The Diachronic Emergence of Retroflex Segments in Three Languages* 1
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Anatolian Evidence Suggests That the Indo- European Laryngeals * H2 And
Indo-European Linguistics 6 (2018) 69–94 brill.com/ieul Anatolian evidence suggests that the Indo- European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 were uvular stops Alwin Kloekhorst Leiden University [email protected] Abstract In this article it will be argued that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3, which recently have been identified as uvular fricatives, were in fact uvular stops in Proto- Indo-Anatolian. Also in the Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Luwic stages these sounds prob- ably were stops, not fricatives. Keywords Indo-European – laryngeals – phonological change – Indo-Anatolian 1 Background It is well-known that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 have in some environments survived in Hittite and Luwian as consonants that are spelled with the graphemes ḫ (in the cuneiform script) and h (in the hieroglyphic script).1 Although in handbooks it was usually stated that the exact phonetic interpretation of these graphemes is unclear,2 in recent years a consensus seems to have formed that they represent uvular fricatives (Kümmel 2007: 1 Although there is no full consensus on the question exactly in which environments *h2 and *h3 were retained as ḫ and h: especially the outcome of *h3 in Anatolian is debated (e.g. Kloekhorst 2006). Nevertheless, for the remainder of this article it is not crucial in which environments *h2 and *h3 yielded ḫ and h, only that they sometimes did. 2 E.g. Melchert 1994: 22; Hoffner & Melchert 2008: 38. © alwin kloekhorst, 2018 | doi:10.1163/22125892-00601003 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC license at the time of publication. -
The Violability of Backness in Retroflex Consonants
The violability of backness in retroflex consonants Paul Boersma University of Amsterdam Silke Hamann ZAS Berlin February 11, 2005 Abstract This paper addresses remarks made by Flemming (2003) to the effect that his analysis of the interaction between retroflexion and vowel backness is superior to that of Hamann (2003b). While Hamann maintained that retroflex articulations are always back, Flemming adduces phonological as well as phonetic evidence to prove that retroflex consonants can be non-back and even front (i.e. palatalised). The present paper, however, shows that the phonetic evidence fails under closer scrutiny. A closer consideration of the phonological evidence shows, by making a principled distinction between articulatory and perceptual drives, that a reanalysis of Flemming’s data in terms of unviolated retroflex backness is not only possible but also simpler with respect to the number of language-specific stipulations. 1 Introduction This paper is a reply to Flemming’s article “The relationship between coronal place and vowel backness” in Phonology 20.3 (2003). In a footnote (p. 342), Flemming states that “a key difference from the present proposal is that Hamann (2003b) employs inviolable articulatory constraints, whereas it is a central thesis of this paper that the constraints relating coronal place to tongue-body backness are violable”. The only such constraint that is violable for Flemming but inviolable for Hamann is the constraint that requires retroflex coronals to be articulated with a back tongue body. Flemming expresses this as the violable constraint RETRO!BACK, or RETRO!BACKCLO if it only requires that the closing phase of a retroflex consonant be articulated with a back tongue body. -
High Vowel Fricativization As an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields
High vowel fricativization as an areal feature of the northern Cameroon Grassfields Matthew Faytak WOCAL 8, | August 23, 2015 Overview High vowel fricativization is an areal or contact feature of the northern Grassfields, which carries implications for Niger-Congo reconstructions 1. What is (not) a fricativized vowel? 2. Where are they (not)? 3. Why is this interesting? Overview High vowel fricativization is an areal or contact feature of the northern Grassfields, which carries implications for Niger-Congo reconstructions 1. What is (not) a fricativized vowel? 2. Where are they (not)? 3. Why is this interesting? Fricative vowels Vowels with a fricative-like supralaryngeal constriction, which may or may not consistently result in audible fricative noise Not intended to encompass: • Devoiced or voiceless vowels Smith (2003) • Pre-/post-aspirated vowels Helgason (2002) Mortensen (2012) • Articulatory overlap at high speech rate • Wall noise sources in high vowels Shadle (1990) Prior mention Vowels that do fit one or both of the given definitions: • Apical vowels in Chinese Lee (2005) Feng (2007) Lee-Kim (2014) • Viby-i, G¨oteborges-i, etc. in Swedish Holmberg (1976) Engstrand et al. (2000) Sch¨otzet al. (2011) • Fricative vowels in Bantoid Medjo Mv´e(1997) Connell (2007) Articulatory evidence of constriction Olson and Meynadier (2015) Articulatory evidence of constriction z v " " High vowel fricativization (HVF) Fricative vowels arise from normal high vowels /i u/, often in tandem with raising of the next-lowest vowels Faytak (2014) i u e o i -
Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops
Title Page Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops by Eva Bacas University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2019 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Eva Bacas It was defended on November 8, 2019 and approved by Alana DeLoge, Quechua Instructor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Melinda Fricke, Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh Gillian Gallagher, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics, New York University Thesis Advisor/Dissertation Director: Claude Mauk, Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics, University of Pittsburgh ii Copyright © by Eva Bacas 2019 iii Abstract Sociophonetic Variation in Bolivian Quechua Uvular Stops Eva Bacas, BPhil University of Pittsburgh, 2019 Quechua is an indigenous language of the Andes region of South America. In Cochabamba, Bolivia, Quechua and Spanish have been in contact for over 500 years. In this thesis, I explore sociolinguistic variation among bilingual speakers of Cochabamba Quechua (CQ) and Spanish by investigating the relationship between the production of the voiceless uvular stop /q/ and speakers’ sociolinguistic backgrounds. I conducted a speech production study and sociolinguistic interview with seven bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers. I analyzed manner of articulation and place of articulation variation. Results indicate that manner of articulation varies primarily due to phonological factors, and place of articulation varies according to sociolinguistic factors. This reveals that among bilingual CQ-Spanish speakers, production of voiceless uvular stop /q/ does vary sociolinguistically. -
Vowel Acoustics Reliably Differentiate Three Coronal Stops of Wubuy Across Prosodic Contexts
Vowel acoustics reliably differentiate three coronal stops of Wubuy across prosodic contexts Rikke L. BundgaaRd-nieLsena, BRett J. BakeRb, ChRistian kRoosa, MaRk haRveyc and CatheRine t. Besta,d aMARCS Auditory Laboratories, University of Western Sydney bSchool of Languages and Linguistics, University of Melbourne cSchool of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle dHaskins Laboratories, New Haven Abstract The present study investigates the acoustic differentiation of three coronal stops in the indigenous Australian language Wubuy. We test independent claims that only VC (vowel-into-consonant) transitions provide robust acoustic cues for retroflex as compared to alveolar and dental coronal stops, with no differentiating cues among these three coronal stops evident in CV (consonant-into-vowel) transitions. The four-way stop distinction /t, t̪ , ʈ, c/ in Wubuy is contrastive word-initially (Heath 1984) and by implication utterance-initially, i.e., in CV-only contexts, which suggests that acoustic differentiation should be expected to occur in the CV transitions of this language, including in initial positions. Therefore, we examined both VC and CV formant transition information in the three target coronal stops across VCV (word-internal), V#CV (word-initial but utterance-medial) and ##CV (word- and utterance-initial), for /a / vowel contexts, which provide the optimal environment for investigating formant transitions. Results confirm that these coro- nal contrasts are maintained in the CVs in this vowel context, and in all three posi- tions. The patterns of acoustic differences across the three syllable contexts also provide some support for a systematic role of prosodic boundaries in influencing the degree of coronal stop differentiation evident in the vowel formant transitions. -
Manner of Articulation
An Animated and Narrated Glossary of Terms used in Linguistics presents Manner of Articulation Articulators Slide 2 Page 1 Manner of Articulation • The manner of articulation refers to the way airflow is controlled in the production of a phone (i.e. a linguistic sound). Slide 3 Manner of Articulation on the IPA Chart Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Manner of articulation Slide 4 Page 2 Plosive p Plosives require total obstruction of airflow. Slide 5 Nasal n Nasals require air to flow out of the nose. Slide 6 Page 3 Trill r Trills are made by rapid succession of contact between articulators that obstruct airflow. Slide 7 Tap or Flap A tap or flap is like trill, except that there is only one rapid contact between the articulators. There is some difference between tap and flap, but we shall not pursue that here. Slide 8 Page 4 Fricative f A fricative is formed when the stricture is very narrow (but without total closure) so that when air flows out, a hissing noise is made. Slide 9 Approximant An approximant is a phone made when the obstruction of airflow does not produce any audible friction. Slide 10 Page 5 Lateral l A lateral is made when air flows out of the sides of the mouth. Slide 11 Note • In this presentation, we have concentrated on the pulmonic consonants, but manners of articulation may be used to describe vowels and other linguistic sounds as well. Slide 12 Page 6 The End Wee, Lian-Hee and Winnie H.Y. -
Complexity As L2-Difficulty : Implications for Syntactic Change
Erschienen in: Theoretical Linguistics ; 45 (2019), 3-4. - S. 183-209 https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2019-0012 Theoretical Linguistics 2019; 45(3-4): 183–209 George Walkden* and Anne Breitbarth Complexity as L2-difficulty: Implications for syntactic change https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2019-0012 Abstract: Recent work has cast doubt on the idea that all languages are equally complex; however, the notion of syntactic complexity remains underexplored. Taking complexity to equate to difficulty of acquisition for late L2 acquirers, we propose an operationalization of syntactic complexity in terms of uninterpret- able features. Trudgill’s sociolinguistic typology predicts that sociohistorical situations involving substantial late L2 acquisition should be conducive to simplification, i.e. loss of such features. We sketch a programme for investigat- ing this prediction. In particular, we suggest that the loss of bipartite negation in the history of Low German and other languages indicates that it may be on the right track. Keywords: sociolinguistic typology, syntactic change, L2 acquisition, simplification, Interpretability Hypothesis 1 Context and big picture 1.1 Typology, complexity, and language change The traditional notion that all languages are equally complex, as expressed in Hockett (1958), has recently come under attack from a number of quarters. Notably, in his seminal work Sociolinguistic Typology, Trudgill (2011) has sug- gested that different types of sociolinguistic situation lead to differential sim- plification and complexification: for instance, long-term co-territorial language contact is predicted to lead to additive complexification, whereas short-term contact involving extensive adult second-language (L2) use is predicted to lead to simplification. -
On the Phonetic Nature of the Latin R
Eruditio Antiqua 5 (2013) : 21-29 ON THE PHONETIC NATURE OF THE LATIN R LUCIE PULTROVÁ CHARLES UNIVERSITY PRAGUE Abstract The article aims to answer the question of what evidence we have for the assertion repeated in modern textbooks concerned with Latin phonetics, namely that the Latin r was the so called alveolar trill or vibrant [r], such as e.g. the Italian r. The testimony of Latin authors is ambiguous: there is the evidence in support of this explanation, but also that testifying rather to the contrary. The sound changes related to the sound r in Latin afford evidence of the Latin r having indeed been alveolar, but more likely alveolar tap/flap than trill. Résumé L’article cherche à réunir les preuves que nous possédons pour la détermination du r latin en tant qu’une vibrante alvéolaire, ainsi que le r italien par exemple, une affirmation répétée dans des outils modernes traitant la phonétique latine. Les témoignages des auteurs antiques ne sont pas univoques : il y a des preuves qui soutiennent cette théorie, néanmoins d’autres tendent à la réfuter. Des changements phonétiques liés au phonème r démontrent que le r latin fut réellement alvéolaire, mais qu’il s’agissait plutôt d’une consonne battue que d’une vibrante. www.eruditio-antiqua.mom.fr LUCIE PULTROVÁ ON THE PHONETIC NATURE OF THE LATIN R The letter R of Latin alphabet denotes various phonetic entities generally called “rhotic consonants”. Some types of rhotic consonants are quite distant and it is not easy to define the one characteristic feature common to all rhotic consonants. -
The Stops of Tlingit
The Stops of Tlingit IAN MADDIESON1,2 and CAROLINE L. SMITH2 1University of California, Berkeley and 2University of New Mexico Introduction One aspect of the maintenance of languages is the maintenance of the appropriate pronunciation. A language whose speakers use it only a minority of the time is often strongly affected by the phonetic patterns of the dominant language, particularly as speech habits natural to the ‘new’ language are carried over to the traditional one. Documenting the phonetic patterns of those speakers who were the last to have learned the language in question as their first language can provide an appropriate source of guidance to the pronunciation to adopt for later generations. In this paper we aim to present a good description of certain important aspects of the pronunciation of the stops of Tlingit. We hope that this data will be of value to those interested in the continuation of Tlingit as a spoken language. Of course, all languages change over time, and pronunciation will evolve in natural ways, so this information should be used in ways that accommodate natural changes. This data will also have value for comparative phonetic studies as illustrating details of a language whose phonetics has been previously little studied. Tlingit ([!i"ít]) is a Na-Dene language (Krauss 1979) spoken in South-East Alaska and the Yukon. There are now few fluent speakers under the age of 60 (Dauenhauer and Dauenhauer 1995). The language has some dialect variation, with particular differences noted between Inland or Yukon Tlingit and Coastal or Alaskan varieties, and further differences between Northern, Central, and Southern varieties along the Coast. -
Labphon 7: Seventh Conference on Laboratory Phonology
LabPhon 7: Seventh Conference on Laboratory Phonology This is an archive site LabPhon 7 Seventh Conference on Laboratory Phonology Thursday 29 June - Saturday 1 July 2000 Hosted by: University of Nijmegen (KUN) Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (MPI) Location: Collegezalencomplex Mercatorpad 1 University of Nijmegen The Netherlands Themes and speakers: Phonological encoding Willem Levelt, discussant Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Pat Keating, invited speaker University of California, Los Angeles Phonological processing Anne Cutler, discussant Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Janet Pierrehumbert, invited speaker Northwestern University Field work and phonological theory Leo Wetzels, discussant Free University of Amsterdam Didier Demolin, invited speaker Free University of Brussels Speech technology and phonological theory Louis Boves,discussant University of Nijmegen Aditi Lahiri, invited speaker University of Konstanz Phonology-phonetics interface Bruce Hayes, discussant University of California, Los Angeles Nick Clements, invited speaker CNRS, Paris John Ohala, invited speaker University of California, Berkeley Important dates: 14 January 2000 Deadline for receipt of abstracts 1 March 2000 Notification of accceptance file:///C|/Users/warrenpa/OneDrive%20-%20Victoria%20University%20of%20Wellington%20-%20STAFF/labphon7/index.html[14/03/2019 3:58:15 PM] LabPhon 7: Seventh Conference on Laboratory Phonology 28 April 2000 Deadline for receipt of draft papers 1 June 2000 Deadline for excursion sign-up Deadline for receipt of advance registration payment 29 June 2000 Conference begins 1 December 2000 Deadline for receipt of final papers Organizing committee: Carlos Gussenhoven, KUN Toni Rietveld, KUN Natasha Warner, MPI Contact information: Please note: If you have been using the email address [email protected], please do not use it anymore. -
City Research Online
SPEECH SOUND ACQUISITION AND PHONOLOGICAL ERROR PATTERNS IN CHILD SPEAKERS OF SYRIAN ARABIC: A NORMATIVE STUDY By Husen OWAIDA Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of doctor of philosophy in Communication sciences and disorders School of Health Sciences Division of Language & Communication Science City University London April 2015 THE FOLLOWING PARTS OF THIS THESIS HAVE BEEN REDACTED FOR COPYRIGHT REASONS: p. 78 Map of Syria. pp. 248-265 Appendix 1 – Articulation Test. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ VIII ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1: AIMS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 RESEARCH AIMS ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.3 RATIONALE ....................................................................................................................................... -
1. Introduction1 Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan
1. Introduction1 Geoffrey Haig and Geoffrey Khan 1. Aims and scope of the volume This volume contains a series of descriptions of around 20 languages (or language groups), spoken across a region that includes most of eastern Turkey, western Iran and northern Iraq (see Fig. 1 for the locations), together with overview articles of sub-regions, and an appendix with selected lexical items from these languages. The region that we refer to here loosely as “Western Asia” is not clearly demar- cated, either politically or topographically, and requires a few words of explana- tion. Essentially it is linked to an ancient cultural core, namely the northern part of Mesopotamia, the upper catchment regions of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The book’s coverage goes beyond Mesopotamia in the narrower sense to include the surrounding mountainous regions of the Zagros in the southeast, and the elevated regions northwards and eastwards across the Anatolian plateau into the outliers of the Caucasus. These areas were all involved, at least economically and stra- tegically, in the succession of empires that arose in and around ancient Mesopo- tamia, beginning with the Sumerians in the third millennium BCE and continuing down to the Ottoman Empire into the dawn of the twentieth century. The sense of a common Kulturraum, while difficult to delineate precisely, is reflected by the growing recognition of linguistic parallels shared among the region’s languages, some of which we take up below. We have further divided the region into five sub-areas, each of which is treated in a section of the volume, with its own overview chapter.