7+((1*/,6+&21621$176
&RQVRQDQWVDUHVRXQGVWKDWDUHSURGXFHGZLWKWKHDUWLFXODWRUVPRUHRU OHVVFORVH7KDWLVWKH\DUHSURGXFHGZLWKDFORVHDUWLFXODWLRQJRLQJ IURPFRPSOHWHO\WRJHWKHUWRRQO\DSSUR[LPDWLQJ
&RQVRQDQWDOVRXQGVDUHFODVVLILHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKUHHGLPHQVLRQV
D 9RLFLQJ E 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ F 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ
9RLFLQJUHIHUVWRWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHYRFDOIROGV:KHQWKHYRFDOIROGVDUH ZLGHDSDUWFRQVRQDQWVDUHVDLGWREHYRLFHOHVVZKHQWKH\DUHFORVHO\ WRJHWKHUDQGYLEUDWLQJFRQVRQDQWVDUHVDLGWREHYRLFHG
7KHSODFH RI DUWLFXODWLRQ UHIHUV WR WKDW DUHD LQ RQH RI WKH UHVRQDWLQJ FDYLWLHV ODU\Q[PRXWK ZKHUH WKH DUWLFXODWRUV DUH RSSRVLQJ VRPH NLQG RIVWULFWXUHRUREVWDFOHWRWKHSDVVLQJRIDLU
7KHPDQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQUHIHUVWR WKH ZD\ WKH DUWLFXODWRUV DUH VHW VRWKDWWKHUHVRQDQFHHIIHFWLVSRVVLEOH
3ODFHRI$UWLFXODWLRQ
7KH SODFH RI DUWLFXODWLRQ LV WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH SODFH ZKHUH WKH REVWUXFWLRQ LQ WKH YRFDO WUDFW WDNHV SODFH 7R GHVFULEH WKH SODFH RI DUWLFXODWLRQRIDFRQVRQDQWZHPXVWVWDWHZKLFKRIWKHORZHUDUWLFXODWRUV DUWLFXODWHVZLWKZKLFKRIWKHXSSHUDUWLFXODWRUV
%LODELDO 7KHUH DUH WKUHHELODELDO VRXQGV LQ (QJOLVK E S P LQ ZRUGV VXFK DV EHHSHDPH7KHILUVWDQGWKHODVWDUHYRLFHGWKHVHFRQGLVYRLFHOHVV )RUWKHESWKHVRIWSDODWHLVUDLVHGWKDWLVWKH\DUHSURGXFHGDWWKH RUDOFDYLW\RQO\DQGVRDUHGHILQHGDVEHLQJRUDOZKHUHDVPLVQDVDO WKDWLVLWLVSURGXFHGZLWKWKHVRIWSDODWHEHLQJORZHUHGZKLFKSURGXFHV WKH DLU HVFDSH WKURXJK WKH QRVH DQG PRXWK $V IRU WKHSODFH RI DUWLFXODWLRQ LQ WKH WKUHH RI WKHP WKH XSSHU OLS DUWLFXODWHV ZLWK WKH ORZHUOLS PRUHVSHFLILFDOO\SURGXFLQJDFRPSOHWHFRQWDFW ([DPSOHEHDWERDWELJEDJ
3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQEXUQER\ERDW • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQFDEEDJHOREE\ODERU • ZRUGILQDODVLQFXEVREFDE • 6LOHQWEFDQRFFXUDVLQOLPEWKXPEFRPE
6D\ E WR\RXUVHOIDIHZWLPHV)HHO\RXUQHFNIRUWKHYLEUDWLRQVWKDWWHOO \RXWKDWLWLVDYRLFHGFRQVRQDQW 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ%LODELDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQSLJSHDWSRWSDWK 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQSHRSOHSHUVRQSROH • ZRUGPHGLDO LQWHUYRFDOLF DVLQWRSPRVWFDSDEOHJRVSHO • ZRUGPHGLDO VSUHFHGLQJ DVLQVSLQ6SDLQVSLOO • ZRUGILQDODVLQFKHDSVOLSSXPS • 6LOHQWSFDQRFFXUDVLQSV\FKRORJLVWUHFHLSWSVDOP 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ%LODELDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQPHDWPRSPDWPLQW 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQPLGGOHPXGPLOG • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQIXPEOHOHPRQVLPSOH •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQGRJGHDUGLVK • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQPLGGOHDGPLWEDGO\ • ZRUGILQDODVLQWKLUGPDGROG 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ$OYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO DVLQWLQWHDUWRSWDQN 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQWRZQWDNHWDON • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQIDWDOVWHDNEXWWHU • ZRUGILQDODVLQEXWILWERDW 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ$OYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQ]RR]LS]HDO]RQH 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQ]HVW]LQF=XOX • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQHDV\ERVRPOD]\ • ZRUGILQDODVLQKDVZDVGRHV 7KLVVRXQGLVYHU\FOHDUO\DYRLFHGVRXQG,WLVWKHYRLFHGHTXLYDOHQWRI V 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ$OYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ)ULFDWLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQVRQJVLSVRDSVHDW 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQVHDOFHDVHVLW • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQHVVD\HVFDSHSHQFLO •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQNQHHOQDLOQRVH • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQLQVLGHWKLQNHUGLQQHU •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQJRDWJRGJUDSHIUXLW • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQILJXUHEHJLQDQJU\ • ZRUGILQDODVLQUXJGRJYDJXH 7KLVOHWWHULVWKHYRLFHGYHUVLRQRIN6ZLWFKLQJEHWZHHQWKHWZR\RX VKRXOGEHDEOHWRIHHOWKHYRLFHRIJ,WLVHDV\WRWHOOWKDWWKHVRXQGLV EHLQJPDGHDWWKHEDFNRIWKHWKURDW,WPLJKWDOVREHSRVVLEOHIRU\RXWR IHHO WKH EDFN RI \RXU WRQJXH WRXFKLQJ WKH VRIW SDODWH DV \RX PDNH WKH VRXQG 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ9HODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO 1 The consonant /1/ only appears in final position. $VLQNLQJFRWFDXJKWNH\ 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQFDWFKNHHSFORVH • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQEDNHUVHFUHWHTXDO • ZRUGILQDODVLQEDFNGHVNGXFN 7KLV VRXQG LV WKH YRLFHOHVV HTXLYDOHQW RI J 7KH SODFH RI DUWLFXODWLRQ VKRXOGEHIHOWDVEHLQJWKHVRIWSDODWHDWWKHEDFNRI\RXUPRXWK 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ9HODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO DVLQKDQJVRQJWKLQJVLQJHU 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • 7KLVVRXQGGRHVQRWDSSHDULQZRUGLQLWLDOSRVLWLRQVLQ53 • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQVLQJHUORQJLQJKDQJHU •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQYDVWYDLQYRLFH • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQHYHURYHUVLOYHU • ZRUGILQDODVLQEHKDYHJURRYHRI 7KH VRXQG FDQ EH FOHDUO\ IHOW WR KDYH YRLFH LI \RX SXW \RXU ILQJHUV RQ \RXUWKURDW 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ/DELRGHQWDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ)ULFDWLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQILQHIHHOIXUIRRW 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQILUVWILQDOIOLS • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQGHIHQGDIIDLUVHOILVK •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQWKRXJKWKHUHWKH\ • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQZLWKLQOHDWKHUIDWKHU • ZRUGILQDODVLQZLWKVRRWKHVHHWKH ,I\RXIHHO\RXUWKURDW\RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRGHWHFWWKHYLEUDWLRQVRID YRLFHGFRQVRQDQW 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ'HQWDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ)ULFDWLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQWKLQNWKLJKWKRXJKWWKDQN 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQWKLQNWKLUVWWKLQ • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQHWKHUOHWKDODXWKRU •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQVKRSVKHHSVKLUW • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQILVVXUHPLVVLRQELVKRS • ZRUGILQDODVLQZLVKFDVKILQLVK 7KLV VRXQG FOHDUO\ FDUULHV QR YRLFH +RZHYHU LW LV TXLWH GLIILFXOW WR GLIIHUHQWLDWHZKHUHLQWKHPRXWKLWLVDUWLFXODWHG,WVHHPVWREHEHWZHHQ WKH DOYHRODU ULGJH DQG WKH KDUG SDODWH DQG VR VRPH SHRSOH FDOO LW D SDODWRDOYHRODU $V WKH VRXQG LV EHLQJ IRUFHG EHWZHHQ WKH WRQJXH DQG WKHSDODWRDOYHRODULWLVDIULFDWLYH 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ3DODWRDOYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ)ULFDWLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO 2 Instead of IPA symbols, some authors use /V , ] , F , M / for /6, =, W6, G=/ $VLQJHQUHPHDVXUHOHLVXUHVHL]XUH 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDO LQ)UHQFKORDQZRUGV DVLQJLJRORJHQUH • ZRUGPHGLDOPHDVXUHXVXDOFRQIXVLRQ HDUO\)UHQFKORDQZRUGV • ZRUG ILQDO LQ UHFHQW )UHQFK ORDQ ZRUGV DV LQ SUHVWLJH URXJH EHLJH 3ODFLQJ\RXUILQJHURYHU\RXUWKURDW\RXFDQFOHDUO\IHHOWKHYLEUDWLRQRI YRLFH7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKHWRQJXHLVVRPHZKHUHDURXQGZKHUHWKHKDUG SDODWH DQG WKH DOYHRODU ULGJH PHHW PDNLQJ LW D SDODWRDOYHRODU FRQVRQDQW 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ3DODWRDOYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ)ULFDWLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQFKHDSFKDLU&KDUOHVFKRPS 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQFKHHVHFKHDSFKDUP • ZRUGPHGLDO LQWHUYRFDOLF DVLQULFKHUQDWXUHIHDWXUH • ZRUGPHGLDO FRQVRQDQWSUHFHGLQJ DVLQPLVFKLHIMXQFWXUH FDSWXUH • ZRUGILQDO LQWHUYRFDOLF DVLQFDWFKPXFKFRDFK • ZRUGILQDO FRQVRQDQWSUHFHGLQJ DVLQEHQFKEUDQFKLQFK ,I\RXSODFH\RXUKDQGRQ\RXUWKURDW\RXFDQFOHDUO\IHHOWKDWWKLVVRXQG FDUULHVQRYRLFH$OVRWKHIDFWWKDWLWLVDIULFDWLYHPHDQVWKDWWKHWRQJXH LVVSUHDGRYHUWKHKDUGSDODWHDQGWKHDOYHRODUULGJHPDNLQJLWDSDODWR DOYHRODUVRXQG 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ3DODWRDOYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ$IIULFDWH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQMHHSJHVWXUHMRXVWMXPS 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQMHVWMDUMHUN • ZRUGPHGLDO LQWHUYRFDOLF DVLQPLGJHWIUDJLOHXUJHQW • ZRUGPHGLDO FRQVRQDQWSUHFHGLQJ DVLQGDQJHUVROGLHUREMHFW • ZRUGILQDO LQWHUYRFDOLF DVLQULGJHODUJHDJH •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQURSHUHDOURE • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQPLUURUYHU\DUURZ • ZRUGILQDODVLQIDUSRRUKHUHEXWRQO\ZKHQWKHQH[WVRXQGLVD YRZHO ULVDYHU\WULFN\FRQVRQDQW0DQ\SHRSOHWKLQNWKDWULVVWLOOUROOHGLQ WKHPRXWKDOWKRXJKWKLVFRXOGEHVDLGDERXW6FRWWLVK (QJOLVK LW LV QRW WUXHRI537KHWRQJXHWLSLVIDLUO\FORVHWRWKHEDFNRIWKHDOYHRODUULGJH ZLWKWKHVLGHVRIWKHWRQJXHLQFRQWDFWZLWKWKHVLGHVRIWKHSDODWH U LV QRW SURQRXQFHG ZKHQ LW FRPHV EHIRUH D FRQVRQDQW HYHQ LI LW LV ZULWWHQ 7KHVDPHLVWUXHLIUFRPHVDWWKHHQGRIDZRUG6RLWLVRQO\ SURQRXQFHGLIWKHIROORZLQJZRUGEHJLQVZLWKDYRZHO 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ3RVWDOYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ5HWURIOH[DSSUR[LPDQW 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO 3 Some speakers make what we call a bunched //, meaning that the tip of the tongue is kept down, and it is the body of the tongue that is pulled up and back. 4 The symbol /U/ also represents a trill (as in Spanish río). 3DODWDO 3DODWDO VRXQGV DUH PDGH ZLWK WKH IURQW RI WKH WRQJXH DUWLFXODWLQJ DJDLQVW WKHKDUG SDODWH 7KHUH LV RQH SDODWDO VRXQG LQ (QJOLVK M LQ ZRUGVVXFKDV\HV\HVWHUGD\\DZQ 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQ\HDU\RXQJ\RX • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQODZ\HUEHDXW\YDOXH 7KLV PD\ ORRN OLNH D M VRXQG EXW LW LV WKH SKRQHWLF UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH \ VRXQG ,W LV D VHPLYRZHO KDYLQJ VRPH RI WKH TXDOLWLHV RI D YRZHO DQG RI D FRQVRQDQW ,W VHHPV WR VWDUW OLNH WKH YRZHO L EHIRUH PRYLQJWRDPRUHREVWUXFWLRQLVWVRXQGWUDGLWLRQDORIWKHFRQVRQDQWV7KLV V\PEROLVNQRZQDVWKH³\RG´RU³MRG´ 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ3DODWDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ$SSUR[LPDQW 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO 5 Sometimes the alveolar sound /O/ is also pronounced as a palatal one. 6 This sound is represented like /y/ in the American English tradition. /DELDOYHODU $VWKHSDODWRDOYHRODUFRQVRQDQWVWKHVRXQGZKDVDGRXEOHSODFHRI DUWLFXODWLRQ PHDQLQJ WKDW LW LV SURGXFHG DW WKHODELDO DQG WKHYHODU DUHD)RUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKLVFRQVRQDQWWKHOLSVJHWDSSUR[LPDWHGDW WKHVDPHWLPHWKDWWKHEDFNRIWKHWRQJXHDQGWKHVRIWSDODWHJHWQHDU ([DPSOHVDUHZHWDQGQRZKHUH,WLVFRQVLGHUHGYRLFHG $VLQZLQZLWFKZDOO 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQZHDWKHUZDWFKZRUWK • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQWZLJWZHOYHTXHHQ • 7KLVVRXQGGRHVQ WDSSHDULQZRUGILQDOSRVLWLRQVLQ53 7KLV FRQVRQDQW LV DOVR NQRZQ DV D VHPLYRZHO 7KH DUWLFXODWLRQ RI WKLV OHWWHUPDNHVLWVRXQGDVLILWVWDUWVRXWDVWKHXYRZHOEHIRUHEHFRPLQJ DQ REVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH DLUIORZ 7KH REVWUXFWLRQ QHYHU FDXVHV HQRXJK IULFWLRQWRPDNHLWVRXQGOLNHDIULFDWLYH 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ/DELDOYHODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ$SSUR[LPDQW 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO 7 In GA, there exists a voiceless counterpart /Ä/, which establishes the distinction between wet and whet (the first one being voiced, the second one voiceless). That distinction is not present in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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQKHDUWKHDOKHOS • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQEHKDYHDKHDGDGKHUH •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lso known as plosives 9 All of the nasal stops are voiced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³ODWHUDOLW\´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he waveform of a sound can be visualized with many computer programs. 6RXQG 6RQRULW\LQGH[ /RZYRZHOV 0LGYRZHOV +LJKYRZHOV JOLGHV UO 1DVDOVWRSV $IIULFDWHV 9RLFHGIULFDWLYHV 9RLFHOHVV IULFDWLYHV 9RLFHGVWRSV 9RLFHOHVVVWRSV 2WKHUFODVVLILFDWLRQVLQFOXGHWKDWRIVLELODQWVIRUV]6=DQGOLTXLGV ZKLFKFRPSULVHODWHUDOVDQGUOLNHVRXQGVOU