5. the ENGLISH CONSONANTS A) Voicing B) Place of Articulation C

5. the ENGLISH CONSONANTS A) Voicing B) Place of Articulation C

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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQEXUQER\ERDW • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQFDEEDJHOREE\ODERU • ZRUGILQDODVLQFXEVREFDE • 6LOHQWEFDQRFFXUDVLQOLPEWKXPEFRPE 6D\ E WR\RXUVHOIDIHZWLPHV)HHO\RXUQHFNIRUWKHYLEUDWLRQVWKDWWHOO \RXWKDWLWLVDYRLFHGFRQVRQDQW<RXFDQFOHDUO\IHHOWKHXVHRIERWKRI \RXUOLSVGHPRQVWUDWLQJWKDWLWLVDELODELDOVRXQG 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ%LODELDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQSLJSHDWSRWSDWK 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQSHRSOHSHUVRQSROH • ZRUGPHGLDO LQWHUYRFDOLF DVLQWRSPRVWFDSDEOHJRVSHO • ZRUGPHGLDO VSUHFHGLQJ DVLQVSLQ6SDLQVSLOO • ZRUGILQDODVLQFKHDSVOLSSXPS • 6LOHQWSFDQRFFXUDVLQSV\FKRORJLVWUHFHLSWSVDOP <RXVKRXOGQRWEHDEOHWRIHHO\RXUWKURDWYLEUDWHLQGLFDWLQJWKDWLWLVD YRLFHOHVV FRQVRQDQW <RX FDQ FOHDUO\ VHH WKDW ERWK RI \RXU OLSV DUH UHTXLUHGWRPDNHWKHVRXQGPDNLQJLWDELODELDOVRXQG 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ%LODELDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQPHDWPRSPDWPLQW 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQPLGGOHPXGPLOG • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQIXPEOHOHPRQVLPSOH •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQGRJGHDUGLVK • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQPLGGOHDGPLWEDGO\ • ZRUGILQDODVLQWKLUGPDGROG <RX FDQ IHHO WKDW \RXU WKURDW YLEUDWHV DV \RX VD\ WKH OHWWHU VR LW LV YRLFHG<RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRIHHO\RXUWRQJXHWRXFKWKHDOYHRODUULGJH PDNLQJLWDQDOYHRODUVRXQG$QG\RXFDQIHHODVPDOOH[SORVLRQRIDLURQ \RXUKDQGLI\RXKROGLWLQIURQWRI\RXUPRXWKZKLFKGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDW LWLVDSORVLYHVRXQG 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ$OYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO DVLQWLQWHDUWRSWDQN 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQWRZQWDNHWDON • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQIDWDOVWHDNEXWWHU • ZRUGILQDODVLQEXWILWERDW <RXFDQFOHDUO\IHHO\RXUWRQJXHWRXFKWKHDOYHRODUULGJHDQGWKHGLVWLQFW H[SORVLRQRIDLUWKDWPDUNVLWDVEHLQJSORVLYH 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ$OYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQ]RR]LS]HDO]RQH 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQ]HVW]LQF=XOX • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQHDV\ERVRPOD]\ • ZRUGILQDODVLQKDVZDVGRHV 7KLVVRXQGLVYHU\FOHDUO\DYRLFHGVRXQG,WLVWKHYRLFHGHTXLYDOHQWRI V <RX FDQ IHHO DLU EHLQJ IRUFHG WKURXJK WKH WRQJXH DQG WKH DOYHRODU ULGJHPHDQLQJWKDWLWLVDIULFDWLYHEHLQJDUWLFXODWHGDWWKHDOYHRODU 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ$OYHRODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ)ULFDWLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQVRQJVLSVRDSVHDW 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQVHDOFHDVHVLW • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQHVVD\HVFDSHSHQFLO •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQNQHHOQDLOQRVH • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQLQVLGHWKLQNHUGLQQHU •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQJRDWJRGJUDSHIUXLW • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQILJXUHEHJLQDQJU\ • ZRUGILQDODVLQUXJGRJYDJXH 7KLVOHWWHULVWKHYRLFHGYHUVLRQRIN6ZLWFKLQJEHWZHHQWKHWZR\RX VKRXOGEHDEOHWRIHHOWKHYRLFHRIJ,WLVHDV\WRWHOOWKDWWKHVRXQGLV EHLQJPDGHDWWKHEDFNRIWKHWKURDW,WPLJKWDOVREHSRVVLEOHIRU\RXWR IHHO WKH EDFN RI \RXU WRQJXH WRXFKLQJ WKH VRIW SDODWH DV \RX PDNH WKH VRXQG 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ9HODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO 1 The consonant /1/ only appears in final position. $VLQNLQJFRWFDXJKWNH\ 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQFDWFKNHHSFORVH • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQEDNHUVHFUHWHTXDO • ZRUGILQDODVLQEDFNGHVNGXFN 7KLV VRXQG LV WKH YRLFHOHVV HTXLYDOHQW RI J 7KH SODFH RI DUWLFXODWLRQ VKRXOGEHIHOWDVEHLQJWKHVRIWSDODWHDWWKHEDFNRI\RXUPRXWK 9RLFLQJ9RLFHOHVV 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ9HODU 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ3ORVLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO DVLQKDQJVRQJWKLQJVLQJHU 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • 7KLVVRXQGGRHVQRWDSSHDULQZRUGLQLWLDOSRVLWLRQVLQ53 • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQVLQJHUORQJLQJKDQJHU •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQYDVWYDLQYRLFH • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQHYHURYHUVLOYHU • ZRUGILQDODVLQEHKDYHJURRYHRI 7KH VRXQG FDQ EH FOHDUO\ IHOW WR KDYH YRLFH LI \RX SXW \RXU ILQJHUV RQ \RXUWKURDW<RXVKRXOGDOVREHDEOHWRIHHOWKHDLUEHLQJVTXHH]HGSDVW \RXUORZHUOLSDQGXSSHUIURQWWHHWKLQGLFDWLQJWKDWYLVDODELRGHQWDO IULFDWLYH 9RLFLQJ9RLFHG 3ODFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ/DELRGHQWDO 0DQQHURIDUWLFXODWLRQ)ULFDWLYH 3RVLWLRQRIWKHVRIWSDODWH2UDO $VLQILQHIHHOIXUIRRW 3RVVLEOHSRVLWLRQLQJ • ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQILUVWILQDOIOLS • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQGHIHQGDIIDLUVHOILVK •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• ZRUGLQLWLDODVLQWKRXJKWKHUHWKH\ • ZRUGPHGLDODVLQZLWKLQOHDWKHUIDWKHU • ZRUGILQDODVLQZLWKVRRWKHVHHWKH ,I\RXIHHO\RXUWKURDW\RXVKRXOGEHDEOHWRGHWHFWWKHYLEUDWLRQVRID YRLFHGFRQVRQDQW<RXFDQDOVRIHHO\RXUWRQJXHWLSDFWLQJDJDLQVW\RXU

View Full Text

Details

  • File Type
    pdf
  • Upload Time
    -
  • Content Languages
    English
  • Upload User
    Anonymous/Not logged-in
  • File Pages
    29 Page
  • File Size
    -

Download

Channel Download Status
Express Download Enable

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

  • Not to be reproduced or distributed without explicit permission.
  • Not used for commercial purposes outside of approved use cases.
  • Not used to infringe on the rights of the original creators.
  • If you believe any content infringes your copyright, please contact us immediately.

Support

For help with questions, suggestions, or problems, please contact us