Diatomaceous Earth Dusts for Grain Protection by Small-Scale Farmers in Tanzania and Zimbabwe
Diatomaceous earth dusts for grain protection by small-scale farmers in Tanzania and Zimbabwe
B. Mvumi, T. Stathers, W. Riwa, M. Morris, L. Kitandu, R. Mosha, K. Mngara, F. Janga, P. Masiiwa, E. T. Dube, R. Kuseri, B. Kaoneka, A. Zhou, P. Jowah
Seminar presentation, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, USA. 20 January 2004
Project website: www.nri.org/de/ Presentation Outline
•Introduction
• Lab experiments with raw African DEs
• Field Experiments
• Results
• Gaps & Challenges Introduction • Farmers throughout sub-Saharan Africa suffer serious grain losses due to insect attack
• Losses threaten household food security or undermine market returns
• Grain protection options- admixing with ash, plant materials or synthetic chemical insecticides
• Main pesticides - organophosphate-pyrethroid cocktails (Pirimiphos-methyl 1.6% +Permethrin 0.3%; Fenitrothion 1% + Deltamethrin 0.13%; Pirimiphos-methyl 2.5% + Deltamethrin 0.1%)
• Widespread adulteration and misuse problems esp. East Africa
• Farmers demanded alternatives Introduction (cont.) • Diatomaceous earths (DEs) attractive alternative but limited information available on efficacy under tropical small-scale storage conditions
•What are DEs?
• CPHP of DFID-UK funded research in Zimbabwe from 1998 - 2000
• Imported enhanced DEs found effective in small-scale on-farm storage systems for periods of 8-10 mths @ 0.1%w/w
• R. dominica on sorghum required 0.2%w/w
• Further work initiated in Tanzania – for wider geographical testing, and – to test vs devastating LGB, Prostephanus truncatus
• Local deposits of DEs identified but efficacy unknown Assessment of African DEs
•5 Raw African DE samples assessed on S. zeamais compared to Protect-It
• Controlled conditions: 27±2°C ; 60 ± 5%RH
NRI-DE applied at 0, 2500 & 5000ppm
UZ- applied at 0, 1000, 2500 & Raw DE from Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe 5000ppm Field Experiments: 2002-2005
Zimbabwe – Harare, Buhera & Binga – Maize, sorghum, cowpeas
• Tanzania – Dodoma, Shinyanga, Manyara – Maize, sorghum, beans Project sites - Zimbabwe
Binga Harare
Buhera Project sites - Tanzania
Tanzania
Manyara region Shinyanga region Dodoma region
TANZANIA Treatments -Zimbabwe
Harare 2003/04 (Maize) Buhera 2004/05 (Maize)
-Actellic Super Dust -Shumba Super Dust -Protect-It 0.1%w/w - Protect-It 0.1%w/w - Zimbabwean DE1 @0.1; 0.2; 0.25%w/w - Zimbabwean DE1 @0.1; 0.2; 0.25%w/w - Untreated control - Finger millet chaff 50% w/w
Harare 2004/05 (Maize) Binga 2004/05 (Sorghum)
- Protect-It 0.1%w/w -Shumba Super Dust - Zimbabwean DE1 @0.15; 0.2; -Protect-It 0.15%w/w 0.25%w/w - Protect-It 0.1%w/w+Permethrin 2mg/kg - Zimbabwean DE2 @ 0.2%w/w - Zimbabwean DE1 @ 0.2 & 2.5%w/w - Untreated control - Zimbabwean DE2 @ 0.2% w/w - Untreated control
Note: 4 replicates of each treatment were used Treatments - Tanzania
2002/2003 Maize & Sorghum 2003/2004 Maize & Sorghum 2004/2005 Maize -Protect-It(100g/100kg) -Protect-It -Protect-It (100g/100kg) 0.1%w/w (100g/100kg) 0.1%w/w 0.1%w/w -Protect-It 250g/100kg) -Protect-It(250g/100kg) -Protect-It(250g/100kg) 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w -Protect-It 0.1%w/w + -Protect-It 0.1% w/w+ -Protect-It 0.1% w/w+ Permethrin 2mg/kg Permethrin 2mg/kg Permethrin 2mg/kg -Actellic Super Dust -Actellic Super Dust -Actellic Super Dust (100g/90kg) (100g/90kg) (100g/90kg) -Dryacide (250g/100kg) -Dryacide (250g/100kg) -Dryacide(250g/100kg) 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w 0.25% w/w -Traditional protectants -Traditional protectants -Traditional protectants -Untreated control -Untreated control -Untreated control -Stocal Super Dust -Stocal Super Dust (100g/90kg) (100g/90kg) -Tanzanian DE -Tanzanian DE (250g/100kg) 0.25%w/w (250g/100kg) 0.25%w/w -Shumba Super Dust (50g/90kg)
Note: 4 replicates of each treatment were used Storage facilities & Sampling Zimbabwe Tanzania RESULTS (only for 2002/03 & 2003/04) Raw African DEs - Zimbabwe
Laboratory comparison of the efficacy of raw African diatomaceous earths admixed with maize grain against Sitophilus zeamais ; n=4 (UZ, Zimbabwe) 7 r
) 100 90 m afte e 90 80 s
80 )
± 70 nce m 70 e y ( e
60 g r
60 s e alit 50 ± t m
r 50 s (
o 40 40
m F1 emergence 7days 14 days 28 days ek 30 30 F1 e % 20 20 we
ean 10 10 M 0 0 an total l , , , E E E o n, n, n, r D D D o o o Me i i i ver ver ver i i i nt ppm ppm ppm at at at abwe, abwe, abwe, R R R ian ian ian b b b a a a n n n d co asis pool asis pool asis pool m m m m m m m m m e pm pm pm 1000 2500 5000 t O O O , , , ger ger ger nza nza nza Zi Zi Zi e e e explor explor explor a a a l l l 0pp 0pp 0pp ea r K K K p p p 00p 00p 00p le ( le ( le ( 00pp 00pp 00pp
ppm ppm ppm Ta Ta Ta ey, ey, ey, p p p l l l m m m l l l n n n s, s, s, m m m i i i eam eam eam a a a 10 25 50
10 25 50 Unt 100 250 500 r r r t t t ) ) ) sa sa sa d d d ck ck ck 000 500 000 V V V
s s s s s s o o o Sam Sam Sam 0pp 0pp 0pp 1 2 5
we, we, we, , , , r r r l l l ian ian ian b b b ania, ania, ania, uct uct uct use use use a a a b b b a a a i i i bezi bezi bezi 100 250 500 r r r can can can b b b i i i t t t od od od r r r as as as f f f t t t m m m pr pr pr Tanz Tanz Tanz I I I ge down ge down ge down - - - Zam Zam Zam Zi Zi Zi Zam Zam Zam t t t d d d , , , h A h A h A i i i i i i c c c s s s e e e akanyansi akanyansi akanyansi br br br t t t y y y ut ut ut i i i ot ot ot e e e N N N Sout Sout Sout Pr Pr Pr B B B em em em h h h C C C DE source and application rate Raw African DEs - Tanzania
Laboratory comparison of the efficacy of raw African diatomaceous earths admixed with maize grain on adult mortality and F1 emergence of 50 14-28 day old Sitophilus zeamais at 27C and 60% r.h, n=3, (NRI, UK, July 2003) ) 100 200 e ) c M E 90 180 M S E
80 160 gen ± S er
70 140 ± y ( t i s (
60 120 em al 1 t 50 100 r eek F o 40 80 l a w t
m 30 60 o 7 r t
% 20 40 e t n f
10 20 an a e a e 0 0 M , , M l n n s s a a e e i i o m m r r a a r m m i i ey ey s s w w p p t e e l l am am l l a a n g g e e a a an an r r o a a O O t t bab bab v v s s ( ( i i K K n n m e e m , , anz anz i l l i ez ez 2500pp 5000pp s s 00ppm 00ppm w w ed c pm pm T T p p pm pm 500ppm 000ppm 2500 p 5000 p t
b b k k Z Z a a e e n n m m l l c c 2 5 m m 25 50 ) ) ea a a p p o o r a a e e on, on, s s t ani ani i i r r t t m m i i ed i ed i n w w 2500p 5000p Z Z a a dge do at dge do at s s b b 2500p 5000p , , nz nz i i U r r uc uc l l i i an s an s r r s s as as a a a a o o a a s s u u c c b b i i b b i i t t od od r r r r i pl pl i T T ut ut f f an an , , m m t t e e i i any any i i r r as as pr pr b b ex t t ex E E B B e e Z Z I I em em ak ak - - ol ol h A h A v v D D m m i i t t h h t t y y r r a a u u po po C C N N Z Z ec ec o o S S ot ot r r P P DE source and application rate
F1 emergence 7 days 14 days 28 days Maize grain protection trials using raw DE from Chemutsi, Zimbabwe compared to commercial DE or synthetic insecticide, Hatcliffe farm, Harare, 2003/04
70 0wks (04/10/03)
60 8wks (29/11/03) 16wks (24/01/04)
) 50 24wks (20/03/04) (%
ge 32wks (15/05/04) a 40 m n da i a 30 gr n a e
M 20
10
0 Chemutsi 0.1% Chemutsi 0.2% Chemutsi Protect-It 0.1% Actellic Super Untreated 0.25% dust 0.05% Control Treatment Comparison of mean number of LIVE adult insects/kg per species on maize grain treated with different protectants during 2003/04 storage season, Harare, Zimbabwe (n=4)
1000
kg 900 Sitophilus zeamais Sitotroga cerealella 800 Tribolium casteneum Plodia interpunctella sects/ 700 n
i 600 E Cryptolestes ferrugeneus Parasitic wasps V 500 400 of LI 300 200 ean no. 100 M 0 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32
Chemutsi 0.1%w/w Chemutsi 0.2%w/w Chemutsi Protect-it 0.1% Actellic Super Untreated 0.25%w/w w/w Dust 0.05%w/w control Storage period (weeks) and treatment Comparison of mean number of DEAD adult insects/kg per species on maize grain treated with different protectants during 2003/04 storage season, Harare, Zimbabwe (n=4)
1000
kg 900 Sitophilus zeamais Sitotroga cerealella 800 Tribolium casteneum Plodia interpunctella sects/ 700 n i 600 Cryptolestes ferrugeneus Parasitic wasps AD 500 400 of DE 300 200 an no. e 100 M 0 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32 0 8 16 24 32
Chemutsi 0.1%w/w Chemutsi 0.2%w/w Chemutsi Protect-it 0.1% Actellic Super Untreated 0.25%w/w w/w Dust 0.05%w/w control Storage period (weeks) and treatment Mean moisture content (%) of grain samples, 2003/2004 storage season, Harare (n=4)
14 ) 13 t (% 12
nten 11
10 re co tu 9 s i o 8 Chemutsi 0.1% w/w Chemutsi 0.2% w/w n m 7 ai r Chemutsi 0.25% w/w Protect-it 0.1% w/w 6 ASD 0.05% w/w Untreated control ean g 5 M 4 0 (10-Oct-03) 8 (29-Nov-03) 16 (24-Jan-04) 24 (22-Mar-03) 32 (15-May-04) Storage period (weeks)/Sampling date Met data - Harare
35 280
260 ) m
30 240 m ( l 220 l fa
25 200 in l ra a
180 t to
20 160 d n 140 a ) % erature (C)
15 120 ( p y t 100 i id m Tem
10 80 u h
60 e v i t
5 40 la
20 Re 0 0 0ct-03 Nov-03 Dec-03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 Month and year Total rainfall Mean rh Max temp Mean temp Min temp Maize grain protection trials, Mlali village, Kongwa district (2003/04)
100
90 23/07/2003 27/09/2003 80 25/11/2003 70 12/01/2004
60 12/03/2004 01/05/2004
haribiwa na wadudu haribiwa na wadudu 50
40
kati ya punje 100 30
20 (% no. of damaged grains) (% no. of damaged grains)
10 Idadi ya punje zilizi 0 Protect-It Protect-It Protect-It Actellic Dryacide Bila Bila Stocal Super Tanzanian 0.1%w/w 0.25%w/w 0.1%w/w + Super dust 0.25%w/w kupepeta na chochote dust DE permethrin majivu (Untreated 0.25%w/w 2mg/kg, (Traditional control) protectant) Aina ya jaribio (Treatments) Mean number of LIVE insects in maize grain stored at Mlali village using different protectants during 2003/ 2004
700
Oryzaephilus LIVE 600 Prostephanus LIVE Tribolium LIVE 500 Sitophilus LIVE kg
s/ 400 sect n
300 ean i M
200
100
0 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40 Protect-It Protect-It Protect-It Actellic Dryacide Traditional Untreated Stocal Tanzanian 0.1% w/w 0.25% w/w 0.1% w/w & Super dust 0.25% w/w protectant control Super dust DE 0.25%w/w Permethrin Storage period (weeks) and treatments Mean number of DEAD insects in maize grain stored at Mlali village using different protectants during 2003/ 2004 700
Oryzaephilus DEAD 600 Prostephanus DEAD Tribolium DEAD 500 Sitophilus DEAD
400 insects/ kg 300 Mean
200
100
0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 16 24 32 40 Protect-It Protect-It Protect-It Actellic Dryacide Traditional Untreated Stocal Tanzanian 0.1% w/w 0.25% w/w 0.1% w/w & Super dust 0.25% w/w protectant control Super dust DE 0.25%w/w Permethrin Storage period (weeks) and treatment Farmer Managed Trials
In the 2nd and 3rd years farmers set up their own trials with the DE Protect-It at their homes, the project team have visited them regularly to learn about how their trials were doing.
1 sack of maize grain treated with Protect-It (at 250g/ 100kg), after 10 months storage
1 sack of maize grain treated with farmers practice after 10 months storage Esther’s trial, Mlali village, Tanzania Farmer managed trial: performance of Protect-It DE compared to other farmer grain protection methods, Buhera District, Zimbabwe (2003/04)
45
40 Protect-It 0.1% w/w (n=30) ain (± 35 Synthetic insecticides (n=20)
30 Local methods (n=9) ged gr a
) 25
sem 20
15 insect dam 10
5 Mean %
0 0 (11/09/03) 12 (03/12/03) 24 (05/03/04) 36 (26/05/04) Storage period(weeks)/Sampling date Challenges/Gaps
• Farmer expectations raised
• Registration of imported DEs
• Consider farmer diversity
• Local exploitation of DEs
• Inadequate challenge of DEs by Prostephanus truncatus
• P. truncatus Seeding?
• DE combinations with other protectants for bostrichid control? This presentation is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries.
The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID.
R8179. Crop Post Harvest Programme
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