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Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops

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Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops Title Page Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops by Eva Bacas University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Eva Bacas It was defended on November 8, 2019 and approved by Alana DeLoge, Quechua Instructor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Melinda Fricke, Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Gillian Gallagher, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, New York University Thesis Advisor/Dissertation Director: Claude Mauk, Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Eva Bacas 2019 iii Abstract Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops Eva Bacas, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Quechua is an indigenous language of the Andes region of South America. In Cochabamba, Bolivia, Quechua and Spanish have been in contact for over 500 years. In this thesis, I explore sociolinguistic variation among bilingual speakers of Cochabamba Quechua (CQ) and Spanish by investigating the relationship between the production of the voiceless uvular stop /q/ and speakers’ sociolinguistic backgrounds. I conducted a speech production study and sociolinguistic interview with seven bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers. I analyzed manner of articulation and place of articulation variation. Results indicate that manner of articulation varies primarily due to phonological factors, and place of articulation varies according to sociolinguistic factors. This reveals that among bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers, production of voiceless uvular stop /q/ does vary sociolinguistically. iv Table of Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................ x 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Sociolinguistic Context ................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Cochabamba Quechua (CQ) .............................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Language Contact throughout the Andes ......................................................... 7 2.1.3 Language Contact in Cochabamba ................................................................... 9 2.1.4 Quechua Standardization ................................................................................. 11 2.2 Phonetics of Quechua ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Quechua uvular stop ......................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Cochabamba Quechua uvular stop ................................................................. 15 3.0 Experiment ............................................................................................................................ 19 3.1 Participants ................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Sociolinguistic Interview .............................................................................................. 19 3.3 Photo Identification Task ............................................................................................. 20 3.4 Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 21 3.5 Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.6 Results ............................................................................................................................ 22 3.6.1 Formant variation ............................................................................................. 22 3.6.2 Front Vowel ....................................................................................................... 23 3.6.3 Back Vowel ........................................................................................................ 24 v 3.6.4 Comparing onset and coda .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.6.5 Comparing vowels preceding /q/ and following /q/ ........................................ 25 3.7 Modeling F1 and F2 variation ..................................................................................... 28 3.7.1 F1 28 3.7.2 F2 31 3.8 Modeling manner of articulation variation ................................................................ 33 4.0 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 34 4.1 Manner of Articulation ................................................................................................ 34 4.2 Variation in Vowel Production .................................................................................... 35 4.2.1 Front vowel /i/ .................................................................................................... 36 4.2.2 Back vowel /u/ .................................................................................................... 38 4.3 Sociolinguistic Implications ......................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 Grouping Speakers ........................................................................................... 40 4.3.2 Sociophonetic Variation ................................................................................... 42 5.0 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 45 Appendix A Sociolinguistic interview ....................................................................................... 49 Appendix A.1 Pre-Experiment Questionnaire (Quechua) .............................................. 49 Appendix A.2 Pre-Experiment Questionnaire (English translation) ............................. 49 Appendix B Word list ................................................................................................................. 51 Appendix B.1 Words containing /q/ .................................................................................. 51 Appendix B.1.1 Word-initial /q/ ................................................................................ 51 Appendix B.1.2 Syllable-initial, word-medial /q/ .................................................... 51 Appendix B.1.3 Syllable-final, word-medial /q/ ...................................................... 52 vi Appendix B.1.4 Word-final /q/ .................................................................................. 52 Appendix B.1.5 Word-initial /q’/ .............................................................................. 52 Appendix B.1.6 Syllable-initial, word-medial /q’/ ................................................... 53 Appendix B.1.7 Word-initial /qh/ .............................................................................. 53 Appendix B.1.8 Syllable-initial, word-medial /qh/ ................................................... 53 Appendix B.2 Words not containing /q/ ........................................................................... 54 Appendix C Linear mixed model fit to F1 ................................................................................ 55 Appendix D Linear mixed model fit to F2 ................................................................................ 57 Appendix E .................................................................................................................................. 59 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 60 vii List of Tables Table 1. Consonant Inventory - Cochabamba Quechua. ........................................................ 13 Table 2. Summary of sociolinguistic interviews. ...................................................................... 20 Table 3. Summary of Holiday and Martin's predicted values for CQ vowel formants. Adapted from Holiday and Martin (2014)............................................................................ 23 Table 4. F1 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for front vowel /i/. ............................... 23 Table 5. F2 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for front vowel /i/. ............................... 24 Table 6. F1 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for back vowel /u/. .............................. 24 Table 7. F2 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for back vowel /u/. .............................. 25 Table 8. F1 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for front vowel /i/ preceding /q/. ........ 25 Table 9. F2 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for front vowel /i/ preceding /q/. ........ 26 Table 10. F1 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for front vowel /i/ following /q/. ....... 26 Table 11. F2 values at 20%, 50%, and 80% duration for front vowel /i/ following /q/. ....... 26 viii List of Figures Figure 1. Map of
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