Migration in Austria Günter Bischof, Dirk Rupnow (Eds.)

CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES VOLUME 26 Migration in Austria Günter Bischof, Dirk Rupnow (Eds.) UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Migration in Austria Günter Bischof, Dirk Rupnow (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 26 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2017 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Book design by Allison Reu and Alex Dimeff Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608011452 ISBN: 9783903122802 UNO PRESS Publication of this volume has been made possible through a generous grant by the Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy through the Austrian Academic Exchange Service (ÖAAD). The Austrian Marshall Plan Anniversary Foundation in Vienna has been very generous in supporting Center Austria: The Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies at the University of New Orleans and its publications series. The College of Liberal Arts at the University of New Orleans, as well as the Vice Rectorate for Research and the International Relations Office of the University of Innsbruck provided additional financial support. Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and University of Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, Center Austria: Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies, University of New Orleans Dirk Rupnow, Institute for Contemporary History, University of Innsbruck Associate Editor Tobias Auböck, University of New Orleans/University of Innsbruck Production Editors Copy Editor Abram Himelstein & G.K. Darby, Ella Pfalzgraff University of New Orleans University of New Orleans Press Birgit Holzner, University of Innsbruck Advisory Board Jeffrey Anderson Patrick Kupper Georgetown University University of Innsbruck John Boyer Marc Landry (CHAIR) University of Chicago University of New Orleans Howard Louthan (ex officio) Joseph Patrouch (ex officio) University of Minnesota Wirth Institute for Austrian and Christine Day Central European Studies, University of New Orleans University of Alberta Malachi Hacohen Hans Petschar Duke University Austrian National Library – Reinhard Heinisch Picture & Graphics Department University of Salzburg Nicole Phelps Pieter Judson University of Vermont European University Institute, Peter Pulzer Florence University of Oxford Ferdinand Karlhofer Oliver Rathkolb University of Innsbruck University of Vienna Tait Keller Dirk Rupnow Rhodes College University of Innsbruck Timothy Kirk Annemarie Steidl University of Newcastle University of Vienna Wilhelm Kohler Barbara Stelzl-Marx Tübingen University Ludwig Boltzmann Institute, Katerina Kralova Graz Charles University, Prague Table of Contents Preface 13 I. INTRODUCTION Heinz Tesarek, Photo Essay: The Bakkar Family 25 from Aleppo, Syria – Frontpage Refugees Dirk Rupnow, The History and Memory of Migration 37 in Post-War Austria: Current Trends and Future Challenges II. FROM THE LATE HABSBURG EMPIRE TO WORLD WAR II Annemarie Steidl, Migration Patterns in the Late Habsburg Empire 69 III. POST-WORLD WAR II Maximilian Graf/Sarah Knoll, In Transit or Asylum Seekers? 91 Austria and the Cold War Refugees from the Communist Bloc Vida Bakondy, “Austria Attractive for Guest Workers?” 113 Recruitment of Immigrant Labor in Austria in the 1960s and 1970s Anne Unterwurzacher, “The Other Colleagues” – Labor 139 Migration at the Glanzstoff-Fabrik in St. Pölten from 1962 to 1975 Verena Lorber, To Come into Focus: Female “Guest Workers” 161 from Former Yugoslavia in Austria (1960-1980) Eva Tamara Asboth/Silvia Nadjivan, 187 Neither Here Nor There – Ni ovde, ni tamo: Religiously Connoted Social Media Self-Representations of “Generation In-Between” IV. THE “REFUGEE CRISIS” TODAY AND ITS REFLECTION IN SOCIETY AND THE ARTS Andreas Th. Müller/Andreas Oberprantacher, 217 Austria Bordering Europe: Blocking and Brokering Routes Amid a Manifold Crisis Christiane Hintermann, Marginalized Memories: 243 The (In)visibility of Migration History in Public Space in Austria Manfred Kohler, Austrian Public Opinion in the “Refugee Crisis” 257 Book Reviews Annemarie Steidl: Elisabeth Röhrlich 275 (assisted by Agnes Meisinger), ed., Migration und Innovation um 1900: Perspektiven auf das Wien der Jahrhundertwende (Vienna: Böhlau, 2016) Sarah Cramsey: Tara Zahra, The Great Departure: 279 Mass Migration from Eastern Europe and the Making of the Free World (W.W. Norton & Co.: 2016) James Weingartner: Marco Büchl, 287 Dogface Soldiers: Die Frontsoldaten der US-Infanterie und der Krieg gegen Hitlers Wehrmacht im Mittelmeerraum und in Nordwesteuropa (Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 2016); Peter Karsten, Understanding World War 2 Combat Infantrymen in the European Theater: Testing the Sufficiency of Army Research Branch Surveys and Infantry Combatant Recollections against the Insights of Credible War Correspondents, Combat Photographers, and Army Cartoonists (Bennington, Vermont: Merriam Press, 2016) Winfried Garscha: Hellmut Butterweck, 291 Nationalsozialisten vor dem Volksgericht Wien: Österreichs Ringen um Gerechtigkeit 1945-1955 in der zeitgenössischen öffentlichen Wahrnehmung (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2016) Günter Bischof: Florian Traussnig, 297 Militärischer Widerstand von Außen: Österreicher in der US-Armee und Kriegsgeheimdienst im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Vienna: Böhlau, 2015); Georg Hoffmann, Fliegerjustiz: Gewalt gegen abgeschossene alliierte Flugzeugbesatzungen 1943-1945 (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2015) Robert Mark Spaulding: Maximilian Graf, 305 Österreich und die DDR 1949-1990: Politik und Wirtschaft im Schatten der deutschen Teilung (Vienna: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften 2016) Dirk Rupnow: Cornelia Wilhelm, ed., 309 Migration, Memory, and Diversity: Germany from 1945 to the Present (New York: Berghahn 2017) List of Authors 315 Migration in Austria Preface Günter Bischof/Dirk Rupnow At the height of the so-called “refugee crisis” during the summer of 2015, the Austrian Student Organization Österreichische Hochschülerschaft organized a demonstration outside the main Austrian government’s refugee camp, Traiskirchen, in Lower Austria. The students, supported by the NGO Neue Linkswende, protested under the heading, “United We Stand for Refugee Rights in Traiskirchen.” Traiskirchen Refugee Camp, located 20 kilometers south of Vienna, was formerly used for military barracks and an officer training center that had been re-opened in the 1950s to accommo- date refugees coming to Austria during Cold War crises in the Communist Bloc (Hungary in 1956/57, Czechoslovakia in 1968/69, Poland in 1981/82, GDR and Romania in 1989/90). In the summer of 2015, Traiskirchen was overcrowded with refugees who had made it through the Balkans and even- tually arrived in Austria. The iconic refugee camp was in the Austrian news all summer. The demands of the protesters gathering outside that camp on July 26, 2015 are clearly outlined in the banners they carried in the picture on the cover of this volume. Refugees were asking for their basic human needs being met: passports and the right to transfer through Austria to places beyond (Germany, Sweden), and decent food and living condi- tions. One poster also said, “Muslims and Refugees are Welcome Here!,” referencing what became known that summer as the “culture of welcome” (“Willkommenskultur”). This, interestingly, was the Austrian “word of the year” in 2015; the “ugly phrase of the year,” on the opposite side, was “I am not a racist, but …”. In Germany, it was “Flüchtlinge” (“refugees”), while the “sentence of the year” was Angela Merkel’s phrase “Wir haben so vieles geschafft—wir schaffen das!” (“We have managed again and again—we can do it!”). Austria, of course, did not become a “migration society” overnight in 2015. Austrians have long ignored the fact that the country has been changing enormously after World War II as a result of a continuous influx of migrants. The turning point in postwar Austrian history came in the 1960s, with the beginning of organized recruitment of foreign laborers from Turkey and Yugoslavia. But a longer history needs to be kept in mind 14 Bischof/Rupnow: Preface to understand and contextualize these postwar Austrian developments. There is the complex history of the multi-ethnic Habsburg Empire and its internal migration: millions of people moved from Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Galicia to the expanding capital city of Vienna. This internal migration segued into overseas emigration, mostly to the United States. In the four decades before World War I, as many as four to five million people left the Habsburg Empire. As in today’s Vienna, as early as 1840, the population was composed of 40% “foreigners.” The discussion after the end of World War I and the collapse of the Habsburg Empire revolved around who to admit as citizens to the newly formed Republic of Austria and who to exclude. An Austrian history of migration also needs to consider the grim chapter of forced labor (“Zwangsarbeit”) during the Nazi period. The Nazis put to work 15 million

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