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Schiffman, Harold F. TITLE Language and Society in South Asia. Final Report DOCUMEKT RESUNE ED 127 806 PL 007 948 AUTHOR Shapiro, Michael C.; Schiffman, Harold F. TITLE Language and Society in South Asia. Final Report. INSTITUTION Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-110012HH PUB DATE Sep 75 CONTRACT OEC-0-74-2093 NOTE 380p. EDRS PRICE MF-$C.83 Hc-$20.75 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Asian Studies; *Bilingualism; Burmese; Cultural Context; *Dialects; Dialect Studies; Dravidian Languages; Language Classification; *Language Variation; Linguistic Borrowing; Multilingualism; Regional Dialects; Social Dialects; *Sociolinguistics; Tibetan IDENTIFIERS *Asia (South); *Code Switching; Indo Aryan Languages; Munda Languages; Tibeto Burman Languages ABSTRACT This work attempts to provide an overview of liuguistic diversity in South Asia and to place this diversity in a cultural context. The work tries to describe the current state of knowledge concerning socially conditioned language variation in the subcontinent. Each of five major language families contains numerous mutually intelligible and unintelligible dialects. Different dialects of a language may be required for 'written and spoken use and for different social groups. Bilingualism and multilingualism are common for communication between groups. Language choice is important for education, politics, radio and television. Chapter 2 of this book enumerates criteria used in the taxonomy of language forms, discussing a number of theories of dialect formation from the points of view of linguistic innovation and diffusion of linguistic change. Chapter 3 surveys literature on classification of South Asian languages. Chapter 4 considers South Asia as a distinct linguistic area and Chapter 5 evaluates literature on South Asian social dialects. Chapter 6 examines linguistic codes encompassing elements from more than one autonomous language. Chapter 7 considers the ways in which the lexicon of South Asian languages and dialects contain elements that structure themselves into concrete systems.(CHK) *********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the tv-st copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibil! y.re often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microf.:-.A3c- and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** TITLE VI, SEC. 602,NDEA 1 ContractNo. 0-74-2093 Project No. N0012HN N- t, CONTRACT NO. OEC-0-74-2093 1-4 Ls/ Departinent of Asian Languages andLiteratu,re - University'of Washington, Seatile, Wash.;.98.19.5 orA () US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO. DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN- ATING IT POINTS OF viEw OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY ri 1,1Lv hr4 Welfart0r&of Education, International Studies Branch eptember, 1975 U.S. Department ofpeoltb EducatiOn and LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY IN SOUTHASIA Michael C. Shapiro Harold F. Schiffman The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (Institute of International Studies), under the authority of Section 602, NDEA. 1975 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements viii 1. Introduction 1 2. The Theoretical Description of Language and Dialect 23 2.0. Introduction 23 2.1. Isoglossal Theories of Language and Dialect 24 2.2. Stamnbaum and Wave Models of Linguistic History 31 2.3. Structural Dialectological Models.of Linguistic Relatedness 46 2.4. Transformational Analyses of Dialect Differences 56 2.5. Sociolinguistic Models of Language and Dialect 64 2.6. The Linguistic Basis of Typological Studies of South Asian Languages 75 Notes 87 3. Traditional Taxonomies of South Asian Languages 97 3.0. Introduction 97 3.1. Classification of the Indo-Aryan Languages 100 3.2. Classification of the Dravidian Languages 117 3.3. Classification of the Munda Languages 137 3.4. Classification of the Tibeto-Burman Languages 139 Notes 149 4. South Asia as a Linguistic Area 153 4.0. Introduction 153 4.1. Linguistic Basis of the South Asian Linguistic Area . .154 4.2. Micro-Linguistic Area Phenomena 172 4.3. Historical Implications of a South Asian Linguistic Area 179 4.4. Mechanisms for Genesis of a South Asian Linguistic Arca.184 4.5. Conclusions and Desiderata 187 Notes 190 5. Social Dialectology 195 5.0. Introduction 195 5.1. General Problems of Social Dialectology in South Asia ..196 5.2. Studies of Caste Dialects 198 5.3. Social Variables other than Caste 207 5 iv 211 5.4. Dialossia 122 5.5. Cross Language Variability and Change 223 5.6. Other Sociolinguistic Topics 225 5.7. Conclusions and Desiderata 2/7 Notes 229 6. Individual and Group Linguistic Repertoires 229 6.0. Bi- and Multilingualism in South Asia .230 6.1. Census Data on South Asian Bi-and Multilingualism . 132 6.2. General and Theoretical Studies of Bilingualism 235 6.3. Studies of Bilingualism in South Asia .248 6.4. Pidginization and Creolization of English on 6..5. South Asian English and the Influence South Asian Languages 280 Notes Ethnography of Speaking 285 7. Ethnographic Semantics and the 285 7.0. Introduction and TheoreticalDiscussion 287 7.1. Ethnographic Semantics 287 7.1.1Kinship 7.1.2. Structural Approaches to the Studyof Kinship in South Asia 292 Type . .295 7.1.3. Data-Oriented Systens of a Non-Formal 296 7.1.4. Formal Analysis Studies Proper 302 7.1.5. Applied and Comparative Studies 303 7.1.6. Fictive Kinship 307 7.2. The Ethnography of Speaking 307 7.2.0. Introduction. 309 7.2.1. Aspects of the Ethnographyof Speaking 7.2.2. Literature on the Ethnography ofSpeaking in South Asia 313 333 Notes 345 Bibliography LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Alternate ForEs for cottage cheese 25 Figure 2. Isoglosses in ten Swabian Villages . 26 Figure 3. Phonetic differences in the Pronunciation of ten GerEan Lexical Items 27 Figure 4. France: Outer Limits of Northern Phonological Features. 28 Figure 5. Bundles of Heterolexes in the Great Lakes Area 29 Figure 6. Speech Areas of the Eastern_States 30 Figure 7. Classification of Munda Languages 33 Figure 8. StamMbaum of Indo-Aryan Languages 34 Figure 9. The Munda Languages Arranged Typologically 35 Figure 10. StanMbaun of Indo-European Languages [version 1]. 36 Figure 11. Reconstruction of Primitive Indonesian Consonants . 37 Figure 12. Stannbaun of the Indo-European Languages [version 2]. 39 Figure 13. "Overlapping" Diagram of Indo-European Family of Languages 40 Figure 14. GerEanic Consonant Shifts 43 Figure 15. Map of "Rhenish Fan" 43 Figure 36. Wave Spread in Time and Space 45 Figure 17. Wave with Spread Arrested in One Direction 46 Figure 18. The Vbwel in man in Language X 50 Figure 19. Structural Analysis of Dialect Structure of Language X Based on Vowel in man 51 Figure 20. Phonetic Boundaries of Northeastern Poland 52 Figure 21. Phonemic Areas of Northeastern Poland 53 Figure 22. Schema of "Aspects" Models of Language Structure . 59 Figure 23. Plural in Three Spanish Dialects 61 Figure 24. Class Stratification Diagram for r 69 Figure 25. Linguistic Effects in Frequency of Final Consonant Cluster Simplification in Detroit Black Speech . 71 Figure 26. Hypothetical Ordering of Three Constraints on a Variable Rula 71 Figure 27. The Indo-Aryan Languages (from Beames) 103 Figure 28. The Development of the Aryan Speech in India (Chatterji after Grierson) 113 Figure29. Cardona Summary 115 Figure30. Classification of the Dravidian Languages (Grierson after Caldwell) 118 Figure31. Classification of the Dravidian Languages (after Andronov) 121 Figure32. Classification of the Dravidian Languages (Andronov 2).122 Figure33. The Central Dravidian Lancivages (after Subrahmanyam) .123 .124 Figure34. The South Dravidian Languages (from Emeneau 1967)... Figure35. Three-Dimensional Model of South Dravidian (from Lmeneau 1967) 125 Figure36. The South Dravidian Languages (Zvelebil) 126 Figuie37. The South Dravidian Languages (Krishnamurti) 127 Figure38. The Central Dravidian Languages (Krishnamurti) 127 128 Figure39. The North Dravidian Languages (Krishnamurti) Figure 40. The Dravidian Languaces (zvelebil) 128 Figure41. Stammbaum of the Dravidian Languages (Subrahranyam). .13G 140 Figure42. The Munda Languages (Zide) Figure 43. The Baric Division (Shafer) 142 Figure44. The Burmic Division (after Shafer,1955) 143 .144 Figure45. The Kukish Section of Burmic (after Shafer 1955) . Figure 46. The Bodic Division (after Shafer 1955) 146 Figure 47. The Bodish Section of Bodic (after Shafer 1955) 147 Figure48. The West Himalayish Section of Bodic (afterShafer 1955) 146 Figure49. The East Himalayish Section of Bodic (afterShafer 1955) 148 148 Figure50. The "Durmese" Languages (after Miller 1969) Firlure51. Five Functions of Sanskrit api in Four NIA Languagns (from Emeneau 1974a) 167 Fi.gure52. Distribution of Typological Features (from Masica1971).173 1974). .175 Figure53. Nepali and Newari Verb Tense Forms (from Dendix Figure 54. Approximate Tense-Aspect Correspondences in Newari and Nepali (from Bendix 1974) 175 Figure 55. Phonological Corspondences in Literary
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