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www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Series editors Keith Brown, Eve V. Clark, April McMahon, Jim Miller, and Lesley Milroy The Grammar of Words www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com O XFORD T EXTBOOKS IN L INGUISTICS General editors: Keith Brown, University of Cambridge; Eve V. Clark, Stanford University; April McMahon, University of Sheffield; Jim Miller, University of Auckland; Lesley Milroy, University of Michigan This series provides lively and authoritative introductions to the approaches, methods, and theories associated with the main subfields of linguistics. P The Grammar of Words An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology by Geert Booij A Practical Introduction to Phonetics Second edition by J. C. Catford Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics Second edition by Alan Cruse www.IELTS4U.blogfa.comPrinciples and Parameters An Introduction to Syntactic Theory by Peter W. Culicover Semantic Analysis A Practical Introduction by Cliff Goddard Cognitive Grammar An Introduction by John R. Taylor Linguistic Categorization Third edition by John R. Taylor I Pragmatics by Yan Huang The Grammar of Words An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology Geert Booij www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc. New York © Geert Booij 2005 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, www.IELTS4U.blogfa.comor as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data applied for Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Booij, G. E. The grammar of words : an introduction to linguistic morphology / by Geert Booij. p. cm.—(Oxford textbooks in linguistics) Summary: “This is a basic introduction to how words are formed. It shows how the component parts of words affects their grammatical function, meaning, and sound.”—Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-925847-3 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-19-928042-8 (alk. paper) 1. Grammar, Comparative and general—Morphology. I. Title. II. Series. P241.B66 2005 415′.9—dc22 2004023696 ISBN 0–19–925847 3 (pbk) ISBN 0–19–928042 8 (hbk) 3579108642 Typeset in Times and Stone Sans by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by Ashford Colour Press Limited, Gosport, Hampshire Contents Preface vii Typographic conventions viii Abbreviations and symbols ix List of figures xii List of tables xiii I What is Linguistic Morphology? 1 1 Morphology: basic notions 3 2 Morphological analysis 27 II Word-Formation 49 3 Derivation 51 www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com4 Compounding 75 III Inflection 97 5 Inflection 99 6 Inflectional systems 125 IV Interfaces 151 7 The interface between morphology and phonology 153 8 Morphology and syntax: demarcation and interaction 185 9 Morphology and semantics 207 V Morphology and Mind 229 10 Morphology and psycholinguistics 231 11 Morphology and language change 255 Answers to questions 279 References 290 Language index 303 Index of terms 304 This page intentionally left blank www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Preface Each textbook provides a specific perspective on the discipline that it aims to introduce. Therefore, writing this book has not only been a challenge for me because of the didactic demands that each textbook imposes on its writer. It also forced me to rethink my own ideas on morphology in confrontation with those of others, and to come up with a consistent picture of what morphology is about. This perspective is summarized by the title of this book, The Grammar of Words, which gives the linguistic entity of the word a pivotal role in understanding morphology. It is with much pleasure that I would like to thank a number of col- leagues for their constructive comments on an earlier draft of this book. Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy (University of Canterbury at Christchurch, New Zealand), Ingo Plag (University of Siegen), Sergio Scalise (University of Bologna), Caro Struijke (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), and Greg Stump (University of Kentucky at Lexington) read the whole manuscript, andwww.IELTS4U.blogfa.com gave extremely valuable advice. Maarten Mous and Marian Klamer (both University of Leiden) provided useful feedback for a number of chapters, and Mirjam Ernestus (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen) had a critical look at Chapter 10. Jenny Audring and Lourens de Vries (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Maarten Kossman (University of Leiden), and Jaap van Marle (Open Universiteit Heerlen) also commented on a number of points. None of them should be held responsible for what I wrote in this book. Another form of support for this project came from my colleagues at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, in particular Mark Louden, Monica Macaulay, and Joe Salmons. They made it possible for me to spend a very pleasant month in Madison, in which I could work on parts of this book. It is my sincere hope that this textbook will prove to be useful for a new generation of students of language, and that they will enjoy reading and thinking about the many wonderful intricacies of human language. Amsterdam G.B. Typographic Conventions Small capitals For lexemes, semantic components, and morphosyntactic categories Bold type For technical terms first introduced Italics For citation forms when not set on different lines Single quotation marks For quotations from other authors Double quotation marks For glosses Questions marks For formal or semantic oddness Asterisks For ungrammaticality // For underlying phonological representations [ ] For phonetic representations www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Abbreviations and Symbols A Adjective, transitive subject ABL Ablative ABS Absolutive ACC Accusative AFF,aff Affix ALL Allative ANTIPASS Antipassive AP Adjective Phrase APPL Applicative AUX Auxiliary CAUS Causative COM Comitative COMP Completive aspect COORD Coordination CVBwww.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Converb DAT Dative DO Direct Object DS Different Subject DIM Diminutive ERG Ergative EVID Evidential F Foot FEM Feminine FUT Future GEN Genitive H High Tone IMP Imperative IMPF Imperfective INCOMP Incompletive aspect IND Indicative INF Infinitive INSTR Instrumental INTR Intransitive x IO Indirect Object L Low Tone LCS Lexical Conceptual Structure LOC Locative M Mid Tone MASC Masculine N Noun, Number of tokens n1 number of hapaxes NEG Negation NEUT Neuter NF Non-future NOM Nominative NOM1 Nominalized Verb Stem 1 NONFUT Non-future NP Noun Phrase O Transitive object OBJ Object P Preposition, Productivity P*www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Global productivity PART Partitive PAS Predicate Argument Structure PASS Passive PERF Perfect(ive) PERS Person PL Plural PP Prepositional Phrase PRES Present PRET Preterite PROG Progressive PTCP Participle Q Qualifying R Relation, Relational REL Relative case RHR Right-hand Head Rule S Sentence, intransitive subject s strong SC Subject Concord SG Singular xi SUBJ Subject SUPERL Superlative t trace TMA Tense–Mood–Aspect V Verb, Vowel, number of types VP Verb Phrase w weak WFR Word Formation Rule X, Y, x, y variables σ syllable ω phonological word < derives from > results in, changes to · syllable boundary - morpheme boundary ´ primary stress, high tone, long vowel ` secondary stress, low tone ⇒ is transformed into →www.IELTS4U.blogfa.comis realized as, is changed to ⇔ linked to >> ranked higher than [ ] phonetic form // phonological form, underlying form List of Figures 1.1. The morphological structure of tranquillizer 10 1.2. The morphological structure of tranquillizer without affix labels 11 2.1. Three-tiered representations of words 38 3.1. Percolation of head features 53 3.2. Inheritance tree for -bar-adjectives 62 3.3. Non-redundant specification of doable 63 4.1. Morphological tree of White House travel office staff 76 6.1. Stems in Latin 143 7.1. The representation of dog 154 7.2. The representation of baker 154 7.3. The template for deverbal -er 155 7.4. The morphological and phonological structure of hoeden 157 7.5. OT-tableaux for hoed and hoeden 159 7.6. The syllable structure of stump 160 7.7. OT-tableau for rekenaar 174 www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com7.8. The prosodic structure of sugar cookie 176 7.9. Reduplication in Diyari 181 8.1. Syntactic derivation of noun–verb compounds 199 8.2. A syntactic account of causative verbs 201 9.1. The radial semantic structure of diminutives 223 10.1. Some association patterns for English past tense forms 246 10.2. Schema for English past tense forms 247 List of Tables 2.1. Distribution of Number morphemes 43 3.1. Productivity measure for the English suffixes -ity and -ness 70 5.1. Indicative forms of the Latin verb lauda¯re 100 5.2. Imperfective and perfective 3 forms of lauda¯re 114 6.1. Inflection of Icelandic class I nouns 128 6.2. Noun classes in Swahili 130 6.3. The Italian verb paradigm 142 6.4. Latin verbal stem-forms 143 6.5.
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  • Nature Redacted September 7,2017 Certified By

    Nature Redacted September 7,2017 Certified By

    The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirli BA, Middle East Technical University (2010) MA, Bogazigi University (2012) Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2017 2017 Isa Kerem Bayirli. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Author......................... ...... ............................. Departmeyf)/Linguistics and Philosophy Sic ;nature redacted September 7,2017 Certified by...... David Pesetsky Ferrari P. Ward Professor of Linguistics g nThesis Supervisor redacted Accepted by.................. Signature ...................................... David Pesetsky Lead, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEP 2 6 2017 LIBRARIES ARCHiVES The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirh Submitted to the Deparment of Linguistics and Philosophy on September 7, 2017 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Abstract In this dissertation, we develop and defend a universal theory of concord (i.e. feature sharing between a head noun and the modifying adjectives). When adjectives in a language show concord with the noun they modify, concord morphology usually involves the full set of features of that noun (e.g. gender, number and case). However, there are also languages in which concord targets only a subset of morphosyntactic features of the head noun. We first observe that feature combinations that enter into concord in such languages are not random.