Access of Urban Farmers to Land, Water and Inputs for Urban Agriculture in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania
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Vol. 7(1), pp. 31-40, January 2015 DOI: 10.5897/JASD2014.0302 Article Number: E7B49FE49310 Journal of African Studies and ISSN 2141 -2189 Copyright © 2015 Development Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournlas.org/JASD Full Length Research Paper Access of urban farmers to land, water and inputs for urban agriculture in Dodoma municipality, Tanzania Baltazar M.L. Namwata1*, Idris S. Kikula2 and Peter A. Kopoka3 1Department of Development Finance and Management Studies, Institute of Rural Development Planning (IRDP), Dodoma, Tanzania. 2Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the University of Dodoma (UDOM), Dodoma, Tanzania. 3Department of Political Science and Public Administration, School of Social Sciences, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the University of Dodoma (UDOM), Dodoma, Tanzania. Received 23 September, 2014; Accepted 8 December, 2014 This paper examines the access of urban farmers to land, water and inputs for urban agriculture (UA) towards household food security, employment creation and income generation in Dodoma municipality. A cross-sectional survey was employed involving 300 urban farmers from both squatter and non- squatter settlements. Structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informants, observations and documentary review were used to collect data relevant for the study. Based on the analysis of this study, urban farmers are constrained by land tenure insecurity, erratic water access and inadequate inputs for optimizing plot productivity and ambivalent application of urban legislative frameworks. The study found that no support has been given to urban farmers to enable them to have access to land, water and inputs in order to practice UA. The apparent lack of political will necessary to promote access to land, water and inputs for UA is reflected in weak or absent policy frameworks, resulting in an enormous capacity deficit. Policy makers and planners need information for planning and managing access of urban farmers to land, water and inputs for UA. Key words: Urban agriculture, urban farmers, access, land, water, inputs. INTRODUCTION Mougeot (2006) defines Urban Agriculture (UA) as the agriculture. It takes place in different locations and occurs production of food and non-food plant, tree crops and under varying socio-political conditions and policy animal husbandry both within (intra) and fringing (peri) regimes. This diversity of UA is one of its main attributes, built urban areas for households’ consumption as well as as it can be adapted to a wide range of urban situations for sale to the rapidly growing urban population. It is a and to the needs of a diverse range of stakeholders. dynamic concept that comprises a variety of livelihood According to Oludare and Ademiluyi (2009), UA in varying systems ranging from subsistence production and forms and types is currently a common activity in most processing at household level to fully commercialized urban areas globally as it is found both in the developing *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. Authors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License 32 J. Afr. Stud. Dev. and developed countries. UA is increasingly considered make the right decisions on accessing land, water and as a means to poverty alleviation in order to improve food inputs to urban farmers for UA in Dodoma municipality. security, to provide employment, food and income to urban dwellers (Foeken, 2013). UA is in reality and in THE STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY many cases a response to crisis and a coping strategy of the urban poor (Jacobi et al., 2000). Dodoma municipality is traced back to 1973 when it was declared UA in Tanzania is practiced in a generally favourable the National Capital under Presidential Decree No. 320 of 1973. Since then, series of successful events have followed. In 1980 political and legal context. During the 1970s and 1980s, Dodoma municipality was established. In 1995 the Government the national government, faced with a poor economy, shifted Parliamentary activities to Dodoma and has recently been issued policies encouraging people to undertake UA. declared by the Government to be a Centre of Education (DMC, Policies behind this included Siasa in Kilimo (Politics is 2011). Dodoma municipality covers an area of 2,769 square Agriculture) in 1972 and Kilimo cha Umwagiliaji (Irrigated kilometers of which 625 square kilometers are urbanized. Based on Agriculture) in 1974, Kilimo cha Kufa na Kupona the 2012 National Population and Housing Census, the population of Dodoma municipality was 410,956 people of whom 199,487 are (Agriculture for Life and Death) campaign launched by males and 211,469 are females. The estimated total number of the national government in 1974-75, with the aim of households is 107,000 with an average household size of 4.4 increasing food supplies by promoting agri-cultural people (URT, 2013). production in both urban and rural areas and Mvua za Dodoma municipality is administratively divided into one parliamentary constituency, 4 divisions, 37 wards, 100 mitaa1, 39 Kwanza ni Zakupandia (First Rains are for Planting) in 2 1974/75 (Mlozi, 2001; Foeken et al., 2004; Mlozi et al., villages, and 222 hamlets (vitongoji ). The four divisions are Dodoma urban (22 wards), Hombolo (6 wards), Kikombo (3 wards) 2004). Others were the National Economic Survival and Zuzu (6 wards). Dodoma municipality is situated in an Programme (NESP) of 1981/82, the National Food economically depressed area. On average, Dodoma receives 570 Strategy in 1982, the 1983 National Livestock Policy mm of rainfall per annum with temperatures ranging from 16 to (NLP), the National Agricultural Policy (NAP) in 1983, and 36OC with mean temperatures of 29OC (DMC, 2011). Although it the National Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) of has rich agricultural land, it is affected by harsh semi-arid climatic conditions. In the urban areas the main activities of the residents 1986-1990, Agriculture and Livestock Policy of 1997, are commerce, urban farming and civil service employment while in National Human Settlements Development Policy of the rural areas; farming and livestock keeping are the prime means 2000, The Land Use Planning Act, 2007, and The Urban of existence (DMC, 2011). Planning Act of 2007, Urban Farming Regulations of A cross-sectional approach was adopted in this study. According 1992 Tanzania Development Vision (2025), National to Bailey (1994), the design allowed data to be collected at a single Strategy for Growth and Poverty Reduction of 2005/2010, point in time to capture important aspects of this study. The sample size for this study was calculated using the formula for large Kilimo Kwanza strategy (Agriculture First) of 2008, Town samples as modified from Poate and Daplyn (1993): and Country Planning Act of 1956 revised in 1961 (Cap Z 2 C 2 378) and many other legislative frameworks (Namwata, n 2 2013; Mlozi, 2003; Foeken et al., 2004; Mlozi et al., 2004; X Magigi, 2008). Although the importance of UA in urban Where n is the minimum sample size required; Z is 1.96, the value economies is increasingly gaining recognition from local of Z at the 95 percent confidence interval; C is the variation within and international agencies, urban land use planning and the population of urban farmers, which has been assumed to be 50 development policies at the local level have failed to tap percent since no previous studies were found; and X is the adequately into UA as a viable strategy to poverty expected level of accuracy, which has been estimated at 5 percent. The sample size was calculated as: reduction among urban dwellers. Surprisingly, local governments planning processes have looked upon UA 1 . 96 2 50 2 as incompatible with urban development and as a relict 2 384 . 16 384 5 from rural-urban migration that dwindles as cities and urban economies grow. UA has not been given any The estimated size of the sample as per the formula is 384 planning attention, other than restricting it as much as respondents. However, it was decided on a representative sample possible or permitting it only as a temporal use of the of 300 respondents based on the limited available resources (financial, human and time) as shown in Table 1. A four multi-stage sites concerned until urban functions took over its use sampling process was used to select a representative sample for (Namwata, 2013; Arku, 2009; Castillo, 2003; Obuobie et the study. Stage one, a list of four (4) divisions in the municipality al., 2003). In order to promote UA in urban areas and was proposed as a sampling frame for this study. Dodoma municipality in that particular, efforts are needed in order to plan for land, water, inputs and other services 1 Mtaa (Mitaa in plural) is a Swahili word which is used to describe the to support UA as a profitable and sustainable undertaking lowest level of administration in any urban setting of the Local (Namwata, 2013). However, lack of information on land, Government Authority. 2 water, inputs and other services for UA is a common Kitongoji (vitongoji in plural) is a Swahili word which is used to describe the lowest level of administration in any rural setting of the omission by many Local Government Authorities (LGAs) Local Government Authority. in Tanzania. This information will help motivate LGAs to Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires. Namwata et al. 33 In stage two, a list of twenty two (22) wards in Dodoma urban with exception of the problems they encountered in division was obtained and eight (8) wards with significant UA accessing land. Also, overall results in Table 2 show that activities were purposively selected. In stage three, a list of thirty urban farmers carried out their UA activities on residential seven (37) mitaa in the selected wards was obtained and fifteen (15) mitaa as shown in Figure 1 with significant UA activities were plots (34.3%), rented plots (23.1%) and governmental purposely selected.