figure 1). 4.3 Front vowels are produced by raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate. Back vowels are produced by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate. Central vowels are produced by raising the centre part of the tongue towards the junction of the hard and soft palates. 4.4 The height of a vowel refers to the degree of raising of the relevant part of the tongue. If the tongue is raised so as to be close to the roof of the oral cavity then a close or high vowel is produced. If the tongue is only slightly raised, so that there is a wide gap between its highest point and the roof of the oral cavity, then an open or lowlowlow vowel results. -
Word Study Guide for Parents
Descriptions of Word Study Patterns/Concepts Purpose of Word Study • It teaches students to examine words to discover the regularities, patterns, and conventions of the English language in order to read and spell. • It increases specific knowledge of words – the spelling and meaning of individual words. 3 Layers of word study • Alphabet – learning the relationship between letters and sounds • Pattern – learning specific groupings of letters and their sounds • Meaning – learning the meaning of groups of letters such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Vocabulary increases at this layer. Sorting – organizing words into groups based on similarities in their patterns or meaning. Oddballs – words that cannot be grouped into any of the identified categories of a sort. Students should be taught that there are always words that “break the rules” and do not follow the general pattern. Sound marks / / - Sound marks around a letter or pattern tell the student to focus only on the sound rather than the actual letters. (example: the word gem could be grouped into the /j/ category because it sounds like j at the beginning). Vowel (represented by V) – one of 6 letters causing the mouth to open when vocalized (a, e, i, o, u, and usually y). A single vowel sound is heard in every syllable of a word. Consonants (represented by C) – all letters other than the vowels. Consonant sounds are blocked by the lips, tongue, or teeth during articulation. Concepts in Order of Instruction Initial and final consonants – students are instructed to look at pictures and identify the beginning sound. They then connect the beginning sound to the letter that makes that sound. -
Legends for Videos
Case-Based Learning through Videos: A Virtual Walk through Our Clinic From Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies: The Effects on Speech and Resonance, 3rd Edition Ann W. Kummer, Ph.D., CCC-SLP Most students and professionals in speech-language pathology learn about communication disorders from reading textbooks first, and then by attending lectures. This type of learning is not only required for the degree, but is also essential in order to obtain basic and theoretical information for clinical practice. Unfortunately, book knowledge alone does not adequately prepare the learner to evaluate and treat individuals affected by communication disorders. As such, the American Speech-Language- Hearing Association (ASHA) has observation requirements for graduation in speech-language pathology (or communication sciences and disorders) at the bachelor’s level, and practicum experience requirements for graduation at the master’s level. In addition, it is universally recognized that observing, interacting, problem-solving, and obtaining experience in real-life clinical situations is essential for individuals to be able to apply learned didactic information appropriately and effectively in clinical situations. Although observation and practicum experiences are essential for clinical learning, there are many issues and inefficiencies when trying to obtain these experiences. First, students (and professionals wanting to obtain additional competencies) usually need to schedule the experience with an outside facility, and then travel to the location. There is a risk that the patient will cancel or be a no-show. There is also the possibility that the session is not a good one for various reasons. The experience may not be focused learning. For example, the student/observer may understand the point of the session in 5 minutes, but need to be present for the entire session, which can take an hour or more. -
Palatals in Spanish and French: an Analysis Rachael Gray
Florida State University Libraries Honors Theses The Division of Undergraduate Studies 2012 Palatals in Spanish and French: An Analysis Rachael Gray Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] Abstract (Palatal, Spanish, French) This thesis deals with palatals from Latin into Spanish and French. Specifically, it focuses on the diachronic history of each language with a focus on palatals. I also look at studies that have been conducted concerning palatals, and present a synchronic analysis of palatals in modern day Spanish and French. The final section of this paper focuses on my research design in second language acquisition of palatals for native French speakers learning Spanish. 2 THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PALATALS IN SPANISH AND FRENCH: AN ANALYSIS BY: RACHAEL GRAY A Thesis submitted to the Department of Modern Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with Honors in the Major Degree Awarded: 3 Spring, 2012 The members of the Defense Committee approve the thesis of Rachael Gray defended on March 21, 2012 _____________________________________ Professor Carolina Gonzaléz Thesis Director _______________________________________ Professor Gretchen Sunderman Committee Member _______________________________________ Professor Eric Coleman Outside Committee Member 4 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 5 0.