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The Crisis of European Integration Process in the Western Balkan Countries

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The Crisis of European Integration Process in the Western Balkan Countries THE CRISIS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESS IN THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES JULIA GRZYBOWSKA, JAKUB LACHERT newdirection.online @europeanreform @europeanreform NDeuropeanreform [email protected] Founded by Margaret Thatcher in 2009 as the intellectual hub of European Conservativism, New Direction has established academic networks across Europe and research partnerships throughout the world. New Direction is registered in Belgium as a not-for-profit organisation and is partly funded by the European Parliament. REGISTERED OFFICE: Rue du Trône, 4, 1000 Brussels, Belgium. EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Naweed Khan. The European Parliament and New Direction assume no responsibility for the opinions expressed in this publication. Sole liability rests with the author. AUTHORS Julia Grzybowska Jakub Lachert Julia Grzybowska graduated with honors from Jakub Lachert is a PhD candidate at the Faculty of MA studies in European Studies at the University Political Sciences and International Studies at the of Warsaw. Currently she seves as Vice-President University of Warsaw. His research interests include: of Board of the Warsaw Institute. She gained her European Union neighborhood policy, including, professional experience in the governmental, non- in particular, Eastern policy, Eastern Partnership, governmental and media sectors. Western Balkans in the process of integration with the EU. February 2020 New Direction newdirection.online @europeanreform The Crisis of European Integration Process in the Western Balkan Countries FOREWORD he Western Balkans, the region that with political changes that came after, including the encompasses the Republic of Albania, Bosnia breakup of Yugoslavia that fueled a series of internal Tand Herzegovina, the Republic of Kosovo, the ethnic and national conflicts. The rows broke out Republic of North Macedonia, and the Republic of in 1991 after the Serb-dominated Yugoslavian army Serbia, are where contradictory tendencies prevail. lashed out in Slovenia, and then also in Croatia and While some of these countries are seeking rapid Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1995, the rival factions in integration with the European Union, the others the ethnic warfare met at the invitation of President gave up hopes of becoming new EU member states, Bill Clinton in the U.S. city of Dayton to bash out a opting for rapprochement with Russia, though they peaceful solution. The peace deals underpinned the avoided it in the past. In addition comes the EU’s current administrative structure and the political indecision over whether to add new states to the system of Bosnia and Herzegovina while empowering bloc. Such a state of affairs is highly unfavorable, NATO to oversee peace-building efforts across the especially in the current geopolitical climate. Not only region. This proved indispensable because ethnic is the cordiality between the European Union and the Albanians opposed Serbs in 1998 in what was named Western Balkans desirable, but it is also of paramount as the Kosovo war. The campaign ended in 1999, importance for maintaining stability across the region. with a peace agreement signed thanks to NATO’s What EU member states should understand is that intervention. the Western Balkans are tantamount to the bloc’s new ready markets while their prospective membership Once Greece (1981), Bulgaria and Romania (2007) may help sustain democratic order in yet another part as well as Croatia (2013) joined the European Union, of Europe. An alternative scenario for the Western an issue arose with the bloc’s policy towards other Balkans could consist in their sailing closer to Russia, countries of the region known as the Western economic dependence on China’s growing presence Balkans - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, across the region, and Turkey’s rebuilding of what was Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Serbia. its influence throughout the area. The following report The preliminary, albeit vital, step was the EU’s attempts to outline the already existing conditions in decision to launch the stabilization and association the region as well as provide recommendations that process in 1999, a strategic framework that offered may help reach a consensus within the community a gradual rapprochement of the Western Balkan and launch actions, though already belated, aimed countries with the European Union. In the aftermath at admitting the Western Balkans into the European of a series of historical disruptions that allowed Union. EU accession to begin, the countries of the region were forced to tilt toward a democratic system, and Due to its turbulent past, historians referred to the rebuild their economies and institutions. Also, it was Balkans, a region located in Southern Europe, as of utmost importance to defuse tensions between the Balkan powder keg. Washed by four seas - the neighboring countries. In consequence, having given Adriatic, the Ionian, the Aegean and the Black - the in to tremendous pressure from Greece, Macedonia strategically located part has been a battlefield for agreed to change its name to the Republic of North great power competition. The mid-19th century saw Macedonia, and Serbia opened a political dialogue the rise of nationalist movements in the Balkans with Kosovo. and their attempts to liberate from Turkish Ottoman control. Since then, the Balkans have struggled 6 New Direction Julia Grzybowska, Jakub Lachert Thus, with the mere idea of EU membership, countries that joined the bloc back in 2004. With a Brussels got a powerful tool for exerting and - most strong region comes a minimized risk of internal spats, importantly - stabilizing influence across the region. a factor that dismisses an argument of those being With their ethnic and religious diversity, cooperation against further EU enlargement rounds, saying their unfolded differently between the European Union joining would transfer their domestic rows straight and the individual countries throughout the area. In into the European Union. consequence, each of these countries is at a different stage of their EU accession talks. The bloc’s failed There are other worthwhile institutions, including the membership negotiations with the countries that EU-endorsed Energy Community that bring together lag behind their peers in the EU negotiation process the European Union as well as its Central and Eastern sparked a big wave of disappointment with the European neighbors. Incorporating the Western European project that swept across the southern Balkans into the bloc is tantamount to the region’s region of the continent. energy security and its chance to sail away from Russia. The European Union, for its part, sees new In the face of Brexit and the European migrant crisis, members as a resource base while it distinguished the EU is yet again confronting a long-lasting dilemma an opportunity they can offer to exert an impact on dating back to the bloc’s early beginnings - or countries that may host major oil and gas pipelines whether to morph into a confederation or federation. from Russia, including the projected South Stream However, as it stands, further European integration is energy link or European infrastructure projects. becoming more and more cumbersome. The EU is torn over between these who are in favor of welcoming One of the region’s major pain points is its poorly Western Balkans in the bloc - including Germany and developed road network. Newly emerged actors like Poland that are part of the Berlin Process - and those China are sensitive to the society’s unmet needs by that balk at seeing Western Balkan countries joining building new infrastructure links in local areas, thus the EU: Denmark and the Netherlands. Countries that compelling the Western Balkans to request lending for defy further EU enlargement processes yet ought to investments. This contributes to the ever-deepening remember than lengthy accessions talks are likely to budget deficit of the countries while boosting their make external players like China, Russia and Turkey reliance on Chinese lending. What serves as a key step rise in importance across the region. for the Western Balkans is to implement the Berlin Process agenda that embraces regional cooperation In addition comes ubiquitous populism, which is also while complementing the EU’s enlargement policy. a weighty matter. In the wake of failed accession At the forefront remains the Connectivity Agenda, talks, the Western Balkans saw anti-European political a tool devised to nurture mutual ties and exchange parties winning huge popularity. An overriding experiences in areas like social or economic policy. concern is that new general elections will produce With its agenda, the Berlin Process launched a irreversible changes for the countries concerned. EU- number of initiatives and projects in spheres like sceptic parties promote alternative alliances, as best transport and infrastructure while setting a path for exemplified by Serbia, the biggest of all the Western building civil society. Unlike the case of other actors, Balkan states, and its recent joining of the Eurasian these countries’ close links to the European Union Economic Union (EAEU). go hand in hand with traditional values built upon foundations of rule of law, including respect for In order to maintain influence in the region, the human rights, thus standards that external players fail European Union should express satisfaction over the to abide by. visible progress made by the Western Balkans to build democracy and stability. A Balkan Schengen- The following paper
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