The Jefferson Era 1800 – 1815 US Timeline 1801-1815

1801 Thomas Jefferson is elected president. 1803 Louisiana Purchase is made. 1804 Jefferson is reelected. Lewis and Clark expedition begins. 1807 Embargo Act is passed. 1808 James Madison is elected president.

1811 Battle of Tippecanoe is fought. 1812 War of 1812 begins. 1814 British attack Washington, D.C. 1815 Battle of New Orleans is fought. World Timeline 1801-1815

1801 Tripoli declares war on the United States.

1803 Europe’s Napoleonic wars resume after brief peace.

1805 British win at Trafalgar. French win at Austerlitz.

1810 Hawaiian Islands are unified by King Kamehameha the Great. 1814 Napoleon is defeated and exiled to Elba.

1815 Napoleon returns and is defeated at Waterloo. Terms and People

• Thomas Jefferson – third President of the United States, elected in 1800 • Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the 1800 election • laissez faire – the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy • John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under President Jefferson • judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws The Talented Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson was a truly talented man. A skilled lawyer, writer, and musician, Jefferson was also a gifted architect. The design for Monticello, his Virginia home included unique features such as a seven-day clock and a dumbwaiter. He also invented a copy machine, a portable desk, and had a large library. Monticello A Complicated Love Life

Martha Jefferson (1748 - 1782) was musical and highly educated, a constant reader. She played the keyboard and the guitar, and was accomplished at needlework. Martha was in frail health for much of her marriage to Thomas. She is believed to have suffered from diabetes, the cause of her childbearing problems. They had six children but their daughter Martha Jefferson-Randolph was the only one to live to adulthood . Martha died following the birth of their sixth child in 1782. Throughout their 10-year marriage, they appeared to have been wholly devoted to each other. According to slaves who attended her in her final days, Jefferson promised his wife that he would never remarry. Jefferson was inconsolable in his loss. It was said that he collapsed just This silhouette is before she died. After the funeral, he refused to leave his room for three the only known image of Martha weeks. Jefferson. Jefferson is alleged to have had a long-term, intimate relationship with one of his slaves, Sally Hemings. She was also a half-sister to Jefferson's late wife Martha. Hemings and Jefferson had six children, four of whom survived to adulthood and were freed by Jefferson. After Jefferson died, Hemings left Monticello and lived with her sons. Jefferson’s Philosophy

“ .”

“Most bad government has grown out of too much government.”

“I predict future happiness for Americans if they can prevent the government from wasting (their) … labors under the pretense of taking care of them.”

“The United States…will be more virtuous, more free and more happy employed in agriculture than as carriers or manufacturers.”

“The man who reads nothing at all is better educated than the man who reads nothing but newspapers.” The Election of 1800 The presidential campaign of 1800 was tarnished by nasty and vicious personal attacks. When election day came, Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams in the electoral college. The problem was that vice presidential candidate Aaron Burr received the same number of electoral votes as Jefferson.

. Finally, and the election was settled. To avoid this situation in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment.

From 1804 on, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President.

Marbury v. Madison Before leaving office in 1801, President Adams appointed a Federalist, John Marshall, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He made a number of other “last-minute” judicial appointments, including William Marbury. The new Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to install Marbury. Marbury sued and the case went before the Supreme Court.

John Marshall William Marbury James Madison In ,

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TheUnder ruling the Judiciarystated Supreme Court thatAct, thethe SupremeCourt’s powerCourt’s came power from came ConstitutionCongress thefrom Constitution Congress. , not Congress.

The Court also ruled that Marbury was entitled to his commission, but that according to the Constitution, the Court did not have the authority to require Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury in this case. Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to establish the principle of .

Jefferson Makes Changes

Changes Made by Jefferson and his Party 1. Repealed unpopular taxes 2. Reduced the number of federal employees

3. Reduced the size of the military 4. Reduced the amount of money owed by the government Reaction to Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson’s policies were repeatedly attacked by Federalists. In this cartoon Jefferson and the Devil are shown pulling down the pillars of the federal Government. STRANGE but True The most famous duel in American history climaxed a longstanding conflict between two of the most important men in the country. On July 11, 1804, Alexander Aaron Burr Alexander Hamilton Hamilton and Aaron Burr met on the dueling grounds at Weehawken, New Jersey, to fight the final skirmish of a long-lived political and personal battle. When the duel was over, Hamilton would be mortally wounded, and Burr would be wanted for murder. Terms and People

• expedition – a long and carefully organized journey • Meriwether Lewis – army captain chosen by Jefferson to lead the exploration of the West • William Clark – Lewis’s co-leader • continental divide – the place on the continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions • Zebulon Pike – explored the southern part of the Louisiana territory from 1805–1807 Louisiana Purchase

By 1800, more than one million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Most western settlers were farmers who relied on the Mississippi River.

Farmers shipped goods down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans.

From there, goods were loaded on ships and carried to markets across the Atlantic. Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson learned that Spain had secretly given its Louisiana Territory to France.

Jefferson feared Frenchterritory that France If this happened, would become westward expansion of dominant in the United States America, as it would be blocked. was becoming in Europe. Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French.

He sent James When they arrived in Monroe and France, they Robert Livingston discovered that the to Paris to make situation had shifted a deal. yet again.

. Revolution in Haiti

In 1801 and 1802, Toussaint L’Ouverture led a successful revolt against the French in Haiti. The French suffered disastrous losses at a time when Napoleon needed money to fund his war in Europe. Louisiana Purchase

Without Haiti, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in the event of a war.

Because of this situation, France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. Factors that led Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory

Causes

Determination of Americans to use port at New Orleans Effect

Losses suffered by France in Caribbean Napoleon sells the colonies Louisiana Territory

Costly war in Europe Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase.

In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase was constitutional because the President is able to make treaties with foreign countries.

Discuss 

Why is the Louisiana Purchase considered as one of the most significant events of the 19th century? Lewis and Clark

On January 18, 1803, President Jefferson sent a confidential message to Congress, stating in part, “The river Missouri and t he Indians inhabiting it, are not as well known as is rendered desirable by their connection with the Mississippi, and consequently with us.” Jefferson went on to propose that an “intelligent officer with ten or twelve chosen men might explore the whole line, even to the Western Ocean.” Jefferson chose a young officer, Captain Meriwether Lewis, to lead the expedition. Lewis asked his old friend, Lieutenant William Clark, to select and oversee a group of volunteers, which they called the Corps of Discovery. Jefferson’s Letter to Lewis

“To Meriwether Lewis, esquire, captain of the first regiment of infantry of the United States of America: The object of your mission is to

.” Lewis and Clark

. . .

Goals of the western expedition Interact with History Journal 

You have been chosen to participate in an expedition to the West in the early 1800s. You are excited and curious, but also a little anxious. You know that you will see and experience many new things, but you know there are risks involved too. What type of people would be chosen for an expedition like this? Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and explored the northern part of the Louisiana Territory. Lewis and Clark

Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for over two years.

July 1804 August 1804 October 1804

The party reached the The expedition mouth of the followed the Platte River, Missouri River from which feeds into St. Louis to the the Missouri Rocky Mountains. River. Lewis and Clark

July 1804 August 1804 October 1804

The Americans They met with promised to give Native the tribes military Americans for support and trading the first time. rights in exchange for peace.

Lewis and Clark

July 1804 August 1804 October 1804

They were joined They camped in by Sacagawea, a what is now Shoshone North Dakota translator. for the winter.

Lewis and Clark

August 1805 November 1805 March 1806

They did not find a The party waterway to the reached the Pacific. Instead, they continental had to navigate rapids divide. in their canoes. Lewis and Clark

August 1805 November 1805 March 1806

They reached They began the the Pacific return journey, Ocean by way which took of the Columbia about half a River. year.

From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory. EFFECTS: Exploration of the West, 1804-1807 1. Accurate Maps Lewis & Clark and Pike produced the first good maps of the Louisiana Territory. Later travelers would use these maps to make their way west. 2. Growth of Fur Trade Exploration boosted interest in the fur trade. Hunters and trappers would add knowledge of the West. 3. Mistaken view of the Great Plains Pike inaccurately described the treeless Great Plains as a desert. This led many Americans to believe that the Plains were useless for farming. Terms and People • tribute – money paid by one country to another in return for protection • Stephen Decatur – led a group of American sailors in a battle to protect the warship Philadelphia against pirates • embargo – a government order that forbids foreign trade • smuggle – the act of illegally importing or exporting goods • Tecumseh – organized western Native American tribes to resist American expansion • William Henry Harrison – governor of the Indiana Territory who sent soldiers to fight Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe Problems with Pirates

Pirates from the North African Barbary States began attacking American ships.

At first, America paid tribute, as other nations did.

America paid money The Barbary pirates to the rulers of the stopped attacking Barbary States. American ships. Problems with Pirates

Jefferson stopped paying tribute. He sent warships to protect American merchant ships.

American sailors Pirates from the led by Stephen Barbary State of Decatur burned Tripoli captured the Philadelphia the American so the pirates ship, Philadelphia. could not use it.

This victory and others inspired confidence in America’s ability to deal with foreign threats. W a r w i t h

T r i p o l i Problems with France & England A greater threat to America came from the continuing war between Britain and France. Britain and France weakened each other by cutting off each other’s foreign trade.

U.S.

France Britain U.S.

France seized American ships trading with Britain. Britain did the same to ships trading with France. Problems with France & England By 1805, France and England were seizing American merchant ships. Britain was also , or . In 1807, the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake, off the coast of Virginia. Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo

Many Americans wanted to go to war with Britain, but Jefferson knew that the American Navy fleet was too small and weak. In response, Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the . An embargo is . Some merchants turned to smuggling when they could not trade. Lost markets hurt farmers and merchants lost their main sources of income.

foreign trade Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo

The embargo hurt America in many ways.

Prices of American crops declined.

American Many exports Americans lost declined. their jobs.

Merchants turned to smuggling to survive. Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo

Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809, just before Jefferson left office.

Congress passed a new law that reopened trade with all countries except France and Britain.

America would reopen trade with those countries when they started respecting America’s neutrality. Problems with Native Americans

Native Americans suffered as a result of American expansion.

• Many died from new diseases. • They lost their hunting grounds.

• Animals they hunted were driven away. • The power of their leaders declined. Problems with Native Americans

Shawnee leader

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western tribes U.S. Tecumseh Expansion Problems with Native Americans

William Henry Harrison took action against Tecumseh’s activities.

Harrison sent soldiers against Shawnee villages while Tecumseh was Tippecanoe away. River

At the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison defeated the Native Americans. After the battle, Harrison found the Shawnee were using British muskets. . Terms and People • nationalism – pride in one’s country • war hawk – one who is eager for war; specifically, an American who favored war with Britain in 1812 • blockade – the action of shutting a port or road to prevent people or supplies from coming into an area or leaving it • Oliver Hazard Perry – commander of American troops that fought the British on Lake Erie in 1812 • Andrew Jackson – took command of American forces in Georgia in the summer of 1813 • secede – to withdraw Tensions with Britain were high when James Madison took office in 1809.

Britain armed Native Americans… American anger toward Britain …and continued impressment of U.S. sailors. To

To To take Florida from & Spain, Britain’s ally Why did War Hawks want war with Britain?

To demonstrate the To strength of the United States in the West The War of 1812

Westerners and Congressmen who called for war against Britain were known as War Hawks. Urged on by War Hawks like Henry Clay of Kentucky and Andrew Jackson, James Madison asked Congress to declare War on Britain on June 18, 1812. The British did not really want a war with the U.S. because they were already involved in a war with France. The British offered to stop interfering with American shipping, but the news didn’t reach the U.S. in time to stop hostilities. when war was declared. The army had fewer than 7,000 men – most of whom were – and was led by inexperienced officers. The U.S. navy had less than 20 ships. Military Events of the War of 1812

FIRST PHASE SECOND PHASE Americans win British fail to capture Baltimore. important victories American fleet defeats British on the high seas. fleet on Lake Champlain. Perry defeats British Jackson’s army defeats fleet on Lake Erie. British forces at the Battle of British also involved New Orleans. in a war with France. The War of 1812 The War of 1812 had two main phases. From 1812 to 1814, Britain was preoccupied with its war against Napoleon in Europe. Early in the war, US ships such as the Constitution and the United States won stirring victories against the British navy. These victories boosted American confidence. An important US naval victory took place on Lake Erie in September of 1813. Commodore Perry’s inspired leadership led to the British surrender. American forces followed up the victory by defeating the British at the Battle of the Thames. Old Ironsides The USS Constitution has thick wooden planking and a heavily reinforced frame. Skilled carpenters measured, cut, and fit each piece individually. Paul Revere supplied copper plating and fasteners that protected the ship’s bottom from wood rot. Sailors claimed to see British cannonballs bounce off its thick hull. This led to the ship’s popular nickname, “Old Ironsides.” Despite the victory of the Constitution, Britain was able to set up a blockade of the American coast.

Britain had closed off all American ports by the war’s end.

The War of 1812

After defeating Napoleon and the French, Britain turned its full attention to the United States. The British army defeated American forces and burned Washington DC, the Capitol building, and the president’s mansion.

The British also sent a force from Canada to push south and cut off New England. The plan failed when the Americans defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Champlain in September of 1814. The War of 1812 Battle for Washington • The British invaded Washington, D.C. in 1814. • British soldiers burned the Capitol, the White House, and other public buildings. • Before the British burned the White House,

. The Battle of Fort McHenry

And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,

Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. As the war dragged on, Federalists expressed their opposition by calling it “Mr. Madison’s War.”

Many New Englanders opposed the war, because the British blockade was hurting their trade.

In 1814, opposition was so high that delegates at the Hartford Convention suggested that New England secede from the United States. The War of 1812

Britain had tired of war. On Christmas Eve, 1814 the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent.

Treaty of Ghent Before this news • Ended the war reached the U.S., Americans won a • Returned things final victory in the to the way they Battle of New had been before Orleans in January the war 1815. The Battle of New Orleans

The British moved against the strategic port of New Orleans in January of 1815. 7,500 British soldiers attacked a patchwork American army under the command of General Andrew Jackson. Protected by earthworks, American artillery and riflemen mowed down the advancing redcoats. The British suffered 2,000 casualties, compared to the American’s 71. Ironically, the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, was signed two weeks earlier, on December 24, 1814. The Battle of New Orleans The War of 1812 interrupted trade and Americans were forced to make many goods they had previously imported. This

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Journal 

Was the War of 1812 justified?

When, if ever, is war justified?