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Information Communication Technologies and Identity in Post- Dayton Bosnia: Mending Or Deepening the Ethnic Divide

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Information Communication Technologies and Identity in Post- Dayton Bosnia: Mending Or Deepening the Ethnic Divide Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2014 Information Communication Technologies and Identity in Post- Dayton Bosnia: Mending or Deepening the Ethnic Divide William David McIntire Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation McIntire, William David, "Information Communication Technologies and Identity in Post-Dayton Bosnia: Mending or Deepening the Ethnic Divide" (2014). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1372. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1372 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Information Communication Technologies and Identity in Post-Dayton Bosnia: Mending or Deepening the Ethnic Divide A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By WILLIAM MCINTIRE M.A. History, Wright State University, 2009 2014 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL 02 May 2014 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY William McIntire ENTITLED Information Communication Technologies and Identity in Post-Dayton Bosnia: Mending or Deepening the Ethnic Divide. BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts . ______________________________ Laura Luehrmann, Ph.D. Thesis Director ______________________________ Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: ___________________________________ Laura Luehrmann, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Donna Schlagheck, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ___________________________________ Vaughn Shannon, Ph.D. Department of Political Science ______________________________ Robert E. W. Fyffe, Ph.D. Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract McIntire, William David. M.A., Department of Political Science, Wright State University, 2014 . Information Communication Technologies and Identity in Post-Dayton Bosnia: Mending or Deepening the Ethnic Divide In the new digital world connected by ICT the methods and availability of communication have not only transformed the way people interact, learn, and do business, it also has political implications. ICT, specifically Web2.0 social media, increase the reach of campaigns and assist in organizing and executing reform movements. The state of Bosnia-Herzegovina presents a unique test case as it is a post-conflict state moving toward democratic consolidation that emerged in 1995, when the World Wide Web was making inroads into daily life. The state is divided, politically and socially, into ethnic cleavages. ICT in BiH has not been a vector for major political reform like what was seen in the Arab Spring. It does however contribute to the long term mending of cleavages and building of civil society through its use by non- governmental organizations. It also allows, through principles of the contact theory, for citizens to build inter-ethnic relationships. iii Table of Contents Abstract..........................................................................................................................................iii Tables and Charts........................................................................................................................... vi List of Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... vii Chapter I: The Revolution Will [not] be Digitized? Information Technology, Politics, and Society............................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1 Hypothesis................................................................................................................................... 3 Operationalization....................................................................................................................... 5 ICT .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Societal Cleavages: Ethnicity ..................................................................................................... 6 Changes in Cleavages ................................................................................................................. 8 Methodology............................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................................... 10 Theory....................................................................................................................................... 11 Literature Review: ICT and Political Movements.................................................................... 17 International Organizations....................................................................................................... 18 Grassroots Movements.............................................................................................................. 19 Political Parties ......................................................................................................................... 20 Civil Society.............................................................................................................................. 23 Illiberal Speech and Government Restriction of Content......................................................... 25 Alternative Media ..................................................................................................................... 26 Ethnic Minority Expression ...................................................................................................... 28 ICT and Political Movements ................................................................................................... 29 Chapter II: International Partners and the Consociational Framework of the Bosnia and Herzegovina State. ........................................................................................................................ 31 History of a “South Slav” State ................................................................................................ 32 The Rise of Milosevic: The End of the South Slav Experiment............................................... 38 Analysis of Yugoslav History................................................................................................... 43 Impact of The Dayton Peace Accords ...................................................................................... 43 The European Union in BiH ..................................................................................................... 52 Office of the High Representative ............................................................................................ 60 Citizen Desire to Mend Cleavages............................................................................................ 62 Negative Outlook on Mending Ethnic Cleavages..................................................................... 63 iv Contact Hypothesis: Future of the State ................................................................................... 64 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 71 Chapter III: The Future of the State.............................................................................................. 73 ICT as a Tool for Change.......................................................................................................... 73 Transitioning State: A Decade after Dayton............................................................................. 76 Diaspora: A Decade After Dayton............................................................................................ 77 Education: A Decade After Dayton .......................................................................................... 79 Government: A Decade After Dayton ...................................................................................... 80 Civil Society: A Decade After Dayton ..................................................................................... 82 International Community: A Decade After Dayton.................................................................. 84 Citizens: A Decade After Dayton ............................................................................................. 85 Current ICT Proliferation: 2005-Present. ................................................................................. 87 Public Opinion Poll Results for Youth (18-30/5) ..................................................................... 99 Education: 2005 to Present ....................................................................................................
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