Working Papers in Linguistics a Cura Di Chiara Gianollo E Caterina Mauri Volume 3, 2019

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Working Papers in Linguistics a Cura Di Chiara Gianollo E Caterina Mauri Volume 3, 2019 CLUB Working Papers in Linguistics A cura di Chiara Gianollo e Caterina Mauri Volume 3, 2019 CLUBÀ CLUB Working Papers in Linguistics A cura di Chiara Gianollo e Caterina Mauri Volume 3, 2019 CLUBÀ Collana Comitato di Direzione Francesca Masini Chiara Gianollo Yahis Martari Caterina Mauri Marco Mazzoleni Mario Vayra CLUB CLUB Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 3 a cura di Chiara Gianollo e Caterina Mauri Indice Introduzione 5 Chiara Gianollo e Caterina Mauri Making reference to categories through heterogeneity: the use of iroiro and samazama ‘various’ in Japanese 7 Alessandra Barotto Lo puoi recuperare? Topicalità e Gerarchia di Referenzialità in Lingua dei Segni Italiana (LIS) 24 Chiara Calderone From synchronically-oriented typology to source-oriented typology: Typological universals in diachronic perspective 52 Sonia Cristofaro Liscio come l'olio. Un'analisi corpus-based del pattern Adj-come-NP in italiano. 69 Fernando Giacinti The real use of “special questions”: a comparative corpus analysis 93 Pierre Larrivée e Pauline Levillain Gli impliciti discutibili come stadio evoluto del linguaggio 107 Edoardo Lombardi Vallauri Interferenza e variabilità diafasica nelle varietà di apprendimento dell’italiano scritto in lingua madre e in lingua seconda 133 Yahis Martari Verso una tipologia delle costruzioni plurazionali nelle lingue del mondo 146 Simone Mattiola Io lo pur dimandai novelle di Toscana: costruzioni ditransitive dal latino all’italiano 177 Maria Napoli SEZIONE CLUB DAY 2018 “TIPOLOGIA E DIACRONIA: ALLA RICERCA DI SINERGIE” Sociolinguistica delle comunità neo-emigrate: quali aspetti considerare? 200 Fabio Ardolino Qual è il contributo dei dialetti per lo studio diacronico della negazione? Il caso del torinese 208 Silvia Ballarè e Eugenio Goria Come districarsi tra descrizioni teoriche che offuscano i dati? Un approccio tipologico ai connettivi non-esaustivi oltre la logica 217 Alessandra Barotto e Caterina Mauri (Ri)dire quasi la stessa cosa. Percorsi di sviluppo dell’indicatore di riformulazione nel senso 231 Ilaria Fiorentini Quanta variazione è possibile nella concordanza negativa? I dati del greco classico 244 Chiara Gianollo Su alcune possibili interazioni tra tipologia e sociolinguistica 257 Nicola Grandi Cosa si vede in un microcosmo? Reduplicazione e plurazionalità nei presenti omerici 266 Elisabetta Magni Come fare tipologia con categorie non tradizionali? 282 Francesca Masini e Simone Mattiola Un nome proprio può subire un processo di grammaticalizzazione? Da Bahatur a bár in ungherese 295 Marco Mazzoleni Introduzione Chiara Gianollo Caterina Mauri Università di Bologna Università di Bologna [email protected] [email protected] Con questo volume, la collana CLUB Working Papers in Linguistics giunge al suo terzo anno di vita, e presenta ancora una volta, con 18 contributi in formato open access, i risultati dello scambio di idee e di prospettive che si è sviluppato attraverso i vari incontri organizzati nell’a.a. 2017–18. Le attività del CLUB – il Circolo Linguistico dell’Università di Bologna, nato nel 2015 – si articolano in una serie di relazioni presentate, con cadenza mensile, da colleghe e colleghi esterni invitati dai membri del CLUB e in una serie di incontri più informali e senza cadenza periodica legati ai progetti di ricerca in corso nei vari Dipartimenti sede dei membri. Molte di queste iniziative sono rappresentate in questo volume. Si tratta dei saggi dei seguenti autori (in ordine alfabetico): Alessandra Barotto, Chiara Calderone, Sonia Cristofaro, Pierre Larrivée e Pauline Levillain, Edoardo Lombardi Vallauri, Yahis Martari, Simone Mattiola, Maria Napoli. Il volume ospita, inoltre, il contributo di Fernando Giacinti, vincitore del premio ‘Una tesi in linguistica’ 2018. Il premio è assegnato annualmente alla presentazione classificatasi al primo posto nell’ambito dell’appuntamento in cui vengono presentate le migliori tesi magistrali in linguistica discusse all’Università di Bologna nell’anno accademico di riferimento. Al vincitore del premio viene data la possibilità di pubblicare un estratto della propria tesi all’interno dei CLUB Working Papers in Linguistics. Fernando Giacinti ha presentato una tesi dal titolo Liscio come l’olio. Un’analisi corpus-based del pattern Adj-come-NP in italiano (relatori Francesca Masini e Nicola Grandi): siamo liete di ospitarne la sintesi in questo volume. Per l’a.a. 2017-18 abbiamo inoltre deciso di rappresentare nel volume dei CLUB Working Papers in Linguistics anche i risultati di un ulteriore appuntamento annuale che caratterizza la vita del CLUB, il ‘CLUB Day’. Durante questo incontro i membri del CLUB si confrontano su un tema generale proposto da chi coordina le attività per l’anno in corso. Nell’anno in cui siamo state coordinatrici, abbiamo invitato i colleghi a discutere insieme su ‘Tipologia e diacronia: alla ricerca di sinergie’. L’idea guida della giornata è stata quella di invitare i partecipanti all’analisi congiunta della variazione linguistica lungo i tre assi sociolinguistico, diacronico e tipologico, sfruttando le competenze presenti nel nostro ateneo. L’incontro ha rappresentato un’ottima occasione per favorire la convergenza di punti di vista, metodologie e interrogativi di ricerca, nella convinzione che la complementarietà di prospettive che abbiamo a disposizione abbia un grande potenziale esplorativo ed euristico. Abbiamo quindi deciso di invitare i partecipanti a riassumere il loro intervento nella forma di un saggio breve, e molti hanno Chiara Gianollo & Caterina Mauri. Introduzione CLUB Working Papers in Linguistics 3, 2019, pp. 5-6 accettato il nostro suggerimento di impostare il titolo del loro contributo in forma di domanda, conformemente alla natura espolorativa del nostro incontro. I saggi della sezione sul ‘CLUB Day’ 2018 sono stati scritti da (in ordine alfabetico): Fabio Ardolino, Silvia Ballarè e Eugenio Goria, Alessandra Barotto e Caterina Mauri, Ilaria Fiorentini, Chiara Gianollo, Nicola Grandi, Elisabetta Magni, Francesca Masini e Simone Mattiola, Marco Mazzoleni. Tutti i saggi presenti in questo volume sono stati sottoposti a revisione anonima ai fini della pubblicazione. Ringraziamo chi ci ha aiutato nella revisione dei contributi: Giorgio Francesco Arcodia, Silvia Ballarè, Alessandra Barotto, Marianna Bolognesi, Ilaria Fiorentini, Gloria Gagliardi, Jacopo Garzonio, Nicola Grandi, Cristina Lo Baido, Elisabetta Magni, Emanuele Miola, Rosa Pugliese, Liana Tronci, Chiara Zanchi. Infine, ci teniamo a ringraziare tutti i colleghi che, nel corso dell’a.a. 2017-18, hanno contribuito all’organizzazione dei vari incontri che hanno animato le attività del CLUB. Il CLUB è gestito collegialmente e si sostiene grazie al contributo (ideativo e economico) dei singoli membri (http://corpora.ficlit.unibo.it/CLUB/index.php?slab=i- membri). Ciascuno di loro, quindi, condivide con noi la grande soddisfazione di vedere raccolti in questo volume i risultati delle proprie iniziative. Bologna, 19 dicembre 2019 6 Making reference to categories through heterogeneity: the use of iroiro and samazama ‘various’ in Japanese Alessandra Barotto Università di Bologna [email protected] Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of Japanese adjectives iroiro and samazama whenever they are added to category labels, with the aim of making reference to conceptual categories. In real-life interactions, when speakers want to designate specific contextually relevant categories, they can use a wide range of linguistic strategies, from constructions that rely on the mention of category members (i.e. exemplification), to the creation of complex ad hoc labels. On the contrary, the designation of broader superordinate categories seems less straightforward and is made even more complex by inferential processes like lexical narrowing that favor more contextually dependent interpretation. In this regard, we will argue that the use of adjectives like iroiro and samazama (‘various’) that explicitly stress numerosity and heterogeneity is frequently exploited by speakers to stop contextual inferences, guiding the hearer to construe broader superordinate categories. In particular, we identify heterogeneity as the semantic component that triggers broadening inferences, discussing its role in categorization processes. Finally, we will also argue that the use of adjectives stressing numerosity can be used by speakers to further emphasize the non-exhaustivity of a given linguistic construction, facilitating the construal of reference to conceptual categories.1 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of Japanese adjectives iroiro and samazama 2 ‘various, varied’ whenever they are attached to a category label (i.e. a 1 The research here presented was developed within the SIR project ‘LEADhoC – Linguistic Expression of Ad hoc Categories’, coordinated by Caterina Mauri (University of Bologna; prot. RBSI14IIG0). I would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for useful comments on a first version of the article. 2 Both iroiro and samazama are na-adjectives (keiyō-dōshi), that is, adjectival nouns. The label ‘na- adjective’ is due to the fact that, when na-adjectives are used pre-nominally (as in our examples), they can only occur with na, which is a form of the copula, as in iroiro-na kuni ‘various countries’. Furthermore, iroiro and samazama are both reduplicated form of the nouns iro ‘color’ and sama ‘shape, form’. Alessandra Barotto. Making reference to categories through heterogeneity: the
Recommended publications
  • Philological Sciences. Linguistics” / Journal of Language Relationship Issue 3 (2010)
    Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Russian State University for the Humanities RGGU BULLETIN № 5/10 Scientific Journal Series “Philological Sciences. Linguistics” / Journal of Language Relationship Issue 3 (2010) Moscow 2010 ВЕСТНИК РГГУ № 5/10 Научный журнал Серия «Филологические науки. Языкознание» / «Вопросы языкового родства» Выпуск 3 (2010) Москва 2010 УДК 81(05) ББК 81я5 Главный редактор Е.И. Пивовар Заместитель главного редактора Д.П. Бак Ответственный секретарь Б.Г. Власов Главный художник В.В. Сурков Редакционный совет серии «Филологические науки. Языкознание» / «Вопросы языкового родства» Председатель Вяч. Вс. Иванов (Москва – Лос-Анджелес) М. Е. Алексеев (Москва) В. Блажек (Брно) У. Бэкстер (Анн Арбор) В. Ф. Выдрин (Санкт-Петербург) М. Гелл-Манн (Санта Фе) А. Б. Долгопольский (Хайфа) Ф. Кортландт (Лейден) А. Лубоцкий (Лейден) Редакционная коллегия серии: В. А. Дыбо (главный редактор) Г. С. Старостин (заместитель главного редактора) Т. А. Михайлова (ответственный секретарь) К. В. Бабаев С. Г. Болотов А. В. Дыбо О. А. Мудрак В. Е. Чернов ISSN 1998-6769 © Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2010 УДК 81(05) ББК 81я5 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; Рос. Акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М., 2010. ― № 3. ― X + 176 с. ― (Вестник РГГУ: Научный журнал; Серия «Филологические науки. Языко- знание»; № 05/10). Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian State Uni- versity for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics; Ed. by V. A. Dybo. ― Moscow, 2010. ― Nº 3. ― X + 176 p. ― (RSUH Bulletin: Scientific Periodical; Linguistics Series; Nº 05/10). ISSN 1998-6769 http ://journal.nostratic.ru [email protected] Дополнительные знаки: С.
    [Show full text]
  • Nilo-Saharan’
    11 Linguistic Features and Typologies in Languages Commonly Referred to as ‘Nilo-Saharan’ Gerrit J. Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland, Angelika Jakobi, and Constance Kutsch Lojenga 11.1 Introduction The phylum referred to today as Nilo- Saharan (occasionally also Nilosaharan) was established by Greenberg (1963). It consists of a core of language families already argued to be genetically related in his earlier classiication of African languages (Greenberg 1955:110–114), consisting of Eastern Sudanic, Central Sudanic, Kunama, and Berta, and grouped under the name Macrosudanic; this language family was renamed Chari- Nile in his 1963 contribution after a suggestion by the Africanist William Welmers. In his 1963 classiication, Greenberg hypothesized that Nilo- Saharan consists of Chari- Nile and ive other languages or language fam- ilies treated as independent units in his earlier study: Songhay (Songhai), Saharan, Maban, Fur, and Koman (Coman). Bender (1997) also included the Kadu languages in Sudan in his sur- vey of Nilo-Saharan languages; these were classiied as members of the Kordofanian branch of Niger-Kordofanian by Greenberg (1963) under the name Tumtum. Although some progress has been made in our knowledge of the Kadu languages, they remain relatively poorly studied, and there- fore they are not further discussed here, also because actual historical evi- dence for their Nilo- Saharan afiliation is rather weak. Whereas there is a core of language groups now widely assumed to belong to Nilo- Saharan as a phylum or macro- family, the genetic afiliation of families such as Koman and Songhay is also disputed (as for the Kadu languages). For this reason, these latter groups are discussed separately from what is widely considered to form the core of Nilo- Saharan, Central Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section K
    K., Rupert (Fictitious character) K-TEA (Achievement test) Kʻa-la-kʻun-lun kung lu (China and Pakistan) USE Rupert (Fictitious character : Laporte) USE Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement USE Karakoram Highway (China and Pakistan) K-4 PRR 1361 (Steam locomotive) K-theory Ka Lae o Kilauea (Hawaii) USE 1361 K4 (Steam locomotive) [QA612.33] USE Kilauea Point (Hawaii) K-9 (Fictitious character) (Not Subd Geog) BT Algebraic topology Ka Lang (Vietnamese people) UF K-Nine (Fictitious character) Homology theory USE Giẻ Triêng (Vietnamese people) K9 (Fictitious character) NT Whitehead groups Ka nanʻʺ (Burmese people) (May Subd Geog) K 37 (Military aircraft) K. Tzetnik Award in Holocaust Literature [DS528.2.K2] USE Junkers K 37 (Military aircraft) UF Ka-Tzetnik Award UF Ka tūʺ (Burmese people) K 98 k (Rifle) Peras Ḳ. Tseṭniḳ BT Ethnology—Burma USE Mauser K98k rifle Peras Ḳatseṭniḳ ʾKa nao dialect (May Subd Geog) K.A.L. Flight 007 Incident, 1983 BT Literary prizes—Israel BT China—Languages USE Korean Air Lines Incident, 1983 K2 (Pakistan : Mountain) Hmong language K.A. Lind Honorary Award UF Dapsang (Pakistan) Ka nō (Burmese people) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris Godwin Austen, Mount (Pakistan) USE Tha noʹ (Burmese people) K.A. Linds hederspris Gogir Feng (Pakistan) Ka Rang (Southeast Asian people) USE Moderna museets vänners skulpturpris Mount Godwin Austen (Pakistan) USE Sedang (Southeast Asian people) K-ABC (Intelligence test) BT Mountains—Pakistan Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere (N.Z.) USE Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Karakoram Range USE Franz Josef Glacier/Kā Roimata o Hine K-B Bridge (Palau) K2 (Drug) Hukatere (N.Z.) USE Koro-Babeldaod Bridge (Palau) USE Synthetic marijuana Ka-taw K-BIT (Intelligence test) K3 (Pakistan and China : Mountain) USE Takraw USE Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test USE Broad Peak (Pakistan and China) Ka Tawng Luang (Southeast Asian people) K.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grammar of Words
    www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Series editors Keith Brown, Eve V. Clark, April McMahon, Jim Miller, and Lesley Milroy The Grammar of Words www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com O XFORD T EXTBOOKS IN L INGUISTICS General editors: Keith Brown, University of Cambridge; Eve V. Clark, Stanford University; April McMahon, University of Sheffield; Jim Miller, University of Auckland; Lesley Milroy, University of Michigan This series provides lively and authoritative introductions to the approaches, methods, and theories associated with the main subfields of linguistics. P The Grammar of Words An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology by Geert Booij A Practical Introduction to Phonetics Second edition by J. C. Catford Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics Second edition by Alan Cruse www.IELTS4U.blogfa.comPrinciples and Parameters An Introduction to Syntactic Theory by Peter W. Culicover Semantic Analysis A Practical Introduction by Cliff Goddard Cognitive Grammar An Introduction by John R. Taylor Linguistic Categorization Third edition by John R. Taylor I Pragmatics by Yan Huang The Grammar of Words An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology Geert Booij www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 __ «*Re a Uaakh Report Cover Ai» a Irwt Aad Important Industry
    |||ll|#jjS -v^ppjtp^'-^^i^pi^^'ffrf^f'i '*'-"??,"""' *"''C*'' "';<;JY'^^fftT^^ afc.A-v* "1 FIVE CENTS BIO WAU»tTBJgR XK aotmro HBtariai BONDS „ A wUw market tor "Jersey Bonds." b&^b ^^^^^A *-^^^*k^»ai^H ^^^^^^^H*>^^^^ ^B^A. dhahftX^eealiajBiaaav Omt: vBt.WMtM* the Men** Cob Till* Guaranty Company, I* a**ur*d Ditpiay in Window of •t6V?*ar» Method** Estimated Coat S65XKK). MOM aa UM result of an agreement whv»- Cbarth.' in addition to tne address, E. A. Cguiluhank Elected Cranford Trurt Co. Attract- > Alice Lake? A#»m Elec* Than Half St&Kttbod at by Sun* * Wri»(.r and Blodget.!«., ing Much Attentlonr andt. rrtreahnjents Prewdent and Committees a Wall Street uiv.Mm.nt hounr. will id Pretideat. Inteteating-i ,br the Kntartabunent . nrrsotrionoM Annual Parish Mooting. undtrtak* rvUU distribution of tha ••• ttoc A cordial Invitation b - Named. Tti* act of looklMt wlthlti-- curltiea, Aniftunomenl of the plan On inhibition In the windows of J « Report* by ComAittee HeU ami lutng*. Dm Crouton! Truat ("umpany this jL t intended, to alt men, The annual liifetlng •>! HM< runw«- * mad* today by N. K, Uavltt, Head*. Fit" » M.wtlr thb term U u»»d «•••< gregatlvn «f tl* lti'.iiytorlan ;. am a tew articles donated the Tin' ortanJxatlan'ineetlni ot th l President of the J»r»»y rompsny. s etrmnmt in nubile nllin, for they rt fpr«nr* to Sell. Church WwlwHlay- night. «lll he which ha* h*sdqu*rt»r« In Kllsakelh, hiriiml I Van ford HlMtorltal y ing /\ Board of Kiltwatlon »a» hold Mon- Ami I am «ondvrlna II >»« ol » IIIPII J.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Historical Linguistics and Genealogical Language Classification in Africa1 Tom Güldemann
    2. Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa1 Tom Güldemann 2.1. African language classification and Greenberg (1963a) 2.1.1. Introduction For quite some time, the genealogical classification of African languages has been in a peculiar situation, one which is linked intricably to Greenberg’s (1963a) study. His work is without doubt the single most important contribution in the classifi- cation history of African languages up to now, and it is unlikely to be equaled in impact by any future study. This justifies framing major parts of this survey with respect to his work. The peculiar situation referred to above concerns the somewhat strained rela- tionship between most historical linguistic research pursued by Africanists in the 1 This chapter would not have been possible without the help and collaboration of various people and institutions. First of all, I would like to thank Harald Hammarström, whose comprehensive collection of linguistic literature enormously helped my research, with whom I could fruitfully discuss numerous relevant topics, and who commented in detail on a first draft of this study. My special thanks also go to Christfried Naumann, who has drawn the maps with the initial assistence of Mike Berger. The Department of Linguistics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig under Bernhard Comrie supported the first stage of this research by financing two student assistents, Holger Kraft and Carsten Hesse; their work and the funding provided are gratefully acknowledged. The Humboldt University of Berlin provided the funds for organizing the relevant International Workshop “Genealogical language classification in Africa beyond Greenberg” held in Berlin in 2010 (see https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.
    [Show full text]
  • Sadagat Aliyeva
    “I chose to come here; I chose to tell a story; I brought love and stories here.” SADAGAT ALIYEVA WE THE INTER WOVEN AN ANTHOLOGY OF BICULTURAL IOWA SADAGAT ALIYEVA MELISSA PALMA CHUY RENTERIA EDITOR ANDREA WILSON Published by the Iowa Writers’ House www.iowawritershouse.org The BIWF program and We the Interwoven was made possible by an Art Project Grant from the Iowa Arts Council and the National Endowment for the Arts. First Edition Copyright © 2018 by Sadagat Aliyeva, Melissa Palma, and Chuy Renteria Author photos by Miriam Alarcón Avila and Sarah Smith Set in Garamond, Futura, and Painting with Chocolate Designed by Skylar Alexander Moore skylaralexandermoore.com Printed by Total Printing Systems in Newton, Illinois ISBN 978-1-732406-0-1 CONTENTS Foreword by Andrea Wilson .................................................................. i Acknowledgments .............................................................................. iii CHUY RENTERIA Artist Statement ..................................................................................... 1 A Story About Work ............................................................................ 3 Una historia sobre el trabajo .............................................................. 26 Translated into Spanish by Nieves Martín López, edited by Sergio Maldonado Maijoma, My Sister ........................................................................... 51 SADAGAT ALIYEVA Artist Statement ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of BERGAMO School of Doctoral Studies
    UNIVERSITY OF BERGAMO School of Doctoral Studies Doctoral Degree in Linguistics XXIX Cycle SSD: L-LIN/01 TITLE The morphosyntax of number systems: a cross-linguistic study Advisor Draft Chiar.ma Prof.ssa Sonia Cristofaro Doctoral Thesis Jessica Katiuscia IVANI Student ID 1031796 Academic year 2015/16 Draft ii Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction ............................. 1 1.2. Outline ................................ 2 2. Background 5 2.1. Introduction ............................. 5 2.2. Nominal number marking and typology ............. 6 2.3. The expression of number ..................... 8 2.4. The distribution of the number systems ............. 11 2.5. Development of number systems and sources of number ... 12 2.5.1. Nominal plural from verbal plurality: the case of North American languages .................... 13 2.5.2. Plural markers from associative markers: the case of - men in Mandarin Chinese ................ 15 2.5.3. PluralDraft markers from demonstratives forms ...... 16 2.5.4. Notes on source markers in pidgin and creoles .... 17 2.6. Summary ............................... 18 3. Data collecting and sampling 21 3.1. Introduction ............................. 21 3.2. Sampling methodology ....................... 21 3.3. Sampling procedure ........................ 23 3.4. Data collection ........................... 26 3.5. Summary ............................... 27 Contents 4. Parameters and methodological approach 29 4.1. Introduction ............................. 29 4.2. Parameter units and structural features ............. 30 4.2.1. The nominal types ..................... 30 4.2.2. Number values ....................... 33 4.2.3. Constructions ....................... 34 4.3. Methodological approach ..................... 40 4.3.1. Recent methodological developments in linguistic ty- pology ............................ 40 4.3.2. Analysis of individual structures: the multivariate ap- proach ............................ 42 4.4. Three level of analysis ....................... 44 4.4.1.
    [Show full text]
  • UNEDITED :) Kaya Sorry Sa Mga Typo and Wrong Grammar Chapter 1: the Kiss "I'm So
    UNEDITED:)kayasorrysamgatypoandwronggrammar ______________________________________ Chapter1:thekiss "I'msobored" ***sigh*** "LIAN!Parakanamanmatandakungmagbuntonghiningadyan" "sowhat?Angboringkaya!" "tarashopping" "walaakongpera...magboyhauntingnalangtayosamall" "LOKOkatalagaLIAN!!!" "why?Complicatednamanako..." "status....complicated..yeahright...somanlalalakika?" "why?Ididn'tsaidthat...andbesideshe'scheatingonme...sowhycooloff? Dinalangbreaknakakabwiset" "ehbakitkakasipumayagnamagcooloffkayo?" "sinabikosakanyabreak..sabiniyacooloff...nagngongolektangbabaeeh...bus et!" Anywaykaninapakaminaguusapditodiniyopakilalakausapko...simarieyan bestfriendforeverko!Haha.... "lokaretka!Buraot!Halikananga!Malltayo...magcheatkanadin!Tatkeyan"w hatatermburaothaha... Lokodintoeh...kalamomabaitmayamayadamingsalitangsinasabinadimonan amamalayanXD "wagtayobumiliah...walaakongperaeh...kainlang" "aykayakatumatabaeh" "wagkanaepal...kelangankongtabamuahahaha" "adikkatalagaLian...pasalamatkagwapongtitomoatnungasawaniya" "huh?Anungconnect???Tandanamgayun...trentana" "dikayahalata...gandangasawaniyasi...." "siateAllyna..." "ooyunnga!...nagtatakalangako..bakitsakanyaatetawagmo?Bakitditita?" "ehtripkolang..mulanungbataakoatenatawagkosakanyaeh" "taranangabansot!...magboyhauntingpatayodiba?"Marie "tarana!...kotsemo?" "oonasigena!..." Yes!!!Dimababawasangasulinakohehe..... AkongapalasiLian...18naako...weh?Tandanaba?Dipanamaneh....nagaral akosatexasngilangtaon..tasnunglumipatakoditopinas..eto...4thyrhigh schoolpalangako...patinamansiMarieeh.Sabaykasikaminitolumipat...actu
    [Show full text]
  • 1. a Survey of African Languages Harald Hammarström
    1. A survey of African languages Harald Hammarström 1.1. Introduction The African continent harbors upwards of 2,000 spoken indigenous languages – more than a fourth of the world’s total. Using ISO 639-3 language/dialect divisions and including extinct languages for which evidence exists, the tally comes to 2,169. The main criterion for the ISO 639-3 language identification is mutual intelligibil- ity, but these divisions are not infrequently conflated with sociopolitical criteria. This causes the tally to be higher than if the language/dialect division were to be based solely on intelligibility. Based solely on mutual intelligibility, the number would be approximately 85 % of the said figure (Hammarström 2015: 733), thus around 1,850 mutually unintelligible languages in Africa. A lower count of 1,441 is obtained by treating dialect chains whose endpoints are not mutually intelligible as one and the same language (Maho 2004). The amount of information available on the language situation varies across different areas of Africa, but the entire continent has been surveyed for spoken L1 languages on the surface at least once. However, so-called “hidden” languages that escaped earlier surveys continue to be discovered every year. These are all languages that are spoken by a (usually aging) fraction of a population who other- wise speak another (already known) language. The least surveyed areas of Africa include Northern Nigeria, Eastern Chad, South Sudan and various spots in the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola. The situation is entirely different with respect to sign languages (cf. Padden 2010: 19).
    [Show full text]
  • 0-Geertbooij-Prelims 1..14
    2 Morphological analysis 2.1 The atoms of words 27 Summary 45 2.2 Morphological operations 34 Questions 45 2.3 Morphological typology 41 Further reading 47 2.1 The atoms of words Words can be chopped into smaller pieces. At the phonological level, words can be divided into syllables or segments, and segments into their constitu- ent phonological features. At the morphological level, words may consist of more than one unit as well, which we may call the morphological atoms of a word: pieces that are no further divisible into morphological subparts. Just as there are diVerent kinds of atom in chemistry, there are diVerent kinds of atom in morphology, and it is quite useful for morphological analysis to be acquainted with their classiWcation. A good classiWcation is an important analytic instrument, developed in order to get a better under- standing of the structure and formation of words. As we saw in Chapter 1, the Polish lexeme kot ‘‘cat’’ has a paradigm of case forms; compare this to the case forms of the noun kobieta ‘‘woman’’ in (1). Each cell of the paradigm of Polish nouns is occupied by a grammatical (1) singular plural nominative kot kobiet-a kot-y kobiet-y genitive kot-a kobiet-y kot-o´w kobiet dative kot-u kobieci-e kot-om kobiet-om accusative kot-a kobiet-e˛ kot-y kobiet-y instrumental kot-em kobiet-a˛ kot-ami kobiet-ami locative koci-e kobieci-e kot-ach kobiet-ach vocative koci-e kobiet-o kot-y kobiet-y 28 what is linguistic morphology? word, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Volume II
    This page intentionally left blank Language Typology and Syntactic Description Second edition Volume II: Complex Constructions This unique three-volume survey brings together a team of leading scholars to explore the syntactic and morphological structures of the world’s languages. Clearly organized and broad-ranging, it covers topics such as parts of speech, passives, complementation, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, inflec- tional morphology, tense, aspect, mood, and deixis. The contributors look at the major ways that these notions are realized, and provide informative sketches of them at work in a range of languages. Each volume is accessi- bly written and clearly explains each new concept introduced. Although the volumes can be read independently, together they provide an indispensable reference work for all linguists and field workers interested in cross-linguistic generalizations. Most of the chapters in the second edition are substantially revised or completely new – some on topics not covered by the first edition. Volume ii covers co-ordination, complementation, noun phrase structure, rel- ative clauses, adverbial clauses, discourse structure, and sentences as combi- nations of clauses. Timothy Shopen (1936–2005) was Senior Lecturer in Linguistics at the Australian National University. He had over forty years’ experience of teach- ing and researching a variety of the world’s languages, and also held posts at Indiana University and the Center for Applied Linguistics in Arlington, Virginia. In addition to Language Typology, he was
    [Show full text]