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Humboldt Y Jefferson Una Amistad Transatlántica De La Ilustración

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Humboldt Y Jefferson Una Amistad Transatlántica De La Ilustración ojo ajustar lomo Sandra Rebok Humbolt y Jefferson explora la relación entre Sandra Rebok dos personajes fascinantes, Alexander von Historiadora de la ciencia, autora y consul­ Humboldt (1769­1859): explorador prusiano, tora científica. Trabajó en el Consejo Supe­- científico y geógrafo y Thomas Jefferson (1743­ rior de Investigaciones Científicas en Madrid 1826): hombre de Estado estadounidense, ar­ Sandra Rebok y en la Huntington Library en California. quitecto y naturalista. Al final de su famosa Humboldt y Jefferson Su investigación se centra en la historia del expedición por las colonias españolas, en el ve­ conocimiento, la globalización del saber y rano de 1804, Alexander von Humboldt visitó las redes científicas transnacionales durante Estados Unidos y se reunió varias veces con Una amistad transatlántica el siglo XIX. el entonces presidente Thomas Jefferson. Así Estudiosa de Alexander von Humboldt nació una cálida y fructífera amistad que los de la y su obra, es autora de varios libros sobre el llevó a mantener una nutrida correspondencia naturalista, así como editora y coeditora de durante muchos años y gracias a la cual po­ Ilustración tres de sus obras en español (Cosmos, Vistas dían especular respecto de temas de mutuo de las cordilleras y Cuadros de la naturale- interés, como la historia natural, la geografía za). En la actualidad analiza la delicada po­ y la formación de una red científica interna­ sición de Humboldt entre ciencia y política cional. Ambos vivieron en sociedades revo­ (Humboldt’s Empire of Knowledge, 2019). lucionarias y, por lo tanto, la condición hu­ Resultado de su trabajo para el Institut für mana era un tema que les interesaba profunda Auslandsbeziehungen en Alemania es su li­ mente. También cifraron sus esperanzas en la bro sobre la recepción de Humboldt en Ibe­ nueva nación estadounidense como posible roamérica (Humboldtsaison in Ibero ame ri- respuesta a muchas de las falencias que caracte­- ka, 2019). También está preparando un libro rizaban a las sociedades europeas de la época. sobre las redes científicas que Humboldt es­ El intercambio intelectual entre uno tableció en Estados Unidos (Expanding the y otro durante los veintiún años siguientes dio Frontiers of American Science). Además, ha cuenta de los acontecimientos que fueron un trabajado como comisaria de varias exposi­ punto de inflexión en esa época como, por ciones internacionales sobre viajeros, expe­ ejemplo, los movimientos independentistas en diciones y cooperaciones científicas. América Latina y la aplicabilidad del modelo de­ mo crático en la región, la relación entre Amé­ rica y Europa, los últimos avances en investiga­ ción científica y cantidad de proyectos tecno­- lógicos. Este texto explora el mundo en el cual estos dos personajes de la Ilustración vi­ vieron y cómo sus vidas de un lado y otro del Atlántico definieron sus convicciones. Humboldt y Jefferson. Una amistad transatlántica de la Ilustración CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES DIEGO BARROS ARANA Tapa Humboldt y Jefferson para prensa050419.indd 1 05-04-19 10:51 Humboldt y Jefferson. Una amistad transatlántica de la Ilustración HUMBOLDT Y JEFFERSON UNA AMISTAD TRANSATLÁNTICA DE LA ILUSTRACIÓN 3 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 3 21-03-19 10:22 SANDRA REBOK © BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL DE CHILE. 2019 Inscripción Nº 301.614 ISBN 978-956-244-429-3 Derechos exclusivos reservados para todos los países Director Nacional Servicio Nacional del Patrimonio Cultural Sr. Carlos Maillet Aránguiz Director de la Biblioteca Nacional de Chile Sr. Pedro Pablo Zegers Blachet Director del Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana y Director Responsable Sr. Rafael Sagredo Baeza Editor Sr. Marcelo Rojas Vásquez Ediciones Biblioteca Nacional de Chile Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins Nº 651 Teléfono: 23605283 Santiago. Chile IMPRESO EN CHILE/PRINTED IN CHILE 4 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 4 21-03-19 10:22 Humboldt y Jefferson. Una amistad transatlántica de la Ilustración Sandra Rebok HUMBOLDT Y JEFFERSON UNA AMISTAD TRANSATLÁNTICA DE LA ILUSTRACIÓN Traducción Denise Bard CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES DIEGO BARROS ARANA 5 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 5 21-03-19 10:22 6 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 6 21-03-19 10:22 Humboldt y Jefferson. Una amistad transatlántica de la Ilustración ÍNDICE Siglas y abreviaturas 9 Agradecimientos 11 Introducción 13 ANTECEDENTES BIOGRÁFICOS 17 Alexander von Humboldt 17 Thomas Jefferson 24 LA VISITA DE ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT A ESTADOS UNIDOS 31 EXPERIENCIAS TRASATLÁNTICAS 43 La visión humboldtiana del Nuevo Mundo 44 Thomas Jefferson: su mirada del Viejo Mundo 51 UNA RED TRASATLÁNTICA DE CONOCIMIENTOS E IDEAS 57 Encuentro personal en Washington 57 Correspondencia posterior 65 THOMAS JEFFERSON PRESENTA SU NUEVA NACIÓN 91 DOS VISIONES DE LA REVOLUCIÓN HAITIANA 105 Thomas Jefferson y la Revolución haitiana 109 COMPROMISO CON EL MUNDO NATURAL 115 Una mirada desde el Viejo Mundo 118 Un enfoque desde el nuevo Mundo 126 SEMEJANZAS Y DISCREPANCIAS 139 La cadena de ideas: la influencia de Bernhard Varenius 139 Interpretación de los valores de la Ilustración 145 La Ilustración europea versus la americana 150 7 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 7 21-03-19 10:22 SANDRA REBOK CONCLUSIONES 153 ANEXOS CORRESPONDENCIA ENTRE ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT Y THOMAS JEFFERSON 157 INFORME DE ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT ACERCA DE SUS VIAJES AMERICANOS, ESCRITO PARA LA SOCIEDAD FILOSÓFICA AMERICANA (1804) 171 Bibliografía 183 8 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 8 21-03-19 10:22 SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS a.C. antes de Cristo AVH Alexander von Humboldt und die Vereinig­ ten Staaten von Amerika: Briefwechsel, edi - tado por Ingo Schwarz CD Compact Disc comp. compilación a veces compilation D.C. District of Columbia D.F. Distrito Federal ed. editor eds. editores a veces editors etc. etcétera FE The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, editado por Paul Leicester Ford Ibid. Ibidem (allí, en ese mismo lugar) km kilómetros m metros M Monsieur ME The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, editado por Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh para la Thomas Je fferson Memo - rial Association (Memorial Edi tion) Madame Mme. nota n. número n.º obra citada op. cit. página p. Alexander von Humboldt, Political Essay PEKNS on the Kingdom of New Spain Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé PN Bonpland, Personal Narrative of Tra vels to the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent, du ring the Years 1779­1804 páginas pp. Papers of Thomas Jefferson, coleccio- PTJ nes principales Papers of Thomas Jefferson, edición PTJ-D digital 9 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 9 21-03-19 10:22 SANDRA REBOK Sr. señor Srs. Señores Th. Thomas TPJ Thomas Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress. Colección digital UK United Kingdom vol. volumen vols. volúmenes www world wide web (red mundial) 10 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 10 21-03-19 10:22 AGRADECIMIENTOS Gracias a mi extensa investigación académica sobre Alexander von Humboldt, iniciada hace veintidós años, he descubierto un espectro de temas históricos fas- cinantes, de hermosas regiones geográficas y de personajes interesantes, con los cuales tuvo contacto el intrépido explorador prusiano a lo largo de su vida. Sin lugar a duda, entre las personas que conoció durante su expedición americana (1799-1804), Thomas Jefferson fue una de las que más lo intrigó y con quien mantuvo correspondencia por más de veinte años. En parte, esto es debido a la fascinante personalidad de Thomas, sus diversos intereses y numerosos logros, pero también porque su intercambio transatlántico de ideas y conocimientos, que llegó a su fin al morir en 1826, abordaba un gran abanico de asuntos relevantes de la época. Agradezco, por tanto, haber tenido la posibilidad de sumergirme en la duradera relación de estas dos cautivadoras mentes, merced a mis inves- tigaciones en el centro de investigación Alexander von Humboldt de Berlín, en el Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies y en la Uni- versidad de Virginia en Charlottesville. Realmente inspiradora resultó la oportunidad de estudiar los textos origi- nales de Thomas Jefferson y Alexander von Humboldt, junto con la extensa documentación secundaria relacionada con los temas que trataban en su co- rrespondencia, mientras me encontraba en lugares históricos que han guardado algo del espíritu de ambos –en Berlín, París, Madrid, Filadelfia, Washington, o contemplando los hermosos paisajes de Monticello, la preciosa residencia de Thomas Jefferson en Charlottesville–. Por lo mismo, debo dedicar mis profundos agradecimientos al Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies y la Fundación Thomas Jeffer- son, al igual que a la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft por la financiación de va- rias estancias de investigación, que resultaron decisivas para poder escribir este libro; también al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad español por su apo- yo financiero al proyecto de investigación “Naturalistas y viajeros en el mundo hispánico. Aspectos institucionales, científicos y docentes”. Para la edición de la versión española de este libro, mi gratitud se dirige al Centro de Investiga- ciones Diego Barros Arana de la Biblioteca Nacional de Chile. En el desarrollo de este trabajo, un gran número de colegas ha tenido un notable impacto. Quisiera mencionar, en primer lugar, el apoyo brindado, en diferentes instancias, desde las primeras etapas de este proyecto por James Sofka, Miguel Ángel Puig-Samper y Andrew O’Shaughnessy. Además, qui- siera agradecer a Boyd Zenner de la University of Virginia Press su interés en 11 Humboldt y Jefferson 180319.indd 11 21-03-19 10:22
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